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Naidoo K, Oliver SV. Gene drives: an alternative approach to malaria control? Gene Ther 2024:10.1038/s41434-024-00468-8. [PMID: 39039203 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-024-00468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Genetic modification for the control of mosquitoes is frequently touted as a solution for a variety of vector-borne diseases. There has been some success using non-insecticidal methods like sterile or incompatible insect techniques to control arbovirus diseases. However, control by genetic modifications to reduce mosquito populations or create mosquitoes that are refractory to infection with pathogens are less developed. The advent of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene drives may advance this mechanism of control. In this review, use and progress of gene drives for vector control, particularly for malaria, is discussed. A brief history of population suppression and replacement gene drives in mosquitoes, rapid advancement of the field over the last decade and how genetic modification fits into the current scope of vector control are described. Mechanisms of alternative vector control by genetic modification to modulate mosquitoes' immune responses and anti-parasite effector molecules as part of a combinational strategy to combat malaria are considered. Finally, the limitations and ethics of using gene drives for mosquito control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubendran Naidoo
- SAMRC/Wits Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Shüné V Oliver
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
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2
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Mugenzi LMJ, Tekoh TA, Ntadoun ST, Chi AD, Gadji M, Menze BD, Tchouakui M, Irving H, Wondji MJ, Weedall GD, Hearn J, Wondji CS. Association of a rapidly selected 4.3kb transposon-containing structural variation with a P450-based resistance to pyrethroids in the African malaria vector Anopheles funestus. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011344. [PMID: 39074161 PMCID: PMC11309504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the evolutionary forces controlling insecticide resistance in malaria vectors remains a prerequisite to designing molecular tools to detect and assess resistance impact on control tools. Here, we demonstrate that a 4.3kb transposon-containing structural variation is associated with pyrethroid resistance in central/eastern African populations of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus. In this study, we analysed Pooled template sequencing data and direct sequencing to identify an insertion of 4.3kb containing a putative retro-transposon in the intergenic region of two P450s CYP6P5-CYP6P9b in mosquitoes of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus from Uganda. We then designed a PCR assay to track its spread temporally and regionally and decipher its role in insecticide resistance. The insertion originates in or near Uganda in East Africa, where it is fixed and has spread to high frequencies in the Central African nation of Cameroon but is still at low frequency in West Africa and absent in Southern Africa. A marked and rapid selection was observed with the 4.3kb-SV frequency increasing from 3% in 2014 to 98% in 2021 in Cameroon. A strong association was established between this SV and pyrethroid resistance in field populations and is reducing pyrethroid-only nets' efficacy. Genetic crosses and qRT-PCR revealed that this SV enhances the expression of CYP6P9a/b but not CYP6P5. Within this structural variant (SV), we identified putative binding sites for transcription factors associated with the regulation of detoxification genes. An inverse correlation was observed between the 4.3kb SV and malaria parasite infection, indicating that mosquitoes lacking the 4.3kb SV were more frequently infected compared to those possessing it. Our findings highlight the underexplored role and rapid spread of SVs in the evolution of insecticide resistance and provide additional tools for molecular surveillance of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M. J. Mugenzi
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Theofelix A. Tekoh
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Stevia T. Ntadoun
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Achille D. Chi
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mahamat Gadji
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Benjamin D. Menze
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Murielle J. Wondji
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D. Weedall
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Hearn
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Epidemiology and Planetary Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, North Faculty, Scotland’s Rural College, An Lòchran, 10 Inverness Campus, Inverness, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Nardini L, Brito-Fravallo E, Campagne P, Pain A, Genève C, Vernick KD, Mitri C. The voltage-gated sodium channel, para, limits Anopheles coluzzii vector competence in a microbiota dependent manner. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14572. [PMID: 37666840 PMCID: PMC10477260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel, para, is a target of DDT and pyrethroid class insecticides. Single nucleotide mutations in para, called knockdown resistant or kdr, which contribute to resistance against DDT and pyrethroid insecticides, have been correlated with increased susceptibility of Anopheles to the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. However, a direct role of para activity on Plasmodium infection has not yet been established. Here, using RNA-mediated silencing, we provide in vivo direct evidence for the requirement of wild-type (wt) para function for insecticide activity of deltamethrin. Depletion of wt para, which is susceptible to insecticide, causes deltamethrin tolerance, indicating that insecticide-resistant kdr alleles are likely phenocopies of loss of para function. We then show that normal para activity in An. coluzzii limits Plasmodium infection prevalence for both P. falciparum and P. berghei. A transcriptomic analysis revealed that para activity does not modulate the expression of immune genes. However, loss of para function led to enteric dysbiosis with a significant increase in the total bacterial abundance, and we show that para function limiting Plasmodium infection is microbiota dependent. In the context of the bidirectional "enteric microbiota-brain" axis studied in mammals, these results pave the way for studying whether the activity of the nervous system could control Anopheles vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Nardini
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Emma Brito-Fravallo
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Campagne
- Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Pain
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Genève
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Christian Mitri
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France.
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Kay GA, Patterson EI, Hughes GL, Lord JS, Reimer LJ. Knockdown resistance allele L1014F introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 is not associated with altered vector competence of Anopheles gambiae for o'nyong nyong virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288994. [PMID: 37561739 PMCID: PMC10414658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles conferring resistance to pyrethroid insecticides are widespread amongst vector populations. Previous research has suggested that these alleles are associated with changes in the vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses and Plasmodium, however non-target genetic differences between mosquito strains may have had a confounding effect. Here, to minimise genetic differences, the laboratory Anopheles gambiae Kisumu strain was compared to a CRISPR/Cas9 homozygous kdr L1014F mutant Kisumu-kdr line in order to examine associations with vector competence for o'nyong nyong virus (ONNV). Mosquitoes were infected using either blood feeds or intrathoracic microinjections. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of virus in mosquito body parts between kdr mutant and wildtype lines from either oral or intrathoracic injection routes. The ONNV titre was significantly higher in the legs of the wildtype strain at 7dpi following intrathoracic microinjection, but no other significant differences in viral titre were detected. ONNV was not detected in the saliva of mosquitoes from either strain. Our findings from per os infections suggest that the kdr L1014F allele is not associated with altered infection prevalence for ONNV, a key component of vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A. Kay
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Grant L. Hughes
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S. Lord
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J. Reimer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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5
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Adams KL, Selland EK, Willett BC, Carew JW, Vidoudez C, Singh N, Catteruccia F. Selection for insecticide resistance can promote Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011448. [PMID: 37339122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is under strong selective pressure in Anopheles mosquitoes due to widespread usage of insecticides in vector control strategies. Resistance mechanisms likely cause changes that profoundly affect mosquito physiology, yet it remains poorly understood how selective pressures imposed by insecticides may alter the ability of the mosquito to host and transmit a Plasmodium infection. From pyrethroid-resistant field-derived Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes, we established resistant (RES) and susceptible (SUS) colonies by either selection for, or loss of insecticide resistance. We show increased oocyst intensity and growth rate as well as increased sporozoite prevalence and intensity in RES compared to SUS females infected with Plasmodium falciparum. The increase in infection intensity in RES females was not associated with the presence of the kdrL1014F mutation and was not impacted by inhibition of Cytochrome P450s. The lipid transporter lipophorin (Lp), which was upregulated in RES compared to SUS, was at least partly implicated in the increased intensity of P. falciparum but not directly involved in the insecticide resistance phenotype. Interestingly, we observed that although P. falciparum infections were not affected when RES females were exposed to permethrin, these females had decreased lipid abundance in the fat body following exposure, pointing to a possible role for lipid mobilization in response to damage caused by insecticide challenge. The finding that selection for insecticide resistance can increase P. falciparum infection intensities and growth rate reinforces the need to assess the overall impact on malaria transmission dynamics caused by selective pressures mosquitoes experience during repeated insecticide challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L Adams
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily K Selland
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bailey C Willett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John W Carew
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles Vidoudez
- Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Naresh Singh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
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Suh PF, Elanga-Ndille E, Tchouakui M, Sandeu MM, Tagne D, Wondji C, Ndo C. Impact of insecticide resistance on malaria vector competence: a literature review. Malar J 2023; 22:19. [PMID: 36650503 PMCID: PMC9847052 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first report in Anopheles mosquitoes in 1950s, insecticide resistance has spread very fast to most sub-Saharan African malaria-endemic countries, where it is predicted to seriously jeopardize the success of vector control efforts, leading to rebound of disease cases. Supported mainly by four mechanisms (metabolic resistance, target site resistance, cuticular resistance, and behavioural resistance), this phenomenon is associated with intrinsic changes in the resistant insect vectors that could influence development of invading Plasmodium parasites. A literature review was undertaken using Pubmed database to collect articles evaluating directly or indiretly the impact of insecticide resistance and the associated mechanisms on key determinants of malaria vector competence including sialome composition, anti-Plasmodium immunity, intestinal commensal microbiota, and mosquito longevity. Globally, the evidence gathered is contradictory even though the insecticide resistant vectors seem to be more permissive to Plasmodium infections. The actual body of knowledge on key factors to vectorial competence, such as the immunity and microbiota communities of the insecticide resistant vector is still very insufficient to definitively infer on the epidemiological importance of these vectors against the susceptible counterparts. More studies are needed to fill important knowledge gaps that could help predicting malaria epidemiology in a context where the selection and spread of insecticide resistant vectors is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fongho Suh
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 837, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Elanga-Ndille
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Marcel Sandeu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Darus Tagne
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Charles Wondji
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon.
