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Chang R, Chen J, Zhong Z, Li Y, Wu K, Zheng H, Yang Y. Inflammatory bowel disease-associated Escherichia coli strain LF82 in the damage of gut and cognition of honeybees. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:983169. [PMID: 36093189 PMCID: PMC9453226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.983169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often accompanied with some cognitive impairment, but the mechanism is unclear. By orally exposing honeybees (Apis mellifera) to IBD-associated Escherichia coli LF82 (LF82), and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli MG1655 (MG1655) as the normal strain, we investigated whether and how LF82 induces enteritis-like manifestations and cognitive behavioral modifications in honeybees using multiparametric analysis. LF82 significantly increased gut permeability, impaired learning and memory ability in olfactory proboscis extension response conditioning, and shortened the lifespan of honeybees. Compared to MG1655, LF82 reduced the levels of tryptophan metabolism pathway substances in the honeybee gut. LF82 also upregulated genes involved in immune and apoptosis-related pathways and downregulated genes involved in G protein-coupled receptors in the honeybee brain. In conclusion, LF82 can induce enteritis-like manifestations and cognition impairment through gut metabolites and brain transcriptome alteration in honeybees. Honeybees can serve as a novel potential model to study the microbiota-gut-brain interaction in IBD condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqi Chang
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieteng Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaopeng Zhong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyuan Li
- Microbiota Division, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hao Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsheng Yang
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Microbiota Division, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Frizzera D, Ray AM, Seffin E, Zanni V, Annoscia D, Grozinger CM, Nazzi F. The Beneficial Effect of Pollen on Varroa Infested Bees Depends on Its Influence on Behavioral Maturation Genes. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:864238. [PMID: 38468781 PMCID: PMC10926424 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.864238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Honey bees collect nectar and pollen to fulfill their nutritional demands. In particular, pollen can influence longevity, the development of hypopharyngeal glands, and immune-competence of bees. Pollen can also mitigate the deleterious effects caused by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and related deformed wing virus (DWV) infections. It has been shown that V. destructor accelerates the physiological and behavioral maturation of honey bees by influencing the interaction between two core physiological factors, Vitellogenin and juvenile hormone. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the beneficial effects of pollen on Varroa-infested bees are related to the hormonal control underpinning behavioral maturation. By analyzing the expression of genes associated to behavioral maturation in pollen-fed mite-infested bees, we show that treatment with pollen increases the lifespan of mite-infested bees by reversing the faster maturation induced by the parasite at the gene expression level. As expected, from the different immune-competence of nurse and forager bees, the lifespan extension triggered by pollen is also correlated with a positive influence of antimicrobial peptide gene expression and DWV load, further reinforcing the beneficial effect of pollen. This study lay the groundwork for future analyses of the underlying evolutionary processes and applications to improve bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Frizzera
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Allyson M. Ray
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biosciences Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Elisa Seffin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Virginia Zanni
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Desiderato Annoscia
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Christina M. Grozinger
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biosciences Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Francesco Nazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Marín-García PJ, Peyre Y, Ahuir-Baraja AE, Garijo MM, Llobat L. The Role of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) in Honey Bee Colony Losses and Current Insights on Treatment. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030130. [PMID: 35324858 PMCID: PMC8952814 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybee populations have locally and temporally declined in the last few years because of both biotic and abiotic factors. Among the latter, one of the most important reasons is infection by the microsporidia Nosema ceranae, which is the etiological agent of type C nosemosis. This species was first described in Asian honeybees (Apis cerana). Nowadays, domestic honeybees (Apis mellifera) worldwide are also becoming infected due to globalization. Type C nosemosis can be asymptomatic or can cause important damage to bees, such as changes in temporal polyethism, energy and oxidative stress, immunity loss, and decreased average life expectancy. It causes drastic reductions in workers, numbers of broods, and honey production, finally leading to colony loss. Common treatment is based on fumagillin, an antibiotic with side effects and relatively poor efficiency, which is banned in the European Union. Natural products, probiotics, food supplements, nutraceuticals, and other veterinary drugs are currently under study and might represent alternative treatments. Prophylaxis and management of affected colonies are essential to control the disease. While N. ceranae is one potential cause of bee losses in a colony, other factors must also be considered, especially synergies between microsporidia and the use of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (P.J.M.-G.); (A.E.A.-B.)
| | - Yoorana Peyre
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ana Elena Ahuir-Baraja
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (P.J.M.-G.); (A.E.A.-B.)
| | - María Magdalena Garijo
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (P.J.M.-G.); (A.E.A.-B.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Lola Llobat
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (P.J.M.-G.); (A.E.A.-B.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.G.); (L.L.)
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Snow JW. Nosema apis and N. ceranae Infection in Honey bees: A Model for Host-Pathogen Interactions in Insects. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:153-177. [PMID: 35544003 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There has been increased focus on the role of microbial attack as a potential cause of recent declines in the health of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. The Nosema species, N. apis and N. ceranae, are microsporidian parasites that are pathogenic to honey bees, and infection by these species has been implicated as a key factor in honey bee losses. Honey bees infected with both Nosema spp. display significant changes in their biology at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels impacting host metabolism, immune function, physiology, and behavior. Infected individuals lead to colony dysfunction and can contribute to colony disease in some circumstances. The means through which parasite growth and tissue pathology in the midgut lead to the dramatic physiological and behavioral changes at the organismal level are only partially understood. In addition, we possess only a limited appreciation of the elements of the host environment that impact pathogen growth and development. Critical for answering these questions is a mechanistic understanding of the host and pathogen machinery responsible for host-pathogen interactions. A number of approaches are already being used to elucidate these mechanisms, and promising new tools may allow for gain- and loss-of-function experiments to accelerate future progress.
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Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile of Parasitic Beetles, Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080751. [PMID: 34442317 PMCID: PMC8397034 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Social insects use cuticular hydrocarbons for chemical recognition and communication. Cuticular hydrocarbons can also be exploited by parasites to their advantage for undermining host recognition systems. The small hive beetle (SHB) is a parasite of honey bee colonies but can also infest nests of other bee species. However, its chemical profile is still not known. For the first time, the present study investigated the SHB chemical profile and compared it with that of its honey bee host. The results show that the SHB has a low chemical profile that is similar to its honey bee host’s. However, while honey bees had a clear colony-specific chemical profile, SHBs did not. The generic chemical profile of the SHB is most likely linked to its free-flying behaviour in the field as these parasites are known to switch between host colonies, possibly limiting the acquisition of a colony specific chemical profile. Our findings also suggest that SHBs do not exploit any finely tuned chemical strategy to conceal their presence inside host colonies and probably rely on behavioural adaptations. Abstract Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) cover insects’ bodies and play important roles in chemical communication, including nestmate recognition, for social insects. To enter colonies of a social host species, parasites may acquire host-specific CHCs or covertly maintain their own CHC profile by lowering its quantity. However, the chemical profile of small hive beetles (SHBs), Aethina tumida, which are parasites of honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies, and other bee nests, is currently unknown. Here, adults of SHB and honey bee host workers were collected from the same field colonies and their CHC profiles were analysed using GC-MS. The chemical profiles of field-sampled SHBs were also compared with those of host-naive beetles reared in the laboratory. Laboratory-reared SHBs differed in their CHC profiles from field-sampled ones, which showed a more similar, but ten-fold lower, generic host CHC profile compared to host workers. While the data confirm colony-specific CHCs of honey bee workers, the profile of field-collected SHBs was not colony-specific. Adult SHBs often commute between different host colonies, thereby possibly preventing the acquisition of a colony-specific CHC profiles. An ester was exclusive to both groups of SHBs and might constitute an intraspecific recognition cue. Our data suggest that SHBs do not use any finely tuned chemical strategy to conceal their presence inside host colonies and instead probably rely on their hard exoskeleton and defence behaviours.
