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Halama A, Zaghlool S, Thareja G, Kader S, Al Muftah W, Mook-Kanamori M, Sarwath H, Mohamoud YA, Stephan N, Ameling S, Pucic Baković M, Krumsiek J, Prehn C, Adamski J, Schwenk JM, Friedrich N, Völker U, Wuhrer M, Lauc G, Najafi-Shoushtari SH, Malek JA, Graumann J, Mook-Kanamori D, Schmidt F, Suhre K. A roadmap to the molecular human linking multiomics with population traits and diabetes subtypes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7111. [PMID: 39160153 PMCID: PMC11333501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In-depth multiomic phenotyping provides molecular insights into complex physiological processes and their pathologies. Here, we report on integrating 18 diverse deep molecular phenotyping (omics-) technologies applied to urine, blood, and saliva samples from 391 participants of the multiethnic diabetes Qatar Metabolomics Study of Diabetes (QMDiab). Using 6,304 quantitative molecular traits with 1,221,345 genetic variants, methylation at 470,837 DNA CpG sites, and gene expression of 57,000 transcripts, we determine (1) within-platform partial correlations, (2) between-platform mutual best correlations, and (3) genome-, epigenome-, transcriptome-, and phenome-wide associations. Combined into a molecular network of > 34,000 statistically significant trait-trait links in biofluids, our study portrays "The Molecular Human". We describe the variances explained by each omics in the phenotypes (age, sex, BMI, and diabetes state), platform complementarity, and the inherent correlation structures of multiomics data. Further, we construct multi-molecular network of diabetes subtypes. Finally, we generated an open-access web interface to "The Molecular Human" ( http://comics.metabolomix.com ), providing interactive data exploration and hypotheses generation possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Halama
- Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shaza Zaghlool
- Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gaurav Thareja
- Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Kader
- Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wadha Al Muftah
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation, Qatar Science and Technology Park, Innovation Center, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hina Sarwath
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Nisha Stephan
- Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabine Ameling
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Jan Krumsiek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nele Friedrich
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S Hani Najafi-Shoushtari
- MicroRNA Core Laboratory, Division of Research, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel A Malek
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Genomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Department of Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Xian X, Li L, Ye J, Mo W, Liang D, Huang M, Chang Y, Cui Z. Betaine and I-LG may have a predictive value for ATB: A causal study in a large European population. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306752. [PMID: 38968285 PMCID: PMC11226055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the causal relationship between 486 human serum metabolites and the active tuberculosis (ATB) in European population. METHODS In this study, the causal relationship between human serum metabolites and the ATB was analyzed by integrating the genome-wide association study (GWAS). The 486 human serum metabolites were used as the exposure variable, three different ATB GWAS databases in the European population were set as outcome variables, and single nucleotide polymorphisms were used as instrumental variables for Mendelian Randomization. The inverse variance weighting was estimated causality, the MR-Egger intercept to estimate horizontal pleiotropy, and the combined effects of metabolites were also considered in the meta-analysis. Furthermore, the web-based MetaboAnalyst 6.0 was engaged for enrichment pathway analysis, while R (version 4.3.2) software and Review Manager 5.3 were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 21, 17, and 19 metabolites strongly associated with ATB were found in the three databases after preliminary screening (P < 0.05). The intersecting metabolites across these databases included tryptophan, betaine, 1-linoleoylglycerol (1-monolinolein) (1-LG), 1-eicosatrienoylglycerophosphocholine, and oleoylcarnitine. Among them, betaine (I2 = 24%, P = 0.27) and 1-LG (I2 = 0%, P = 0.62) showed the lowest heterogeneity among the different ATB databases. In addition, the metabolic pathways of phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis (P = 0.0068), methionine metabolism (P = 0.0089), betaine metabolism (P = 0.0205) and oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids (P = 0.0309) were also associated with ATB. CONCLUSION Betaine and 1-LG may be biomarkers or auxiliary diagnostic tools for ATB. They may provide new guidance for medical practice in the early diagnosis and surveillance of ATB. In addition, by interfering with phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis, methionine metabolism, betaine metabolism, oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids, and other pathways, it is helpful to develop new anti-tuberculosis drugs and explore the virulence or pathogenesis of ATB at a deeper level, providing an effective reference for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xian
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Key Discipline Platform of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenxiu Mo
- School of Public Health and Management, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Dabin Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Key Discipline Platform of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Minying Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Key Discipline Platform of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yue Chang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhezhe Cui
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Key Discipline Platform of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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3
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Knight LS, Knight TA. Making the case for prophylactic use of betaine to promote brain health in young (15-24 year old) athletes at risk for concussion. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1214976. [PMID: 37811321 PMCID: PMC10556504 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1214976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Betaine supplementation in the context of human nutrition, athletic performance, and clinical therapy demonstrate that the osmolyte and methyl donor, betaine, is cytoprotective and beneficial to human health. These studies also demonstrate that betaine supplementation in healthy humans is straight-forward with no reported adverse effects. Here, we explore betaine uptake in the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to evidence that betaine may be uniquely protective to the brain. We specifically describe the therapeutic potential of betaine and explore the potential implications of betaine on inhibition mediated by GABA and glycine neurotransmission. The influence of betaine on neurophysiology complement betaine's role as an osmolyte and metabolite and is consistent with clinical evidence of betaine-mediated improvements to cognitive function (reported in elderly populations) and its anti-convulsant properties. Betaine's therapeutic potential in neurological disorders including epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases combined with benefits of betaine supplementation on athletic performance support the unique application of betaine as a prophylaxis to concussion. As an example, we identify young athletes (15-24 years old), especially females, for prophylactic betaine supplementation to promote brain health and resilience in a cohort at high risk for concussion and for developing Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas A. Knight
