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Sutovska H, Molcan L, Majzunova M, Sykora M, Kopkan L, Zeman M. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade protects the kidneys but does not affect inverted blood pressure rhythm in hypertensive transgenic (mRen-2)27 rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 572:111967. [PMID: 37210027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone regulates blood pressure (BP) through water and sodium balance. In our study, we studied if continuous treatment with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, spironolactone (30 mg/kg/day) for 20 days can: 1) attenuate hypertension development and restore inverted 24-h BP rhythm in hypertensive transgenic (mRen-2)27 rats (TGR) measured by telemetry; 2) improve function of the kidneys and heart; 3) be protective against high salt load (1% in water) by mitigating oxidative injury and improving kidney function. Spironolactone decreased albuminuria and 8-isoprostane in normal and salt load conditions in BP-independent effects. Salt load increased BP, impaired autonomic balance, suppressed plasma aldosterone level and increased natriuresis, albuminuria and oxidative injury in TGR. Spironolactone did not restore the inverted 24-h rhythm of BP in TGR, therefore, mineralocorticoids are not crucial in regulation of BP daily profile. Spironolactone improved kidney function, decreased oxidative stress and was protective against high salt load in the BP-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Sutovska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Lubos Molcan
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Miroslava Majzunova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Matus Sykora
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Libor Kopkan
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Zeman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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2
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Mogi M. Cardioprotection by direct factor Xa inhibition in angiotensin II overexpression. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:1355-1356. [PMID: 34349249 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, Japan.
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3
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Maruyama-Fumoto K, McGuire JJ, Fairlie DP, Shinozuka K, Kagota S. Activation of protease-activated receptor 2 is associated with blood pressure regulation and proteinuria reduction in metabolic syndrome. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:211-220. [PMID: 33124085 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of kidney disease. In SHRSP.Z-Leprfa /IzmDmcr (SHRSP.ZF) rats with MetS, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2)-mediated vasorelaxation is preserved in the aorta at 20 weeks of age (weeks) via enhancement of nitric oxide production but impaired at 30 weeks by oxidative stress. However, impairment of PAR2-mediated vasorelaxation of renal arteries and its possible implications for kidney disease are unclear. We used organ baths to assess PAR2-mediated vasorelaxation of isolated renal arteries, colorimetric methods to measure urinary protein levels as an index of renal function, and western blot to determine expression of PAR2 and nephrin proteins in the kidneys of SHRSP.ZF rats at 10, 20, and 30 weeks. We assessed renal arteries and kidney function for effects of orally administered GB88, a pathway-dependent PAR2 antagonist, from 10 to 18 weeks, and azilsartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, from 13 to 23 weeks. PAR2-mediated vasorelaxation was slightly lower at 20 weeks and attenuated significantly at 30 weeks compared with those at 10 weeks. Urinary protein levels were increased at 20 and 30 weeks. Decreased protein expression of PAR2 and nephrin in the kidney were observed at 30 weeks. Administration of GB88 increased blood pressure (BP) and proteinuria. Azilsartan reduced the high BP and the impaired PAR2-mediated vasorelaxation, but did not restore the increase in urinary protein levels and decreased PAR2 and nephrin protein expression in the kidney. PAR2 activation in the kidney may be associated with maintenance of BP and urinary protein excretion in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Maruyama-Fumoto
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - John J McGuire
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Kazumasa Shinozuka
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Satomi Kagota
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Maruyama K, McGuire JJ, Kagota S. Progression of Time-Dependent Changes to the Mechanisms of Vasodilation by Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Metabolic Syndrome. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:2039-2044. [PMID: 29199228 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by serine proteases released from tissues or by synthetic peptide ligands administered pharmacologically. Its wide expression in the cardiovascular system, particularly within the endothelium, vasodilation activity, and link to increased expression of inflammatory cytokines positions PAR2 as a potentially important regulator of vascular pathology under conditions of tissue inflammation, and injury; and thus, a pharmaceutical target for new therapeutics. Obesity is considered a chronic low-grade systemic inflammatory condition as inflammatory cytokines released from adipocytes are closely related to development of metabolic syndrome and related disorders. Our work over the past five-years has focused on the changes in vasomotor functions of PAR2 in metabolic syndrome, using an animal model known as the SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr rats (SHRSP.ZF). In young SHRSP.ZF that had already developed impaired responses to nitric oxide, we reported that PAR2-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation is preserved. However, this PAR2 vasodilation decreased with increasing age and further chronic exposure to the conditions of metabolism disorder. These findings raise the possibility that PAR2 regulates tissue perfusion and can protect organs from injury, which is an increasing clinical concern at later stages of metabolic syndrome. Here we present our studies on the time-dependent changes in vasoreactivity to PAR2 in metabolic syndrome and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of these age-related changes in PAR2 for the cardiovascular system in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - John J McGuire
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University
| | - Satomi Kagota
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
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Jiang X, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Yang J, Asico LD, Chen W, Felder RA, Armando I, Jose PA, Yang Z. Gastrin stimulates renal dopamine production by increasing the renal tubular uptake of l-DOPA. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E1-E10. [PMID: 27780818 PMCID: PMC5283882 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00116.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin is a peptide hormone that is involved in the regulation of sodium balance and blood pressure. Dopamine, which is also involved in the regulation of sodium balance and blood pressure, directly or indirectly interacts with other blood pressure-regulating hormones, including gastrin. This study aimed to determine the mechanisms of the interaction between gastrin and dopamine and tested the hypothesis that gastrin produced in the kidney increases renal dopamine production to keep blood pressure within the normal range. We show that in human and mouse renal proximal tubule cells (hRPTCs and mRPTCs, respectively), gastrin stimulates renal dopamine production by increasing the cellular uptake of l-DOPA via the l-type amino acid transporter (LAT) at the plasma membrane. The uptake of l-DOPA in RPTCs from C57Bl/6J mice is lower than in RPTCs from normotensive humans. l-DOPA uptake in renal cortical slices is also lower in salt-sensitive C57Bl/6J than in salt-resistant BALB/c mice. The deficient renal cortical uptake of l-DOPA in C57Bl/6J mice may be due to decreased LAT-1 activity that is related to its decreased expression at the plasma membrane, relative to BALB/c mice. We also show that renal-selective silencing of Gast by the renal subcapsular injection of Gast siRNA in BALB/c mice decreases renal dopamine production and increases blood pressure. These results highlight the importance of renal gastrin in stimulating renal dopamine production, which may give a new perspective in the prevention and treatment of hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Transport System y+L/drug effects
- Amino Acid Transport System y+L/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dopamine/biosynthesis
- Dopamine/urine
- Down-Regulation
- Gastrins/genetics
- Gastrins/metabolism
- Gastrins/pharmacology
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney Cortex/drug effects
- Kidney Cortex/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/cytology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Levodopa/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical, Beijing, China
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jian Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University and Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Laureano D Asico
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical, Beijing, China
| | - Robin A Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ines Armando
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; and
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical, Beijing, China;
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Maruyama K, Kagota S, McGuire JJ, Wakuda H, Yoshikawa N, Nakamura K, Shinozuka K. Age-related changes to vascular protease-activated receptor 2 in metabolic syndrome: a relationship between oxidative stress, receptor expression, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 95:356-364. [PMID: 28103056 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is expressed in vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide (NO) - cyclic GMP-mediated vasodilation in response to 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2fLIGRLO), a PAR2-activating peptide, is impaired in aortas from aged SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr (SHRSP.ZF) rats with metabolic syndrome. Here we investigated mechanisms linking PAR2's vascular effects to phenotypic characteristics of male SHRSP.ZF rats at 10, 20, and 30 weeks of age. We found vasodilation responses to either 2fLIGRLO or enzyme-mediated PAR2 activation by trypsin were sustained until 20 weeks and lessened at 30 weeks. PAR2 protein and mRNA levels were lower in aortas at 30 weeks than at 10 and 20 weeks. PAR2-mediated responses positively correlated with PAR2 protein and mRNA levels. Decreased cGMP accumulation in the presence of 2fLIGRLO paralleled the decreased relaxations elicited by nitroprusside and the cGMP analog 8-pCPT-cGMP, and the less soluble guanylyl cyclase protein at 30 weeks. 2fLIGRLO-induced relaxation was negatively correlated with serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, an index of oxidative stress, which increased with age. Forward stepwise data regression supported a model of age-related decreases in PAR2 function resulting from decreased PAR2 mRNA and increased oxidative stress. We conclude that decreased responsiveness of aortic smooth muscle to NO and downregulation of receptor expression impair PAR2 functions at later stages of metabolic syndrome in SHRSP.ZF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Maruyama