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Mayack C, Broadrup RL, Schick SJ, Eppley EJ, Khan Z, Macherone A. Increased alarm pheromone component is associated with Nosema ceranae infected honeybee colonies. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210194. [PMID: 34007462 PMCID: PMC8079991 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210194&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2021-04-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Use of chemicals, such as alarm pheromones, for rapid communication with conspecifics is widespread throughout evolutionary history. Such chemicals are particularly important for social insects, such as the honeybee (Apis mellifera), because they are used for collective decision-making, coordinating activities and self-organization of the group. What is less understood is how these pheromones change due to an infection and what the implications might be for social communication. We used semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (sqPCR) to screen for a common microsporidian gut parasite, Nosema ceranae, for 30 hives, across 10 different locations. We then used high-resolution accurate mass gas chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry to generate an exposome profile for each hive. Of the 2352 chemical features identified, chemicals associated with infection were filtered for cosanes or cosenes. A significant association was found between N. ceranae and the presence of (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol, a known alarm pheromone component. The increase in (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol could be the recognition mechanism for healthy individuals to care for, kill, or quarantine infected nestmates. Nosema ceranae has contributed to the global decline in bee health. Therefore, altered alarm pheromones might play a role in disrupting social harmony and have potential impacts on colony health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mayack
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Robert L. Broadrup
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA
| | - Sassicaia J. Schick
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Eppley
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Zaeema Khan
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anthony Macherone
- Life Science and Chemical Analysis Group, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Mayack C, Broadrup RL, Schick SJ, Eppley EJ, Khan Z, Macherone A. Increased alarm pheromone component is associated with Nosema ceranae infected honeybee colonies. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210194. [PMID: 34007462 PMCID: PMC8079991 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Use of chemicals, such as alarm pheromones, for rapid communication with conspecifics is widespread throughout evolutionary history. Such chemicals are particularly important for social insects, such as the honeybee (Apis mellifera), because they are used for collective decision-making, coordinating activities and self-organization of the group. What is less understood is how these pheromones change due to an infection and what the implications might be for social communication. We used semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (sqPCR) to screen for a common microsporidian gut parasite, Nosema ceranae, for 30 hives, across 10 different locations. We then used high-resolution accurate mass gas chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry to generate an exposome profile for each hive. Of the 2352 chemical features identified, chemicals associated with infection were filtered for cosanes or cosenes. A significant association was found between N. ceranae and the presence of (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol, a known alarm pheromone component. The increase in (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol could be the recognition mechanism for healthy individuals to care for, kill, or quarantine infected nestmates. Nosema ceranae has contributed to the global decline in bee health. Therefore, altered alarm pheromones might play a role in disrupting social harmony and have potential impacts on colony health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mayack
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Robert L. Broadrup
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA
| | - Sassicaia J. Schick
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Eppley
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Zaeema Khan
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anthony Macherone
- Life Science and Chemical Analysis Group, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kaskinova MD, Gaifullina LR, Saltykova ES, Poskryakov AV, Nikolenko AG. Genetic markers for the resistance of honey bee to Varroa destructor. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:853-860. [PMID: 35087998 PMCID: PMC8763714 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mid-20th century, the first case of infection of European bees Apis mellifera L. with the ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor was recorded. The original host of this mite is the Asian bee Apis cerana. The mite V. destructor was widespread throughout Europe, North and South America, and Australia remained the only continent free from this parasite. Without acaricide treatment any honeybee colony dies within 1–4 years. The use of synthetic acaricides has not justified itself – they make beekeeping products unsuitable and mites develop resistance to them, which forces the use of even greater concentrations that can be toxic to the bees. Therefore, the only safe measure to combat the mite is the use of biological control methods. One of these methods is the selection of bee colonies with natural mite resistance. In this article we summarize publications devoted to the search for genetic markers associated with resistance to V. destructor. The first part discusses the basic mechanisms of bee resistance (Varroa sensitive hygienic behavior and grooming) and methods for their assessment. The second part focuses on research aimed at searching for loci and candidate genes associated with resistance to varroosis by mapping quantitative traits loci and genome-wide association studies. The third part summarizes studies of the transcriptome profile of Varroa resistant bees. The last part discusses the most likely candidate genes – potential markers for breeding Varroa resistant bees. Resistance to the mite is manifested in a variety of phenotypes and is under polygenic control. The establishing of gene pathways involved in resistance to Varroa will help create a methodological basis for the selection of Varroa resistant honeybee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Kaskinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - L. R. Gaifullina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - E. S. Saltykova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A. V. Poskryakov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A. G. Nikolenko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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Effects of Synthetic Acaricides and Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) on Molecules Associated with Chemical Communication and Recognition in Honey Bees. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040199. [PMID: 33302502 PMCID: PMC7768465 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acaricides and the gut parasite Nosema ceranae are commonly present in most productive hives. Those stressors could be affecting key semiochemicals, which act as homeostasis regulators in Apis mellifera colonies, such as cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) involved in social recognition and ethyl oleate (EO) which plays a role as primer pheromone in honey bees. Here we test the effect of amitraz, coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin, commonly applied to treat varroosis, on honey bee survival time, rate of food consumption, CHC profiles and EO production on N. ceranae-infected and non-infected honey bees. Different sublethal concentrations of amitraz, coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin were administered chronically in a syrup-based diet. After treatment, purified hole-body extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. While N. ceranae infection was also shown to decrease EO production affecting survival rates, acaricides showed no significant effect on this pheromone. As for the CHC, we found no changes in relation to the health status or consumption of acaricides. This absence of alteration in EO or CHC as response to acaricides ingestion or in combination with N. ceranae, suggests that worker honey bees exposed to those highly ubiquitous drugs are hardly differentiated by nest-mates. Having determined a synergic effect on mortality in worker bees exposed to coumaphos and Nosema infection but also, alterations in EO production as a response to N. ceranae infection it is an interesting clue to deeper understand the effects of parasite-host-pesticide interaction on colony functioning.