- Biology Department, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, United States
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Liu J, Ding L, Zhai X, Wang D, Xiao C, Hui X, Sun T, Yu M, Zhang Q, Li M, Xiao X. Maternal Dietary Betaine Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders and Gut Microbiota Alterations in Mouse Dams and Offspring From Young to Adult. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:809642. [PMID: 35479641 PMCID: PMC9037091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.809642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life is a critical window for preventing the intergenerational transmission of metabolic diseases. Betaine has been proven to play a role in improving glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in animal models. However, whether maternal betaine supplementation plays a role in regulating gut microbiota in both dams and offspring remains unclear. In this study, C57BL/6 female mice were fed with control diet (Ctr), high-fat diet (HF), and high-fat with betaine supplementation (0.3% betaine in the diet, HFB) from 3 weeks prior to mating and lasted throughout pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, the offspring got free access to normal chow diet until 20 weeks of age. We found that maternal dietary betaine supplementation significantly improved glucose and insulin resistance, as well as reduced free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in dams and offspring from young to adult. When compared to the HF group, Intestinimonas and Acetatifactor were reduced by betaine supplementation in dams; Desulfovibrio was reduced in 4-week-old offspring of the HFB group; and Lachnoclostridium was enriched in 20-week-old offspring of the HFB group. Moreover, the persistent elevated genus Romboutsia in both dams and offspring in the HFB group was reported for the first time. Overall, maternal betaine could dramatically alleviate the detrimental effects of maternal overnutrition on metabolism in both dams and offspring. The persistent alterations in gut microbiota might play critical roles in uncovering the intergenerational metabolic benefits of maternal betaine, which highlights evidence for combating generational metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Hui
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianshu Sun
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Pukale DD, Farrag M, Gudneppanavar R, Baumann HJ, Konopka M, Shriver LP, Leipzig ND. Osmoregulatory Role of Betaine and Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 in Post-Traumatic Syringomyelia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3567-3578. [PMID: 34550670 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Syringomyelia (SM) is primarily characterized by the formation of a fluid-filled cyst that forms in the parenchyma of the spinal cord following injury or other pathology. Recent omics studies in animal models have identified dysregulation of solute carriers, channels, transporters, and small molecules associated with osmolyte regulation during syrinx formation/expansion in the spinal cord. However, their connections to syringomyelia etiology are poorly understood. In this study, the biological functions of the potent osmolyte betaine and its associated solute carrier betaine/γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter 1 (BGT1) were studied in SM. First, a rat post-traumatic SM model was used to demonstrate that the BGT1 was primarily expressed in astrocytes in the vicinity of syrinxes. In an in vitro system, we found that astrocytes uptake betaine through BGT1 to regulate cell size under hypertonic conditions. Treatment with BGT1 inhibitors, especially NNC 05-2090, demonstrated midhigh micromolar range potency in vitro that reversed the osmoprotective effects of betaine. Finally, the specificity of these BGT1 inhibitors in the CNS was demonstrated in vivo, suggesting feasibility for targeting betaine transport in SM. In summary, these data provide an enhanced understanding of the role of betaine and its associated solute carrier BGT1 in cell osmoregulation and implicates the active role of betaine and BGT1 in syringomyelia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak D. Pukale
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Mahmoud Farrag
- Integrated Biosciences Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - Hannah J. Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Michael Konopka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Leah P. Shriver
- Integrated Biosciences Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Nic D. Leipzig
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Integrated Biosciences Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Hussein RM, Al-Dalain SM. Betaine downregulates microRNA 34a expression via a p53-dependent manner in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22856. [PMID: 34318554 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity limits its wide application as a chemotherapeutic drug. Betaine is a natural trimethylglycine compound involved in several biological reactions. In this study, the protective effect of betaine against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through modulating the expression of microRNA 34a (miRNA 34a), p53, apoptosis, and inflammation was investigated. Adult Wistar rats were divided into normal group (received vehicle); betaine group (received 250 mg betaine/kg BW/day via oral gavage from Day 1 to Day 25); cisplatin group (received a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin at 5 mg/kg BW on Day 21) and betaine + cisplatin group (received the same doses of betaine and cisplatin). The results demonstrated that the cisplatin group exhibited severe kidney tissue damage and an increase in blood creatinine and urea levels. Furthermore, the cisplatin group showed a significant upregulation of miRNA 34a and higher levels of phospho-p53, caspase 3, cytochrome c, NFk B, and IL-1β compared to the normal group. Remarkably, the betaine + cisplatin group showed significantly decreased blood creatinine and urea concentrations, decreased levels of miRNA 34a, phospho-p53, caspase 3, cytochrome c, NFk B, and IL-1β as well as improved kidney tissue integrity compared to the cisplatin group. In conclusion, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats was associated with upregulation of miRNA 34a expression, apoptosis, and inflammation in p53-dependent manner. These effects were reversed by betaine administration that ultimately improved the kidney function and tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Saed M Al-Dalain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan