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Satomi Kagota
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - John J McGuire
- b Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Hirokazu Wakuda
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Noriko Yoshikawa
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakamura
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shinozuka
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
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7
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Characterization and Functions of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Obesity, Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3130496. [PMID: 27006943 PMCID: PMC4781943 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3130496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a cell surface receptor activated by serine proteinases or specific synthetic compounds. Interest in PAR2 as a pharmaceutical target for various diseases is increasing. Here we asked two questions relevant to endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: How is PAR2 function affected in blood vessels? What role does PAR2 have in promoting obesity, diabetes, and/or metabolic syndrome, specifically via the endothelium and adipose tissues? We conducted a systematic review of the published literature in PubMed and Scopus (July 2015; search terms: par2, par-2, f2lr1, adipose, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome). Seven studies focused on PAR2 and vascular function. The obesity, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome animal models differed amongst studies, but each reported that PAR2-mediated vasodilator actions were preserved in the face of endothelial dysfunction. The remaining studies focused on nonvascular functions and provided evidence supporting the concept that PAR2 activation promoted obesity. Key studies showed that PAR2 activation regulated cellular metabolism, and PAR2 antagonists inhibited adipose gain and metabolic dysfunction in rats. We conclude that PAR2 antagonists for treatment of obesity indeed show early promise as a therapeutic strategy; however, endothelial-specific PAR2 functions, which may offset mechanisms that produce vascular dysfunction in diabetes, warrant additional study.
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8
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Haggerty CM, Mattingly AC, Gong MC, Su W, Daugherty A, Fornwalt BK. Telemetric Blood Pressure Assessment in Angiotensin II-Infused ApoE-/- Mice: 28 Day Natural History and Comparison to Tail-Cuff Measurements. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130723. [PMID: 26086817 PMCID: PMC4472759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a disease of the aortic wall, which can progress to catastrophic rupture. Assessment of mechanical characteristics of AAA, such as aortic distensibility, may provide important insights to help identify at-risk patients and understand disease progression. While the majority of studies on this topic have focused on retrospective patient data, recent studies have used mouse models of AAA to prospectively evaluate the evolution of aortic mechanics. Quantification of aortic distensibility requires accurate measurement of arterial blood pressure, particularly pulse pressure, which is challenging to perform accurately in murine models. We hypothesized that volume/pressure tail-cuff measurements of arterial pulse pressure in anesthetized mice would have sufficient accuracy to enable calculations of aortic distensibility with minimal error. Telemetry devices and osmotic mini-pumps filled with saline or angiotensin-II were surgically implanted in male apolipoprotein-E deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Blood pressure in the aortic arch was measured continuously via telemetry. In addition, simultaneous blood pressure measurements with a volume/pressure tail-cuff system were performed under anesthesia at specific intervals to assess agreement between techniques. Compared to controls, mice infused with angiotensin-II had an overall statistically significant increase in systolic pressure, with no overall difference in pulse pressure; however, pulse pressure did increase significantly with time. Systolic measurements agreed well between telemetry and tail-cuff (coefficient of variation = 10%), but agreement of pulse pressure was weak (20%). In fact, group-averaged pulse pressure from telemetry was a better predictor of a subject’s pulse pressure on a given day than a simultaneous tail-cuff measurement. Furthermore, these approximations introduced acceptable errors (15.1 ± 12.8%) into the calculation of aortic distensibility. Contrary to our hypothesis, we conclude that tail-cuff measures of arterial pulse pressure have limited accuracy. Future studies of aneurysm mechanics using the ApoE-/-/angiotensin-II model would be better in assuming pulse pressure profiles consistent with our telemetry findings instead of attempting to measure pulse pressure in individual mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Haggerty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Andrea C. Mattingly