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Grecias L, Hebert FO, Alves VA, Barber I, Aubin-Horth N. Host behaviour alteration by its parasite: from brain gene expression to functional test. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202252. [PMID: 33171082 PMCID: PMC7735270 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many parasites with complex life cycles modify their intermediate hosts' behaviour, presumably to increase transmission to their final host. The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is an intermediate host in the cestode Schistocephalus solidus life cycle, which ends in an avian host, and shows increased risky behaviours when infected. We studied brain gene expression profiles of sticklebacks infected with S. solidus to determine the proximal causes of these behavioural alterations. We show that infected fish have altered expression levels in genes involved in the inositol pathway. We thus tested the functional implication of this pathway and successfully rescued normal behaviours in infected sticklebacks using lithium exposure. We also show that exposed but uninfected fish have a distinct gene expression profile from both infected fish and control individuals, allowing us to separate gene activity related to parasite exposure from consequences of a successful infection. Finally, we find that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-treated sticklebacks and infected fish do not have similarly altered gene expression, despite their comparable behaviours, suggesting that the serotonin pathway is probably not the main driver of phenotypic changes in infected sticklebacks. Taken together, our results allow us to predict that if S. solidus directly manipulates its host, it could target the inositol pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Grecias
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Francois Olivier Hebert
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Verônica Angelica Alves
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Iain Barber
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nadia Aubin-Horth
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Rossini C, Rodrigo F, Davyt B, Umpiérrez ML, González A, Garrido PM, Cuniolo A, Porrini LP, Eguaras MJ, Porrini MP. Sub-lethal effects of the consumption of Eupatorium buniifolium essential oil in honeybees. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241666. [PMID: 33147299 PMCID: PMC7641371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When developing new products to be used in honeybee colonies, further than acute toxicity, it is imperative to perform an assessment of risks, including various sublethal effects. The long-term sublethal effects of xenobiotics on honeybees, more specifically of acaricides used in honeybee hives, have been scarcely studied, particularly so in the case of essential oils and their components. In this work, chronic effects of the ingestion of Eupatorium buniifolium (Asteraceae) essential oil were studied on nurse honeybees using laboratory assays. Survival, food consumption, and the effect on the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) were assessed. CHC were chosen due to their key role as pheromones involved in honeybee social recognition. While food consumption and survival were not affected by the consumption of the essential oil, CHC amounts and profiles showed dose-dependent changes. All groups of CHC (linear and branched alkanes, alkenes and alkadienes) were altered when honeybees were fed with the highest essential oil dose tested (6000 ppm). The compounds that significantly varied include n-docosane, n-tricosane, n-tetracosane, n-triacontane, n-tritriacontane, 9-tricosene, 7-pentacosene, 9-pentacosene, 9-heptacosene, tritriacontene, pentacosadiene, hentriacontadiene, tritriacontadiene and all methyl alkanes. All of them but pentacosadiene were up-regulated. On the other hand, CHC profiles were similar in healthy and Nosema-infected honeybees when diets included the essential oil at 300 and 3000 ppm. Our results show that the ingestion of an essential oil can impact CHC and that the effect is dose-dependent. Changes in CHC could affect the signaling process mediated by these pheromonal compounds. To our knowledge this is the first report of changes in honeybee cuticular hydrocarbons as a result of essential oil ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rossini
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
| | - Federico Rodrigo
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Belén Davyt
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Umpiérrez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés González
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paula Melisa Garrido
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonella Cuniolo
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo P. Porrini
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Javier Eguaras
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín P. Porrini
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Calfee E, Agra MN, Palacio MA, Ramírez SR, Coop G. Selection and hybridization shaped the rapid spread of African honey bee ancestry in the Americas. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009038. [PMID: 33075065 PMCID: PMC7595643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent biological invasions offer 'natural' laboratories to understand the genetics and ecology of adaptation, hybridization, and range limits. One of the most impressive and well-documented biological invasions of the 20th century began in 1957 when Apis mellifera scutellata honey bees swarmed out of managed experimental colonies in Brazil. This newly-imported subspecies, native to southern and eastern Africa, both hybridized with and out-competed previously-introduced European honey bee subspecies. Populations of scutellata-European hybrid honey bees rapidly expanded and spread across much of the Americas in less than 50 years. We use broad geographic sampling and whole genome sequencing of over 300 bees to map the distribution of scutellata ancestry where the northern and southern invasions have presently stalled, forming replicated hybrid zones with European bee populations in California and Argentina. California is much farther from Brazil, yet these hybrid zones occur at very similar latitudes, consistent with the invasion having reached a climate barrier. At these range limits, we observe genome-wide clines for scutellata ancestry, and parallel clines for wing length that span hundreds of kilometers, supporting a smooth transition from climates favoring scutellata-European hybrid bees to climates where they cannot survive winter. We find no large effect loci maintaining exceptionally steep ancestry transitions. Instead, we find most individual loci have concordant ancestry clines across South America, with a build-up of somewhat steeper clines in regions of the genome with low recombination rates, consistent with many loci of small effect contributing to climate-associated fitness trade-offs. Additionally, we find no substantial reductions in genetic diversity associated with rapid expansions nor complete dropout of scutellata ancestry at any individual loci on either continent, which suggests that the competitive fitness advantage of scutellata ancestry at lower latitudes has a polygenic basis and that scutellata-European hybrid bees maintained large population sizes during their invasion. To test for parallel selection across continents, we develop a null model that accounts for drift in ancestry frequencies during the rapid expansion. We identify several peaks within a larger genomic region where selection has pushed scutellata ancestry to high frequency hundreds of kilometers past the present cline centers in both North and South America and that may underlie high-fitness traits driving the invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Calfee
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - María Alejandra Palacio
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Balcarce, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Santiago R. Ramírez
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Graham Coop
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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13
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Coulon M, Dalmon A, Di Prisco G, Prado A, Arban F, Dubois E, Ribière-Chabert M, Alaux C, Thiéry R, Le Conte Y. Interactions Between Thiamethoxam and Deformed Wing Virus Can Drastically Impair Flight Behavior of Honey Bees. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:766. [PMID: 32425910 PMCID: PMC7203464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to multiple stress factors is believed to contribute to honey bee colony decline. However, little is known about how co-exposure to stress factors can alter the survival and behavior of free-living honey bees in colony conditions. We therefore studied the potential interaction between a neonicotinoid pesticide, thiamethoxam, and a highly prevalent honey bee pathogen, Deformed wing virus (DWV). For this purpose, tagged bees were exposed to DWV by feeding or injection, and/or to field-relevant doses of thiamethoxam, then left in colonies equipped with optical bee counters to monitor flight activity. DWV loads and the expression of immune genes were quantified. A reduction in vitellogenin expression level was observed in DWV-injected bees and was associated with precocious onset of foraging. Combined exposure to DWV and thiamethoxam did not result in higher DWV loads compared to bees only exposed to DWV, but induced precocious foraging, increased the risk of not returning to the hive after the first flight, and decreased survival when compared to single stress exposures. We therefore provided the first evidence for deleterious interactions between DWV and thiamethoxam in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Coulon
- INRAE, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Site Agroparc, Avignon, France.,ANSES Sophia Antipolis, Unit of Honey bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Anne Dalmon
- INRAE, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Site Agroparc, Avignon, France
| | - Gennaro Di Prisco
- CREA-AA, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Alberto Prado
- INRAE, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Site Agroparc, Avignon, France.,Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Juriquilla, UNAM, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Florine Arban
- INRAE, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Site Agroparc, Avignon, France
| | - Eric Dubois
- ANSES Sophia Antipolis, Unit of Honey bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Cedric Alaux
- INRAE, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Site Agroparc, Avignon, France
| | - Richard Thiéry
- ANSES Sophia Antipolis, Unit of Honey bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Yves Le Conte
- INRAE, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Site Agroparc, Avignon, France
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14
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Honey bee virus causes context-dependent changes in host social behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10406-10413. [PMID: 32341145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002268117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic changes create evolutionarily novel environments that present opportunities for emerging diseases, potentially changing the balance between host and pathogen. Honey bees provide essential pollination services, but intensification and globalization of honey bee management has coincided with increased pathogen pressure, primarily due to a parasitic mite/virus complex. Here, we investigated how honey bee individual and group phenotypes are altered by a virus of concern, Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV). Using automated and manual behavioral monitoring of IAPV-inoculated individuals, we find evidence for pathogen manipulation of worker behavior by IAPV, and reveal that this effect depends on social context; that is, within versus between colony interactions. Experimental inoculation reduced social contacts between honey bee colony members, suggesting an adaptive host social immune response to diminish transmission. Parallel analyses with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-immunostimulated bees revealed these behaviors are part of a generalized social immune defensive response. Conversely, inoculated bees presented to groups of bees from other colonies experienced reduced aggression compared with dsRNA-immunostimulated bees, facilitating entry into susceptible colonies. This reduction was associated with a shift in cuticular hydrocarbons, the chemical signatures used by bees to discriminate colony members from intruders. These responses were specific to IAPV infection, suggestive of pathogen manipulation of the host. Emerging bee pathogens may thus shape host phenotypes to increase transmission, a strategy especially well-suited to the unnaturally high colony densities of modern apiculture. These findings demonstrate how anthropogenic changes could affect arms races between human-managed hosts and their pathogens to potentially affect global food security.
