1
|
Partey FD, Dowuona JNN, Pobee ANA, Walker MR, Aculley B, Prah DA, Ofori MF, Barfod LK. Atypical memory B cell frequency correlates with antibody breadth and function in malaria immune adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4888. [PMID: 38418831 PMCID: PMC10902325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical immunity to malaria develops slowly after repeated episodes of infection and antibodies are essential in naturally acquired immunity against malaria. However, chronic exposure to malaria has been linked to perturbation in B-cell homeostasis with the accumulation of atypical memory B cells. It is unclear how perturbations in B cell subsets influence antibody breadth, avidity, and function in individuals naturally exposed to malaria. We show that individuals living in high malaria transmission regions in Ghana have higher Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigen-specific antibodies and an increased antibody breadth score but lower antibody avidities relative to low transmission regions. The frequency of circulating atypical memory B cells is positively associated with an individual's antibody breadth. In vitro growth inhibition is independent of the ability to bind to free merozoites but associated with the breadth of antibody reactivity in an individual. Taken together, our data shows that repeated malaria episodes hamper the development of high avid antibodies which is compensated for by an increase in antibody breadth. Our results provide evidence to reinforce the idea that in regions with high malaria prevalence, repeated malaria infections lead to the broadening of antibody diversity and the continued presence of atypical memory B cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Melanie Rose Walker
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Belinda Aculley
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Diana Ahu Prah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael Fokuo Ofori
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Lea Klingenberg Barfod
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marin AA, Juillard A, Katzin AM, Carvalho LJ, Grau GE. Perillyl alcohol modulates activation, permeability and integrity of human brain endothelial cells induced by Plasmodium falciparum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e230033. [PMID: 37403869 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe immunovasculopathy caused for Plasmodium falciparum infection, which is characterised by the sequestration of parasitised red blood cells (pRBCs) in brain microvessels. Previous studies have shown that some terpenes, such as perillyl alcohol (POH), exhibit a marked efficacy in preventing cerebrovascular inflammation, breakdown of the brain-blood barrier (BBB) and brain leucocyte accumulation in experimental CM models. OBJECTIVE To analyse the effects of POH on the endothelium using human brain endothelial cell (HBEC) monolayers co-cultured with pRBCs. METHODOLOGY The loss of tight junction proteins (TJPs) and features of endothelial activation, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression were evaluated by quantitative immunofluorescence. Microvesicle (MV) release by HBEC upon stimulation by P. falciparum was evaluated by flow cytometry. Finally, the capacity of POH to revert P. falciparum-induced HBEC monolayer permeability was examined by monitoring trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). FINDINGS POH significantly prevented pRBCs-induced endothelial adhesion molecule (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) upregulation and MV release by HBEC, improved their trans-endothelial resistance, and restored their distribution of TJPs such as VE-cadherin, Occludin, and JAM-A. CONCLUSIONS POH is a potent monoterpene that is efficient in preventing P. falciparum-pRBCs-induced changes in HBEC, namely their activation, increased permeability and alterations of integrity, all parameters of relevance to CM pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A Marin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- University of Sydney, Department of Pathology, Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annette Juillard
- University of Sydney, Department of Pathology, Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alejandro M Katzin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Jm Carvalho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Georges Er Grau
- University of Sydney, Department of Pathology, Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Panda M, Das B, Bantun F, Panda AK, Wahid M, Mandal RK, Qusty NF, Haque S, Ravindran B. Differential differentiation of B cell lymphopoiesis in lethal and non-lethal murine malaria models. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37144664 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2205200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells in protection against malaria and need of experiencing many episodes in humans to achieve a state of immunity is largely unknown. The cellular basis of such defects in terms of B cell generation, maturation and trafficking was studied by taking Plasmodium chabaudi, a non-lethal and Plasmodium berghei, a lethal murine model. A flow cytometry (FCF) based evaluation was used to study alterations in generation and maintenance of B cells in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria as well as in murine malaria models. A significant accumulation of mature B cells in bone marrow and immature B cells in circulation was a feature observed only in lethal malaria. At peak parasitaemia, both the models induce a significant decrease in T2 (transitional) B cells with expansion of T1B cells. Studies in patients with acute Pf malaria showed a significant expansion of memory B cells and TB cells with a concomitant decrease in naive2 B cells as compared with healthy controls. This study clearly demonstrates that acute malarial infection induces major disturbances in B cell development in lymphoid organs and trafficking in periphery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Panda
- Infectious Disease Biology Group, DBT-Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Bidyut Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Farkad Bantun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aditya K Panda
- Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur, India
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raju K Mandal
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naeem F Qusty
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Balachandran Ravindran
- Infectious Disease Biology Group, DBT-Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Whole blood transfusion improves vascular integrity and increases survival in artemether-treated experimental cerebral malaria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12077. [PMID: 34103601 PMCID: PMC8187502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological features observed in both human and experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) are endothelial dysfunction and changes in blood components. Blood transfusion has been routinely used in patients with severe malarial anemia and can also benefit comatose and acidotic malaria patients. In the present study Plasmodium berghei-infected mice were transfused intraperitoneally with 200 μL of whole blood along with 20 mg/kg of artemether. ECM mice showed severe thrombocytopenia and decreases in hematocrit. Artemether treatment markedly aggravated anemia within 24 h. Whole blood administration significantly prevented further drop in hematocrit and partially restored the platelet count. Increased levels of plasma angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) remained high 24 h after artemether treatment but returned to normal levels 24 h after blood transfusion, indicating reversal to quiescence. Ang-1 was depleted in ECM mice and levels were not restored by any treatment. Blood transfusion prevented the aggravation of the breakdown of blood brain barrier after artemether treatment and decreased spleen congestion without affecting splenic lymphocyte populations. Critically, blood transfusion resulted in markedly improved survival of mice with ECM (75.9% compared to 50.9% receiving artemether only). These findings indicate that whole blood transfusion can be an effective adjuvant therapy for cerebral malaria.