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ming C. Gong
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wen Su
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Brandon K. Fornwalt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Hennessey JC, Stuyvers BD, McGuire JJ. Small caliber arterial endothelial cells calcium signals elicited by PAR2 are preserved from endothelial dysfunction. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00112. [PMID: 25729579 PMCID: PMC4324686 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC)-dependent vasodilation by proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is preserved in small caliber arteries in disease states where vasodilation by muscarinic receptors is decreased. In this study, we identified and characterized the PAR2-mediated intracellular calcium (Ca2+)-release mechanisms in EC from small caliber arteries in healthy and diseased states. Mesenteric arterial EC were isolated from PAR2 wild-type (WT) and null mice, after saline (controls) or angiotensin II (AngII) infusion, for imaging intracellular calcium and characterizing the calcium-release system by immunofluorescence. EC Ca2+ signals comprised two forms of Ca2+-release events that had distinct spatial-temporal properties and occurred near either the plasmalemma (peripheral) or center of EC. In healthy EC, PAR2-dependent increases in the densities and firing rates of both forms of Ca2+-release were abolished by inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibitor, but partially reduced by transient potential vanilloid channels inhibitor ruthenium red (RR). Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced less overall Ca2+-release than PAR2 activation, but enhanced selectively the incidence of central events. PAR2-dependent Ca2+-activity, inhibitors sensitivities, IP3R, small- and intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels expressions were unchanged in EC from AngII WT. However, the same cells exhibited decreases in ACh-induced Ca2+-release, RR sensitivity, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, indicating AngII-induced dysfunction was differentiated by receptor, Ca2+-release, and downstream targets of EC activation. We conclude that PAR2 and muscarinic receptors selectively elicit two elementary Ca2+ signals in single EC. PAR2-selective IP3R-dependent peripheral Ca2+-release mechanisms are identical between healthy and diseased states. Further study of PAR2-selective Ca2+-release for eliciting pathological and/or normal EC functions is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Hennessey
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Bruno D Stuyvers
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - John J McGuire
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Kim YH, Ahn DS, Joeng JH, Chung S. Suppression of peripheral sympathetic activity underlies protease-activated receptor 2-mediated hypotension. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:489-95. [PMID: 25598663 PMCID: PMC4296038 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.6.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 is expressed in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure via the modulation of peripheral vascular tone. Although some reports have suggested involvement of a neurogenic mechanism in PAR-2-induced hypotension, the accurate mechanism remains to be elucidated. To examine this possibility, we investigated the effect of PAR-2 activation on smooth muscle contraction evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the superior mesenteric artery. In the present study, PAR-2 agonists suppressed neurogenic contractions evoked by EFS in endothelium-denuded superior mesenteric arterial strips but did not affect contraction elicited by the external application of noradrenaline (NA). However, thrombin, a potent PAR-1 agonist, had no effect on EFS-evoked contraction. Additionally, ω-conotoxin GVIA (CgTx), a selective N-type Ca2+ channel (ICa-N) blocker, significantly inhibited EFS-evoked contraction, and this blockade almost completely occluded the suppression of EFS-evoked contraction by PAR-2 agonists. Finally, PAR-2 agonists suppressed the EFS-evoked overflow of NA in endothelium-denuded rat superior mesenteric arterial strips and this suppression was nearly completely occluded by ω-CgTx. These results suggest that activation of PAR-2 may suppress peripheral sympathetic outflow by modulating activity of ICa-N which are located in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals, which results in PAR-2-induced hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Duck-Sun Ahn
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Joeng
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Seungsoo Chung
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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11
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Kagota S, Maruyama K, Wakuda H, McGuire JJ, Yoshikawa N, Nakamura K, Shinozuka K. Disturbance of vasodilation via protease-activated receptor 2 in SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr rats with metabolic syndrome. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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12