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Joseph Matiya D, Philbert AB, Kidima WB, Matowo JJ. The Effect of Plasmodium falciparum (Welch) (Haemospororida: Plasmodiidae) Infection on the Susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) to Pyrethroid Insecticides in the North-Western and South-Eastern, Tanzania. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:112-121. [PMID: 36287642 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors threatens insecticide-based interventions. It is hypothesized that infection of insecticide-resistant vectors with Plasmodium parasites increases their vulnerability to insecticides, thus assuring the effectiveness of insecticide-based strategies for malaria control. Nonetheless, there is limited field data to support this. We investigated the effect of the Plasmodium falciparum infection on the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus to pyrethroids in south-eastern (Kilombero) and north-western (Muleba), Tanzania. The wild-collected mosquitoes were tested against 0.05% deltamethrin and 0.75% permethrin, then assessed for sporozoite rate and resistant gene (kdr) mutations. All Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Kilombero were An. arabiensis (Patton, 1905) while those from Muleba were 87% An. gambiae s.s (Giles, 1902) and 13% An. Arabiensis. High levels of pyrethroid resistance were observed in both areas studied. The kdr mutation was only detected in An. gambiae s.s. at the frequency of 100% in survivors and 97% in dead mosquitoes. The P. falciparum sporozoite rates were slightly higher in susceptible than in resistant mosquitoes. In Muleba, sporozoite rates in An. gambiae s.l. were 8.1% and 6.4% in dead mosquitoes and survivors, respectively (SRR = 1.28, p = 0.19). The sporozoite rates in Kilombero were 1.3% and 0.7% in the dead and survived mosquitoes, respectively (sporozoite rate ratio (SRR) = 1.9, p = 0.33). In An. funestus group sporozoite rates were 6.2% and 4.4% in dead and survived mosquitoes, respectively (SRR = 1.4, p = 0.54). These findings indicate that insecticides might still be effective in malaria control despite the rapid development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokary Joseph Matiya
- Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE), PO Box 2329, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), PO Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Anitha B Philbert
- University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), PO Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Winifrida B Kidima
- University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), PO Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Johnson J Matowo
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), PO Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania
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Wang L, Fontaine A, Gaborit P, Guidez A, Issaly J, Girod R, Kazanji M, Rousset D, Vignuzzi M, Epelboin Y, Dusfour I. Interactions between vector competence to chikungunya virus and resistance to deltamethrin in Aedes aegypti laboratory lines? MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:486-495. [PMID: 35762523 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The urban mosquito species Aedes aegypti is the main vector of arboviruses worldwide. Mosquito control with insecticides is the most prevalent method for preventing transmission in the absence of effective vaccines and available treatments; however, the extensive use of insecticides has led to the development of resistance in mosquito populations throughout the world, and the number of epidemics caused by arboviruses has increased. Three mosquito lines with different resistance profiles to deltamethrin were isolated in French Guiana, including one with the I1016 knock-down resistant allele. Significant differences were observed in the cumulative proportion of mosquitoes with a disseminated chikungunya virus infection over time across these lines. In addition, some genes related to resistance (CYP6BB2, CYP6N12, GST2, trypsin) were variably overexpressed in the midgut at 7 days after an infectious bloodmeal in these three lines. Our work shows that vector competence for chikungunya virus varied between Ae. aegypti laboratory lines with different deltamethrin resistance profiles. More accurate verification of the functional association between insecticide resistance and vector competence remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjiao Wang
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Albin Fontaine
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, cedex 5, France
| | - Pascal Gaborit
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Amandine Guidez
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Jean Issaly
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Romain Girod
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | | | - Dominique Rousset
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Unité des Populations Virales et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Yanouk Epelboin
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
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Oke CE, Ingham VA, Walling CA, Reece SE. Vector control: agents of selection on malaria parasites? Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:890-903. [PMID: 35981937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Insect vectors are responsible for spreading many infectious diseases, yet interactions between pathogens/parasites and insect vectors remain poorly understood. Filling this knowledge gap matters because vectors are evolving in response to the deployment of vector control tools (VCTs). Yet, whilst the evolutionary responses of vectors to VCTs are being carefully monitored, the knock-on consequences for parasite evolution have been overlooked. By examining how mosquito responses to VCTs impact upon malaria parasite ecology, we derive a framework for predicting parasite responses. Understanding how VCTs affect the selection pressures imposed on parasites could help to mitigate against parasite evolution that leads to unfavourable epidemiological outcomes. Furthermore, anticipating parasite evolution will inform monitoring strategies for VCT programmes as well as uncovering novel VCT strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Oke
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - Victoria A Ingham
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Craig A Walling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Sarah E Reece
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK; Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
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Juache-Villagrana AE, Pando-Robles V, Garcia-Luna SM, Ponce-Garcia G, Fernandez-Salas I, Lopez-Monroy B, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Flores AE. Assessing the Impact of Insecticide Resistance on Vector Competence: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:377. [PMID: 35447819 PMCID: PMC9024519 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The primary strategy to avoid adverse impacts from insect-mediated pathogen transmission is the chemical control of vector populations through insecticides; its continued use has led to insecticide resistance and unknown consequences on vector competence. This review aims to systematically analyze and synthesize the research on the influence of insecticide resistance (IR) on vector competence (VC). Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies, conducted either in laboratory or field settings, described the influence of phenotypic insecticide resistance and mechanisms on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Seven studies showed the effect of exposure to insecticides on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Three studies reported the influence of phenotypic resistance and mechanisms on VC in crop pests. The evidence shows that IR could enhance, impair, or have no direct effect on VC in either field or laboratory-designed studies. Similar positive and negative trends are found in pest vectors in crops and studies of insecticide exposure and VC. Even though there is evidence that exposure to insecticides and IR can enhance VC, thus increasing the risk of pathogen transmission, more investigations are needed to confirm the observed patterns and what implications these factors could have in vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E. Juache-Villagrana
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Victoria Pando-Robles
- Centro de Investigacion Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Selene M. Garcia-Luna
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Ildefonso Fernandez-Salas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Iram P. Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Adriana E. Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.E.J.-V.); (S.M.G.-L.); (G.P.-G.); (I.F.-S.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
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11
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Wolie RZ, Koffi AA, Ahoua Alou LP, Sternberg ED, N'Nan-Alla O, Dahounto A, Yapo FHA, Kanh KMH, Camara S, Oumbouke WA, Tia IZ, Nguetta SPA, Thomas MB, NGuessan R. Evaluation of the interaction between insecticide resistance-associated genes and malaria transmission in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in central Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:581. [PMID: 34801086 PMCID: PMC8605510 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that the knockdown resistance gene (Kdr) L1014F and acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (Ace-1R) G119S mutations involved in pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in Anopheles gambiae influence malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. This is likely due to changes in the behaviour, life history and vector competence and capacity of An. gambiae. In the present study, performed as part of a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of household screening plus a novel insecticide delivery system (In2Care Eave Tubes), we investigated the distribution of insecticide target site mutations and their association with infection status in wild An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) populations. Methods Mosquitoes were captured in 40 villages around Bouaké by human landing catch from May 2017 to April 2019. Randomly selected samples of An. gambiae s.l. that were infected or not infected with Plasmodium sp. were identified to species and then genotyped for Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S mutations using quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. The frequencies of the two alleles were compared between Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae and then between infected and uninfected groups for each species. Results The presence of An. gambiae (49%) and An. coluzzii (51%) was confirmed in Bouaké. Individuals of both species infected with Plasmodium parasites were found. Over the study period, the average frequency of the Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S mutations did not vary significantly between study arms. However, the frequencies of the Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S resistance alleles were significantly higher in An. gambiae than in An. coluzzii [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 59.64 (30.81–131.63) for Kdr, and 2.79 (2.17–3.60) for Ace-1R]. For both species, there were no significant differences in Kdr L1014F or Ace-1R G119S genotypic and allelic frequency distributions between infected and uninfected specimens (P > 0.05). Conclusions Either alone or in combination, Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S showed no significant association with Plasmodium infection in wild An. gambiae and An. coluzzii, demonstrating the similar competence of these species for Plasmodium transmission in Bouaké. Additional factors including behavioural and environmental ones that influence vector competence in natural populations, and those other than allele measurements (metabolic resistance factors) that contribute to resistance, should be considered when establishing the existence of a link between insecticide resistance and vector competence. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosine Z Wolie
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Alphonsine A Koffi
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ludovic P Ahoua Alou
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eleanore D Sternberg
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Oulo N'Nan-Alla
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Amal Dahounto
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Florent H A Yapo
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kpahe M H Kanh
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Soromane Camara
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Welbeck A Oumbouke
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Innovative Vector Control Consortium, IVCC, Liverpool, UK
| | - Innocent Z Tia
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Simon-Pierre A Nguetta
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Raphael NGuessan
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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12
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Andreazza F, Oliveira EE, Martins GF. Implications of Sublethal Insecticide Exposure and the Development of Resistance on Mosquito Physiology, Behavior, and Pathogen Transmission. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100917. [PMID: 34680686 PMCID: PMC8539869 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mosquitoes are one of the greatest threats to human lives; they transmit a wide range of pathogens, including viruses that cause lethal diseases. Mosquitoes are found in both aquatic (as larvae or pupae) and terrestrial (as adults) environments during their complex life cycle. For decades, insecticides have been systematically used on mosquitoes with the aim to reduce their population. Little is known about how the stress resulting from the exposure of mosquitoes to insecticides impacts the tri-partite relationship between the mosquitoes, their vertebrate hosts, and the pathogens they transmit. In this work, we review existing experimental evidence to obtain a broad picture on the potential effects of the (sub)lethal exposure of hematophagous mosquitoes to different insecticides. We have focused on studies that have advanced our understanding of their physiological and behavioral responses (including the mechanisms behind insecticide resistance) and the spread of pathogens by these vectors—understudied but critically important issues for epidemiology. Studying these exposure-related effects is of paramount importance for predicting how they respond to insecticide exposure and whether this exposure makes them more or less likely to transmit pathogens. Abstract For many decades, insecticides have been used to control mosquito populations in their larval and adult stages. Although changes in the population genetics, physiology, and behavior of mosquitoes exposed to lethal and sublethal doses of insecticides are expected, the relationships between these changes and their abilities to transmit pathogens remain unclear. Thus, we conducted a comprehensive review on the sublethal effects of insecticides and their contributions to insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, with the main focus on pyrethroids. We discuss the direct and acute effects of sublethal concentrations on individuals and populations, the changes in population genetics caused by the selection for resistance after insecticide exposure, and the major mechanisms underlying such resistance. Sublethal exposures negatively impact the individual’s performance by affecting their physiology and behavior and leaving them at a disadvantage when compared to unexposed organisms. How these sublethal effects could change mosquito population sizes and diversity so that pathogen transmission risks can be affected is less clear. Furthermore, despite the beneficial and acute aspects of lethality, exposure to higher insecticide concentrations clearly impacts the population genetics by selecting resistant individuals, which may bring further and complex interactions for mosquitoes, vertebrate hosts, and pathogens. Finally, we raise several hypotheses concerning how the here revised impacts of insecticides on mosquitoes could interplay with vector-mediated pathogens’ transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Andreazza
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (F.A.); (E.E.O.)
