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Ribeiro BC, Garcia CGR, Lima LJP, Guerreiro JF, Póvoa MM, Cunha MG. Malaria in a vulnerable population living in quilombo remnant communities in the Brazilian Amazon: a cross-sectional study from 2005-2020. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2024; 66:e25. [PMID: 38656041 PMCID: PMC11027486 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202466025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Quilombo remnant communities are areas officially recognized by the Brazilian government as historical communities founded by formerly enslaved individuals. These communities are mostly located in the endemic areas of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. We retrospectively described the prevalence of malaria among individuals living in 32 recognized quilombo remnant communities in the Baiao and Oriximina municipalities located in the Para State. The number of malaria cases and the Annual Parasitic Incidence (API) recorded by the Brazilian malaria surveillance system (SIVEP-Malaria) from January 2005 to December 2020 were analyzed. We found that all communities registered at least one case over the 16-year period, the most frequent parasitic species being Plasmodium vivax (76.1%). During this period, 0.44% (4,470/1,008,714) of the malaria cases registered in Para State were reported in these quilombo remnant communities, with frequencies of 10.9% (856/7,859) in Baiao municipality and 39.1% (3,614/9,238) in Oriximina municipality, showing that individuals living in these rural communities are exposed to malaria. These data indicate that effective surveillance requires improved measures to identify malaria transmission among vulnerable populations living in quilombo remnant communities in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Costa Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carla Gisele R Garcia
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Lilian Jéssica Passos Lima
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - João F. Guerreiro
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Maristela G. Cunha
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Mbama Ntabi JD, Lissom A, Djontu JC, Diafouka-Kietela S, Vouvoungui C, Boumpoutou RK, Mayela J, Nguiffo-Nguete D, Nkemngo FN, Ndo C, Akoton R, Agonhossou R, Lenga A, Boussougou-Sambe ST, Djogbénou L, Wondji C, Adegnika AA, Borrmann S, Ntoumi F. Prevalence of non-Plasmodium falciparum species in southern districts of Brazzaville in The Republic of the Congo. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:209. [PMID: 35706053 PMCID: PMC9200623 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Plasmodium falciparum infection is largely documented and this parasite is the main target for malaria eradication, other Plasmodium species persist, and these require more attention in Africa. Information on the epidemiological situation of non-P. falciparum species infections is scarce in many countries, including in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (hereafter Republic of the Congo) where malaria is highly endemic. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of non-P. falciparum species infections in the region south of Brazzaville. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in volunteers living in rural and urban settings during the dry and rainy seasons in 2021. Socio-demographic and clinical parameters were recorded. Plasmodium infection in blood samples was detected by microscopic analysis and nested PCR (sub-microscopic analysis). RESULTS Of the 773 participants enrolled in the study, 93.7% were from the rural area, of whom 97% were afebrile. The prevalence of microscopic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium spp. infection was 31.2% and 63.7%, respectively. Microscopic Plasmodium malariae infection was found in 1.3% of participants, while sub-microscopic studies detected a prevalence of 14.9% for P. malariae and 5.3% for Plasmodium ovale. The rate of co-infection of P. malariae or P. ovale with P. falciparum was 8.3% and 2.6%, respectively. Higher rates of sub-microscopic infection were reported for the urban area without seasonal fluctuation. In contrast, non-P. falciparum species infection was more pronounced in the rural area, with the associated risk of the prevalence of sub-microscopic P. malariae infection increasing during the dry season. CONCLUSION There is a need to include non-P. falciparum species in malaria control programs, surveillance measures and eradication strategies in the Republic of the Congo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Dollon Mbama Ntabi
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Abel Lissom
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. .,Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon.
| | - Jean Claude Djontu
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Christevy Vouvoungui
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Jolivet Mayela
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Daniel Nguiffo-Nguete
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Francis Nongley Nkemngo
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Romaric Akoton
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), BP 88, Cotonou, Benin.,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romuald Agonhossou
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), BP 88, Cotonou, Benin.,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Arsène Lenga
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Luc Djogbénou
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), BP 88, Cotonou, Benin.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Charles Wondji
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), BP 88, Cotonou, Benin.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. .,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Arévalo-Herrera M, Miura K, Cespedes N, Echeverry C, Solano E, Castellanos A, Ramirez JS, Miranda A, Kajava AV, Long C, Corradin G, Herrera S. Immunoreactivity of Sera From Low to Moderate Malaria-Endemic Areas Against Plasmodium vivax r Pvs48/45 Proteins Produced in Escherichia coli and Chinese Hamster Ovary Systems. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634738. [PMID: 34248932 PMCID: PMC8264144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
P48/45 is a conserved gametocyte antigen involved in Plasmodium parasite fertilization. A recombinant Plasmodium vivax P48/45 (Pvs48/45) protein expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) was highly antigenic and immunogenic in experimental animals and elicited specific transmission-blocking (TB) antibodies in a previous pilot study. Here, a similar Pvs48/45 gene was expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and we compared its immunoreactivity with the E. coli product. Specific antibody titers were determined using plasma from Colombian individuals (n=227) living in endemic areas where both P. vivax and P. falciparum are prevalent and from Guatemala (n=54) where P. vivax is highly prevalent. In Colombia, plasma seroprevalence to CHO-rPvs48/45 protein was 46.3%, while for E. coli-rPvs48/45 protein was 36.1% (p<0.001). In Guatemala, the sero prevalence was 24.1% and 14.8% (p<0.001), respectively. Reactivity index (RI) against both proteins showed an age-dependent increase. IgG2 was the predominant subclass and the antibody avidity index evaluated by ELISA ranged between 4-6 mol/L. Ex vivo P. vivax mosquito direct membrane feeding assays (DMFA) performed in presence of study plasmas, displayed significant parasite transmission-blocking (TB), however, there was no direct correlation between antibody titers and oocysts transmission reduction activity (%TRA). Nevertheless, DMFA with CHO rPvs48/45 affinity purified IgG showed a dose response; 90.2% TRA at 100 μg/mL and 71.8% inhibition at 10 μg/mL. In conclusion, the CHO-rPvs48/45 protein was more immunoreactive in most of the malaria endemic places studied, and CHO-rPvs48/45 specific IgG showed functional activity, supporting further testing of the protein vaccine potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- Immunology Department, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
- Immunology Department, Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Nora Cespedes
- Immunology Department, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
| | - Carlos Echeverry
- Immunology Department, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
| | - Eduardo Solano
- Immunology Department, Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
| | - Angélica Castellanos
- Immunology Department, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Adolfo Miranda
- Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología (CNE), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Andrey V. Kajava
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Sócrates Herrera
- Immunology Department, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
- Immunology Department, Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
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Kotepui M, Kotepui KU, Milanez GD, Masangkay FR. Global prevalence and mortality of severe Plasmodium malariae infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 2020; 19:274. [PMID: 32736635 PMCID: PMC7395392 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe complications among patients with Plasmodium malariae infection are rare. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrating the global prevalence and mortality of severe P. malariae infection in humans. Methods The systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. All research articles published on the severity and mortality of P. malariae infection cases in humans were retrieved from three public databases: PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science. The pooled prevalence estimate and 95% confidence interval (CI) of complications in patients with P. malariae malaria was analysed using the random-effects model provided in Stata software. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI of severe malaria for P. malariae infection and Plasmodium falciparum infection were analysed using Review Manager software. Results Six studies were used to estimate the pooled prevalence of severe P. malariae malaria. Out of 10,520 patients infected with P. malariae, the pooled prevalence estimate of severe P. malariae infection was 3% (95% CI 2–5%), with high heterogeneity (I2: 90.7%). Severe anaemia (3.32%), pulmonary complications (0.46%), and renal impairments (0.24%) were the most common severe complications found in patients with P. malariae infection. The pooled proportion of severe anaemia for P. malariae infection and P. falciparum infection was comparable among the four included studies (OR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.22–2.45, I2 = 98%). The pooled proportion of pulmonary complications was comparable between patients with P. malariae infection and those with P. falciparum infection among the four included studies (OR: 1.44; 95% CI 0.17–12.31, I2: 92%). For renal complications, the funnel plot showed that the pooled proportion of renal complications for P. malariae infection and P. falciparum infection was comparable among the four included studies (OR: 0.94, 95% CI 0.18–4.93, I2: 91%). The mortality rate of patients with P. malariae infection was 0.17% (18/10,502 cases). Conclusions This systematic review demonstrated that approximately two percent of patients with P. malariae infection developed severe complications, with a low mortality rate. Severe anaemia, pulmonary involvement, and renal impairment were the most common complications found in patients with P. malariae infection. Although a low prevalence and low mortality of P. malariae infection have been reported, patients with P. malariae infection need to be investigated for severe anaemia and, if present, treated aggressively to prevent anaemia-related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
| | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Giovanni D Milanez