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15
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Gage SL, Calle S, Jacobson N, Carroll M, DeGrandi-Hoffman G. Pollen Alters Amino Acid Levels in the Honey Bee Brain and This Relationship Changes With Age and Parasitic Stress. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:231. [PMID: 32265638 PMCID: PMC7105889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen nutrition is necessary for proper growth and development of adult honey bees. Yet, it is unclear how pollen affects the honey bee brain and behavior. We investigated whether pollen affects amino acids in the brains of caged, nurse-aged bees, and what the behavioral consequences might be. We also tested whether parasitic stress altered this relationship by analyzing bees infected with prevalent stressor, Nosema ceranae. Levels of 18 amino acids in individual honey bee brains were measured using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry at two different ages (Day 7 and Day 11). We then employed the proboscis extension reflex to test odor learning and memory. We found that the honey bee brain was highly responsive to pollen. Many amino acids in the brain were elevated and were present at higher concentration with age. The majority of these amino acids were non-essential. Without pollen, levels of amino acids remained consistent, or declined. Nosema-infected bees showed a different profile. Infection altered amino acid levels in a pollen-dependent manner. The majority of amino acids were lower when pollen was given, but higher when pollen was deprived. Odor learning and memory was not affected by feeding pollen to uninfected bees; but pollen did improve performance in Nosema-infected bees. These results suggest that pollen in early adulthood continues to shape amino acid levels in the brain with age, which may affect neural circuitry and behavior over time. Parasitic stress by N. ceranae modifies this relationship revealing an interaction between infection, pollen nutrition, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Gage
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Samantha Calle
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Natalia Jacobson
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mark Carroll
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Tucson, AZ, United States
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16
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Belsky J, Joshi NK. Impact of Biotic and Abiotic Stressors on Managed and Feral Bees. INSECTS 2019; 10:E233. [PMID: 31374933 PMCID: PMC6723792 DOI: 10.3390/insects10080233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale declines in bee abundance and species richness over the last decade have sounded an alarm, given the crucial pollination services that bees provide. Population dips have specifically been noted for both managed and feral bee species. The simultaneous increased cultivation of bee-dependent agricultural crops has given rise to additional concern. As a result, there has been a surge in scientific research investigating the potential stressors impacting bees. A group of environmental and anthropogenic stressors negatively impacting bees has been isolated. Habitat destruction has diminished the availability of bee floral resources and nest habitats, while massive monoculture plantings have limited bee access to a variety of pollens and nectars. The rapid spread and increased resistance buildup of various bee parasites, pathogens, and pests to current control methods are implicated in deteriorating bee health. Similarly, many pesticides that are widely applied on agricultural crops and within beehives are toxic to bees. The global distribution of honey bee colonies (including queens with attendant bees) and bumble bee colonies from crop to crop for pollination events has been linked with increased pathogen stress and increased competition with native bee species for limited resources. Climatic alterations have disrupted synchronous bee emergence with flower blooming and reduced the availability of diverse floral resources, leading to bee physiological adaptations. Interactions amongst multiple stressors have created colossal maladies hitting bees at one time, and in some cases delivering additive impacts. Initiatives including the development of wild flower plantings and assessment of pesticide toxicity to bees have been undertaken in efforts to ameliorate current bee declines. In this review, recent findings regarding the impact of these stressors on bees and strategies for mitigating them are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Belsky
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, 319 Agricultural Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Neelendra K Joshi
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, 319 Agricultural Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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17
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Cappa F, Petrocelli I, Dani FR, Dapporto L, Giovannini M, Silva-Castellari J, Turillazzi S, Cervo R. Natural biocide disrupts nestmate recognition in honeybees. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3171. [PMID: 30816211 PMCID: PMC6395671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybee colonies are under the threat of many stressors, biotic and abiotic factors that strongly affect their survival. Recently, great attention has been directed at chemical pesticides, including their effects at sub-lethal doses on bee behaviour and colony success; whereas the potential side effects of natural biocides largely used in agriculture, such as entomopathogenic fungi, have received only marginal attention. Here, we report the impact of the fungus Beauveria bassiana on honeybee nestmate recognition ability, a crucial feature at the basis of colony integrity. We performed both behavioural assays by recording bee guards’ response towards foragers (nestmate or non-nestmate) either exposed to B. bassiana or unexposed presented at the hive entrance, and GC-MS analyses of the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of fungus-exposed versus unexposed bees. Our results demonstrated that exposed bees have altered cuticular hydrocarbons and are more easily accepted into foreign colonies than controls. Since CHCs are the main recognition cues in social insects, changes in their composition appear to affect nestmate recognition ability at the colony level. The acceptance of chemically unrecognizable fungus-exposed foragers could therefore favour forager drift and disease spread across colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cappa
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Petrocelli
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Dani
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Leonardo Dapporto
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Michele Giovannini
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeferson Silva-Castellari
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Turillazzi
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Rita Cervo
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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18
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Zanni V, Değirmenci L, Annoscia D, Scheiner R, Nazzi F. The reduced brood nursing by mite-infested honey bees depends on their accelerated behavioral maturation. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 109:47-54. [PMID: 29932950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic mite Varroa destructor is regarded as the most important parasite of honey bees and plays a fundamental role in the decline of bee colonies observed in the last decade in the Northern hemisphere. Parasitization has a number of detrimental effects on bees, including reduced nursing, which can have important impacts on colony balance. In this work we investigated at the individual level the causes of this abnormal behavior and found that the reduced nursing activity in mite-infested workers is associated with impaired learning performance and a series of physiological traits that are typical of foragers, including reduced response to brood pheromone, limited development of hypopharyngeal glands and higher juvenile hormone titre in the haemolymph. Altogether our data confirm the premature transition to foraging already postulated based on previous genomics studies, from a physiological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - L Değirmenci
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - D Annoscia
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - R Scheiner
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - F Nazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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19
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Martín-Hernández R, Bartolomé C, Chejanovsky N, Le Conte Y, Dalmon A, Dussaubat C, García-Palencia P, Meana A, Pinto MA, Soroker V, Higes M. Nosema ceranaeinApis mellifera: a 12 years postdetectionperspective. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1302-1329. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martín-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola. Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental de Marchamalo, (CIAPA-IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha; Marchamalo Spain
- Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla - La Mancha; Spain
| | - Carolina Bartolomé
- Medicina Xenómica, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Xenómica Comparada de Parásitos Humanos, IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela; Galicia Spain
| | - Nor Chejanovsky
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center; Rishon LeZion Israel
| | - Yves Le Conte
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement; F-84000 Avignon France
| | - Anne Dalmon
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement; F-84000 Avignon France
| | | | | | - Aranzazu Meana
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Spain
| | - M. Alice Pinto
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança; 5300-253 Bragança Portugal
| | - Victoria Soroker
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center; Rishon LeZion Israel
| | - Mariano Higes
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola. Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental de Marchamalo, (CIAPA-IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha; Marchamalo Spain
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20