| | - Eugênio E. Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (F.A.); (E.E.O.)
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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13
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Namias A, Jobe NB, Paaijmans KP, Huijben S. The need for practical insecticide-resistance guidelines to effectively inform mosquito-borne disease control programs. eLife 2021; 10:e65655. [PMID: 34355693 PMCID: PMC8346280 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring local mosquito populations for insecticide resistance is critical for effective vector-borne disease control. However, widely used phenotypic assays, which are designed to monitor the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance (technical resistance), do not translate well to the efficacy of vector control products to suppress mosquito numbers in the field (practical resistance). This is because standard testing conditions such as environmental conditions, exposure dose, and type of substrate differ dramatically from those experienced by mosquitoes under field conditions. In addition, field mosquitoes have considerably different physiological characteristics such as age and blood-feeding status. Beyond this, indirect impacts of insecticide resistance and/or exposure on mosquito longevity, pathogen development, host-seeking behavior, and blood-feeding success impact disease transmission. Given the limited number of active ingredients currently available and the observed discordance between resistance and disease transmission, we conclude that additional testing guidelines are needed to determine practical resistance-the efficacy of vector control tools under relevant local conditions- in order to obtain programmatic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Namias
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Ndey Bassin Jobe
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
| | - Krijn Petrus Paaijmans
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, United States
- ISGlobal, Carrer del Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Distrito da Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Silvie Huijben
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
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14
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Medjigbodo AA, Sonounameto EG, Djihinto OY, Abbey E, Salavi EB, Djossou L, Badolo A, Djogbénou LS. Interplay Between Oxytetracycline and the Homozygote kdr (L1014F) Resistance Genotype on Fecundity in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:13. [PMID: 34379759 PMCID: PMC8356962 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes has remained the major threat for vector control programs but the fitness effects conferred by these mechanisms are poorly understood. To fill this knowledge gap, the present study aimed at testing the hypothesis that antibiotic oxytetracycline could have an interaction with insecticide resistance genotypes and consequently inhibit the fecundity in An. gambiae. Four strains of An. gambiae: Kisumu (susceptible), KisKdr (kdr (L1014F) resistant), AcerKis (ace-1 (G119S) resistant) and AcerKdrKis (both kdr (L1014F) and ace-1 (G119S) resistant) were used in this study. The different strains were allowed to bloodfeed on a rabbit previously treated with antibiotic oxytetracycline at a concentration of 39·10-5 M. Three days later, ovarian follicles were dissected from individual mosquito ovaries into physiological saline solution (0.9% NaCl) under a stereomicroscope and the eggs were counted. Fecundity was substantially lower in oxytetracycline-exposed KisKdr females when compared to that of the untreated individuals and oxytetracycline-exposed Kisumu females. The exposed AcerKis females displayed an increased fecundity compared to their nontreated counterparts whereas they had reduced fecundity compared to that of oxytetracycline-exposed Kisumu females. There was no substantial difference between the fecundity in the treated and untreated AcerKdrKis females. The oxytetracycline-exposed AcerKdrKis mosquitoes had an increased fecundity compared to that of the exposed Kisumu females. Our data indicate an indirect effect of oxytetracycline in reducing fecundity of An. gambiae mosquitoes carrying kdrR (L1014F) genotype. These findings could be useful for designing new integrated approaches for malaria vector control in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - Eric G Sonounameto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Oswald Y Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Emmanuella Abbey
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Esther B Salavi
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Laurette Djossou
- Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP 384, Ouidah, Benin
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
- Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP 384, Ouidah, Benin
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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15
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Impact of deltamethrin-resistance in Aedes albopictus on its fitness cost and vector competence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009391. [PMID: 33905415 PMCID: PMC8104426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes albopictus is one of the most invasive species in the world as well as the important vector for mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya fever and zika virus disease. Chemical control of mosquitoes is an effective method to control mosquito-borne diseases, however, the wide and improper application of insecticides for vector control has led to serious resistance problems. At present, there have been many reports on the resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in vector mosquitoes including deltamethrin to Aedes albopictus. However, the fitness cost and vector competence of deltamethrin resistant Aedes albopictus remain unknown. To understand the impact of insecticide resistant mosquito is of great significance for the prevention and control mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. Methodology/Principal findings A laboratory resistant strain (Lab-R) of Aedes albopictus was established by deltamethrin insecticide selecting from the laboratory susceptible strain (Lab-S). The life table between the two strains were comparatively analyzed. The average development time of Lab-R and Lab-S in larvae was 9.7 days and 8.2 days (P < 0.005), and in pupae was 2.0 days and 1.8 days respectively (P > 0.05), indicating that deltamethrin resistance prolongs the larval development time of resistant mosquitoes. The average survival time of resistant adults was significantly shorter than that of susceptible adults, while the body weight of resistant female adults was significantly higher than that of the susceptible females. We also compared the vector competence for dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) between the two strains via RT-qPCR. Considering the results of infection rate (IR) and virus load, there was no difference between the two strains during the early period of infection (4, 7, 10 day post infection (dpi)). However, in the later period of infection (14 dpi), IR and virus load in heads, salivary glands and ovaries of the resistant mosquitoes were significantly lower than those of the susceptible strain (IR of heads, salivary glands and ovaries: P < 0.05; virus load in heads and salivary glands: P < 0.05; virus load in ovaries: P < 0.001). And then, fourteen days after the DENV-2-infectious blood meal, females of the susceptible and resistant strains were allow to bite 5-day-old suckling mice. Both stains of mosquito can transmit DENV-2 to mice, but the onset of viremia was later in the mice biting by resistant group as well as lower virus copies in serum and brains, suggesting that the horizontal transmission of the resistant strain is lower than the susceptible strain. Meanwhile, we also detected IR of egg pools of the two strains on 14 dpi and found that the resistant strain were less capable of vertical transmission than susceptible mosquitoes. In addition, the average survival time of the resistant females infected with DENV-2 was 16 days, which was the shortest among the four groups of female mosquitoes, suggesting that deltamethrin resistance would shorten the life span of female Aedes albopictus infected with DENV-2. Conclusions/Significance As Aedes albopictus developing high resistance to deltamethrin, the resistance prolonged the growth and development of larvae, shorten the life span of adults, as well as reduced the vector competence of resistant Aedes albopictus for DENV-2. It can be concluded that the resistance to deltamethrin in Aedes albopictus is a double-edged sword, which not only endow the mosquito survive under the pressure of insecticide, but also increase the fitness cost and decrease its vector competence. However, Aedes albopictus resistant to deltamethrin can still complete the external incubation period and transmit dengue virus, which remains a potential vector for dengue virus transmission and becomes a threat to public health. Therefore, we should pay high attention for the problem of insecticide resistance so that to better prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases. Worldwide invasion and expansion of Aedes albopictus, the main vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, has become a serious concern in global public health. With the large use of insecticides, especially the most commonly used pyrethroid insecticides, the emergence and development of resistance in Aedes albopictus present vector control challenges. However, it is not clear whether the resistance would affect the fitness cost and vector competence of Aedes albopictus. In this study, a laboratory resistant strain of Aedes albopictus was established by selecting the susceptible strain of Aedes albopictus with deltamethrin. Comparing the resistant strain with the susceptible strain, we found that deltamethrin resistance increased the fitness cost and reduced the vector competence of DENV-2 in Aedes albopictus. These latest findings shared the light for dengue disease prevention and vector control strategies.