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Pillas D, Kaakinen M, Tzoulaki I, Netuveli G, Rodriguez A, Fung E, Tammelin TH, Blane D, Millwood IY, Hardy R, Sovio U, Pouta A, Hopstock LA, Hartikainen AL, Laitinen J, Vaara S, Khan AA, Chong R, Elliott P, Jarvelin MR. Infant locomotive development and its association with adult blood pressure. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:1309-17. [PMID: 24804637 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Evidence from animal models suggests that locomotion and blood pressure share common neurophysiological regulatory systems. As a result of this common regulation, we hypothesized that the development of locomotion in human infants would be associated with blood pressure levels in adulthood. The study sample comprised 4,347 individuals with measures of locomotive and non-locomotive neuromotor development in infancy and adult blood pressure levels within a longitudinal birth cohort study, the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Later development in all three stages of locomotive development during infancy was associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels at age 31. For age of walking without support, 0.34 (95 % CI 0.07 to 0.60)-mm Hg higher SBP and 0.38 (95 % CI 0.15 to 0.62)-mm Hg higher DBP were estimated for each month of later achievement (P = 0.012 for SBP; P = 0.001 for DBP). No association was identified for non-locomotive neuromotor development. CONCLUSION These results highlight the positive sequelae of advanced locomotive development during infancy, suggesting that the common regulatory systems between locomotion and blood pressure may influence the development of raised blood pressure over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetris Pillas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK,
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Antoniak S, Sparkenbaugh E, Pawlinski R. Tissue factor, protease activated receptors and pathologic heart remodelling. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:893-900. [PMID: 25104210 DOI: 10.1160/th14-03-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor is the primary initiator of coagulation cascade and plays an essential role in haemostasis and thrombosis. In addition, tissue factor and coagulation proteases contribute to many cellular responses via activation of protease activated receptors. The heart is an organ with high levels of constitutive tissue factor expression. This review focuses on the role of tissue factor, coagulation proteases and protease activated receptors in heart haemostasis and the pathological heart remodelling associated with myocardial infarction, viral myocarditis and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafal Pawlinski
- Rafal Pawlinski, PhD, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 320A Mary Ellen Jones Bldg, 98 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, Tel: 919 843 8387, Fax: 919 843 4896, E-mail:
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14
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Yau MK, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Toward drugs for protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). J Med Chem 2013; 56:7477-97. [PMID: 23895492 DOI: 10.1021/jm400638v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PAR2 has a distinctive functional phenotype among an unusual group of GPCRs called protease activated receptors, which self-activate after cleavage of their N-termini by mainly serine proteases. PAR2 is the most highly expressed PAR on certain immune cells, and it is activated by multiple proteases (but not thrombin) in inflammation. PAR2 is expressed on many types of primary human cells and cancer cells. PAR2 knockout mice and PAR2 agonists and antagonists have implicated PAR2 as a promising target in inflammatory conditions; respiratory, gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological dysfunction; and cancers. This article summarizes salient features of PAR2 structure, activation, and function; opportunities for disease intervention via PAR2; pharmacological properties of published or patented PAR2 modulators (small molecule agonists and antagonists, pepducins, antibodies); and some personal perspectives on limitations of assessing their properties and on promising new directions for PAR2 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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15
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Targeting proteinase-activated receptors: therapeutic potential and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:69-86. [PMID: 22212680 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), a family of four seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, act as targets for signalling by various proteolytic enzymes. PARs are characterized by a unique activation mechanism involving the proteolytic unmasking of a tethered ligand that stimulates the receptor. Given the emerging roles of these receptors in cancer as well as in disorders of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, respiratory and central nervous system, PARs have become attractive targets for the development of novel therapeutics. In this Review we summarize the mechanisms by which PARs modulate cell function and the roles they can have in physiology and diseases. Furthermore, we provide an overview of possible strategies for developing PAR antagonists.