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Bordier C, Klein S, Le Conte Y, Barron AB, Alaux C. Stress decreases pollen foraging performance in honeybees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.171470. [PMID: 29361592 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.171470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Foraging in honeybees is energetically demanding. Here, we examined whether stressors, which generally increase metabolic demands, can impair foraging performance. A controlled non-pathogenic stressor (immune challenge) resulted in a change in the foraging preferences of bees. It reduced pollen foraging and increased the duration of trips in pollen foragers. Stress also reduced the amount of octopamine in the brain of pollen foragers (a biogenic amine involved in the regulation of foraging and flight behaviour in insects). According to the literature, flight metabolic rate is higher during pollen foraging than during nectar foraging, and nectar gives a higher energetic return relative to the foraging effort when compared with pollen. We thus propose that stress might be particularly detrimental to the performance of pollen foragers, and stressed bees prefer the energy-rich resource of nectar. In conclusion, stress, even at low levels, could have consequences for bee foraging behaviour and thereby the nutritional balance of the colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Bordier
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Simon Klein
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), University Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31062 Toulouse, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Yves Le Conte
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Andrew B Barron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Cédric Alaux
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon, France
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21
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Gage SL, Kramer C, Calle S, Carroll M, Heien M, DeGrandi-Hoffman G. Nosema ceranae parasitism impacts olfactory learning and memory and neurochemistry in honey bees ( Apis mellifera). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.161489. [PMID: 29361577 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nosema sp. is an internal parasite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, and one of the leading contributors to colony losses worldwide. This parasite is found in the honey bee midgut and has profound consequences for the host's physiology. Nosema sp. impairs foraging performance in honey bees, yet, it is unclear whether this parasite affects the bee's neurobiology. In this study, we examined whether Nosema sp. affects odor learning and memory and whether the brains of parasitized bees show differences in amino acids and biogenic amines. We took newly emerged bees and fed them with Nosema ceranae At approximate nurse and forager ages, we employed an odor-associative conditioning assay using the proboscis extension reflex and two bioanalytical techniques to measure changes in brain chemistry. We found that nurse-aged bees infected with N. ceranae significantly outperformed controls in odor learning and memory, suggestive of precocious foraging, but by forager age, infected bees showed deficits in learning and memory. We also detected significant differences in amino acid concentrations, some of which were age specific, as well as altered serotonin, octopamine, dopamine and l-dopa concentrations in the brains of parasitized bees. These findings suggest that N. ceranae infection affects honey bee neurobiology and may compromise behavioral tasks. These results yield new insight into the host-parasite dynamic of honey bees and N. ceranae, as well as the neurochemistry of odor learning and memory under normal and parasitic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Gage
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA .,Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Catherine Kramer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Samantha Calle
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Mark Carroll
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Michael Heien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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22
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Beros S, Foitzik S, Menzel F. What are the Mechanisms Behind a Parasite-Induced Decline in Nestmate Recognition in Ants? J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:869-880. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Wu JL, Zhou CX, Wu PJ, Xu J, Guo YQ, Xue F, Getachew A, Xu SF. Brain metabolomic profiling of eastern honey bee (Apis cerana) infested with the mite Varroa destructor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175573. [PMID: 28403242 PMCID: PMC5389839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mite Varroa destructor is currently the greatest threat to apiculture as it is causing a global decrease in honey bee colonies. However, it rarely causes serious damage to its native hosts, the eastern honey bees Apis cerana. To better understand the mechanism of resistance of A. cerana against the V. destructor mite, we profiled the metabolic changes that occur in the honey bee brain during V. destructor infestation. Brain samples were collected from infested and control honey bees and then measured using an untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based global metabolomics method, in which 7918 and 7462 ions in ESI+ and ESI- mode, respectively, were successfully identified. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied, and 64 dysregulated metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, carboxylic acid, and phospholipids, amongst others, were identified. Pathway analysis further revealed that linoleic acid metabolism; propanoate metabolism; and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism were acutely perturbed. The data obtained in this study offer insight into the defense mechanisms of A. cerana against V. destructor mites and provide a better method for understanding the synergistic effects of parasitism on honey bee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Li Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Xue Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peng-Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Qin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Awraris Getachew
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Fa Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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24
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Badaoui B, Fougeroux A, Petit F, Anselmo A, Gorni C, Cucurachi M, Cersini A, Granato A, Cardeti G, Formato G, Mutinelli F, Giuffra E, Williams JL, Botti S. RNA-sequence analysis of gene expression from honeybees (Apis mellifera) infected with Nosema ceranae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173438. [PMID: 28350872 PMCID: PMC5370102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are constantly subjected to many biotic stressors including parasites. This study examined honeybees infected with Nosema ceranae (N. ceranae). N. ceranae infection increases the bees energy requirements and may contribute to their decreased survival. RNA-seq was used to investigate gene expression at days 5, 10 and 15 Post Infection (P.I) with N. ceranae. The expression levels of genes, isoforms, alternative transcription start sites (TSS) and differential promoter usage revealed a complex pattern of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation suggesting that bees use a range of tactics to cope with the stress of N. ceranae infection. N. ceranae infection may cause reduced immune function in the bees by: (i)disturbing the host amino acids metabolism (ii) down-regulating expression of antimicrobial peptides (iii) down-regulation of cuticle coatings and (iv) down-regulation of odorant binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouabid Badaoui
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Anselmo
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Gorni
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - Marco Cucurachi
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Granato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giusy Cardeti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Formato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - John L. Williams
- Davies Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sara Botti
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
- * E-mail:
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25
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Doublet V, Poeschl Y, Gogol-Döring A, Alaux C, Annoscia D, Aurori C, Barribeau SM, Bedoya-Reina OC, Brown MJF, Bull JC, Flenniken ML, Galbraith DA, Genersch E, Gisder S, Grosse I, Holt HL, Hultmark D, Lattorff HMG, Le Conte Y, Manfredini F, McMahon DP, Moritz RFA, Nazzi F, Niño EL, Nowick K, van Rij RP, Paxton RJ, Grozinger CM. Unity in defence: honeybee workers exhibit conserved molecular responses to diverse pathogens. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:207. [PMID: 28249569 PMCID: PMC5333379 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organisms typically face infection by diverse pathogens, and hosts are thought to have developed specific responses to each type of pathogen they encounter. The advent of transcriptomics now makes it possible to test this hypothesis and compare host gene expression responses to multiple pathogens at a genome-wide scale. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of multiple published and new transcriptomes using a newly developed bioinformatics approach that filters genes based on their expression profile across datasets. Thereby, we identified common and unique molecular responses of a model host species, the honey bee (Apis mellifera), to its major pathogens and parasites: the Microsporidia Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, RNA viruses, and the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, which transmits viruses. RESULTS We identified a common suite of genes and conserved molecular pathways that respond to all investigated pathogens, a result that suggests a commonality in response mechanisms to diverse pathogens. We found that genes differentially expressed after infection exhibit a higher evolutionary rate than non-differentially expressed genes. Using our new bioinformatics approach, we unveiled additional pathogen-specific responses of honey bees; we found that apoptosis appeared to be an important response following microsporidian infection, while genes from the immune signalling pathways, Toll and Imd, were differentially expressed after Varroa/virus infection. Finally, we applied our bioinformatics approach and generated a gene co-expression network to identify highly connected (hub) genes that may represent important mediators and regulators of anti-pathogen responses. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis generated a comprehensive overview of the host metabolic and other biological processes that mediate interactions between insects and their pathogens. We identified key host genes and pathways that respond to phylogenetically diverse pathogens, representing an important source for future functional studies as well as offering new routes to identify or generate pathogen resilient honey bee stocks. The statistical and bioinformatics approaches that were developed for this study are broadly applicable to synthesize information across transcriptomic datasets. These approaches will likely have utility in addressing a variety of biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Doublet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andreas Gogol-Döring