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16
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Caputo B, Pichler V, Bottà G, De Marco C, Hubbart C, Perugini E, Pinto J, Rockett KA, Miles A, Della Torre A. Novel genotyping approaches to easily detect genomic admixture between the major Afrotropical malaria vector species, Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:1504-1516. [PMID: 33590707 PMCID: PMC8252489 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The two most efficient and most recently radiated Afrotropical vectors of human malaria - Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae - are identified by single-locus diagnostic PCR assays based on species-specific markers in a 4 Mb region on chromosome-X centromere. Inherently, these diagnostic assays cannot detect interspecific autosomal admixture shown to be extensive at the westernmost and easternmost extremes of the species range. The main aim of this study was to develop novel, easy-to-implement tools for genotyping An. coluzzii and An. gambiae-specific ancestral informative markers (AIMs) identified from the Anopheles gambiae 1000 genomes (Ag1000G) project. First, we took advantage of this large set of data in order to develop a multilocus approach to genotype 26 AIMs on all chromosome arms valid across the species range. Second, we tested the multilocus assay on samples from Guinea Bissau, The Gambia and Senegal, three countries spanning the westernmost hybridization zone, where conventional species diagnostic is problematic due to the putative presence of a novel "hybrid form". The multilocus assay was able to capture patterns of admixture reflecting those revealed by the whole set of AIMs and provided new original data on interspecific admixture in the region. Third, we developed an easy-to-use, cost-effective PCR approach for genotyping two AIMs on chromosome-3 among those included in the multilocus approach, opening the possibility for advanced identification of species and of admixed specimens during routine large scale entomological surveys, particularly, but not exclusively, at the extremes of the range, where WGS data highlighted unexpected autosomal admixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Giordano Bottà
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo De Marco
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Christina Hubbart
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleonora Perugini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Joao Pinto
- Global Health & Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kirk A Rockett
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Alistair Miles
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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17
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Connolly JB, Mumford JD, Fuchs S, Turner G, Beech C, North AR, Burt A. Systematic identification of plausible pathways to potential harm via problem formulation for investigational releases of a population suppression gene drive to control the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae in West Africa. Malar J 2021; 20:170. [PMID: 33781254 PMCID: PMC8006393 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population suppression gene drive has been proposed as a strategy for malaria vector control. A CRISPR-Cas9-based transgene homing at the doublesex locus (dsxFCRISPRh) has recently been shown to increase rapidly in frequency in, and suppress, caged laboratory populations of the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae. Here, problem formulation, an initial step in environmental risk assessment (ERA), was performed for simulated field releases of the dsxFCRISPRh transgene in West Africa. METHODS Building on consultative workshops in Africa that previously identified relevant environmental and health protection goals for ERA of gene drive in malaria vector control, 8 potentially harmful effects from these simulated releases were identified. These were stratified into 46 plausible pathways describing the causal chain of events that would be required for potential harms to occur. Risk hypotheses to interrogate critical steps in each pathway, and an analysis plan involving experiments, modelling and literature review to test each of those risk hypotheses, were developed. RESULTS Most potential harms involved increased human (n = 13) or animal (n = 13) disease transmission, emphasizing the importance to subsequent stages of ERA of data on vectorial capacity comparing transgenics to non-transgenics. Although some of the pathways (n = 14) were based on known anatomical alterations in dsxFCRISPRh homozygotes, many could also be applicable to field releases of a range of other transgenic strains of mosquito (n = 18). In addition to population suppression of target organisms being an accepted outcome for existing vector control programmes, these investigations also revealed that the efficacy of population suppression caused by the dsxFCRISPRh transgene should itself directly affect most pathways (n = 35). CONCLUSIONS Modelling will play an essential role in subsequent stages of ERA by clarifying the dynamics of this relationship between population suppression and reduction in exposure to specific potential harms. This analysis represents a comprehensive identification of plausible pathways to potential harm using problem formulation for a specific gene drive transgene and organism, and a transparent communication tool that could inform future regulatory studies, guide subsequent stages of ERA, and stimulate further, broader engagement on the use of population suppression gene drive to control malaria vectors in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Connolly
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - John D Mumford
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Silke Fuchs
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Geoff Turner
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ace R North
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Austin Burt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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18
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Soma DD, Zogo BM, Somé A, Tchiekoi BN, Hien DFDS, Pooda HS, Coulibaly S, Gnambani JE, Ouari A, Mouline K, Dahounto A, Ouédraogo GA, Fournet F, Koffi AA, Pennetier C, Moiroux N, Dabiré RK. Anopheles bionomics, insecticide resistance and malaria transmission in southwest Burkina Faso: A pre-intervention study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236920. [PMID: 32745085 PMCID: PMC7398507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Twenty-seven villages were selected in southwest Burkina Faso to implement new vector control strategies in addition to long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) through a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). We conducted entomological surveys in the villages during the dry cold season (January 2017), dry hot season (March 2017) and rainy season (June 2017) to describe malaria vectors bionomics, insecticide resistance and transmission prior to this trial. Methods We carried out hourly catches (from 17:00 to 09:00) inside and outside 4 houses in each village using the Human Landing Catch technique. Mosquitoes were identified using morphological taxonomic keys. Specimens belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus group were identified using molecular techniques as well as detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection and insecticide resistance target-site mutations. Results Eight Anopheles species were detected in the area. Anopheles funestus s.s was the main vector during the dry cold season. It was replaced by Anopheles coluzzii during the dry hot season whereas An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. were the dominant species during the rainy season. Species composition of the Anopheles population varied significantly among seasons. All insecticide resistance mechanisms (kdr-w, kdr-e and ace-1 target site mutations) investigated were found in each members of the An. gambiae complex but at different frequencies. We observed early and late biting phenotypes in the main malaria vector species. Entomological inoculation rates were 2.61, 2.67 and 11.25 infected bites per human per month during dry cold season, dry hot season and rainy season, respectively. Conclusion The entomological indicators of malaria transmission were high despite the universal coverage with LLINs. We detected early and late biting phenotypes in the main malaria vector species as well as physiological insecticide resistance mechanisms. These data will be used to evaluate the impact of complementary tools to LLINs in an upcoming RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Diloma Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Barnabas Mahugnon Zogo
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Université d’Abomey Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Anthony Somé
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bertin N’Cho Tchiekoi
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Hermann Sié Pooda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Université de Dédougou, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sanata Coulibaly
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Ali Ouari
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Karine Mouline
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Amal Dahounto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Florence Fournet
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Cédric Pennetier
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Nicolas Moiroux
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Roch Kounbobr Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Perugini E, Guelbeogo WM, Calzetta M, Manzi S, Virgillito C, Caputo B, Pichler V, Ranson H, Sagnon N, Della Torre A, Pombi M. Behavioural plasticity of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles arabiensis undermines LLIN community protective effect in a Sudanese-savannah village in Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:277. [PMID: 32487147 PMCID: PMC7268364 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the overall major impact of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) in eliciting individual and collective protection to malaria infections, some sub-Saharan countries, including Burkina Faso, still carry a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. This study aims to analyse the possible entomological bases of LLIN limited impact, focusing on a LLIN-protected village in the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso. METHODS Human landing catches (HLCs) were carried out in 2015 for 12 nights both indoors and outdoors at different time windows during the highest biting activity phase for Anopheles gambiae (s.l.). Collected specimens were morphologically and molecularly identified and processed for Plasmodium detection and L1014F insecticide-resistance allele genotyping. RESULTS Almost 2000 unfed An. gambiae (s.l.) (54% Anopheles coluzzii and 44% Anopheles arabiensis) females landing on human volunteers were collected, corresponding to a median number of 23.5 females/person/hour. No significant differences were observed in median numbers of mosquitoes collected indoors and outdoors, nor between sporozoite rates in An. coluzzii (6.1%) and An. arabiensis (5.5%). The estimated median hourly entomological inoculation rate (EIR) on volunteers was 1.4 infective bites/person/hour. Results do not show evidence of the biting peak during night hours typical for An. gambiae (s.l.) in the absence of bednet protection. The frequency of the L1014F resistant allele (n = 285) was 66% in An. coluzzii and 38% in An. arabiensis. CONCLUSIONS The observed biting rate and sporozoite rates are in line with the literature data available for An. gambiae (s.l.) in the same geographical area before LLIN implementation and highlight high levels of malaria transmission in the study village. Homogeneous biting rate throughout the night and lack of preference for indoor-biting activity, suggest the capacity of both An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis to adjust their host-seeking behaviour to bite humans despite bednet protection, accounting for the maintenance of high rates of mosquito infectivity and malaria transmission. These results, despite being limited to a local situation in Burkina Faso, represent a paradigmatic example of how high densities and behavioural plasticity in the vector populations may contribute to explaining the limited impact of LLINs on malaria transmission in holo-endemic Sudanese savannah areas in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Perugini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Wamdaogo Moussa Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou 01, BP 2208, Burkina Faso
| | - Maria Calzetta
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Sara Manzi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Chiara Virgillito
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biodiversità ed Ecologia Molecolare, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - N'Fale Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou 01, BP 2208, Burkina Faso
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Marco Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy.