- Department of Medical Technology, Far Eastern University, Manila, Philippines
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Lankir D, Solomon S, Gize A. A five-year trend analysis of malaria surveillance data in selected zones of Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1175. [PMID: 32723306 PMCID: PMC7388494 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trend analysis of malaria surveillance data is essential to inform stakeholders on progress towards malaria control. From the total 387,096 cases of malaria reported in Amhara region in 2017, 167,079 (43.2%) cases were in Central, North and West Gondar zones. From this total figure of zones, 15,445 (9.2%) were ≤ 5 years which contributes 4% of cases in the region. So, the purpose of this study was to analyze trends of malaria parasite in Selected Zones of Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A Retrospective study was conducted on purposely selected Central, North and West Gondar zones from July 1-30/ 2018. Data were collected, entered, cleaned, analyzed and interpreted using Microsoft Excel-2010. Different tables, figures and maps were used to present results. RESULT A total of 2,827,722 cases have been received a diagnostic test of; Microscopy 1,712,193(60.56%) and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) 1,115,529(39.44%). Trends of total patients treated as confirmed and clinical malaria cases in July 2017-June 2018 were decreased to 139,297 (14%) as compared from July 2015-June 2016, 249,571(25%). From total cases received diagnostic tests only 1,003,391 (36%) were confirmed and clinical cases treated with antimalaria. Of these Plasmodium falciparum and vivax malaria cases were confirmed to be 1002,946 (99.96%) and clinical malaria cases were 445(0.04%), respectively. CONCLUSION Risk of infection and diagnostic effort were high in West Gondar Zone. The Amhara public health institute including health Bureau, stakeholders and all responsible bodies should give special standing to highest malaria districts of West Gondar zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damtie Lankir
- Department of Public Health, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samrawit Solomon
- Department of Public Health, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Gize
- Department of Microbiology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Plasmodium spp. mixed infection leading to severe malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11068. [PMID: 32632180 PMCID: PMC7338391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed Plasmodium malaria infections can lead to severe malaria. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to explore the prevalence of severe mixed Plasmodium malaria infection and to compare it with the prevalence of severe P. falciparum malaria mono-infection across the included studies. Original English-language research articles from PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were identified and screened. Articles reporting the number of mixed infections and the number of severe mixed infections were used to determine the main outcome of this study, while the number of P. falciparum infections and the number of severe P. falciparum infections were used to determine the secondary outcome of this study. For the main outcome, the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of severe mixed infections was analysed using STATA software version 15.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA). For the secondary outcome, the rate of severe mixed infections compared to severe P. falciparum infections was analysed using the meta-analysis approach, and summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated. Random-effects models were used to produce the summary ORs. The Mantel–Haenszel method and calculated I2 were also reported to test whether there was heterogeneity among the included studies. Publication bias was also assessed using funnel plots. The meta-analysis of secondary outcomes was conducted using Review Manager 5.3 software (Cochrane Community). A total of 894,561 malaria patients were reported in all 16 included studies. Overall, a pooled analysis showed that 9% (2,006/35,768, 95% CI 7.0–12.0%) of patients with mixed Plasmodium infection had severe mixed infection. A meta-analysis of 14 studies demonstrated that patients with mixed Plasmodium infection (1,999/35,755) and patients with P. falciparum malaria (9,249/294,397) had an equal risk of developing severe malaria (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.59–1.44). Both mixed infection and P. falciparum mono-infection showed a similar trend of complications in which severe anaemia, pulmonary failure, and renal impairment were the three most common complications found. However, patients with mixed infection had a higher proportion of severe anaemia and pulmonary complications than those with P. falciparum infection. Moreover, patients with mixed infection had a higher proportion of multiple organ failure than those with P. falciparum mono-infection. Mixed Plasmodium spp. infections were common but often unrecognized or underestimated, leading to severe complications among these malaria patients. Therefore, in routine clinical laboratories, using an accurate combination of diagnostic procedures to identify suspected patients with mixed infections is crucial for therapeutic decisions, prompt treatment, and effective patient management.
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Piedrahita S, Altamiranda-Saavedra M, Correa MM. Spatial fine-resolution model of malaria risk for the Colombian Pacific region. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:1024-1031. [PMID: 32418277 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To categorise and map, at high resolution, the risk of malaria incidence in the Pacific region, the main malaria-endemic region of Colombia. METHODS The relationship between the environmental variables Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Normalized Difference Water Index, Topographic Wetness Index, precipitation and temperature with the observed Annual Parasitic Index was evaluated using a generalised linear model. An incidence risk map at a resolution of 1 km2 was constructed and projected to the entire endemic region. Associations of malaria risk categories with both presence records and co-occurrence of the three main malaria vectors were determined. RESULTS A significant correlation was found for the incidence of malaria with precipitation and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (R2 = 0.98, P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant correlation with the remaining environmental and topographic variables. Moderate- to high-risk areas were located mainly in central Chocó Department along the San Juan and Atrato rivers and in areas west of the Cauca River and Pacific lowlands of the Andes Mountains. There was a statistically significant relationship for the presence of the two main vectors Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles nuneztovari with the high malaria risk category. Furthermore, malaria risk was directly proportional to the number of co-occurring vector species. CONCLUSIONS The map obtained provides useful information on the risk of malaria in particular places of the Colombian Pacific region. The data can be used by public entities to optimise the allocation of economic resources for vector control interventions and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Piedrahita
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mariano Altamiranda-Saavedra
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación Bioforense, Tecnológico de Antioquia Institución Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Prado CC, Alvarado-Cabrera LA, Camargo-Ayala PA, Garzón-Ospina D, Camargo M, Soto-De León SC, Cubides JR, Celis-Giraldo CT, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. Behavior and abundance of Anopheles darlingi in communities living in the Colombian Amazon riverside. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213335. [PMID: 30845198 PMCID: PMC6405047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, relative frequencies of malaria parasite species in communities living in the Colombian Amazon riverside have changed, being Plasmodium vivax (61.4%) and Plasmodium malariae (43.8%) the most frequent. Given this epidemiological scenario, it is important to determine the species of anophelines involved in these parasites’ transmission. This study was carried out in June 2016 in two indigenous communities living close to the tributaries of the Amazon River using protected human bait. The results of this study showed a total abundance of 1,085 mosquitos, of which 99.2% corresponded to Anopheles darlingi. Additionally, only two anopheline species were found, showing low diversity in the study areas. Molecular confirmation of some individuals was then followed by evolutionary analysis by using the COI gene. Nested PCR was used for identifying the three Plasmodium species circulating in the study areas. Of the two species collected in this study, 21.0% of the An. darlingi mosquitoes were infected with P. malariae, 21.9% with P. vivax and 10.3% with Plasmodium falciparum. It exhibited exophilic and exophagic behavior in both study areas, having marked differences regarding its abundance in each community (Tipisca first sampling 49.4%, Tipisca second sampling 39.6% and Doce de Octubre 10.9%). Interestingly, An. mattogrossensis infected by P. vivax was found for the first time in Colombia (in 50% of the four females collected). Analysis of An. darlingi COI gene diversity indicated a single population maintaining a high gene flow between the study areas. The An. darlingi behavior pattern found in both communities represents a risk factor for the region’s inhabitants living/working near these sites. This highlights the need for vector control efforts such as the use of personal repellents and insecticides for use on cattle, which must be made available in order to reduce this Anopheline’s abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Camilo Prado
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Paola Andrea Camargo-Ayala
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Garzón-Ospina
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Camargo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sara Cecilia Soto-De León
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Ricardo Cubides
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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9
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Anopheles species composition and entomological parameters in malaria endemic localities of North West Colombia. Acta Trop 2019; 190:13-21. [PMID: 30367837 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental variations associated with alterations derived from human activities affect mosquito abundance and composition. The objective of this study was to evaluate species abundance, composition, biting behavior and human biting rates for Anopheles specimens collected in localities of an important malaria endemic region in NW Colombia. A total of 2041 specimens belonging to nine species were collected in six malaria endemic localities of the Bajo Cauca region. Anopheles braziliensis was the most abundant species (n = 850, 41.7%) and exhibited the highest human biting rate (64.8 b.p.n), followed by the primary vectors Anopheles nuneztovari (n = 614, 30%) and Anopheles darlingi (n = 368, 18%). Biting activity of the main malaria vectors An. nuneztovari and An. darlingi and the opportunistic species An. braziliensis suggests high biting exposure for humans, mainly from 19:00 h to 23:00 h, and therefore, increased malaria risk at these hours. Regarding mosquito species, Puerto Astilla locality in Nechí municipality exhibited the highest α diversity, but in general, diversity in all localities was low. This information provides the bases for the implementation of targeted and effective vector control interventions directed to reduce human vector-contact.