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Association between plasma betaine levels and dysglycemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225988. [PMID: 32756866 PMCID: PMC7432995 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary betaine intake was reported to associate with favorable profile of metabolic disorders. However, the role of circulating betaine in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with dysglycemia is still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the potential associations between plasma betaine levels and dysglycemia in CAD patients. Methods: Total 307 subjects were enrolled in the present study with 165 CAD patients (57 with dysglycemia and 108 with normal glycemia) and 142 age- and sex-matched controls (CON). Fasting plasma betaine was detected using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Plasma betaine was lower in normal glycemia CAD patients (28.29 (22.38–35.73) μM) compared with healthy controls (29.75 (25.32–39.15) μM), and was further decreased in CAD patients with dysglycemia (24.14 (20.84–30.76) μM, P<0.01). Betaine levels were inversely correlated with fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin% (HbA1c), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (all, P≤0.05). Subjects in the highest betaine tertile group had lowest frequency of CAD and dysglycemia (all, P<0.01). Increased betaine levels were independently associated with low risk of dysglycemia in CAD after adjustment for multiple traditional risk factors (OR = 0.04, 95% CI: 0–0.37, P=0.01). Furthermore, betaine had good performance at distinguishing CAD with dysglycemia from normal glycemia CAD (AUC = 0.62, P<0.01). Conclusion: Plasma betaine levels are independently and inversely associated with dysglycemia in CAD after adjustment for multiple factors, and may be useful for risk stratification of dysglycemia in CAD.
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Concepcion J, Chen K, Saito R, Gangoiti J, Mendez E, Nikita ME, Barshop BA, Natarajan L, Sharma K, Kim JJ. Identification of pathognomonic purine synthesis biomarkers by metabolomic profiling of adolescents with obesity and type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234970. [PMID: 32589682 PMCID: PMC7319336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing more rapidly in adolescents than in any other age group. We identified and compared metabolite signatures in obese children with type 2 diabetes (T2D), obese children without diabetes (OB), and healthy, age- and gender-matched normal weight controls (NW) by measuring 273 analytes in fasting plasma and 24-hour urine samples from 90 subjects by targeted LC-MS/MS. Diabetic subjects were within 2 years of diagnosis in an attempt to capture early-stage disease prior to declining renal function. We found 22 urine metabolites that were uniquely associated with T2D when compared to OB and NW groups. The metabolites most significantly elevated in T2D youth included members of the betaine pathway, nucleic acid metabolism, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their catabolites. Notably, the metabolite pattern in OB and T2D groups differed between urine and plasma, suggesting that urinary BCAAs and their intermediates behaved as a more specific biomarker for T2D, while plasma BCAAs associated with the obese, insulin resistant state independent of diabetes status. Correlative analysis of metabolites in the T2D signature indicated that betaine metabolites, BCAAs, and aromatic amino acids were associated with hyperglycemia, but BCAA acylglycine derivatives and nucleic acid metabolites were linked to insulin resistance. Of major interest, we found that urine levels of succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide riboside (SAICA-riboside) were increased in diabetic youth, identifying urine SAICA-riboside as a potential biomarker for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Concepcion
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Katherine Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Jon Gangoiti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric Mendez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Maria Eleni Nikita
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Barshop
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Loki Natarajan
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, Unied States of America
| | - Jane J. Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Salahi P, Gharabaghi M, Rocky A, Alirezaei M. In vivo: maternal betaine supplementation normalized fetal growth in diabetic pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 302:837-844. [PMID: 32583209 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes alters maternal metabolism and can lead to aberrant fetal growth. In addition to insulin treatment, nutritional diet interventions are recommended for promoting fetal health against diabetes-induced adverse effects. Therefore, we conducted an in vivo study to investigate betaine efficacy on fetal development against maternal diabetes. METHODS Thirty-two dams were divided into four equal groups: control (C), betaine supplementation (BS), diabetic pregnancy (DP) and diabetic pregnancy plus betaine supplementation (DP + BS). Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and body weight (BW) were monitored during pregnancy. After physiological delivery, dams glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations were measured, followed by fetal development indices including litter size (LS), neonatal weight (NW) and crown-rump (CR). Also, maternal oxidative status was assessed by evaluating glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the erythrocytes. RESULTS Betaine supplementation significantly alleviated FBS and tended to recover BW loss. It also significantly decreased HbA1c values in dams of DP + BS compared to DP group. Normalized fetal indices such as LS, NW and CR under betaine supplementation were associated with a significant increase in GSH content and GSH-Px activity, as well as decreased MDA concentrations in erythrocytes of dams in the DP + BS versus the DP group, indicating improved redox balance in the dams. CONCLUSION We indicated for the first time that betaine supplementation improved the maternal glucose metabolism and redox balance associated with normalized fetal growth. Nevertheless, further studies are required to investigate the mechanisms through which betaine protects fetal growth in diabetic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Salahi
- Graduated Student of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. .,Razi Herbal Medicine Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Mahdiyeh Gharabaghi
- Graduated Student of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Rocky
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Masoud Alirezaei
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
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Betaine alleviated hepatic and renal injury in diabetic pregnant rats: biochemical and histopathological evidences. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:859-867. [PMID: 33553014 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Pregnancy is the most intense physiological alteration in energy metabolism that women experience in their lifetime. Liver and kidney are the two most susceptible organs to energy metabolism. Diabetes is well-defined as a syndrome interfering with energy metabolism triggered by impaired blood glucose adjustment. Herein, protective effects of betaine on liver and kidney were evaluated in animal model of diabetic pregnancy. Methods 32 dams were assigned into 4 equal groups: Control (C), Betaine (B, 1.5% w/w of total diet daily), Diabetic pregnancy (D), and Diabetic pregnancy treated with betaine (D + B). After physiological delivery, HbA1c concentration in whole blood, serum hepatic and renal biomarkers such as AST, ALT, ALP, urea and creatinine were measured. Also, liver and kidney tissue samples were examined under a light microscope. Results Diabetic pregnancy was found to be accompanied by increased HbA1c level, concentration of hepatic and renal biomarkers in blood samples, and a gamut of alterations such as apoptotic cells, biliary hyperplasia, sinusoidal dilation, basement membrane thickening, and Bowman's capsule dilation as observed in histopathological sections of the D group. Betaine supplementation significantly decreased AST, ALT, urea and creatinine in the D + B group compared to D group. Also, most of pathologic microscopic alterations were attenuated under betaine treatment in D + B group compared to D group. Conclusion Findings of the current paper, for the first time, provided evidence regarding protective effects of betaine on liver and kidney function against maternal diabetes in an animal model of STZ-induced diabetic pregnancy.