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Cédric Alaux
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - Desiderato Annoscia
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Christian Aurori
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seth M Barribeau
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Oscar C Bedoya-Reina
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
- Present address: MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Present address: MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark J F Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - James C Bull
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Michelle L Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - David A Galbraith
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Elke Genersch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gisder
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Ivo Grosse
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Holly L Holt
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, The Monarch Joint Venture, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dan Hultmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - H Michael G Lattorff
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Present address: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Environmental Health Theme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yves Le Conte
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Dino P McMahon
- Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin F A Moritz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Francesco Nazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Elina L Niño
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katja Nowick
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, TFome Research Group, Bioinformatics Group, Interdisciplinary Center of Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Paxton
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Christina M Grozinger
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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26
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Klein S, Cabirol A, Devaud JM, Barron AB, Lihoreau M. Why Bees Are So Vulnerable to Environmental Stressors. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:268-278. [PMID: 28111032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bee populations are declining in the industrialized world, raising concerns for the sustainable pollination of crops. Pesticides, pollutants, parasites, diseases, and malnutrition have all been linked to this problem. We consider here neurobiological, ecological, and evolutionary reasons why bees are particularly vulnerable to these environmental stressors. Central-place foraging on flowers demands advanced capacities of learning, memory, and navigation. However, even at low intensity levels, many stressors damage the bee brain, disrupting key cognitive functions needed for effective foraging, with dramatic consequences for brood development and colony survival. We discuss how understanding the relationships between the actions of stressors on the nervous system, individual cognitive impairments, and colony decline can inform constructive interventions to sustain bee populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klein
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, National Center for Scientific Research(CNRS), University Paul Sabatier(UPS), Toulouse, France; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amélie Cabirol
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, National Center for Scientific Research(CNRS), University Paul Sabatier(UPS), Toulouse, France; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean-Marc Devaud
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, National Center for Scientific Research(CNRS), University Paul Sabatier(UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Andrew B Barron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mathieu Lihoreau
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, National Center for Scientific Research(CNRS), University Paul Sabatier(UPS), Toulouse, France.
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27
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Piiroinen S, Goulson D. Chronic neonicotinoid pesticide exposure and parasite stress differentially affects learning in honeybees and bumblebees. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2016.0246. [PMID: 27053744 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory are crucial functions which enable insect pollinators to efficiently locate and extract floral rewards. Exposure to pesticides or infection by parasites may cause subtle but ecologically important changes in cognitive functions of pollinators. The potential interactive effects of these stressors on learning and memory have not yet been explored. Furthermore, sensitivity to stressors may differ between species, but few studies have compared responses in different species. Here, we show that chronic exposure to field-realistic levels of the neonicotinoid clothianidin impaired olfactory learning acquisition in honeybees, leading to potential impacts on colony fitness, but not in bumblebees. Infection by the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae slightly impaired learning in honeybees, but no interactive effects were observed. Nosema did not infect bumblebees (3% infection success). Nevertheless, Nosema-treated bumblebees had a slightly lower rate of learning than controls, but faster learning in combination with neonicotinoid exposure. This highlights the potential for complex interactive effects of stressors on learning. Our results underline that one cannot readily extrapolate findings from one bee species to others. This has important implications for regulatory risk assessments which generally use honeybees as a model for all bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saija Piiroinen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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28
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Doublet V, Paxton RJ, McDonnell CM, Dubois E, Nidelet S, Moritz RF, Alaux C, Le Conte Y. Brain transcriptomes of honey bees ( Apis mellifera) experimentally infected by two pathogens: Black queen cell virus and Nosema ceranae. GENOMICS DATA 2016; 10:79-82. [PMID: 27747157 PMCID: PMC5054260 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression in the brain plays an important role in behavioral plasticity and decision making in response to external stimuli. However, both can be severely affected by environmental factors, such as parasites and pathogens. In honey bees, the emergence and re-emergence of pathogens and potential for pathogen co-infection and interaction have been suggested as major components that significantly impaired social behavior and survival. To understand how the honey bee is affected and responds to interacting pathogens, we co-infected workers with two prevalent pathogens of different nature, the positive single strand RNA virus Black queen cell virus (BQCV), and the Microsporidia Nosema ceranae, and explored gene expression changes in brains upon single infections and co-infections. Our data provide an important resource for research on honey bee diseases, and more generally on insect host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions. Raw and processed data are publicly available in the NCBI/GEO database: (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) under accession number GSE81664.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Doublet
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Salle), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR11 9FE, UK
| | - Robert J. Paxton
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Salle), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Emeric Dubois
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Nidelet
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Robin F.A. Moritz
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Salle), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cédric Alaux
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon Cedex 09, France
| | - Yves Le Conte
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon Cedex 09, France
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29
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Wells T, Wolf S, Nicholls E, Groll H, Lim KS, Clark SJ, Swain J, Osborne JL, Haughton AJ. Flight performance of actively foraging honey bees is reduced by a common pathogen. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 8:728-737. [PMID: 27337097 PMCID: PMC5091639 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sudden and severe declines in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony health in the US and Europe have been attributed, in part, to emergent microbial pathogens, however, the mechanisms behind the impact are unclear. Using roundabout flight mills, we measured the flight distance and duration of actively foraging, healthy-looking honey bees sampled from standard colonies, before quantifying the level of infection by Nosema ceranae and Deformed Wing Virus complex (DWV) for each bee. Neither the presence nor the quantity of N. ceranae were at low, natural levels of infection had any effect on flight distance or duration, but presence of DWV reduced flight distance by two thirds and duration by one half. Quantity of DWV was shown to have a significant, but weakly positive relation with flight distance and duration, however, the low amount of variation that was accounted for suggests further investigation by dose-response assays is required. We conclude that widespread, naturally occurring levels of infection by DWV weaken the flight ability of honey bees and high levels of within-colony prevalence are likely to reduce efficiency and increase the cost of resource acquisition. Predictions of implications of pathogens on colony health and function should take account of sublethal effects on flight performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Wolf
- Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- Present address: School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Elizabeth Nicholls
- Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- Present address: School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Helga Groll
- Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- Present address: PPD, Granta Park, Great AbingtonCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | - Juliet L. Osborne
- Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- Present address: Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
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30
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Holt HL, Grozinger CM. Approaches and Challenges to Managing Nosema (Microspora: Nosematidae) Parasites in Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1487-503. [PMID: 27340190 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The microsporidia Nosema apis (Zander) and Nosema ceranae (Fries) are common intestinal parasites in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Though globally prevalent, there are mixed reports of Nosema infection costs, with some regions reporting high parasite virulence and colony losses, while others REPORT high Nosema prevalence but few costs. Basic and applied studies are urgently needed to help beekeepers effectively manage Nosema spp., ideally through an integrated pest management approach that allows beekeepers to deploy multiple strategies to control Nosema when Nosema is likely to cause damage to the colonies, rather than using prophylactic treatments. Beekeepers need practical and affordable technologies that facilitate disease diagnosis and science-backed guidelines that recommend when, if at all, to treat infections. In addition, new treatment methods are needed, as there are several problems associated with the chemical use of fumagillin (the only currently extensively studied, but not globally available treatment) to control Nosema parasites. Though selective breeding of Nosema-resistant or tolerant bees may offer a long-term, sustainable solution to Nosema management, other treatments are needed in the interim. Furthermore, the validation of alternative treatment efficacy in field settings is needed along with toxicology assays to ensure that treatments do not have unintended, adverse effects on honey bees or humans. Finally, given variation in Nosema virulence, development of regional management guidelines, rather than universal guidelines, may provide optimal and cost-effective Nosema management, though more research is needed before regional plans can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Holt
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 3A Chemical Ecology Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802 Current Affiliation: Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, The University of Minnesota, Skok Hall, St. Paul, MN, 55108
| | - Christina M Grozinger
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 1A Chemical Ecology Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802
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31
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Lecocq A, Jensen AB, Kryger P, Nieh JC. Parasite infection accelerates age polyethism in young honey bees. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22042. [PMID: 26912310 PMCID: PMC4766577 DOI: 10.1038/srep22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are important pollinators and their health is threatened worldwide by persistent exposure to a wide range of factors including pesticides, poor nutrition, and pathogens. Nosema ceranae is a ubiquitous microsporidian associated with high colony mortality. We used lab micro-colonies of honey bees and video analyses to track the effects of N. ceranae infection and exposure on a range of individual and social behaviours in young adult bees. We provide detailed data showing that N. ceranae infection significantly accelerated the age polyethism of young bees, causing them to exhibit behaviours typical of older bees. Bees with high N. ceranae spore counts had significantly increased walking rates and decreased attraction to queen mandibular pheromone. Infected bees also exhibited higher rates of trophallaxis (food exchange), potentially reflecting parasite manipulation to increase colony infection. However, reduction in queen contacts could help bees limit the spread of infection. Such accelerated age polyethism may provide a form of behavioural immunity, particularly if it is elicited by a wide variety of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Lecocq
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0116, La Jolla, California, 92093-0166, United States of America.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Plants and Environmental Sciences - PLEN, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, DK
| | - Annette Bruun Jensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Plants and Environmental Sciences - PLEN, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, DK
| | - Per Kryger
- Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology - Entomology and Plant Pathology, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, DK
| | - James C Nieh
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0116, La Jolla, California, 92093-0166, United States of America
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32
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Nazzi F, Le Conte Y. Ecology of Varroa destructor, the Major Ectoparasite of the Western Honey Bee, Apis mellifera. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:417-32. [PMID: 26667378 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is the most important ectoparasite of Apis mellifera. This review addresses the interactions between the varroa mite, its environment, and the honey bee host, mediated by an impressive number of cues and signals, including semiochemicals regulating crucial steps of the mite's life cycle. Although mechanical stimuli, temperature, and humidity play an important role, chemical communication is the most important channel. Kairomones are used at all stages of the mite's life cycle, and the exploitation of bees' brood pheromones is particularly significant given these compounds function as primer and releaser signals that regulate the social organization of the honey bee colony. V. destructor is a major problem for apiculture, and the search for novel control methods is an essential task for researchers. A detailed study of the ecological interactions of V. destructor is a prerequisite for creating strategies to sustainably manage the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Yves Le Conte
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France;
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Beros S, Jongepier E, Hagemeier F, Foitzik S. The parasite's long arm: a tapeworm parasite induces behavioural changes in uninfected group members of its social host. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20151473. [PMID: 26582019 PMCID: PMC4685803 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites can induce alterations in host phenotypes in order to enhance their own survival and transmission. Parasites of social insects might not only benefit from altering their individual hosts, but also from inducing changes in uninfected group members. Temnothorax nylanderi ant workers infected with the tapeworm Anomotaenia brevis are known to be chemically distinct from nest-mates and do not contribute to colony fitness, but are tolerated in their colonies and well cared for. Here, we investigated how tapeworm- infected workers affect colony aggression by manipulating their presence in ant colonies and analysing whether their absence or presence resulted in behavioural alterations in their nest-mates. We report a parasite-induced shift in colony aggression, shown by lower aggression of uninfected nest-mates from parasitized colonies towards conspecifics, potentially explaining the tolerance towards infected ants. We also demonstrate that tapeworm-infected workers showed a reduced flight response and higher survival, while their presence caused a decrease in survival of uninfected nest-mates. This anomalous behaviour of infected ants, coupled with their increased survival, could facilitate the parasites' transmission to its definitive hosts, woodpeckers. We conclude that parasites exploiting individuals that are part of a society not only induce phenotypic changes within their individual hosts, but in uninfected group members as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Beros
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johannes von Müller Weg 6, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Evelien Jongepier
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johannes von Müller Weg 6, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Felizitas Hagemeier
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johannes von Müller Weg 6, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Susanne Foitzik
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johannes von Müller Weg 6, Mainz 55128, Germany
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Natsopoulou ME, McMahon DP, Paxton RJ. Parasites modulate within-colony activity and accelerate the temporal polyethism schedule of a social insect, the honey bee. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015; 70:1019-1031. [PMID: 27397965 PMCID: PMC4917585 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-2019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Task allocation in social insect colonies is generally organised into an age-related division of labour, termed the temporal polyethism schedule, which may in part have evolved to reduce infection of the colony's brood by pests and pathogens. The temporal polyethism schedule is sensitive to colony perturbations that may lead to adaptive changes in task allocation, maintaining colony homeostasis. Though social insects can be infected by a range of parasites, little is known of how these parasites impact within-colony behaviour and the temporal polyethism schedule. We use honey bees (Apis mellifera) experimentally infected by two of their emerging pathogens, Deformed wing virus (DWV), which is relatively understudied concerning its behavioural impact on its host, and the exotic microsporidian Nosema ceranae. We examined parasite effects on host temporal polyethism and patterns of activity within the colony. We found that pathogens accelerated the temporal polyethism schedule, but without reducing host behavioural repertoire. Infected hosts exhibited increased hyperactivity, allocating more time to self-grooming and foraging-related tasks. The strength of behavioural alterations we observed was found to be pathogen specific; behavioural modifications were more pronounced in virus-treated hosts versus N. ceranae-treated hosts, with potential benefits for the colony in terms of reducing within-colony transmission. Investigating the effects of multiple pathogens on behavioural patterns of social insects could play a crucial role in understanding pathogen spread within a colony and their effects on colony social organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrsini E Natsopoulou
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dino P McMahon
- Institute of Biology, Free University Berlin, Schwendenerstr.1, 14195 Berlin, Germany ; Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert J Paxton