Collapse
|
5
|
Soon MSF, Nalubega M, Boyle MJ. T-follicular helper cells in malaria infection and roles in antibody induction. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab008. [PMID: 36845571 PMCID: PMC9914587 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity to malaria is mediated by antibodies that block parasite replication to limit parasite burden and prevent disease. Cytophilic antibodies have been consistently shown to be associated with protection, and recent work has improved our understanding of the direct and Fc-mediated mechanisms of protective antibodies. Antibodies also have important roles in vaccine-mediated immunity. Antibody induction is driven by the specialized CD4+ T cells, T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which function within the germinal centre to drive B-cell activation and antibody induction. In humans, circulating Tfh cells can be identified in peripheral blood and are differentiated into subsets that appear to have pathogen/vaccination-specific roles in antibody induction. Tfh cell responses are essential for protective immunity from Plasmodium infection in murine models of malaria. Our understanding of the activation of Tfh cells during human malaria infection and the importance of different Tfh cell subsets in antibody development is still emerging. This review will discuss our current knowledge of Tfh cell activation and development in malaria, and the potential avenues and pitfalls of targeting Tfh cells to improve malaria vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan S F Soon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QIMR-Berghofer, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Mayimuna Nalubega
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Tororo District Hospital, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QIMR-Berghofer, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia,Correspondence address. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yui K, Inoue SI. Host-pathogen interaction in the tissue environment during Plasmodium blood-stage infection. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12763. [PMID: 32497249 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human malarial infection occurs after an infectious Anopheles mosquito bites. Following the initial liver-stage infection, parasites transform into merozoites, infecting red blood cells (RBCs). Repeated RBC infection then occurs during the blood-stage infection, while patients experience various malarial symptoms. Protective immune responses are elicited by this systemic infection, but excessive responses are sometimes harmful for hosts. As parasites infect only RBCs and their immediate precursors during this stage, direct parasite-host interactions occur primarily in the environment surrounded by endothelial lining of blood vessels. The spleen is the major organ where the immune system encounters infected RBCs, causing immunological responses. Its tissue structure is markedly altered during malarial infection in mice and humans. Plasmodium falciparum parasites inside RBCs express proteins, such as PfEMP-1 and RIFIN, transported to the RBC surfaces in order to evade immunological attack by sequestering themselves in the peripheral vasculature avoiding spleen or by direct immune cell inhibition through inhibitory receptors. Host cell production of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-27 limits excessive immune responses, avoiding tissue damage. The regulation of the protective and inhibitory immune responses through host-parasite interactions allows chronic Plasmodium infection. In this review, we discuss underlying interaction mechanisms relevant for developing effective strategies against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Yui
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lewis SM, Williams A, Eisenbarth SC. Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/33/eaau6085. [PMID: 30824527 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body and, as such, hosts a wide range of immunologic functions alongside its roles in hematopoiesis and red blood cell clearance. The physical organization of the spleen allows it to filter blood of pathogens and abnormal cells and facilitate low-probability interactions between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and cognate lymphocytes. APCs specific to the spleen regulate the T and B cell response to these antigenic targets in the blood. This review will focus on cell types, cell organization, and immunologic functions specific to the spleen and how these affect initiation of adaptive immunity to systemic blood-borne antigens. Potential differences in structure and function between mouse and human spleen will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Lewis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam Williams
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Henning A, Clift SJ, Leisewitz AL. The pathology of the spleen in lethal canine babesiosis caused by Babesia rossi. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12706. [PMID: 32119124 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To provide useful information based on the macropathology, histopathology and immunohistochemical investigation in the spleens of dogs with Babesia rossi infection. Control spleens were collected from four healthy dogs euthanized for welfare reasons. Nine dogs that died naturally because of a mono-infection with Babesia rossi were selected for the diseased group. One haematoxylin-and-eosin-stained section of splenic tissue from each of the infected and control dogs was examined under the light microscope. Immunohistochemical markers were applied to characterize different immunocyte populations. The application of analytic software enabled semi-quantitative comparison of leucocyte subpopulations. Routine splenic histopathology revealed diffuse intermingling of white and red pulp from infected dogs with a clear loss of distinction between these zones. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in the proportion of tissue resident and bone marrow origin macrophages in the infected spleens. Apart from a few remnant lymphocytes within the peri-arteriolar lymphatic sheaths and follicles, the majority of the immunocytes redistributed to the red pulp, supporting the observation of white and red pulp intermingling. The majority of our findings are in agreement with histomorphological descriptions of the spleen in a variety of noncanid mammalian hosts with lethal malaria or babesiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alischa Henning