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Betaine: A Promising Micronutrient in Diet Intervention for Ameliorating Maternal Blood Biochemical Alterations in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Glycine Metabolism and Its Alterations in Obesity and Metabolic Diseases. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061356. [PMID: 31208147 PMCID: PMC6627940 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine is the proteinogenic amino-acid of lowest molecular weight, harboring a hydrogen atom as a side-chain. In addition to being a building-block for proteins, glycine is also required for multiple metabolic pathways, such as glutathione synthesis and regulation of one-carbon metabolism. Although generally viewed as a non-essential amino-acid, because it can be endogenously synthesized to a certain extent, glycine has also been suggested as a conditionally essential amino acid. In metabolic disorders associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLDs), lower circulating glycine levels have been consistently observed, and clinical studies suggest the existence of beneficial effects induced by glycine supplementation. The present review aims at synthesizing the recent advances in glycine metabolism, pinpointing its main metabolic pathways, identifying the causes leading to glycine deficiency-especially in obesity and associated metabolic disorders-and evaluating the potential benefits of increasing glycine availability to curb the progression of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disturbances. This study focuses on the importance of diet, gut microbiota, and liver metabolism in determining glycine availability in obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Al-Aama JY, Al Mahdi HB, Salama MA, Bakur KH, Alhozali A, Mosli HH, Bahijri SM, Bahieldin A, Willmitzer L, Edris S. Detection of Secondary Metabolites as Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:2675-2684. [PMID: 31908508 PMCID: PMC6930579 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s215528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes, or T2D, is a metabolic disease that results in insulin resistance. In the present study, we hypothesize that metabolomic analysis in blood samples of T2D patients sharing the same ethnic background can recover new metabolic biomarkers and pathways that elucidate early diagnosis and predict the incidence of T2D. METHODS The study included 34 T2D patients and 33 healthy volunteers recruited between the years 2012 and 2013; the secondary metabolites were extracted from blood samples and analyzed using HPLC. RESULTS Principal coordinate analysis and hierarchical clustering patterns for the uncharacterized negatively and positively charged metabolites indicated that samples from healthy individuals and T2D patients were largely separated with only a few exceptions. The inspection of the top 10% secondary metabolites indicated an increase in fucose, tryptophan and choline levels in the T2D patients, while there was a reduction in carnitine, homoserine, allothreonine, serine and betaine as compared to healthy individuals. These metabolites participate mainly in three cross-talking pathways, namely "glucagon signaling", "glycine, serine and threonine" and "bile secretion". Reduced level of carnitine in T2D patients is known to participate in the impaired insulin-stimulated glucose utilization, while reduced betaine level in T2D patients is known as a common feature of this metabolic syndrome and can result in the reduced glycine production and the occurrence of insulin resistance. However, reduced levels of serine, homoserine and allothrionine, substrates for glycine production, indicate the depletion of glycine, thus possibly impair insulin sensitivity in T2D patients of the present study. CONCLUSION We introduce serine, homoserine and allothrionine as new potential biomarkers of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Y Al-Aama
- King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSA
- King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine, Jeddah, KSA
- Correspondence: Sherif Edris; Jumana Y Al-Aama King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSATel +966 593 66 23 84 Email ;
| | - Hadiah B Al Mahdi
- King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Mohammed A Salama
- King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Khadija H Bakur
- King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSA
- King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Amani Alhozali
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Hala H Mosli
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Suhad M Bahijri
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Ahmed Bahieldin
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Biological Sciences Department, Jeddah, KSA
- Ain Shams University, Department of Genetics, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Molecular Physiology, Golm, DE, Germany
| | - Sherif Edris
- King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSA
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Biological Sciences Department, Jeddah, KSA
- Ain Shams University, Department of Genetics, Cairo, Egypt
- Correspondence: Sherif Edris; Jumana Y Al-Aama King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSATel +966 593 66 23 84 Email ;
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Betaine treatment decreased serum glucose and lipid levels, hepatic and renal oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2016-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of betaine (BET) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) in rats. Additionally, the efficiency of BET was compared with metformin (MET), a standard oral antidiabetic drug.