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Chia E, Kagota S, Wijekoon EP, McGuire JJ. Protection of protease-activated receptor 2 mediated vasodilatation against angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction in mice. BMC Pharmacol 2011; 11:10. [PMID: 21955547 PMCID: PMC3192660 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Under conditions of cardiovascular dysfunction, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) agonists maintain vasodilatation activity, which has been attributed to increased cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide synthase and calcium-activated potassium channel (SK3.1) activities. Protease-activated receptor 2 agonist mediated vasodilatation is unknown under conditions of dysfunction caused by angiotensin II. The main purpose of our study was to determine whether PAR2-induced vasodilatation of resistance arteries was attenuated by prolonged angiotensin II treatment in mice. We compared the vasodilatation of resistance-type arteries (mesenteric) from angiotensin II-treated PAR2 wild-type mice (WT) induced by PAR2 agonist 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2fly) to the responses obtained in controls (saline treatment). We also investigated arterial vasodilatation in angiotensin II-treated PAR2 deficient (PAR2-/-) mice. Results 2fly-induced relaxations of untreated arteries from angiotensin II-treated WT were not different than saline-treated WT. Treatment of arteries with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and SK3.1 inhibitor (L-NAME + TRAM-34) blocked 2fly in angiotensin II-treated WT. Protein and mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 were increased, and cyclooxygenase activity increased the sensitivity of arteries to 2fly in only angiotensin II-treated WT. These protective vasodilatation mechanisms were selective for 2fly compared with acetylcholine- and nitroprusside-induced relaxations which were attenuated by angiotensin II; PAR2-/- were protected against this attenuation of nitroprusside. Conclusions PAR2-mediated vasodilatation of resistance type arteries is protected against the negative effects of angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction in mice. In conditions of endothelial dysfunction, angiotensin II induction of cyclooxygenases increases sensitivity to PAR2 agonist and the preserved vasodilatation mechanism involves activation of SK3.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Chia
- Memorial University, St, John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Adams MN, Ramachandran R, Yau MK, Suen JY, Fairlie DP, Hollenberg MD, Hooper JD. Structure, function and pathophysiology of protease activated receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:248-82. [PMID: 21277892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Discovered in the 1990s, protease activated receptors(1) (PARs) are membrane-spanning cell surface proteins that belong to the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. A defining feature of these receptors is their irreversible activation by proteases; mainly serine. Proteolytic agonists remove the PAR extracellular amino terminal pro-domain to expose a new amino terminus, or tethered ligand, that binds intramolecularly to induce intracellular signal transduction via a number of molecular pathways that regulate a variety of cellular responses. By these mechanisms PARs function as cell surface sensors of extracellular and cell surface associated proteases, contributing extensively to regulation of homeostasis, as well as to dysfunctional responses required for progression of a number of diseases. This review examines common and distinguishing structural features of PARs, mechanisms of receptor activation, trafficking and signal termination, and discusses the physiological and pathological roles of these receptors and emerging approaches for modulating PAR-mediated signaling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Adams
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane Qld 4101, Australia