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Murillo-Palacios OL, Pedroza C, Bolaños C, Toro ED, Cubillos J, Chaparro P, Mosquera M. [Complicated Malaria in Chocó: clinical findings and data comparison with the monitoring system]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 20:73-81. [PMID: 30183888 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v20n1.50077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the epidemiological and clinical cases of complicated malaria and to establish the concordance of this information in the surveillance system. METHODOLOGY Information was obtained from medical records of cases reported in 2011 in the surveillance system and the Hospital San Francisco. We selected a clinical sample of 62 stories of 113 cases and health professionals reviewed the information. The presence of positive thick drop with one or more criteria of complication was taken into account to define if the clinical history corresponded to complicated malaria, according to guide national clinic and tab of the surveillance system. Statistical significance was determined with Chi square and the Kappa statistic. RESULTS The 37.0% of cases presented a complication, 63.0% had two or more complications. Major complications were thrombocytopenia and severe anemia, followed by hepatic complication, hiperparasitemia, renal insufficiency and cerebral malaria. In 3 of the 54 cases intravenous artesunate was used, quinine was used in 59.2%. Comparison of demographic variables and parasitic species between history and the surveillance system show no significant difference but type of complication was almost nil. The major reported complications do not appear on the notification tab. DISCUSSION Further studies need to be continued in order to contribute to the clinical characterization of malaria in the Department and Management interventions. Adjustments to format are recommended to strengthen analysis and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Pedroza
- CP: Enfermera. Epidemióloga. Proyecto malaria Colombia FM. Quibdó, Colombia.
| | - Claudia Bolaños
- CB: MD. Proyecto malaria Colombia FM. Buenaventura, Colombia.
| | | | - Joddy Cubillos
- JC: Enfermera. Epidemióloga. Proyecto malaria Colombia FM. Quibdó, Colombia.
| | - Pablo Chaparro
- PCh: MD. Epidemiólogo. Referente malaria Instituto Nacional de Salud. Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Miladys Mosquera
- MM: Enfermera. Epidemióloga. Departamento Administrativo de Salud del Chocó. Quibdó, Colombia.
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Altamiranda-Saavedra M, Porcasi X, Scavuzzo CM, Correa MM. Downscaling incidence risk mapping for a Colombian malaria endemic region. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:1101-1109. [PMID: 30059183 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To map at a fine spatial scale, the risk of malaria incidence for the important endemic region is Urabá-Bajo Cauca and Alto Sinú, NW Colombia, using a new modelling framework based on GIS and remotely sensed environmental data. METHODS The association between environmental and topographic variables obtained from remote sensors and the annual parasite incidence (API) for the years 2013-2015 was calculated using multiple regression analysis; subsequently, a model was constructed to estimate the API and to project it to the entire endemic region in order to design the risk map. The model was validated by relating the obtained API values with the presence of the three main Colombian malaria vectors, Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles nuneztovari. RESULTS Temperature and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) showed a significant correlation with the observed API. The risk map of malaria incidence showed that the zones at higher risk in the Urabá-Bajo Cauca and Alto Sinú region were located south-east of the region, while the northern area presented the lowest malaria risk. A method was generated to estimate the API for small urban centres, instead of the used reports at the municipality level. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of the utility of risk maps to identify environmentally vulnerable areas at a fine spatial resolution in the Urabá-Bajo Cauca and Alto Sinú region. This information contributes to the implementation of vector control interventions at the microgeographic scale at areas of high malaria risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ximena Porcasi
- Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales-Mario Gulich, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Sicuri E, Bardají A, Sanz S, Alonso S, Fernandes S, Hanson K, Arevalo-Herrera M, Menéndez C. Patients' costs, socio-economic and health system aspects associated with malaria in pregnancy in an endemic area of Colombia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006431. [PMID: 29718903 PMCID: PMC5951590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria in pregnancy threatens birth outcomes and the health of women and their newborns. This is also the case in low transmission areas, such as Colombia, where Plasmodium vivax is the dominant parasite species. Within the Colombian health system, which underwent major reforms in the 90s, malaria treatment is provided free of charge to patients. However, patients still incur costs, such as transportation and value of time lost due to the disease. We estimated such costs among 40 pregnant women with clinical malaria (30% Plasmodium falciparum, 70% Plasmodium vivax) in the municipality of Tierralta, Northern Colombia. In a cross-sectional study, women were interviewed after an outpatient or inpatient laboratory confirmed malaria episode. Women were asked to report all types of cost incurred before (including prevention), during and immediately after the contact with the health facility. Median total cost was over 16US$ for an outpatient visit, rising to nearly 30US$ if other treatments were sought before reaching the health facility. Median total inpatient cost was 26US$ or 54US$ depending on whether costs incurred prior to admission were excluded or included. For both outpatients and inpatients, direct costs were largely due to transportation and indirect costs constituted the largest share of total costs. Estimated costs are likely to represent only one of the constraints that women face when seeking treatment in an area characterized, at the time of the study, by armed conflict, displacement, and high vulnerability of indigenous women, the group at highest risk of malaria. Importantly, the Colombian peace process, which culminated with the cease-fire in August 2016, may have a positive impact on achieving universal access to healthcare in conflict areas. The current study can inform malaria elimination initiatives in Colombia. Malaria in pregnancy is a harsh and undesirable illness and is the cause of adverse effects on birth outcomes and on the health of women and newborns. Despite the low transmission, the predominance of Plasmodium vivax over Plasmodium falciparum and free treatment, estimated costs incurred by pregnant women seeking malaria care in an endemic area of Northern Colombia are considerable. Importantly, these costs are likely to represent only one of the constraints that women face when seeking treatment in an area characterized, at the time of the study, by armed conflict, displacement, and high vulnerability of indigenous women, the group at highest risk of malaria in the area. Important advances may result from the current peace process, potentially able to support the efforts made since the 90s to reform the health system towards achieving universal health coverage. Within this context, the current study can inform malaria elimination initiatives in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sicuri
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Health Economics Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Azucena Bardají
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sanz
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Alonso
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Silke Fernandes
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | - Kara Hanson
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | | | - Clara Menéndez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
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Chaparro PE, Molina K, Alzate A, Padilla J, Arévalo-Herrera M, Herrera S. Urban malaria transmission in a non-endemic area in the Andean region of Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:797-804. [PMID: 29211239 PMCID: PMC5719547 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid urbanisation in difficult socio-economic conditions such as inadequate housing infrastructure, lack of public services, improper sanitation, and poor water drainage systems in vegetation-rich areas lead to ecological conditions that are conducive to the breeding of mosquitoes and transmission of malaria, in semi-urban and urban settings. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe the cases of malaria that were reported in the peri-urban areas of Pereira (Colombia), between 2008 and 2015. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted using data from the Malaria Surveillance System 2009-2015 and an outbreak study (between December 2008 and March 2009). Frequency distributions and summary measures, as well as univariate analysis were performed for all the variables in consideration. The annual parasite index (API) was calculated. FINDINGS Data on 214 cases were obtained from the surveillance system. A majority of the cases were reported in men (63.1%), followed by in children < 15 years (23.8%), and were caused predominantly by Plasmodium vivax (86.0%), with most of the infection occurring in the urban areas (52.8%) of Pereira. The API, by sex and age group, was higher among men ≥ 80 years. The outbreak study reported 14 cases of malaria in rural/peri-urban neighborhoods, and it was observed that the anopheline breeding sites were in close proximity to the houses in these areas. This population did not use protective measures against mosquitoes and chemical control was conducted through residual and spatial insecticide spraying. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study suggested the presence of autochthonous malaria transmission, in Pereira, between 2008 and 2015, most of which were cases of P. vivax. A greater intensity was observed between 2008 and 2009 when malaria was possibly reintroduced to the region. During the years of the study, a gradual decrease in the number of reported cases of malaria was observed in Pereira, except for the time period between 2008 and 2009 when a spike was noted (estimated using the API); this was most likely caused by an outbreak. Interventions that are more aggressive in nature are required to prevent further malarial transmission and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Molina
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia.,Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
| | - Alberto Alzate
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia.,Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
| | - Julio Padilla
- Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia.,Universidad del Valle, School of Health, Cali, Colombia