Methods
STZ (55 mg/kg body weight; i.p.) was injected to male Wistar rats. Rats with DM were treated with BET (1 g/kg body weight/day;) or MET (500 mg/kg body weight/day;) for 4 weeks. Blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum glucose, lipids, hepatic and renal function tests and urinary protein levels were examined. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were also determined in liver and kidney.
Results
Glucose, HbA1c, and serum lipids increased and liver and kidney function tests were impaired in diabetic rats. Hepatic and renal ROS formation and MDA levels were elevated, hepatic, but not renal GSH and FRAP levels were decreased. BET decreased blood HbA1c, serum glucose and lipid levels and urine protein levels. BET diminished hepatic and renal prooxidant status.
Conclusion
Our results indicate that BET may be effective in decreasing STZ-induced high levels of blood HbA1c, and serum glucose and lipid levels and prooxidant status in liver and kidney tissues.
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Zhao G, He F, Wu C, Li P, Li N, Deng J, Zhu G, Ren W, Peng Y. Betaine in Inflammation: Mechanistic Aspects and Applications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1070. [PMID: 29881379 PMCID: PMC5976740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaine is known as trimethylglycine and is widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Betaine is known to function physiologically as an important osmoprotectant and methyl group donor. Accumulating evidence has shown that betaine has anti-inflammatory functions in numerous diseases. Mechanistically, betaine ameliorates sulfur amino acid metabolism against oxidative stress, inhibits nuclear factor-κB activity and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, regulates energy metabolism, and mitigates endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. Consequently, betaine has beneficial actions in several human diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenlu Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nengzhang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Joselit Y, Nanobashvili K, Jack-Roberts C, Greenwald E, Malysheva OV, Caudill MA, Saxena A, Jiang X. Maternal betaine supplementation affects fetal growth and lipid metabolism of high-fat fed mice in a temporal-specific manner. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:41. [PMID: 30026535 PMCID: PMC6053452 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Maternal obesity increases the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which results in fetal overgrowth and long-lasting metabolic dysfunctioning in the offspring. Previous studies show that maternal choline supplementation normalizes fetal growth and adiposity of progeny from obese mice. This study examines whether supplementation of betaine, a choline derivative, has positive effects on fetal metabolic outcomes in mouse progeny exposed to maternal obesity and GDM. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed either a high-fat (HF) diet or a control (normal-fat, NF) diet and received either 1% betaine (BS) or control untreated (BC) drinking water 4-6 weeks before timed-mating and throughout gestation. Maternal, placental, and fetal samples were collected for metabolite and gene-expression assays. RESULTS At E12.5, BS prevented fetal and placental overgrowth and downregulated glucose and fatty acid transporters (Glut1 and Fatp1) and the growth-promoting insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and its receptor Igf1r in the placenta of HF, glucose-intolerant dams (P < 0.05). However, these effects disappeared at E17.5. At E17.5, BS reduced fetal adiposity and prevented liver triglyceride overaccumulation in HF versus NF fetuses (P < 0.05). BS fetal livers had enhanced mRNA expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp) (P < 0.01), which promotes VLDL synthesis and secretion. Although we previously reported that maternal choline supplementation downregulated mRNA expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis in fetal livers, such alterations were not observed with BS, suggesting differential effects of betaine and choline on fetal gene expression. CONCLUSION We propose a temporal-specific mechanism by which maternal BS influences fetal growth and lipid metabolic outcomes of HF mice during prenatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaelle Joselit
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Khatia Nanobashvili
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Chauntelle Jack-Roberts
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Esther Greenwald
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Olga V Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Anjana Saxena
- Departments of Biology, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Xinyin Jiang
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA.
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Perugini V, Best M, Kumar S, Guildford AL, Bone AJ, Macfarlane WM, Santin M, Phillips GJ. Carboxybetaine-modified succinylated chitosan-based beads encourage pancreatic β-cells (Min-6) to form islet-like spheroids under in vitro conditions. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 29:15. [PMID: 29290028 PMCID: PMC5748029 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-6018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In vitro, pancreatic β-cells tend to reduce their ability to aggregate into islets and lose insulin-producing ability, likely due to insufficient cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that are essential for β-cell retention, viability and functionality. In response to these needs, surfaces of succinylated chitosan-based beads (NSC) were modified with zwitterionic carboxy-betaine (CB) moieties, a compatible osmolyte known to regulate cellular hydration state, and used to promote the formation of β-cell spheroids using a conventional 2D cell culture technique. The NSC were synthesised by ionic gelation and surface-functionalised with CB using carbodiimide chemistry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic laser scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed as characterisation tools to confirm the successful modification of the succinylated chitosan material into spherical beads with rough surfaces and a diameter of 0.4 µm. NSC with and without CB were re-suspended at concentrations of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/mL in saline medium and tested in vitro with MIN6 murine pancreatic β-cell line. Results showed that a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL, NSC-CB encouraged pancreatic MIN6 cells to proliferate and form spheroids via E-cadherin and Pdx-1 activation within 48 h in culture. These spheroids, with a size of approximately 80 µm, exhibited high cell viability and enhanced insulin protein expression and secretion when compared to cells organised by the non-modified beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Perugini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Mark Best
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Cellon S.A., ZAE Robert Steichen, 16 rue Hèierchen, L-4940, Bascharage, Luxembourg
| | - Anna L Guildford
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Adrian J Bone
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Wendy M Macfarlane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Matteo Santin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK.