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20
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Minetti C, Ingham VA, Ranson H. Effects of insecticide resistance and exposure on Plasmodium development in Anopheles mosquitoes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 39:42-49. [PMID: 32109860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The spread of insecticide resistance in anopheline mosquitoes is a serious threat to the success of malaria control and prospects of elimination, but the potential impact(s) of insecticide resistance or sublethal insecticide exposure on Plasmodium-Anopheles interactions are poorly understood. Only a few studies have attempted to investigate such interactions, despite their clear epidemiological significance for malaria transmission. This short review provides an update on our understanding of the interactions between insecticide resistance and exposure and Plasmodium development, focusing on the mechanisms which might underpin any interactions, and identifying some key knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Minetti
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria A Ingham
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, United Kingdom.
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21
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Assogba BS, Pasteur N, Makoundou P, Unal S, Baba-Moussa L, Labbé P, Weill M. Dynamic of resistance alleles of two major insecticide targets in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) populations from Benin, West Africa. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:134. [PMID: 32171326 PMCID: PMC7071764 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-4006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance is a growing concern for malaria control and vector control effectiveness relies on assessing it distribution and understanding its evolution. METHODS We assessed resistance levels and the frequencies of two major target-site mutations, L1014F-VGSC and G119S-ace-1, conferring resistance to pyrethroids (PYRs) and carbamates/organophosphates (CXs/OPs) insecticides. These data were compared to those acquired between 2006 and 2010 to follow resistance evolutionary trends over ten years. RESULTS We report the results of a 3-year survey (2013-2015) of insecticide resistance in 13 localities across the whole country of Benin. Permethrin (PYR) resistance was found in all populations tested, L1014F-VGSC being almost fixed everywhere, while bendiocarb resistance was limited to a few localities, G119S-ace-1 remaining rare, with very limited variations during surveyed period. Interestingly, we found no effect of the type of insecticide pressure on the dynamics of these mutations. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm both the high prevalence of PYR resistance and the potential of CXs/OPs as short- to medium-term alternatives in Benin. They also underline the need for regular resistance monitoring and informed management in their usage, as the G119S-ace-1 mutation is already present in Benin and surrounding countries. Their unwise usage would rapidly lead to its spread, which would jeopardize PYR-resistant Anopheles control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît S. Assogba
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Université d’Abomey Calavi, 05 BP 1604, Cotonou, Benin
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Université d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP 918, Cotonou, Benin
- Disease Control and Elimination Department, Medical Research Council, Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Nicole Pasteur
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Makoundou
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Unal
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Lamine Baba-Moussa
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Université d’Abomey Calavi, 05 BP 1604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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22
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Traoré A, Badolo A, Guelbeogo MW, Sanou A, Viana M, Nelli L, Zongo S, Toé HK, Traoré AS, Ranson H, Sagnon N. Anopheline species composition and the 1014F-genotype in different ecological settings of Burkina Faso in relation to malaria transmission. Malar J 2019; 18:165. [PMID: 31068189 PMCID: PMC6507147 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A three-year longitudinal study was conducted in four sentinel sites from different ecological settings in Burkina Faso, between 2008 and 2010 to identify longitudinal changes in insecticide resistance within Anopheles gambiae complex species based on larval collection. During this study, adult mosquitoes were also collected indoor and outdoor using several methods of collection. The present study reports the diversity of malaria vectors and the 1014F-genotype from this adult collection and investigates the association between this 1014F-genotype and sporozoite rate. Methods Adult mosquitoes were collected from July to August (corresponding to the start of rainy season) and October to November (corresponding to the end of rainy season) over 3 years (2008–2010) at four sites across the country, using pyrethrum spray catches (PSC), exit traps and pit shelters. Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes were identified to species and genotyped for the L1014F kdr mutation by PCR using genomic DNA. The circumsporozoite antigen of Plasmodium falciparum was detected in mosquitoes using sandwich ELISA. Results Overall 9212 anopheline mosquitoes were collected during the study period. Of those, 6767 mosquitoes were identified as Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.). Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles gambiae and or Anopheles funestus were incriminated as vectors of P. falciparum in the study area with an average sporozoite rate of 5%, (95% CI 4.14–5.99%). The kdr1014F-genotype frequencies were 11.44% (95% CI 2.5–39.85%), 19.2% (95% CI 4.53–53.73%) and 89.9 (95% CI 63.14–97.45%), respectively for An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae. The proportion of the 1014F-genotype varied between sporozoite-infected and uninfected An. gambiae s.l. group. There was no significant difference in the 1014F-genotype frequency between infected and uninfected mosquitoes. Conclusion The current study shows the diversity of malaria vectors and significant interaction between species composition and kdr1014F-genotype in An. gambiae complex mosquitoes from Burkina Faso. In this study, no associations were found between the 1014F-genotype and P. falciparum infection in the major malaria vector An. gambiae s.l. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2789-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse Traoré
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. .,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Ouaga1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Ouaga1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa W Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Antoine Sanou
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Soumanaba Zongo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Hyacinthe K Toé
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Alfred S Traoré
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Ouaga1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - N'Falé Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
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23
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Introgression between Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii in Burkina Faso and its associations with kdr resistance and Plasmodium infection. Malar J 2019; 18:127. [PMID: 30971230 PMCID: PMC6458625 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance in Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes has become widespread throughout West Africa including in Burkina Faso. The insecticide resistance allele (kdr or L1014F) is a prime indicator that is highly correlated with phenotypic resistance in West Africa. Studies from Benin, Ghana and Mali have suggested that the source of the L1014F is introgression of the 2L divergence island via interspecific hybridization with Anopheles gambiae. The goal of this study was to characterize local mosquito populations in the Nouna Department, Burkina Faso with respect to: (i) the extent of introgression between An. coluzzii and An. gambiae, (ii) the frequency of the L1014F mutation and (iii) Plasmodium infection rates. METHODS A total of 95 mosquitoes were collected from ten sites surrounding Nouna town in Kossi Province, Burkina Faso in 2012. The species composition, the extent of introgression in An. coluzzii mosquitoes and their Plasmodium infection rates were identified with a modified version of the "Divergence Island SNP" (DIS) genotyping assay. RESULTS The mosquito collection contained 70.5% An. coluzzii, 89.3% of which carried a 3 Mb genomic region on the 2L chromosome with L1014F insecticide resistance mutation that was introgressed from An. gambiae. In addition, 22.4% in the introgressed An. coluzzii specimens were infected with Plasmodium falciparum, whereas none of the non-introgressed ("pure") An. coluzzii were infected. CONCLUSION This paper is the first report providing divergence island SNP genotypes for natural population of Burkina Faso and corresponding Plasmodium infection rates. These observations warrant further study and could have a major impact on future malaria control strategies in Burkina Faso.
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Ndo C, Kopya E, Irving H, Wondji C. Exploring the impact of glutathione S-transferase (GST)-based metabolic resistance to insecticide on vector competence of Anopheles funestus for Plasmodium falciparum. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:52. [PMID: 31976375 PMCID: PMC6957023 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15061.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria control heavily relies on insecticide-based interventions against mosquito vectors. However, the increasing spread of insecticide resistance is a major threat. The extent to which such resistance, notably metabolic resistance, influences the development of the
Plasmodium parasite and its impact on overall malaria transmission remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigated whether glutathione S-transferase-based resistance could influence
Plasmodium falciparum development in
Anopheles funestus. Methods: Anopheles funestus females were infected with
P. falciparum gametocytes and midguts were dissected at day 7 post infection for detection/quantification of oocysts. Infection parameters were compared between individuals with different L119F-GSTe2 genotypes, and the polymorphism of the GSTe2 gene was analyzed in infected and uninfected mosquito groups. Results: Overall, 403
An. funestus mosquitoes were dissected and genotyped. The frequency of the L119F-GSTe2 resistance allele was significantly higher in non-infected (55.88%) compared to infected (40.99%) mosquitoes (Fisher's exact test, P<0.0001). Prevalence of infection was significantly higher in heterozygous and homozygous susceptible genotypes (P<0.001). However, homozygous resistant and heterozygous mosquitoes exhibited significantly higher infection intensity (P<0.01). No association was observed between the GSTe2 polymorphism and the infection status of mosquitoes. Conclusion: Altogether, these results suggest that GSTe2-based metabolic resistance may affect the vectorial competence of resistant
An. funestus mosquitoes to
P. falciparum infection, by possibly increasing its permissiveness to
Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Ndo
- Department of parasitology, Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), Yaoundé, P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Cameroon.,Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Institut de recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, P.O. Box 288, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Institut de recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, P.O. Box 288, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Charles Wondji
- Department of parasitology, Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), Yaoundé, P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon.,Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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Ndo C, Kopya E, Irving H, Wondji C. Exploring the impact of glutathione S-transferase (GST)-based metabolic resistance to insecticide on vector competence of Anopheles funestus for Plasmodium falciparum. Wellcome Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15061.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Malaria control heavily relies on insecticide-based interventions against mosquito vectors. However, the increasing spread of insecticide resistance is a major threat. The extent to which such resistance, notably metabolic resistance, interferes with the development of thePlasmodiumparasite and its impact on overall malaria transmission remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigated whether glutathione S-transferase-based resistance could influencePlasmodium falciparumdevelopment inAnopheles funestus.Methods:Anopheles funestusfemales were infected withP. falciparumgametocytes and midguts were dissected at day 7 post infection for detection/quantification of oocysts. Infection parameters were compared between individual with different L119F-GSTe2 genotypes, and the polymorphism of the GSTe2 gene was analyzed in infected and uninfected mosquito groups.Results:Overall, 403 mosquitoes were dissected and genotyped. The frequency of the L119F-GSTe2 resistance allele was significantly higher in non-infected (55.88%) compared to infected (40.99%) mosquitoes (Fisher's exact test, P<0.0001). Prevalence of infection was significantly higher in heterozygous and homozygous susceptible genotypes (P<0.001). However, homozygous resistant and heterozygous mosquitoes exhibited significantly higher infection intensity (P<0.01). No association was observed between the GSTe2 polymorphism and the infection status of mosquitoes.Conclusion:Altogether, these results suggest that GSTe2-based metabolic resistance may affect the vectorial competence of resistantAn. funestusmosquitoes toP. falciparuminfection, by increasing its permissiveness toPlasmodiuminfection.