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González C, Molina AG, León C, Salcedo N, Rondón S, Paz A, Atencia MC, Tovar C, Ortiz M. Entomological characterization of malaria in northern Colombia through vector and parasite species identification, and analyses of spatial distribution and infection rates. Malar J 2017; 16:431. [PMID: 29078770 PMCID: PMC5658941 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a worldwide public health concern and, in Colombia, despite the efforts to stop malaria transmission, the incidence of cases has increased over the last few years. In this context, it is necessary to evaluate vector diversity, infection rates, and spatial distribution, to better understand disease transmission dynamics. This information may contribute to the planning and development of vector control strategies. Results A total of 778 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected in fifteen localities of Córdoba from August 2015 to October 2016. Six species were identified and overall, Anopheles albimanus was the most widespread and abundant species (83%). Other species of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus were collected, including Anopheles triannulatus (13%), Anopheles nuneztovari (1%), Anopheles argyritarsis (< 1%) and two species belonging to the Anopheles subgenus: Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (3%) and Anopheles neomaculipalpus (< 1%). Four species were found naturally infected with two Plasmodium species: Anopheles nuneztovari was detected naturally infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis with Plasmodium vivax, whereas An. albimanus and An. triannulatus were found infected with both parasite species and confirmed by nested PCR. Conclusions In general, the obtained results were contrasting with previous studies in terms of the most abundant and widespread collected species, and regarding infection rates, which were higher than those previously reported. A positive relationship between mosquito local abundance at the locality level and human infection at the municipality level was found. Mosquito local abundance and the number of houses with mosquitoes in each village are factors explaining malaria human cases in these villages. The obtained results suggest that other factors related to the apparent variation in malaria eco-epidemiology in northern Colombia, must be identified, to provide health authorities with better decision tools aiming to design control and prevention strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2076-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila González
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No 18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Astrid Gisell Molina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No 18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cielo León
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No 18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás Salcedo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No 18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silvia Rondón
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No 18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Paz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No 18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria Claudia Atencia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Sinú, Cra 1w No 38-153, Montería, Colombia
| | - Catalina Tovar
- Grupo de Enfermedades Tropicales y Resistencia Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Sinú, Cra 1w No 38-153, Montería, Colombia
| | - Mario Ortiz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No 18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia
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Characterizing the malaria rural-to-urban transmission interface: The importance of reactive case detection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005780. [PMID: 28715415 PMCID: PMC5531679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reported urban malaria cases are increasing in Latin America, however, evidence of such trend remains insufficient. Here, we propose an integrated approach that allows characterizing malaria transmission at the rural-to-urban interface by combining epidemiological, entomological, and parasite genotyping methods. Methods/Principal findings A descriptive study that combines active (ACD), passive (PCD), and reactive (RCD) case detection was performed in urban and peri-urban neighborhoods of Quibdó, Colombia. Heads of households were interviewed and epidemiological surveys were conducted to assess malaria prevalence and identify potential risk factors. Sixteen primary cases, eight by ACD and eight by PCD were recruited for RCD. Using the RCD strategy, prevalence of 1% by microscopy (6/604) and 9% by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (52/604) were found. A total of 73 houses and 289 volunteers were screened leading to 41 secondary cases, all of them in peri-urban settings (14% prevalence). Most secondary cases were genetically distinct from primary cases indicating that there were independent occurrences. Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (76.3%, 71/93), most of them being asymptomatic (46/71). Urban and peri-urban neighborhoods had significant sociodemographic differences. Twenty-four potential breeding sites were identified, all in peri-urban areas. The predominant vectors for 1,305 adults were Anopheles nuneztovari (56,2%) and An. Darlingi (42,5%). One An. nuneztovari specimen was confirmed naturally infected with P. falciparum by ELISA. Conclusions This study found no evidence supporting the existence of urban malaria transmission in Quibdó. RCD strategy was more efficient for identifying malaria cases than ACD alone in areas where malaria transmission is variable and unstable. Incorporating parasite genotyping allows discovering hidden patterns of malaria transmission that cannot be detected otherwise. We propose to use the term “focal case” for those primary cases that lead to discovery of secondary but genetically unrelated malaria cases indicating undetected malaria transmission. Malaria is a disease of rural areas in developing countries. Although a rise in urban malaria cases has been noted during the last decade, this trend could be an artifact due to lack of solid data. In order to better understand “urban” and “peri-urban” malaria, we developed a rigorous and systematic methodology that allows characterizing malaria risk in such settings. Our approach is based on cross-sectional studies using active and reactive case detection strategies, genotyping of parasite isolates in order to better understand transmission patterns, and the local assessment of the entomological factors that allow active transmission in urban and peri-urban neighborhoods. This approach was tested in Quibdó, Colombia. No evidence of malaria transmission in urban areas was found. However, we found solid evidence indicating transmission in peri-urban areas due to Plasmodium vivax (86%). This was supported by the identification of Anopheles mosquitoes and their breeding places. Our results show that reactive case detection is not only an effective strategy to identify cases in areas where transmission is variable and unstable, but also allows the detection of hidden transmission when combined with genotyping methods. Such patterns are undetected by traditional surveillance methods.
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Soto-Calle V, Rosas-Aguirre A, Llanos-Cuentas A, Abatih E, DeDeken R, Rodriguez H, Rosanas-Urgell A, Gamboa D, D´Alessandro U, Erhart A, Speybroeck N. Spatio-temporal analysis of malaria incidence in the Peruvian Amazon Region between 2002 and 2013. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40350. [PMID: 28091560 PMCID: PMC5238441 DOI: 10.1038/srep40350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem in the Peruvian Amazon where the persistence of high-risk transmission areas (hotspots) challenges the current malaria control strategies. This study aimed at identifying significant space-time clusters of malaria incidence in Loreto region 2002-2013 and to determine significant changes across years in relation to the control measures applied. Poisson regression and purely temporal, spatial, and space-time analyses were conducted. Three significantly different periods in terms of annual incidence rates (AIR) were identified, overlapping respectively with the pre-, during, and post- implementation control activities supported by PAMAFRO project. The most likely space-time clusters of malaria incidence for P. vivax and P. falciparum corresponded to the pre- and first two years of the PAMAFRO project and were situated in the northern districts of Loreto, while secondary clusters were identified in eastern and southern districts with the latest onset and the shortest duration of PAMAFRO interventions. Malaria in Loreto was highly heterogeneous at geographical level and over time. Importantly, the excellent achievements obtained during 5 years of intensified control efforts totally vanished in only 2 to 3 years after the end of the program, calling for sustained political and financial commitment for the success of malaria elimination as ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Soto-Calle
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Angel Rosas-Aguirre
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Emmanuel Abatih
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Redgi DeDeken
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Hugo Rodriguez
- Dirección Regional de Salud Loreto DIRESA Loreto, Loreto 160, Perú
| | - Anna Rosanas-Urgell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Umberto D´Alessandro
- Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara 220, The Gambia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Annette Erhart
- Disease Control and Elimination, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara 220, The Gambia
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Niko Speybroeck
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
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Geographic distribution of amino acid mutations in DHFR and DHPS in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Lao PDR, India and Colombia. Malar J 2016; 15:484. [PMID: 27654047 PMCID: PMC5031260 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-synonymous mutations in dhfr and dhps genes in Plasmodium vivax are associated with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) resistance. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of point mutations in P. vivax dhfr (pvdhfr) and P. vivax dhps (pvdhps) genes in three countries: Lao PDR, India and Colombia. Methods Samples from 203 microscopically diagnosed vivax malaria were collected from the three countries. Five codons at positions 13, 57, 58, 61, and 117 of pvdhfr and two codons at positions 383 and 553 of pvdhps were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology. Results The largest number of 58R/117 N double mutations in pvdhfr was observed in Colombia (94.3 %), while the corresponding wild-type amino acids were found at high frequencies in Lao PDR during 2001–2004 (57.8 %). Size polymorphism analysis of the tandem repeats within pvdhfr revealed that 74.3 % of all the isolates carried the type B variant. Eighty-nine per cent of all the isolates examined carried wild-type pvdhps A383 and A553. Conclusions Although SP is not generally used to treat P. vivax infections, mutations in dhfr and dhps that confer antifolate resistance in P. vivax are common. The data strongly suggest that, when used primarily to treat falciparum malaria, SP can exert a substantial selective pressure on P. vivax populations, and this can lead to point mutations in dhfr and dhps. Accurate data on the global geographic distribution of dhfr and dhps genotypes should help to inform anti-malarial drug-use policies.