| | - Gary J Phillips
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
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Lind MV, Lauritzen L, Pedersen O, Vestergaard H, Stark KD, Hansen T, Ross AB, Kristensen M. Higher intake of fish and fat is associated with lower plasma s-adenosylhomocysteine: a cross-sectional study. Nutr Res 2017; 46:78-87. [PMID: 29129471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several B-vitamins act as co-factors in one-carbon metabolism, a pathway that plays a central role in several chronic diseases. However, there is a lack of knowledge of how diet affects markers in one-carbon metabolism. The aim of this study was to explore dietary patterns and components associated with one-carbon metabolites. We hypothesized that intake of whole-grains and fish would be associated with lower Hcy, and higher SAM:SAH ratio due to their nutrient content. We assessed dietary information using a four-day dietary record in 118 men and women with features of the metabolic syndrome. In addition we assessed whole-blood fatty acid composition and plasma alkylresorcinols. Plasma s-adenosylmethionine (SAM), s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), homocysteine (Hcy) and vitamin B12 was included as one-carbon metabolism markers. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to explore dietary patterns and multiple linear regression models to examine associations between dietary factors and one-carbon metabolites. PCA separated subjects based on prudent and unhealthy dietary patterns, but the dietary pattern score was not related to the one-carbon metabolites. Whole grain intake was found to be inversely associated to plasma Hcy (-4.7% (-9.3; 0.0), P=.05) and total grain intake tended to be positively associated with SAM and SAH (2.4% (-0.5; 5.5), P=.08; 5.8% (-0.2; 12.1), P=.06, respectively, per SD increase in cereal intake). Fish intake was inversely associated with plasma Hcy and SAH concentrations (-5.4% (-9.7; -0.8), P=.02 and -7.0% (-12.1; -1.5), P=.01, respectively) and positively associated with the SAM:SAH ratio (6.2% (1.6; 11.0), P=.008). In conclusion, intake and fish and whole-grain appear to be associated with a beneficial one-carbon metabolism profile. This indicates that dietary components could play a role in regulation of one-carbon metabolism with a potential impact on disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads V Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alastair B Ross
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mette Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Tang WHW, Wang Z, Li XS, Fan Y, Li DS, Wu Y, Hazen SL. Increased Trimethylamine N-Oxide Portends High Mortality Risk Independent of Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Chem 2016; 63:297-306. [PMID: 27864387 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.263640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies show a mechanistic link between intestinal microbial metabolism of dietary phosphatidylcholine and coronary artery disease pathogenesis. Concentrations of a proatherogenic gut microbe-generated metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), predict increased incident cardiovascular disease risks in multiple cohorts. TMAO concentrations are increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but their prognostic value and relation to glycemic control are unclear. METHODS We examined the relationship between fasting TMAO and 2 of its nutrient precursors, choline and betaine, vs 3-year major adverse cardiac events and 5-year mortality in 1216 stable patients with T2DM who underwent elective diagnostic coronary angiography. RESULTS TMAO [4.4 μmol/L (interquartile range 2.8-7.7 μmol/L) vs 3.6 (2.3-5.7 μmol/L); P < 0.001] and choline concentrations were higher in individuals with T2DM vs healthy controls. Within T2DM patients, higher plasma TMAO was associated with a significant 3.0-fold increased 3-year major adverse cardiac event risk (P < 0.001) and a 3.6-fold increased 5-year mortality risk (P < 0.001). Following adjustments for traditional risk factors and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, glycohemoglobin, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, increased TMAO concentrations remained predictive of both major adverse cardiac events and mortality risks in T2DM patients [e.g., quartiles 4 vs 1, hazard ratio 2.05 (95% CI, 1.31-3.20), P < 0.001; and 2.07 (95% CI, 1.37-3.14), P < 0.001, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Fasting plasma concentrations of the proatherogenic gut microbe-generated metabolite TMAO are higher in diabetic patients and portend higher major adverse cardiac events and mortality risks independent of traditional risk factors, renal function, and relationship to glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Wilson Tang
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics & Prevention, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics & Prevention, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Xinmin S Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics & Prevention, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yiying Fan
- Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Daniel S Li
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yuping Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics & Prevention, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; .,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Svingen GFT, Schartum-Hansen H, Pedersen ER, Ueland PM, Tell GS, Mellgren G, Njølstad PR, Seifert R, Strand E, Karlsson T, Nygård O. Prospective Associations of Systemic and Urinary Choline Metabolites with Incident Type 2 Diabetes. Clin Chem 2016; 62:755-65. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.250761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Several compounds in the choline oxidation pathway are associated with insulin resistance and prevalent diabetes; however, prospective data are scarce.
We explored the relationships between systemic and urinary choline-related metabolites and incident type 2 diabetes in an observational prospective study among Norwegian patients.