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Grozinger CM, Robinson GE. The power and promise of applying genomics to honey bee health. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 10:124-132. [PMID: 26273565 PMCID: PMC4528376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
New genomic tools and resources are now being used to both understand honey bee health and develop tools to better manage it. Here, we describe the use of genomic approaches to identify and characterize bee parasites and pathogens, examine interactions among these parasites and pathogens, between them and their bee hosts, and to identify genetic markers for improved breeding of more resilient bee stocks. We also discuss several new genomic techniques that can be used to more efficiently study, monitor and improve bee health. In the case of using RNAi-based technologies to mitigate diseases in bee populations, we highlight advantages, disadvantages and strategies to reduce risk. The increased use of genomic analytical tools and manipulative technologies has already led to significant advances, and holds great promise for improvements in the health of honey bees and other critical pollinator species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Grozinger
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16803
| | - Gene E. Robinson
- Department of Entomology, Neuroscience Program, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 61801
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Fourrier J, Deschamps M, Droin L, Alaux C, Fortini D, Beslay D, Le Conte Y, Devillers J, Aupinel P, Decourtye A. Larval Exposure to the Juvenile Hormone Analog Pyriproxyfen Disrupts Acceptance of and Social Behavior Performance in Adult Honeybees. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132985. [PMID: 26171610 PMCID: PMC4501706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile hormone (JH) plays an important role in honeybee development and the regulation of age-related division of labor. However, honeybees can be exposed to insect growth regulators (IGRs), such as JH analogs developed for insect pest and vector control. Although their side effects as endocrine disruptors on honeybee larval or adult stages have been studied, little is known about the subsequent effects on adults of a sublethal larval exposure. We therefore studied the impact of the JH analog pyriproxyfen on larvae and resulting adults within a colony under semi-field conditions by combining recent laboratory larval tests with chemical analysis and behavioral observations. Oral and chronic larval exposure at cumulative doses of 23 or 57 ng per larva were tested. RESULTS Pyriproxyfen-treated bees emerged earlier than control bees and the highest dose led to a significant rate of malformed adults (atrophied wings). Young pyriproxyfen-treated bees were more frequently rejected by nestmates from the colony, inducing a shorter life span. This could be linked to differences in cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles between control and pyriproxyfen-treated bees. Finally, pyriproxyfen-treated bees exhibited fewer social behaviors (ventilation, brood care, contacts with nestmates or food stocks) than control bees. CONCLUSION Larval exposure to sublethal doses of pyriproxyfen affected several life history traits of the honeybees. Our results especially showed changes in social integration (acceptance by nestmates and social behaviors performance) that could potentially affect population growth and balance of the colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Fourrier
- ACTA, ICB-VETAGROSUP, 1 avenue C. Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthieu Deschamps
- ACTA, ICB-VETAGROSUP, 1 avenue C. Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Léa Droin
- ACTA, ICB-VETAGROSUP, 1 avenue C. Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Cédric Alaux
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 228 Route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, 84914, Avignon, Cedex 9, France
- UMT PrADE, CS 40509, Avignon, France
| | - Dominique Fortini
- INRA, UE1255, UE Entomologie, Station du Magneraud, CS 40052, 17700, Surgères, France
| | - Dominique Beslay
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 228 Route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, 84914, Avignon, Cedex 9, France
- UMT PrADE, CS 40509, Avignon, France
| | - Yves Le Conte
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 228 Route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, 84914, Avignon, Cedex 9, France
- UMT PrADE, CS 40509, Avignon, France
| | - James Devillers
- CTIS, 3 chemin de la gravière, 69140, Rillieux La Pape, France
| | - Pierrick Aupinel
- INRA, UE1255, UE Entomologie, Station du Magneraud, CS 40052, 17700, Surgères, France
| | - Axel Decourtye
- UMT PrADE, CS 40509, Avignon, France
- ACTA, 228 Route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, 84914, Avignon, Cedex 9, France
- ITSAP-Institut de l’abeille, 228 Route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Avignon, France
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Microsporidia-host interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 26:10-6. [PMID: 25847674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia comprise one of the largest groups of obligate intracellular pathogens and can infect virtually all animals, but host response to these fungal-related microbes has been poorly understood. Several new studies of the host transcriptional response to microsporidia infection have found infection-induced regulation of genes involved in innate immunity, ubiquitylation, metabolism, and hormonal signaling. In addition, microsporidia have recently been shown to exploit host recycling endocytosis for exit from intestinal cells, and to interact with host degradation pathways. Microsporidia infection has also been shown to profoundly affect behavior in insect hosts. Altogether, these and other recent findings are providing much-needed insight into the underlying mechanisms of microsporidia interaction with host animals.
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Nazzi F, Pennacchio F. Disentangling multiple interactions in the hive ecosystem. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:556-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Alaux C, Crauser D, Pioz M, Saulnier C, Le Conte Y. Parasitic and immune modulation of flight activity in honey bees tracked with optical counters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:3416-24. [PMID: 25063861 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Host-parasite interactions are often characterized by changes in the host behaviour, which are beneficial to either the parasite or the host, or are a non-adaptive byproduct of parasitism. These interactions are further complicated in animal society because individual fitness is associated with group performance. However, a better understanding of host-parasite interaction in animal society first requires the identification of individual host behavioural modification. Therefore, we challenged honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers with the parasite Nosema ceranae or an immune stimulation and tracked their flight activity over their lifetime with an optic counter. We found that bees responded differently to each stress: both Nosema-infected and immune-challenged bees performed a lower number of daily flights compared with control bees, but the duration of their flights increased and decreased over time, respectively. Overall, parasitized bees spent more time in the field each day than control bees, and the inverse was true for immune-challenged bees. Despite the stress of immune challenge, bees had a survival similar to that of control bees likely because of their restricted activity. We discuss how those different behavioural modifications could be adaptive phenotypes. This study provides new insights into how biological stress can affect the behaviour of individuals living in society and how host responses have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Alaux
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Domaine Saint-Paul, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Didier Crauser
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Domaine Saint-Paul, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Maryline Pioz
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Domaine Saint-Paul, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Cyril Saulnier
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Domaine Saint-Paul, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Yves Le Conte
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Domaine Saint-Paul, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon, France
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Aufauvre J, Misme-Aucouturier B, Viguès B, Texier C, Delbac F, Blot N. Transcriptome analyses of the honeybee response to Nosema ceranae and insecticides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91686. [PMID: 24646894 PMCID: PMC3960157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are constantly exposed to a wide variety of environmental stressors such as parasites and pesticides. Among them, Nosema ceranae and neurotoxic insecticides might act in combination and lead to a higher honeybee mortality. We investigated the molecular response of honeybees exposed to N. ceranae, to insecticides (fipronil or imidacloprid), and to a combination of both stressors. Midgut transcriptional changes induced by these stressors were measured in two independent experiments combining a global RNA-Seq transcriptomic approach with the screening of the expression of selected genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Although N. ceranae-insecticide combinations induced a significant increase in honeybee mortality, we observed that they did not lead to a synergistic effect. According to gene expression profiles, chronic exposure to insecticides had no significant impact on detoxifying genes but repressed the expression of immunity-related genes. Honeybees treated with N. ceranae, alone or in combination with an insecticide, showed a strong alteration of midgut immunity together with modifications affecting cuticle coatings and trehalose metabolism. An increasing impact of treatments on gene expression profiles with time was identified suggesting an absence of stress recovery which could be linked to the higher mortality rates observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Aufauvre
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
| | - Barbara Misme-Aucouturier
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
| | - Bernard Viguès
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
| | - Catherine Texier
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
| | - Frédéric Delbac
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
| | - Nicolas Blot
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
- * E-mail:
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