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Zhou G, Lo E, Zhong D, Wang X, Wang Y, Malla S, Lee MC, Yang Z, Cui L, Yan G. Impact of interventions on malaria in internally displaced persons along the China-Myanmar border: 2011-2014. Malar J 2016; 15:471. [PMID: 27628040 PMCID: PMC5024476 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internally displaced persons (IDP) represent vulnerable populations whose public health conditions merit special attention. In the China-Myanmar border area, human movement and resettlements of IDP can influence malaria transmission. Comparison of disease incidence and vector densities between IDP camps and surrounding local villages allows for better understanding of current epidemiology and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in the region. METHODS Malaria and vector surveillance was conducted in three IDP camps and three local villages neighbouring the camps along the China-Myanmar border in Myanmar. Clinical malaria cases were collected from seven hospitals/clinics from April 2011 to December 2014. Malaria vector population dynamics were monitored using CDC light traps. The use of malaria preventive measures and information on aid agencies and their activities was obtained through questionnaire surveys. RESULTS Malaria was confirmed in 1832 patients. Of these cases, 85.4 % were Plasmodium vivax and 11.4 % were Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Annual malaria incidence rates were 38.8 and 127.0 cases/1000 person year in IDP camps and local villages, respectively. Older children of 5-14 years had the highest incidence rate in the camps regardless of gender, while male adults had significantly higher incidence rates than females in local villages and females child-bearing age had significantly lower risk to malaria in IDP camps compare to local villages. Seasonal malaria outbreaks were observed both in the IDP camps and in the local villages from May to August 2013. The proportion of P. vivax remained unchanged in local villages but increased by approximately tenfold in IDP camps from 2011 to 2014. Anopheles vector density was tenfold higher in local villages compared to IDP camps (2.0:0.2 females/trap/night). Over 99 % of households in both communities owned bed nets. While long-lasting insecticidal nets accounted for 61 % of nets used in IDPs, nearly all residents of local villages owned regular nets without insecticide-impregnation. There were more active aid agencies in the camps than in local villages. CONCLUSION Malaria in IDP camps was significantly lower than the surrounding villages through effective control management. The observation of P. vivax outbreaks in the study area highlights the need for increased control efforts. Expansion of malaria intervention strategies in IDP camps to local surrounding villages is critical to malaria control in the border area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofa Zhou
- University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Eugenia Lo
- University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | | | - Xiaoming Wang
- University of California, Irvine, CA USA
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | - Liwang Cui
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Guiyun Yan
- University of California, Irvine, CA USA
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Chaparro-Narváez PE, Lopez-Perez M, Rengifo LM, Padilla J, Herrera S, Arévalo-Herrera M. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of complicated malaria in Colombia, 2007-2013. Malar J 2016; 15:269. [PMID: 27165306 PMCID: PMC4863335 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last decade, Colombia presented a significant decrease in malaria clinical cases and associated mortality. However, there is a lack of reliable information about the prevalence and characteristics of complicated malaria cases as well as its association with different Plasmodium species. A description of the epidemiological and clinical aspects of complicated malaria in Colombia is presented here. METHODS A descriptive study was conducted using data collected between 2007 and 2013 by the Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA). Demographic and clinical features were described. Frequency of complicated malaria cases, annual parasite index (API) and annual percent change (APC) for trend modelling by gender and age were also calculated. RESULTS A total of 547,542 malaria cases were recorded by SIVIGILA during the study period, of which 2553 (0.47 %) corresponded to complicated cases with similar distribution by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum species. Mixed infections were found in 153 cases (6.0 %). Trend modelling of the API for complicated malaria for all parasite species showed a non-significant increase throughout the years (APC 14.4 %; 95 % CI -4.3 to 36.6 %). Complicated malaria individuals were mostly males (62.2 %) and young adults (median age of 23 years). Notably, 72.4 % of the patients attended for malaria diagnosis >72 h after symptoms onset and 17 % reported malaria episodes in the last 30 days. All patients received anti-malarial treatment, but only 40 % received the first-line as recommended by the Colombian guidelines. Overall, hepatic and renal complications were the most common severe manifestations (63.6 %). Whereas hepatic and pulmonary complications were more common in P. vivax infections, renal and cerebral complications were significantly more frequent in patients with P. falciparum. In contrast with mono-infected patients, severe anaemia and shock were more frequent in patients with mixed infection. CONCLUSION In contrast with the malaria-decreasing trend over the last years, the complicated malaria trend showed a non-significant annual increase. Therefore, in addition to existing national policies on early diagnosis and prompt anti-malarial treatment, more efforts have to be committed addressing the delayed diagnosis and inadequate treatment found in this study. Improving malaria notification forms, medical assistance skills, and capacity should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julio Padilla
- Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia. .,Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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Vallejo AF, Martinez NL, Tobon A, Alger J, Lacerda MV, Kajava AV, Arévalo-Herrera M, Herrera S. Global genetic diversity of the Plasmodium vivax transmission-blocking vaccine candidate Pvs48/45. Malar J 2016; 15:202. [PMID: 27067024 PMCID: PMC4828788 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax 48/45 protein is expressed on the surface of gametocytes/gametes and plays a key role in gamete fusion during fertilization. This protein was recently expressed in Escherichia coli host as a recombinant product that was highly immunogenic in mice and monkeys and induced antibodies with high transmission-blocking activity, suggesting its potential as a P. vivax transmission-blocking vaccine candidate. To determine sequence polymorphism of natural parasite isolates and its potential influence on the protein structure, all pvs48/45 sequences reported in databases from around the world as well as those from low-transmission settings of Latin America were compared. Methods Plasmodium vivax parasite isolates from malaria-endemic regions of Colombia, Brazil and Honduras (n = 60) were used to sequence the Pvs48/45 gene, and compared to those previously reported to GenBank and PlasmoDB (n = 222). Pvs48/45 gene haplotypes were analysed to determine the functional significance of genetic variation in protein structure and vaccine potential. Results Nine non-synonymous substitutions (E35K, Y196H, H211N, K250N, D335Y, E353Q, A376T, K390T, K418R) and three synonymous substitutions (I73, T149, C156) that define seven different haplotypes were found among the 282 isolates from nine countries when compared with the Sal I reference sequence. Nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.00173 for worldwide samples (range 0.00033–0.00216), resulting in relatively high diversity in Myanmar and Colombia, and low diversity in Mexico, Peru and South Korea. The two most frequent substitutions (E353Q: 41.9 %, K250N: 39.5 %) were predicted to be located in antigenic regions without affecting putative B cell epitopes or the tertiary protein structure. Conclusions There is limited sequence polymorphism in pvs48/45 with noted geographical clustering among Asian and American isolates. The low genetic diversity of the protein does not influence the predicted antigenicity or protein structure and, therefore, supports its further development as transmission-blocking vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jackeline Alger
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Hospital Escuela Universitario, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Marcus V Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andrey V Kajava
- Centre de Recherches Biochimie Macromoléculaire (CRBM), Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Bioengineering, University ITMO, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia.,School of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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Alimi TO, Fuller DO, Herrera SV, Arevalo-Herrera M, Quinones ML, Stoler JB, Beier JC. A multi-criteria decision analysis approach to assessing malaria risk in northern South America. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:221. [PMID: 26940004 PMCID: PMC4778356 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria control in South America has vastly improved in the past decade, leading to a decrease in the malaria burden. Despite the progress, large parts of the continent continue to be at risk of malaria transmission, especially in northern South America. The objectives of this study were to assess the risk of malaria transmission and vector exposure in northern South America using multi-criteria decision analysis. METHODS The risk of malaria transmission and vector exposure in northern South America was assessed using multi-criteria decision analysis, in which expert opinions were taken on the key environmental and population risk factors. RESULTS Results from our risk maps indicated areas of moderate-to-high risk along rivers in the Amazon basin, along the coasts of the Guianas, the Pacific coast of Colombia and northern Colombia, in parts of Peru and Bolivia and within the Brazilian Amazon. When validated with occurrence records for malaria, An. darlingi, An. albimanus and An. nuneztovari s.l., t-test results indicated that risk scores at occurrence locations were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than a control group of geographically random points. CONCLUSION In this study, we produced risk maps based on expert opinion on the spatial representation of risk of potential vector exposure and malaria transmission. The findings provide information to the public health decision maker/policy makers to give additional attention to the spatial planning of effective vector control measures. Therefore, as the region tackles the challenge of malaria elimination, prioritizing areas for interventions by using spatially accurate, high-resolution (1 km or less) risk maps may guide targeted control and help reduce the disease burden in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope O Alimi
- Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Douglas O Fuller
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Socrates V Herrera
- Centro de Investigación Científica Caucaseco, Cali, Colombia.
- Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Myriam Arevalo-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación Científica Caucaseco, Cali, Colombia.
- Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Martha L Quinones
- Department of Public Health, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Justin B Stoler
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - John C Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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22
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Medina-Morales DA, Montoya-Franco E, Sanchez-Aristizabal VD, Machado-Alba JE, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Severe and benign Plasmodium vivax malaria in Emberá (Amerindian) children and adolescents from an endemic municipality in Western Colombia. J Infect Public Health 2016; 9:172-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Vásquez-Jiménez JM, Arévalo-Herrera M, Henao-Giraldo J, Molina-Gómez K, Arce-Plata M, Vallejo AF, Herrera S. Consistent prevalence of asymptomatic infections in malaria endemic populations in Colombia over time. Malar J 2016; 15:70. [PMID: 26852321 PMCID: PMC4744459 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria control programmes rely on confirmation of parasite presence in patients’ blood prior to treatment administration. Plasmodium parasites are detected mostly by microscopy or rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Although these methods contribute significantly to malaria control/elimination, they are not suitable for detecting the significant proportion of asymptomatic subjects harbouring low levels of parasitaemia, which endure untreated as potential reservoirs for transmission. Malaria prevalence was assessed in endemic regions of Colombia over a 4-year follow-up. Methods A series of cross-sectional surveys were conducted between 2011 and 2014 in low to moderate malaria transmission sentinel sites (SS) of Tumaco, Buenaventura and Tierralta municipalities of Colombia. A census was performed and a random sample of houses was selected from each SS prior to each survey. Inhabitants were asked to answer a questionnaire on clinical, epidemiological and demographic aspects, and to provide a blood sample for malaria diagnosis using microscopy and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results A total of 3059 blood samples were obtained from all SS, 58.5 % of which were from women and displayed a malaria prevalence ranging from 4 % (95 % CI 3–5 %) to 10 % (95 % CI 8–12 %) in the 4 years’ study period. Almost all malaria cases (n = 220, 97 %) were sub-microscopic and only detectable by qPCR; 90 % of the cases were asymptomatic at the time of blood collection. While Buenaventura and Tierralta had a decreasing tendency during the follow-up, Tumaco had a rise in 2013 and then a decrease in 2014. Plasmodium vivax accounted for the majority (66–100 %) of cases in Tierralta and Buenaventura and for 25–50 % of the cases in Tumaco. Conclusions This study demonstrates an important prevalence of asymptomatic malaria cases not detectable by microscopy, which therefore remain untreated representing a parasite pool for malaria transmission. This demands the introduction of alternative strategies for diagnosis and treatment, especially for areas of low transmission to reduce it to appropriate levels for malaria pre-elimination efforts to start.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia. .,School of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
| | | | - Karen Molina-Gómez
- Clinical Trials Unit, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia.
| | - María Arce-Plata
- Data Management Unit, Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Andrés F Vallejo
- Molecular Biology Unit, Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Sócrates Herrera
- Clinical Trials Unit, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia. .,Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia.
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Alimi TO, Fuller DO, Quinones ML, Xue RD, Herrera SV, Arevalo-Herrera M, Ulrich JN, Qualls WA, Beier JC. Prospects and recommendations for risk mapping to improve strategies for effective malaria vector control interventions in Latin America. Malar J 2015; 14:519. [PMID: 26694047 PMCID: PMC4689006 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-1052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With malaria control in Latin America firmly established in most countries and a growing number of these countries in the pre-elimination phase, malaria elimination appears feasible. A review of the literature indicates that malaria elimination in this region will be difficult without locally tailored strategies for vector control, which depend on more research on vector ecology, genetics and behavioural responses to environmental changes, such as those caused by land cover alterations, and human population movements. An essential way to bridge the knowledge gap and improve vector control is through risk mapping. Malaria risk maps based on statistical and knowledge-based modelling can elucidate the links between environmental factors and malaria vectors, explain interactions between environmental changes and vector dynamics, and provide a heuristic to demonstrate how the environment shapes malaria transmission. To increase the utility of risk mapping in guiding vector control activities, definitions of malaria risk for mapping purposes must be standardized. The maps must also possess appropriate scale and resolution in order to become essential tools in integrated vector management (IVM), so that planners can target areas in greatest need of control measures. Fully integrating risk mapping into vector control programmes will make interventions more evidence-based, making malaria elimination more attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope O Alimi
- Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Douglas O Fuller
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Martha L Quinones
- Department of Public Health, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Rui-De Xue
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 500 Old Beach Road, St. Augustine, FL, USA.
| | - Socrates V Herrera
- Centro de Investigacion Cientifica Caucaseco, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. .,School of Health, Valle State University, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Myriam Arevalo-Herrera
- Centro de Investigacion Cientifica Caucaseco, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. .,School of Health, Valle State University, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Jill N Ulrich
- Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Whitney A Qualls
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - John C Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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Padilla JC, Chaparro PE, Molina K, Arevalo-Herrera M, Herrera S. Is there malaria transmission in urban settings in Colombia? Malar J 2015; 14:453. [PMID: 26573620 PMCID: PMC4647453 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colombia contributes a significant proportion of malaria cases in the Americas, which are predominantly rural. However, in the last 8 years ~ 10 % of the endemic municipalities have also reported urban and peri-urban malaria cases, a growing concern for health authorities. This study focused on the characterization of the officially reported urban malaria cases. Methods A descriptive retrospective study based on secondary information provided by the Colombian National Surveillance System-SIVIGILA for the 2008–2012 period was conducted. A total of 17 municipalities with consistent and persistent reports of urban and peri-urban malaria were selected for analysis, which included site of origin and of residence, age, gender and ethnicity of patients, health system affiliation, Plasmodium species and the presence of malaria vectors. Results A total of 18,113 malaria cases were reported from urban and peri-urban areas of 17 endemic municipalities. Almost 70 % of the reports originated in localities in the departments of Chocó and Nariño, located on the Pacific Coast where a predominantly Afro-Colombian population, of individuals of under 30 years of age, was the most affected (80.7 %), mainly with Plasmodium falciparum infections (52.1 %). Median annual parasite index (API) was 6.4 per 1000 inhabitants (3.4 in 2008; 10.8 in 2010 and 6.0 in 2012). Between 2011 and 2012 complicated cases (2.4 %) and malaria in pregnant women (1.4 %) were reported. Study areas reported the presence of at least seven Anopheles species considered malaria vectors. These analyses did not allow ascertaining the presumable origin of the recorded urban cases due to the lack of a consensus on a definition of urban, peri-urban and rural limits and the lack of proper verification of the geographical source of infection. Conclusions The study indicates the probable presence of endemic, unstable and low-intensity malaria transmission in Colombian urban and peri-urban areas of a group of municipalities located mainly on the Pacific coast region and a few others in the eastern region. There is a need to unequivocally confirm the urban or peri-urban origin of the malaria cases reported and the transmission conditions, as well as to develop and implement new strategies for urban and peri-urban malaria control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Padilla
- Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - Karen Molina
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia. .,Centro de Investigación Científica Caucaseco, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Myriam Arevalo-Herrera