METHODS
We explored risk associations by logistic regression among 3621 nondiabetic individuals with suspected stable angina pectoris, of whom 3242 provided urine samples. Reclassification of patients was investigated according to continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI >0).
RESULTS
After median (25th to 75th percentile) follow-up of 7.5 (6.4–8.7) years, 233 patients (6.4%) were registered with incident type 2 diabetes. In models adjusted for age, sex, and fasting status, plasma betaine was inversely related to new-onset disease [odds ratio (OR) per 1 SD, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.62–0.83; P < 0.00001], whereas positive associations were observed for urine betaine (1.25; 1.09–1.43; P = 0.001), dimethylglycine (1.22; 1.06–1.40; P = 0.007), and sarcosine (1.30; 1.13–1.49; P < 0.001). The associations were maintained in a multivariable model adjusting for body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate, C-reactive protein, HDL cholesterol, and medications. Plasma betaine and urine sarcosine, the indices most strongly related to incident type 2 diabetes, improved reclassification [NRI >0 (95% CI) 0.33 (0.19–0.47) and 0.16 (0.01–0.31), respectively] and showed good within-person reproducibility.
CONCLUSIONS
Systemic and urinary concentrations of several choline metabolites were associated with risk of incident type 2 diabetes, and relevant biomarkers may improve risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Per M Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry
| | - Grethe S Tell
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, and
- Department of Health Registries, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Department of Clinical Science
- Hormone Laboratory, and
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Ottar Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science
- Department of Heart Disease
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Li D, Kirsop J, Wilson Tang WH. Listening to Our Gut: Contribution of Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Pathogenesis. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15. [PMID: 26208694 PMCID: PMC4832136 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
What we understand about diabetes from decades of genetics research is now being supplemented with exciting new evidence based on a better understanding of how one of the biggest "environmental" factors the body is exposed to is influencing the pathogenesis of disease. The recent discovery that certain dietary nutrients possessing a trimethylamine (TMA) moiety (namely choline/phosphatidylcholine and L-carnitine) participate in the development of atherosclerotic heart disease has renewed attention towards the contributions of gut microbiota in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Collectively, animal and human studies reveal that conversion of these nutrient precursors to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) depends on both microbial composition and host factors, and can be induced by dietary exposures. In addition, circulating TMAO levels are strongly linked to cardiovascular disease risks and various adverse cardio-renal consequences. Our group and others have further demonstrated that circulating TMAO levels are elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to healthy controls and gut microbiota-dependent phosphatidylcholine metabolism has been implicated in metabolic dysregulation and insulin resistance in animal models. Therefore, preventive strategies to minimize adverse consequences associated with TMAO generation in the diabetic population are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Kirsop
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - W. H. Wilson Tang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk J3-4, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Lever M, George PM, Slow S, Bellamy D, Young JM, Ho M, McEntyre CJ, Elmslie JL, Atkinson W, Molyneux SL, Troughton RW, Frampton CM, Richards AM, Chambers ST. Betaine and Trimethylamine-N-Oxide as Predictors of Cardiovascular Outcomes Show Different Patterns in Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114969. [PMID: 25493436 PMCID: PMC4262445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betaine is a major osmolyte, also important in methyl group metabolism. Concentrations of betaine, its metabolite dimethylglycine and analog trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in blood are cardiovascular risk markers. Diabetes disturbs betaine: does diabetes alter associations between betaine-related measures and cardiovascular risk? METHODS Plasma samples were collected from 475 subjects four months after discharge following an acute coronary admission. Death (n = 81), secondary acute MI (n = 87), admission for heart failure (n = 85), unstable angina (n = 72) and all cardiovascular events (n = 283) were recorded (median follow-up: 1804 days). RESULTS High and low metabolite concentrations were defined as top or bottom quintile of the total cohort. In subjects with diabetes (n = 79), high plasma betaine was associated with increased frequencies of events; significantly for heart failure, hazard ratio 3.1 (1.2-8.2) and all cardiovascular events, HR 2.8 (1.4-5.5). In subjects without diabetes (n = 396), low plasma betaine was associated with events; significantly for secondary myocardial infarction, HR 2.1 (1.2-3.6), unstable angina, HR 2.3 (1.3-4.0), and all cardiovascular events, HR 1.4 (1.0-1.9). In diabetes, high TMAO was a marker of all outcomes, HR 2.7 (1.1-7.1) for death, 4.0 (1.6-9.8) for myocardial infarction, 4.6 (2.0-10.7) for heart failure, 9.1 (2.8-29.7) for unstable angina and 2.0 (1.1-3.6) for all cardiovascular events. In subjects without diabetes TMAO was only significant for death, HR 2.7 (1.6-4.8) and heart failure, HR 1.9 (1.1-3.4). Adding the estimated glomerular filtration rate to Cox regression models tended to increase the apparent risks associated with low betaine. CONCLUSIONS Elevated plasma betaine concentration is a marker of cardiovascular risk in diabetes; conversely low plasma betaine concentrations indicate increased risk in the absence of diabetes. We speculate that the difference reflects control of osmolyte retention in tissues. Elevated plasma TMAO is a strong risk marker in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lever
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter M. George
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sandy Slow
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Bellamy
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Joanna M. Young
- The Christchurch Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Markus Ho
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Jane L. Elmslie
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Wendy Atkinson
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sarah L. Molyneux
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard W. Troughton
- The Christchurch Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M. Frampton
- The Christchurch Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A. Mark Richards
- The Christchurch Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stephen T. Chambers
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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23