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Huijben S, Paaijmans KP. Putting evolution in elimination: Winning our ongoing battle with evolving malaria mosquitoes and parasites. Evol Appl 2018; 11:415-430. [PMID: 29636796 PMCID: PMC5891050 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2000, the world has made significant progress in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality, and several countries in Africa, South America and South-East Asia are working hard to eliminate the disease. These elimination efforts continue to rely heavily on antimalarial drugs and insecticide-based interventions, which remain the cornerstones of malaria treatment and prevention. However, resistance has emerged against nearly every antimalarial drug and insecticide that is available. In this review we discuss the evolutionary consequences of the way we currently implement antimalarial interventions, which is leading to resistance and may ultimately lead to control failure, but also how evolutionary principles can be applied to extend the lifespan of current and novel interventions. A greater understanding of the general evolutionary principles that are at the core of emerging resistance is urgently needed if we are to develop improved resistance management strategies with the ultimate goal to achieve a malaria-free world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Huijben
- ISGlobalBarcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB)Hospital Clínic ‐ Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Krijn P. Paaijmans
- ISGlobalBarcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB)Hospital Clínic ‐ Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de ManhiçaMaputoMozambique
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Hua J, Wuerthner VP, Jones DK, Mattes B, Cothran RD, Relyea RA, Hoverman JT. Evolved pesticide tolerance influences susceptibility to parasites in amphibians. Evol Appl 2017; 10:802-812. [PMID: 29151872 PMCID: PMC5680434 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Because ecosystems throughout the globe are contaminated with pesticides, there is a need to understand how natural populations cope with pesticides and the implications for ecological interactions. From an evolutionary perspective, there is evidence that pesticide tolerance can be achieved via two mechanisms: selection for constitutive tolerance over multiple generations or by inducing tolerance within a single generation via phenotypic plasticity. While both mechanisms can allow organisms to persist in contaminated environments, they might result in different performance trade-offs including population susceptibility to parasites. We have identified 15 wood frog populations that exist along a gradient from close to agriculture and high, constitutive pesticide tolerance to far from agriculture and inducible pesticide tolerance. Using these populations, we investigated the relationship between evolutionary responses to the common insecticide carbaryl and host susceptibility to the trematode Echinoparyphium lineage 3 and ranavirus using laboratory exposure assays. For Echinoparyphium, we discovered that wood frog populations living closer to agriculture with high, constitutive tolerance experienced lower loads than populations living far from agriculture with inducible pesticide tolerance. For ranavirus, we found no relationship between the mechanism of evolved pesticide tolerance and survival, but populations living closer to agriculture with high, constitutive tolerance experienced higher viral loads than populations far from agriculture with inducible tolerance. Land use and mechanisms of evolved pesticide tolerance were associated with susceptibility to parasites, but the direction of the relationship is dependent on the type of parasite, underscoring the complexity between land use and disease outcomes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that evolved pesticide tolerance can indirectly influence host-parasite interactions and underscores the importance of including evolutionary processes in ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hua
- Biological Sciences Department Binghamton University (SUNY) Binghamton NY USA
| | - Vanessa P Wuerthner
- Biological Sciences Department Binghamton University (SUNY) Binghamton NY USA
| | - Devin K Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
| | - Brian Mattes
- Department of Biological Sciences Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
| | - Rickey D Cothran
- Biological Sciences Department Southwestern Oklahoma State University Weatherford OK USA
| | - Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
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Alout H, Labbé P, Chandre F, Cohuet A. Malaria Vector Control Still Matters despite Insecticide Resistance. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:610-618. [PMID: 28499699 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito vectors' resistance to insecticides is usually considered a major threat to the recent progresses in malaria control. However, studies measuring the impact of interventions and insecticide resistance reveal inconsistencies when using entomological versus epidemiological indices. First, evaluation tests that do not reflect the susceptibility of mosquitoes when they are infectious may underestimate insecticide efficacy. Moreover, interactions between insecticide resistance and vectorial capacity reveal nonintuitive outcomes of interventions. Therefore, considering ecological interactions between vector, parasite, and environment highlights that the impact of insecticide resistance on the malaria burden is not straightforward and we suggest that vector control still matters despite insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoues Alout
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, University of Montpellier, ISEM - UMR 5554, Montpellier, France.
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, University of Montpellier, ISEM - UMR 5554, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France.
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Smith TA, Chitnis N, Penny M, Tanner M. Malaria Modeling in the Era of Eradication. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a025460. [PMID: 28003280 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical models provide the essential basis of rational research and development strategies in malaria, informing the choice of which technologies to target, which deployment strategies to consider, and which populations to focus on. The Internet and remote sensing technologies also enable assembly of ever more relevant field data. Together with supercomputing technology, this has made available timely descriptions of the geography of malaria transmission and disease across the world and made it possible for policy and planning to be informed by detailed simulations of the potential impact of intervention programs. These information technology advances do not replace the basic understanding of the dynamics of malaria transmission that should be embedded in the thinking of anyone planning malaria interventions. The appropriate use of modeling may determine whether we are living in an era of hubris or indeed in an age of eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel CH 4002, Switzerland; and University of Basel, Basel CH 4001, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel CH 4002, Switzerland; and University of Basel, Basel CH 4001, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Penny
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel CH 4002, Switzerland; and University of Basel, Basel CH 4001, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel CH 4002, Switzerland; and University of Basel, Basel CH 4001, Switzerland
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Chouaïbou M, Kouadio FB, Tia E, Djogbenou L. First report of the East African kdr mutation in an Anopheles gambiae mosquito in Côte d'Ivoire. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:8. [PMID: 28317032 PMCID: PMC5351847 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10662.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The intensive use of insecticides in public health and agriculture has led to the development of insecticide resistances in malaria vectors across sub-Saharan Africa countries in the last two decades. The kdr target site point mutation which is among the best characterised resistance mechanisms seems to be changing its distribution patterns on the African continent. The 1014F kdr mutation originally described only in West Africa is spreading to East Africa while the 1014S kdr mutation originally described in East Africa, is spreading to West and Central Africa. However, the East-kdr mutation has not been reported in Côte d'Ivoire so far. Methods. Immature stages of Anopheles gambiae s.l. were collected from breeding sites at the outskirts of Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire. Emerging 3-5 day old adult female mosquitoes were tested for susceptibility to deltamethrin 0.05%, malathion 5%, bendiocarb 1% and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 4% according to WHO standard procedures. A total of 50 An. gambiae s.l. specimens were drawn at random for DNA extraction and identification down to the species level. A subsample of 30 mosquitoes was tested for the East-African kdr mutation using a Taqman assay. Results. The tested mosquito population appeared to be strongly resistant to deltamethrin (1.03% mortality), bendiocarb (38.46% mortality) and DDT (0% mortality) with probable resistance observed for malathion (92.47%). Among the 41 mosquitoes that were successfully characterized, An. coluzzii was predominant (68.3%) followed by An. gambiae s.s. (19.5%) and a few hybrids (7.3%). Out of 30 specimens genotyped for East-kdr, a single hybrid mosquito appeared to be heterozygous for the mutation. Conclusion. The present study revealed the presence of the East-kdr mutation in Côte d'Ivoire for the first time in An. gambiae and highlights the urgent need to start monitoring the allele and genotype frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamadou Chouaïbou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Fodjo Behi Kouadio
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.,Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Emmanuel Tia
- Centre d'Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Luc Djogbenou
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Ouidah, Benin.,Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