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia. .,Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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Murillo Solano C, Akinyi Okoth S, Abdallah JF, Pava Z, Dorado E, Incardona S, Huber CS, Macedo de Oliveira A, Bell D, Udhayakumar V, Barnwell JW. Deletion of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein 2 (pfhrp2) and Histidine-Rich Protein 3 (pfhrp3) Genes in Colombian Parasites. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131576. [PMID: 26151448 PMCID: PMC4494814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have analyzed the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in Colombia with discrepancies in performance being attributed to a combination of factors such as parasite levels, interpretation of RDT results and/or the handling and storage of RDT kits. However, some of the inconsistencies observed with results from Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2)-based RDTs could also be explained by the deletion of the gene that encodes the protein, pfhrp2, and its structural homolog, pfhrp3, in some parasite isolates. Given that pfhrp2- and pfhrp3-negative P. falciparum isolates have been detected in the neighboring Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon regions, we hypothesized that parasites with deletions of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 may also be present in Colombia. In this study we tested 100 historical samples collected between 1999 and 2009 from six Departments in Colombia for the presence of pfhrp2, pfhrp3 and their flanking genes. Seven neutral microsatellites were also used to determine the genetic background of these parasites. In total 18 of 100 parasite isolates were found to have deleted pfhrp2, a majority of which (14 of 18) were collected from Amazonas Department, which borders Peru and Brazil. pfhrp3 deletions were found in 52 of the100 samples collected from all regions of the country. pfhrp2 flanking genes PF3D7_0831900 and PF3D7_0831700 were deleted in 22 of 100 and in 1 of 100 samples, respectively. pfhrp3 flanking genes PF3D7_1372100 and PF3D7_1372400 were missing in 55 of 100 and in 57 of 100 samples. Structure analysis of microsatellite data indicated that Colombian samples tested in this study belonged to four clusters and they segregated mostly based on their geographic region. Most of the pfhrp2-deleted parasites were assigned to a single cluster and originated from Amazonas Department although a few pfhrp2-negative parasites originated from the other three clusters. The presence of a high proportion of pfhrp2-negative isolates in the Colombian Amazon may have implications for the use of PfHRP2-based RDTs in the region and may explain inconsistencies observed when PfHRP2-based tests and assays are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claribel Murillo Solano
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Carrera 125 #19–225 Av., La Maria, Cali, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sheila Akinyi Okoth
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joseph F. Abdallah
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zuleima Pava
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Carrera 125 #19–225 Av., La Maria, Cali, Colombia
| | - Erika Dorado
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Carrera 125 #19–225 Av., La Maria, Cali, Colombia
| | - Sandra Incardona
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Curtis S. Huber
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Macedo de Oliveira
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Bell
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Global Good Fund/Intellectual Ventures Lab, 1807 132 Ave NE, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John W. Barnwell
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Orrego-Acevedo CA, Zambrano-Muñoz Y, García-Folleco FJ, Herrera-Giraldo AC, Lozada-Riascos CO. Mapping malaria in municipalities of the Coffee Triangle region of Colombia using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). J Infect Public Health 2015; 8:603-11. [PMID: 26106039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been used extensively for the development of epidemiological maps of malaria but not in the Coffee Triangle region of Colombia, endemic for P. vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae. Surveillance case data (2007-2011) were used to estimate annual incidence rates per Plasmodium spp. (cases/100,000 pop) to develop the first malaria maps in the 53 municipalities of this region (departments Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda). The GIS software used was Kosmo Desktop 3.0RC1(®). Thirty thematic maps were developed according to the municipalities, years, parasite etiology, and uncomplicated and complicated cases. A total of 6582 cases were reported (6478 uncomplicated and 104 complicated, 77.8% Risaralda), for a cumulated rate of 269.46 cases/100,000 pop. Among uncomplicated cases, 5722 corresponded to P. vivax (234.25 cases/100,000 pop), 475 to P. falciparum (19.45 cases/100,000 pop), 8 to P. malariae (0.33 cases/100,000 pop) and 273 mixed (P. falciparum/P. vivax) (11.18 cases/100,000 pop). The highest rate reported was in the more undeveloped and rural municipality of Risaralda (Pueblo Rico, 57.7 cases/1000 pop, 2009). The burden of disease was concentrated in one department (>75% of the region). The use of GIS-based epidemiological maps helps to guide decision-making for the prevention and control of this public health problem that still represents a significant issue in the region and the country, particularly in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales
- Research Group Public Health and Infection, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (UTP), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Committee on Zoonoses and Hemorrhagic Fevers of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, ACIN), Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (UTP), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
| | - César A Orrego-Acevedo
- Research Group Public Health and Infection, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (UTP), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (UTP), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Yazmin Zambrano-Muñoz
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (UTP), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Francisco J García-Folleco
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (UTP), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Albert C Herrera-Giraldo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (UTP), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Operative Direction of Public Health, Risaralda Department Secretary of Health, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Carlos O Lozada-Riascos
- Regional Information System, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (UTP), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Clinical profile of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in low and unstable malaria transmission settings of Colombia. Malar J 2015; 14:154. [PMID: 25889074 PMCID: PMC4397685 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria transmission in Latin America is generally hypoendemic and unstable, with Plasmodium vivax as the most prevalent species. However, only a few studies have been carried out in areas with low and unstable transmission, whereas the clinical profile of malaria has been broadly described in hyperendemic areas. The pattern of clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in low to moderate endemic areas of Colombia is reported here. Methods A passive surveillance study was conducted between 2011 and 2013 involving 1,328 patients with Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax or mixed malaria infections attending malaria points-of-care of four malaria endemic-areas with distinct transmission intensities and parasite distribution. Trained physicians recorded clinical symptoms and signs as well as socio-demographic characteristics of study participants. Haematological, biochemical and urine tests were performed at the time of diagnosis. Results Out of 1,328 cases, 673 (50.7%) were caused by P. vivax; 650 (48.9%) were due to P. falciparum; and five (0.4%) patients had mixed infections (P. falciparum/P. vivax). Most patients (92.5%) presented with uncomplicated malaria characterized by fever, chills, headache, sweating, myalgia/arthralgia and parasitaemia ≤ 20,000 parasites/μL. Fever, tachycardia, pallor and abdominal pain on palpation were more frequent in P. falciparum patients, whereas mild hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were mostly observed with P. vivax. Non-severe anaemia (Hb 7.0-10.9 g/dL) was observed in 20% of the subjects, whereas severe anaemia (Hb < 7.0 g/dL) was present in four patients. Half of the patients presented thrombocytopaenia regardless of parasite species. Leukopaenia, neutrophilia and monocytosis were frequently observed in patients infected with P. falciparum. Mild-to-moderate biochemical alterations were present in ~25% of the patients, particularly abnormal bilirubin in those with P. falciparum and abnormal transaminases in P. vivax malaria patients. Proteinuria was present in ~50% of the patients regardless of parasite species, whereas haemoglobinuria was more common in P. vivax infections. Only 7.5% of the cases were classified as clinically severe malaria, caused by both P. vivax and P. falciparum. Conclusions The high prevalence of uncomplicated malaria associated with moderate parasitaemia suggests the importance of timely diagnosis and effective treatment and encourages new activities to further decrease complicated malaria cases and mortality.
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Rodriguez RC, Galera-Gelvez K, Yescas JGL, Rueda-Gallardo JA. Costs of dengue to the health system and individuals in Colombia from 2010 to 2012. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:709-714. [PMID: 25667054 PMCID: PMC4385762 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever (DF) is an important health issue in Colombia, but detailed information on economic costs to the healthcare system is lacking. Using information from official databases (2010–2012) and a face-to-face survey of 1,483 households with DF and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients, we estimated the average cost per case. In 2010, the mean direct medical costs to the healthcare system per case of ambulatory DF, hospitalized DF, and DHF (in Colombian pesos converted to US dollars using the average exchange rate for 2012) were $52.8, $235.8, and $1,512.2, respectively. The mean direct non-medical costs to patients were greater ($29.7, $46.7, and $62.6, respectively) than the mean household direct medical costs ($13.3, $34.8, and $57.3, respectively). The average direct medical cost to the healthcare system of a case of ambulatory DF in 2010 was 57% of that in 2011. Our results highlight the high economic burden of the disease and could be useful for assigning limited health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Castro Rodriguez
- *Address correspondence to Raul Castro Rodriguez, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Calle 19 a No.1-37 Este, Bloque W, Oficina 919, Bogotá, Colombia. E-mail:
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Buitrago LS, Brochero HL, McKeon SN, Lainhart W, Conn JE. First published record of urban malaria in Puerto Gaitán, Meta, Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 108:1045-50. [PMID: 24402157 PMCID: PMC4005547 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of malaria cases were compared between the department of Meta and the
municipality of Puerto Gaitán, Colombia, to examine temporal change in malaria from
2005-2010. During this time frame in Meta the mean ratio was 2.53; in contrast, in
Puerto Gaitán it was 1.41, meaning that a surprisingly high proportion of
Plasmodium falciparum cases were reported from this municipality.