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Zheng M, Zhang M, Yang J, Zhao S, Qin S, Chen H, Gao Y, Huang G. Relationship between blood levels of methyl donor and folate and mild cognitive impairment in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a case-control study. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 54:122-8. [PMID: 24688222 PMCID: PMC3947971 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Folate insufficiency fosters a decline in the sole methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine, and decreases methylation potential, which is associated with Alzheimer’s disease in non-diabetic patients. However, little is known in diabetic patients. We analyzed plasma levels of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and serum level of folate in 100 elderly type 2 diabetic patients with and without mild cognitive impairment. S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio was used to reflect the methylation potential. Patients with mild cognitive impairment had significantly lower levels of S-adenosylmethionine, folate and S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteineratios. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis indicated the plasma S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio and serum folate (OR, 0.96, 0.698, 0.72, respectively; p<0.05) were negatively associated with risk of mild cognitive impairment, even after adjusting for related covariates. In addition, folate level was positively correlated with S-adenosylmethionine and the S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio (r = 0.38, 0.46, respectively; p<0.05) among patients within the middle tertile of folate levels (6.3–9.1 µg/L). These findings indicate mild cognitive impairment is associated with lower levels of S-adenosylmethionine, folate and weakened methylation potential; plasma S-adenosylmethionine and methylation potential may be predicted by serum folate within a suitable range of folate concentrations in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoyan Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai, Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China ; Department of Endocrinology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, The Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai, Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Meilin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai, Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Juhong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, The Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai, Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Shijing Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai, Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Shanchun Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai, Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai, Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yuxia Gao
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai, Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
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Assessment of urinary betaine as a marker of diabetes mellitus in cardiovascular patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69454. [PMID: 23936331 PMCID: PMC3735559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal urinary excretion of betaine has been demonstrated in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome. We aimed to identify the main predictors of excretion in cardiovascular patients and to make initial assessment of its feasibility as a risk marker of future diabetes development. We used data from 2396 patients participating in the Western Norway B-vitamin Intervention Trial, who delivered urine and blood samples at baseline, and in the majority at two visits during follow-up of median 39 months. Betaine in urine and plasma were measured by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The strongest determinants of urinary betaine excretion by multiple regression were diabetes mellitus, age and estimated glomerular filtration rate; all p<0.001. Patients with diabetes mellitus (n = 264) had a median excretion more than three times higher than those without. We found a distinct non-linear association between urinary betaine excretion and glycated hemoglobin, with a break-point at 6.5%, and glycated hemoglobin was the strongest determinant of betaine excretion in patients with diabetes mellitus. The discriminatory power for diabetes mellitus corresponded to an area under the curve by receiver-operating characteristics of 0.82, and betaine excretion had a coefficient of reliability of 0.73. We also found a significant, independent log-linear relation between baseline betaine excretion and the risk of developing new diabetes during follow-up. The good discriminatory power for diabetes, high test-retest stability and independent association with future risk of new diabetes should motivate further investigation on the role of betaine excretion in risk assessment and long-term follow-up of diabetes mellitus.
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Gloyn AL, Faber JH, Malmodin D, Thanabalasingham G, Lam F, Ueland PM, McCarthy MI, Owen KR, Baunsgaard D. Metabolic profiling in Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and young onset type 2 diabetes fails to detect robust urinary biomarkers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40962. [PMID: 22859960 PMCID: PMC3408469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to identify patients with Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) as a molecular diagnosis determines both treatment and prognosis. Genetic testing is currently expensive and many patients are therefore not assessed and are misclassified as having either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Biomarkers could facilitate the prioritisation of patients for genetic testing. We hypothesised that patients with different underlying genetic aetiologies for their diabetes could have distinct metabolic profiles which may uncover novel biomarkers. The aim of this study was to perform metabolic profiling in urine from patients with MODY due to mutations in the genes encoding glucokinase (GCK) or hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and normoglycaemic control subjects. Urinary metabolic profiling by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and ultra performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to Q-TOF mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was performed in a Discovery set of subjects with HNF1A-MODY (n = 14), GCK-MODY (n = 17), T2D (n = 14) and normoglycaemic controls (n = 34). Data were used to build a valid partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) model where HNF1A-MODY subjects could be separated from the other diabetes subtypes. No single metabolite contributed significantly to the separation of the patient groups. However, betaine, valine, glycine and glucose were elevated in the urine of HNF1A-MODY subjects compared to the other subgroups. Direct measurements of urinary amino acids and betaine in an extended dataset did not support differences between patients groups. Elevated urinary glucose in HNF1A-MODY is consistent with the previously reported low renal threshold for glucose in this genetic subtype. In conclusion, we report the first metabolic profiling study in monogenic diabetes and show that, despite the distinct biochemical pathways affected, there are unlikely to be robust urinary biomarkers which distinguish monogenic subtypes from T2D. Our results have implications for studies investigating metabolic profiles in complex traits including T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gaya Thanabalasingham
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Lam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine R. Owen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KRO); (DB)
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