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Olé Sangba ML, Sidick A, Govoetchan R, Dide-Agossou C, Ossè RA, Akogbeto M, Ndiath MO. Evidence of multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae populations in Bangui, Central African Republic. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:23. [PMID: 28086840 PMCID: PMC5237250 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of insecticide resistance status in the main malaria vectors is an essential component of effective malaria vector control. This study presents the first evaluation of the status of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae populations from Bangui, the Central African Republic. Methods Anopheles mosquitoes were reared from larvae collected in seven districts of Bangui between September to November 2014. The World Health Organisation’s bioassay susceptibility tests to lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%), deltamethrin (0.05%), DDT (4%), malathion (5%), fenitrothion (1%) and bendiocarb (0.1%) were performed on adult females. Species and molecular forms as well as the presence of L1014F kdr and Ace-1R mutations were assessed by PCR. Additional tests were conducted to assess metabolic resistance status. Results After 1 h exposure, a significant difference of knockdown effect was observed between districts in all insecticides tested except deltamethrin and malathion. The mortality rate (MR) of pyrethroids group ranging from 27% (CI: 19–37.5) in Petevo to 86% (CI: 77.6–92.1) in Gbanikola; while for DDT, MR ranged from 5% (CI: 1.6–11.3) in Centre-ville to 39% (CI: 29.4–49.3) in Ouango. For the organophosphate group a MR of 100% was observed in all districts except Gbanikola where a MR of 96% (CI: 90–98.9) was recorded. The mortality induced by bendiocarb was very heterogeneous, ranging from 75% (CI: 62.8–82.8) in Yapele to 99% (CI: 84.5–100) in Centre-ville. A high level of kdr-w (L1014F) frequency was observed in all districts ranging from 93 to 100%; however, no kdr-e (L1014S) and Ace-1R mutation were found in all tested mosquitoes. Data of biochemical analysis showed significant overexpression activities of cytochrome P450, GST and esterases in Gbanikola and Yapele (χ2 = 31.85, df = 2, P < 0.001). By contrast, esterases activities using α and β-naphthyl acetate were significantly low in mosquitoes from PK10 and Ouango in comparison to Kisumu strain (χ2 = 17.34, df = 2, P < 0.005). Conclusions Evidence of resistance to DDT and pyrethroids as well as precocious emergence of resistance to carbamates were detected among A. gambiae mosquitoes from Bangui, including target-site mutations and metabolic mechanisms. The co-existence of these resistance mechanisms in A. gambiae may be a serious obstacle for the future success of malaria control programmes in this region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1965-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lidwine Olé Sangba
- G4 Malaria Group, Institut Pasteur of Bangui, BP 926, Bangui, Central African Republic.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.,Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Aboubakar Sidick
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Renaud Govoetchan
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, 06 BP 2604, Benin.,Ecole Nationale des Sciences et Techniques Agricole de Djougou (ENSTA), Université des Sciences Arts et Techniques de Natitingou (USATN), Natitingou, Benin
| | - Christian Dide-Agossou
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Razaki A Ossè
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, 06 BP 2604, Benin.,Ecole de Gestion et d'Exploitation des Systèmes d'Elevage (EGESE), Université d'Agriculture de Kétou (UAK), Kétou, Benin
| | - Martin Akogbeto
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.,Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath
- G4 Malaria Group, Institut Pasteur of Bangui, BP 926, Bangui, Central African Republic. .,G4 Malaria Group, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar BP 1274, Ambatofotsikely Avaradoha 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
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32
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The threat (or not) of insecticide resistance for malaria control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8900-2. [PMID: 27482081 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609889113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Alout H, Dabiré RK, Djogbénou LS, Abate L, Corbel V, Chandre F, Cohuet A. Interactive cost of Plasmodium infection and insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29755. [PMID: 27432257 PMCID: PMC4949420 DOI: 10.1038/srep29755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance raises concerns for the control of vector-borne diseases. However, its impact on parasite transmission could be diverse when considering the ecological interactions between vector and parasite. Thus we investigated the fitness cost associated with insecticide resistance and Plasmodium falciparum infection as well as their interactive cost on Anopheles gambiae survival and fecundity. In absence of infection, we observed a cost on fecundity associated with insecticide resistance. However, survival was higher for mosquito bearing the kdr mutation and equal for those with the ace-1(R) mutation compared to their insecticide susceptible counterparts. Interestingly, Plasmodium infection reduced survival only in the insecticide resistant strains but not in the susceptible one and infection was associated with an increase in fecundity independently of the strain considered. This study provides evidence for a survival cost associated with infection by Plasmodium parasite only in mosquito selected for insecticide resistance. This suggests that the selection of insecticide resistance mutation may have disturbed the interaction between parasites and vectors, resulting in increased cost of infection. Considering the fitness cost as well as other ecological aspects of this natural mosquito-parasite combination is important to predict the epidemiological impact of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoues Alout
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Roch K. Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Luc S. Djogbénou
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique/Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 918 Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Luc Abate
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Corbel
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
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Kristan M, Lines J, Nuwa A, Ntege C, Meek SR, Abeku TA. Exposure to deltamethrin affects development of Plasmodium falciparum inside wild pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes in Uganda. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:100. [PMID: 26911550 PMCID: PMC4765236 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyrethroid resistance in African vector mosquitoes is a threat to malaria control. Resistant mosquitoes can survive insecticide doses that would normally be lethal. We studied effects of such doses on Plasmodium falciparum development inside kdr-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. in Uganda. Methods We collected An. gambiae s.s. homozygous for kdr-L1014S mutation, fed them on blood samples from 42 P. falciparum-infected local patients, then exposed them either to nets treated with sub-lethal doses of deltamethrin or to untreated nets. After seven days, we dissected 692 mosquitoes and examined their midguts for oocysts. Prevalence (proportion infected) and intensity of infection (number of oocysts per infected mosquito) were recorded for each group. Results Both prevalence and intensity of infection were significantly reduced in deltamethrin-exposed mosquitoes, compared to those exposed to untreated nets. With low doses (2.5–5.0 mg/m2), prevalence was reduced by 59 % (95 % CI = 22 %-78 %) and intensity by 41 % (95 % CI = 25 %-54 %). With high doses (10–16.7 mg/m2), prevalence was reduced by 80 % (95 % CI = 67 %-88 %) and intensity by 34 % (95 % CI = 20 %-46 %). Conclusions We showed that, with locally-sampled parasites and mosquitoes, doses of pyrethroids that are sub-lethal for resistant mosquitoes can interfere with parasite development inside mosquitoes. This mechanism could enable pyrethroid-treated nets to prevent malaria transmission despite increasing vector resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Jo Lines
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | - Charles Ntege
- Kyankwanzi District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Butemba, Uganda.
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Deredec A, O'Loughlin SM, Hui TYJ, Burt A. Partitioning the contributions of alternative malaria vector species. Malar J 2016; 15:60. [PMID: 26847084 PMCID: PMC4743401 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In many locations malaria is transmitted by more than one vector species. Some vector control interventions, in particular those using genetic approaches, are likely to be targeted against a single species or species complex, at least initially, and it would therefore be useful to be able to predict the epidemiological impact of controlling a single species when multiple vector species are present. Methods To address this issue, the classical Ross-McDonald model of malaria epidemiology is expanded to account for multiple vector species, giving expressions for the equilibrium prevalence, sporozoite rates and reproductive number. These allow one to predict when control of just one vector species will lead to elimination of the disease. Application of the model is illustrated using published data from a particularly extensive entomological and epidemiological survey before the rollout of bed nets in eastern Kenya, where Anopheles gambiaes.l. and An. funestus were vectors. Results Meta-analysis indicates that sporozoite rates were 38 % higher in An. gambiaes.l. than in An. funestus, and, according to the model, this difference could be due to An. gambiae s.l. having a higher frequency of feeding on humans, a higher human-to-mosquito transmission rate, a lower adult mortality rate, and/or a shorter incubation period. Further calculations suggest that An. gambiaes.l. would have been sufficient to maintain transmission by itself throughout the region, whereas An. funestus would not have been able to support transmission by itself in Malindi District. Conclusions Partitioning the contributions of different vector species may allow us to predict whether malaria will persist after targeted vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Deredec
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, London, SL5 7 PY, UK. .,UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Samantha M O'Loughlin
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, London, SL5 7 PY, UK.
| | - Tin-Yu J Hui
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, London, SL5 7 PY, UK.
| | - Austin Burt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, London, SL5 7 PY, UK.
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Genetic Structure of a Local Population of the Anopheles gambiae Complex in Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145308. [PMID: 26731649 PMCID: PMC4701492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Anopheles gambiae species complex are primary vectors of human malaria in Africa. Population heterogeneities for ecological and behavioral attributes expand and stabilize malaria transmission over space and time, and populations may change in response to vector control, urbanization and other factors. There is a need for approaches to comprehensively describe the structure and characteristics of a sympatric local mosquito population, because incomplete knowledge of vector population composition may hinder control efforts. To this end, we used a genome-wide custom SNP typing array to analyze a population collection from a single geographic region in West Africa. The combination of sample depth (n = 456) and marker density (n = 1536) unambiguously resolved population subgroups, which were also compared for their relative susceptibility to natural genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The population subgroups display fluctuating patterns of differentiation or sharing across the genome. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium identified 19 new candidate genes for association with underlying population divergence between sister taxa, A. coluzzii (M-form) and A. gambiae (S-form).