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Ji H, Zheng W, Wu X, Liu J, Ecelbarger CM, Watkins R, Arnold AP, Sandberg K. Sex chromosome effects unmasked in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Hypertension 2010; 55:1275-82. [PMID: 20231528 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.144949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in mean arterial pressure (MAP) are reported in many experimental models of hypertension and are ascribed to gonadal sex based on studies showing that gonadectomy and gonadal hormone replacement affect MAP. The interpretation of these studies, however, has been confounded by differences in the sex chromosome complement (XX versus XY). To investigate the sex chromosome complement independent of gonadal sex, we used the 4 core genotype mouse model in which gonadal sex is separated from the sex chromosome complement enabling comparisons among XX and XY females and XX and XY males. We found that, in the gonadectomized (GDX) 4 core genotype, MAP after 2 weeks of angiotensin II infusion (200 ng/kg per minute) was greater in XX than XY (MAP [in millimeters of mercury]: GDX-XX-female, 148+/-4.5; GDX-XY-female, 133+/-4.4; GDX-XX-male, 149+/-9.4; GDX-XY-male, 138+/-5.5; P<0.03, XX versus XY; n=8 to 9 per group). In contrast, no sex chromosome effects were found on heart rate, body weight, or plasma angiotensin II 2 weeks after angiotensin II infusion. This study suggests that, in addition to effects of gonadal hormones on blood pressure, X- or Y-linked genes, parental imprinting, or X mosaicism contributes to sex differences in hypertension. Furthermore, the finding that MAP was greater in XX mice compared with XY mice in the GDX state suggests that adverse sex chromosome effects encoded within the XX sex chromosome complement could contribute to hypertension in women with ovarian hormone deficiency, such as postmenopausal women and women with premature ovarian failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ji
- Department of Medicine, Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging, and Disease, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Escano CS, Armando I, Wang X, Asico LD, Pascua A, Yang Y, Wang Z, Lau YS, Jose PA. Renal dopaminergic defect in C57Bl/6J mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R1660-9. [PMID: 19726707 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00147.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The C57Bl/6J mouse strain, the genetic background of many transgenic and gene knockout models, is salt sensitive and resistant to renal injury. We tested the hypothesis that renal dopaminergic function is defective in C57Bl/6J mice. On normal NaCl (0.8%, 1 wk) diet, anesthetized and conscious (telemetry) blood pressures were similar in C57Bl/6J and SJL/J mice. High NaCl (6%, 1 wk) increased blood pressure (approximately 30%) in C57Bl/6J but not in SJL/J mice and urinary dopamine to greater extent in SJL/J than in C57Bl/6J mice. Absolute and fractional sodium excretions were lower in SJL/J than in C57Bl/6J mice. The blood pressure-natriuresis plot was shifted to the right in C57Bl/6J mice. Renal expressions of D(1)-like (D(1)R and D(5)R) and angiotensin II AT(1) receptors were similar on normal salt, but high salt increased D(5)R only in C57Bl/6J. GRK4 expression was lower on normal but higher on high salt in C57Bl/6J than in SJL/J mice. Salt increased the excretion of microalbumin and 8-isoprostane (oxidative stress marker) and the degree of renal injury to a greater extent in SJL/J than in C57Bl/6J mice. A D(1)-like receptor agonist increased sodium excretion whereas a D(1)-like receptor antagonist decreased sodium excretion in SJL/J but not in C57Bl/6J mice. In contrast, parathyroid hormone had a similar natriuretic effect in both strains. These results show that defective D(1)-like receptor function is a major cause of salt sensitivity in C57Bl/6J mice, decreased renal dopamine production might also contribute. The relative resistance to renal injury of C57Bl/6J may be a consequence of decreased production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisanto S Escano
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Gross DR. Other Transgenic Animal Models Used in Cardiovascular Studies. ANIMAL MODELS IN CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2009. [PMCID: PMC7121723 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-95962-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous chapters have described a large number of transgenic animal models used to study specific cardiovascular syndromes. This chapter will fill in some gaps. Many of these transgenic animals were developed to study normal and/or abnormal physiological responses in other organ systems, or to study basic biochemical and molecular reactions or pathways. These models were then discovered to also have effects on the cardiovascular system, some of them unanticipated. A word of caution, particularly when highly inbred mouse strains are used to develop transgenic models - not all strains of a particular species are created equal. When cardiovascular parameters of age- and sex-matched A/J and C57BL/6J inbred mice were compared the C57BL/6J mice demonstrated eccentric physiologic ventricular hypertrophy, increased ventricular function, lower heart rates, and increased exercise endurance.1
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