A detailed analysis of data from Puerto Gaitán for 2009 and 2010 detected a
significant difference (χ2, p < 0.001) in the distribution of plasmodia, with
Plasmodium vivax more prevalent in 2009 and P.
falciparum in 2010. Males had the highest number of cases but there was
no difference in the distribution of cases between sexes and years. In both years,
for both sexes, people 16-40 accounted for the majority of cases (58.9% in 2009;
60.4% in 2010). There were significant differences in the distribution of both
P. vivax (χ2, p < 0.01) and P. falciparum
cases (χ2, p < 0.05) by geographic setting (urban vs. non-urban) between years.
Urban cases of both P. vivax and P. falciparum are
recorded in this study for the first time in Puerto Gaitán, possibly the result of
area wide displacement and migration due to armed conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Stella Buitrago
- Unidad de Entomología, Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Meta, Colombia, VillavicencioMeta
| | | | - Sascha N McKeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, USA, AlbanyNY
| | - William Lainhart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, USA, AlbanyNY
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, USA, SlingerlandsNY
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Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Bolívar-Mejía A, Alarcón-Olave C, Calvo-Betancourt LS. Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Latin America. NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1422-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Lopez-Perez M, Álvarez Á, Gutierrez JB, Moreno A, Herrera S, Arévalo-Herrera M. Malaria-related anemia in patients from unstable transmission areas in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:294-301. [PMID: 25510719 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Information about the prevalence of malarial anemia in areas of low-malaria transmission intensity, like Latin America, is scarce. To characterize the malaria-related anemia, we evaluated 929 malaria patients from three sites in Colombia during 2011-2013. Plasmodium vivax was found to be the most prevalent species in Tierralta (92%), whereas P. falciparum was predominant in Tumaco (84%) and Quibdó (70%). Although severe anemia (hemoglobin < 7 g/dL) was almost absent (0.3%), variable degrees of non-severe anemia were observed in 36.9% of patients. In Tierralta, hemoglobin levels were negatively associated with days of illness. Moreover, in Tierralta and Quibdó, the number of previous malaria episodes and hemoglobin levels were positively associated. Both Plasmodium species seem to have similar potential to induce malarial anemia with distinct cofactors at each endemic setting. The target age in these low-transmission settings seems shifting toward adolescents and young adults. In addition, previous malaria experience seems to induce protection against anemia development. Altogether, these data suggest that early diagnosis and prompt treatment are likely preventing more frequent and serious malaria-related anemia in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lopez-Perez
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Álvaro Álvarez
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Juan B Gutierrez
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Sócrates Herrera
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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JIMÉNEZ IRENEP, CONN JANE, BROCHERO HELENA. Preliminary biological studies on larvae and adult Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Miraflores, a malaria endemic locality in Guaviare department, Amazonian Colombia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:1002-1009. [PMID: 25276930 PMCID: PMC4450676 DOI: 10.1603/me13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the malaria endemic municipality of Miraflores in southeastern Amazonian Colombia, several aspects of the biology of local Anopheles species were investigated to supplement the limited entomological surveillance information available and to provide baseline data for malaria prevention and vector control. Anopheles darlingi Root, 1926 was the most abundant species (95.6%), followed by Anopheles braziliensis (Chagas) (3.6%) and Anopheles oswaldoi s.l. (Peryassu) (0.7%). During the dry season, exophagic activity was prevalent only between 1800-2100 hours; after this (2100-0600 hours) only endophagy was encountered. In contrast, during the rainy season, both endophagy and exophagy occurred throughout the collection period. The human biting rate for An. darlingi was 8.6. This species was positive for Plasmodium vivax VK210 with a sporozoite rate = 0.13 (1/788). Breeding sites corresponded to stream (n = 7), flooded excavations (n = 4), flooded forest (n = 1), wetlands (n = 2), and an abandoned water reservoir (n = 1). An. darlingi predominated in these sites in both seasons. Based on these data, An. darlingi is the main local malaria vector, and we recommend that local prevention and control efforts focus on strengthening entomological surveillance to determine potential changes of species biting behavior and time to reduce human-vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- IRENE P. JIMÉNEZ
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - JAN E. CONN
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12159
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222
| | - HELENA BROCHERO
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Arévalo-Herrera M, Forero-Peña DA, Rubiano K, Gómez-Hincapie J, Martínez NL, Lopez-Perez M, Castellanos A, Céspedes N, Palacios R, Oñate JM, Herrera S. Plasmodium vivax sporozoite challenge in malaria-naïve and semi-immune Colombian volunteers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99754. [PMID: 24963662 PMCID: PMC4070897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Significant progress has been recently achieved in the development of Plasmodium vivax challenge infections in humans, which are essential for vaccine and drug testing. With the goal of accelerating clinical development of malaria vaccines, the outcome of infections experimentally induced in naïve and semi-immune volunteers by infected mosquito bites was compared. Methods Seven malaria-naïve and nine semi-immune Colombian adults (n = 16) were subjected to the bites of 2–4 P. vivax sporozoite-infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Parasitemia levels, malaria clinical manifestations, and immune responses were assessed and compared. Results All volunteers developed infections as confirmed by microscopy and RT-qPCR. No significant difference in the pre-patent period (mean 12.5 and 12.8 days for malaria-naïve and malaria-exposed, respectively) was observed but naïve volunteers developed classical malaria signs and symptoms, while semi-immune volunteers displayed minor or no symptoms at the day of diagnosis. A malaria-naïve volunteer developed a transient low submicroscopic parasitemia that cured spontaneously. Infection induced an increase in specific antibody levels in both groups. Conclusion Sporozoite infectious challenge was safe and reproducible in semi-immune and naïve volunteers. This model will provide information for simultaneous comparison of the protective efficacy of P. vivax vaccines in naïve and semi-immune volunteers under controlled conditions and would accelerate P. vivax vaccine development. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT01585077
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- School of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - David A. Forero-Peña
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center (CSRC), Cali, Colombia
| | - Kelly Rubiano
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center (CSRC), Cali, Colombia
| | - José Gómez-Hincapie
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center (CSRC), Cali, Colombia
| | - Nora L. Martínez
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center (CSRC), Cali, Colombia
| | - Mary Lopez-Perez
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center (CSRC), Cali, Colombia
| | - Angélica Castellanos
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center (CSRC), Cali, Colombia
| | - Nora Céspedes
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- School of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center (CSRC), Cali, Colombia
| | | | | | - Sócrates Herrera
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center (CSRC), Cali, Colombia
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Forero DA, Chaparro PE, Vallejo AF, Benavides Y, Gutiérrez JB, Arévalo-Herrera M, Herrera S. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of malaria in Colombia. Malar J 2014; 13:165. [PMID: 24885909 PMCID: PMC4113137 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Colombia has witnessed an important decrease in malaria transmission, the disease remains a public health problem with an estimated ~10 million people currently living in areas with malaria risk and ~61,000 cases reported in 2012. This study aimed to determine and compare the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) about malaria in three endemic communities of Colombia to provide the knowledge framework for development of new intervention strategies for malaria elimination. Methods A cross-sectional KAP survey was conducted in the municipalities of Tierralta, Buenaventura and Tumaco, categorized according to high risk (HR) and moderate risk (MR) based on the annual parasite index (API). Surveys were managed using REDCap and analysed using MATLAB and GraphPad Prism. Results A total of 267 residents, mostly women (74%) were surveyed. Although no differences were observed on the knowledge of classical malaria symptoms between HR and MR regions, significant differences were found in knowledge and attitudes about transmission mechanisms, anti-malarial use and malaria diagnosis. Most responders in both regions (93.5% in MR, and 94.3% in HR areas) indicated use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) to protect themselves from malaria, and 75.5% of responders in HR indicated they did nothing to prevent malaria transmission outdoors. Despite a high level of knowledge in the study regions, significant gaps persisted relating to practices. Self-medication and poor adherence to treatment, as well as lack of both indoor and outdoor vector control measures, were significantly associated with higher malaria risk. Conclusions Although significant efforts are currently being made by the Ministry of Health to use community education as one of the main components of the control strategy, these generic education programmes may not be applicable to all endemic regions of Colombia given the substantial geographic, ethnic and cultural diversity.
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