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Mitri C, Markianos K, Guelbeogo WM, Bischoff E, Gneme A, Eiglmeier K, Holm I, Sagnon N, Vernick KD, Riehle MM. The kdr-bearing haplotype and susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles gambiae: genetic correlation and functional testing. Malar J 2015; 14:391. [PMID: 26445487 PMCID: PMC4596459 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the Anophelesgambiae species complex are primary vectors of human malaria in Africa. It is known that a large haplotype shared between An. gambiae and Anophelescoluzzii by introgression carries point mutations of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene para, including the L1014F kdr mutation associated with insensitivity to pyrethroid insecticides. Carriage of L1014F kdr is also correlated with higher susceptibility to infection with Plasmodium falciparum. However, the genetic mechanism and causative gene(s) underlying the parasite susceptibility phenotype are not known. Methods Mosquitoes from the wild Burkina Faso population were challenged by feeding on natural P. falciparum gametocytes. Oocyst infection phenotypes were determined and were tested for association with SNP genotypes. Candidate genes in the detected locus were prioritized and RNAi-mediated gene silencing was used to functionally test for gene effects on P. falciparum susceptibility. Results A genetic locus, Pfin6, was identified that influences infection levels of P. falciparum in mosquitoes. The locus segregates as a ~3 Mb haplotype carrying 65 predicted genes including the para gene. The haplotype carrying the kdr allele of para is linked to increased parasite infection prevalence, but many single nucleotide polymorphisms on the haplotype are also equally linked to the infection phenotype. Candidate genes in the haplotype were prioritized and functionally tested. Silencing of para did not influence P. falciparum infection, while silencing of a predicted immune gene, serine protease ClipC9, allowed development of significantly increased parasite numbers. Conclusions Genetic variation influencing Plasmodium infection in wild Anopheles is linked to a natural ~3 megabase haplotype on chromosome 2L that carries the kdr allele of the para gene. Evidence suggests that para gene function does not directly influence parasite susceptibility, and the association of kdr with infection may be due to tight linkage of kdr with other gene(s) on the haplotype. Further work will be required to determine if ClipC9 influences the outcome of P. falciparum infection in nature, as well as to confirm the absence of a direct influence by para. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0924-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mitri
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Kyriacos Markianos
- Program in Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Emmanuel Bischoff
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Awa Gneme
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Karin Eiglmeier
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Inge Holm
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - N'Fale Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Michelle M Riehle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Emerging knock-down resistance in Anopheles arabiensis populations of Dakar, Senegal: first evidence of a high prevalence of kdr-e mutation in West African urban area. Malar J 2015; 14:364. [PMID: 26395241 PMCID: PMC4579585 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urban malaria is now considered a major emerging health problem in Africa and urban insecticide resistance may represent a serious threat to the ambitious programme of further scaling-up coverage with long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spray. This study evaluates the levels and mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae populations in 44 urban areas of Dakar in a longitudinal entomological surveillance study. Methods Adult mosquitoes sampled by night-landing catches at 44 sites across Dakar from 2007 to 2010 were genotyped to assess the frequency and distribution of resistance alleles. In addition World Health Organization susceptibility tests to six insecticides were performed on F0 adults issuing from immature stages of An. gambiae s.l. sampled in August 2010, 2011 and 2012 in three sites of Dakar: Pikine, Thiaroye and Almadies and repeated in 2012 with three of the insecticides after PBO exposure to test for mechanisms of oxydase resistance. Species, molecular forms and the presence of kdr and ace-1 mutations were assessed by polymerase chain reaction. Results High frequencies of the kdr-e allele, ranging from 35 to 100 %, were found in Anopheles arabiensis at all 44 sites. The insecticide susceptibility tests indicated sensitivity to bendiocarb in Almadies in 2010 and 2011 and in Yarakh between 2010 and 2012 and sensitivity to fenitrothion in Almadies in 2010. The mortality rate of EE genotype mosquitoes was lower and that of SS mosquitoes was higher than that of SE mosquitoes, while the mortality rate of the SW genotype was slightly higher than that of the SE genotype. Pyperonyl butoxide (PBO) had a significant effect on mortality in Pikine (OR = 1.4, 95 % CI = 1.3–1.5, with mortality of 42–55 % after exposure and 11–17 % without PBO) and Yarakh (OR = 1.6, 95 % CI = 1.4–1.7, with mortality of 68–81 % after exposure and 23–37 % without), but not in Almadies (OR = 1.0, 95 % CI = 0.9–1.1). Conclusion A high prevalence of kdr-e in West Africa was demonstrated, and knock-down resistance mechanisms predominate although some oxidases mechanisms (cytochrome P450 monooxygenases) also occur. In view of the increased use of insecticides and the proposed role of the kdr gene in the susceptibility of Anopheles to Plasmodium, this finding will significantly affect the success of vector control programmes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0898-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Saddler A, Burda PC, Koella JC. Resisting infection by Plasmodium berghei increases the sensitivity of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae to DDT. Malar J 2015; 14:134. [PMID: 25888982 PMCID: PMC4379605 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of insecticide resistance threatens current malaria control methods, which rely heavily on chemical insecticides. The magnitude of the threat will be determined by the phenotypic expression of resistance in those mosquitoes that can transmit malaria. These differ from the majority of the mosquito population in two main ways; they carry sporozoites (the infectious stage of the Plasmodium parasite) and they are relatively old, as they need to survive the development period of the malaria parasite. This study examines the effects of infection by Plasmodium berghei and of mosquito age on the sensitivity to DDT in a DDT-resistant strain of Anopheles gambiae. Methods DDT-resistant Anopheles gambiae (ZANU) mosquitoes received a blood meal from either a mouse infected with Plasmodium berghei or an uninfected mouse. 10 and 19 days post blood meal the mosquitoes were exposed to 2%, 1% or 0% DDT using WHO test kits. 24 hrs after exposure, mortality and Plasmodium infection status of the mosquitoes were recorded. Results Sensitivity to DDT increased with the mosquitoes’ age and was higher in mosquitoes that had fed on Plasmodium-infected mice than in those that had not been exposed to the parasite. The latter effect was mainly due to the high sensitivity of mosquitoes that had fed on an infected mouse but were not themselves infected, while the sensitivity to DDT was only slightly higher in mosquitoes infected by Plasmodium than in those that had fed on an uninfected mouse. Conclusions The observed pattern indicates a cost of parasite-resistance. It suggests that, in addition to the detrimental effect of insecticide-resistance on control, the continued use of insecticides in a population of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes could select mosquitoes to be more susceptible to Plasmodium infection, thus further decreasing the efficacy of the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Saddler
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 2PZ, UK. .,Faculté des Sciences, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland. .,Department of Health Interventions, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,Ifakara Health Institute, Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania. .,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, 4003, Switzerland.
| | | | - Jacob C Koella
- Faculté des Sciences, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Wang Y, Yu W, Shi H, Yang Z, Xu J, Ma Y. Historical survey of the kdr mutations in the populations of Anopheles sinensis in China in 1996-2014. Malar J 2015; 14:120. [PMID: 25888824 PMCID: PMC4371805 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles sinensis has become an important malaria vector in China. The long-term extensive utilization of pyrethroids for ITNs and IRS for mosquito control in the last three decades has resulted in the occurrence of resistant An. sinensis populations in many regions. Knockdown resistance (kdr), caused by point mutations in the VGSC gene, is one of the mechanisms that confer resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Recently, several investigations revealed the kdr occurrence in some An. sinensis populations, however, no kdr data were available earlier than 2009. A survey tracking the dynamics of the kdr mutations in past decades would provide invaluable information to understand how the kdr alleles spread in mosquito populations temporally and spatially. Methods A survey was conducted on the kdr alleles at condon 1014 of the VGSC gene and their distributions in 733 specimens of An. sinensis and 232 specimens of the other eight member species of the Anopheles hyrcanus group that were collected from 17 provinces in China in 1996–2014. Results A total of three kdr alleles, TTT (F), TTG (F) and TGT (C) were detected, and TGT (C) and TTT (F) were already present in the specimens from Jiangsu and Shandong as early as 1997. The TTT (F) was the most frequent mutant allele, and largely distributed in central China, namely Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shanghai, Jiangxi and Hubei. When data were analysed in three time intervals, 1996–2001, 2005–2009, 2010–2014, the prevalence of kdr alleles increased progressively over time in the populations in central China. In contrast, the kdr alleles were less frequent in the samples from other regions, especially in Yunnan and Hainan, despite the documented presence of pyrethroid resistant populations in those regions. Interestingly, no mutant alleles were detected in all 232 specimens of eight other species in the An. hyrcanus group. Conclusion The survey revealed that the kdr occurrence and accumulation in the An. sinensis populations were more frequent in central China than in the other regions, suggesting that the kdr mutations may contribute significantly to the pyrethroid resistance in the mosquitoes in central China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0644-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Wanqin Yu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Hua Shi
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of P. L.A., Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of P. L.A., Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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