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Sarah Jane Clift
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Andrew Lambert Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gbedande K, Carpio VH, Stephens R. Using two phases of the CD4 T cell response to blood-stage murine malaria to understand regulation of systemic immunity and placental pathology in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:88-114. [PMID: 31903675 PMCID: PMC7540220 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection and malaria remain a risk for millions of children and pregnant women. Here, we seek to integrate knowledge of mouse and human T helper cell (Th) responses to blood-stage Plasmodium infection to understand their contribution to protection and pathology. Although there is no complete Th subset differentiation, the adaptive response occurs in two phases in non-lethal rodent Plasmodium infection, coordinated by Th cells. In short, cellular immune responses limit the peak of parasitemia during the first phase; in the second phase, humoral immunity from T cell-dependent germinal centers is critical for complete clearance of rapidly changing parasite. A strong IFN-γ response kills parasite, but an excess of TNF compared with regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) can cause immunopathology. This common pathway for pathology is associated with anemia, cerebral malaria, and placental malaria. These two phases can be used to both understand how the host responds to rapidly growing parasite and how it attempts to control immunopathology and variation. This dual nature of T cell immunity to Plasmodium is discussed, with particular reference to the protective nature of the continuous generation of effector T cells, and the unique contribution of effector memory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komi Gbedande
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Victor H Carpio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robin Stephens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Popescu M, Cabrera-Martinez B, Winslow GM. TNF-α Contributes to Lymphoid Tissue Disorganization and Germinal Center B Cell Suppression during Intracellular Bacterial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2415-2424. [PMID: 31570507 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections are well-known causes of lymphoid tissue disorganization, although the factors, both host and/or pathogen derived, that mediate these changes are largely unknown. Ehrlichia muris infection in mice causes a loss of germinal center (GC) B cells that is accompanied by the generation of extrafollicular T-bet+ CD11c+ plasmablasts and IgM memory B cells. We addressed a possible role for TNF-α in this process because this cytokine has been shown to regulate GC development. Ablation of TNF-α during infection resulted in an 8-fold expansion of GL7+ CD38lo CD95+ GC B cells, and a 2.5- and 5-fold expansion of CD138+ plasmablasts and T-bet+ memory cells, respectively. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in splenomegaly, more organized T and B cell zones, and an improved response to Ag challenge. CXCL13, the ligand for CXCR5, was detected at 6-fold higher levels following infection but was much reduced following TNF-α ablation, suggesting that CXCL13 dysregulation also contributes to loss of lymphoid tissue organization. T follicular helper cells, which also underwent expansion in infected TNF-α--deficient mice, may also have contributed to the expansion of T-bet+ B cells, as the latter are known to require T cell help. Our findings contrast with previously described roles for TNF-α in GCs and reveal how host-pathogen interactions can induce profound changes in cytokine and chemokine production that can alter lymphoid tissue organization, GC B cell development, and extrafollicular T-bet+ B cell generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Popescu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Berenice Cabrera-Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Gary M Winslow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Teo TH, Lum FM, Ghaffar K, Chan YH, Amrun SN, Tan JJL, Lee CYP, Chua TK, Carissimo G, Lee WWL, Claser C, Rajarethinam R, Rénia L, Ng LFP. Plasmodium co-infection protects against chikungunya virus-induced pathologies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3905. [PMID: 30254309 PMCID: PMC6156405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infection with Plasmodium and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been reported in humans, but the impact of co-infection on pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we show that prior exposure to Plasmodium suppresses CHIKV-associated pathologies in mice. Mechanistically, Plasmodium infection induces IFNγ, which reduces viraemia of a subsequent CHIKV infection and suppresses tissue viral load and joint inflammation. Conversely, concomitant infection with both pathogens limits the peak of joint inflammation with no effect on CHIKV viraemia. Reduced peak joint inflammation is regulated by elevated apoptosis of CD4+ T-cells in the lymph nodes and disrupted CXCR3-mediated CD4+ T-cell migration that abolishes their infiltration into the joints. Virus clearance from tissues is delayed in both infection scenarios, and is associated with a disruption of B cell affinity-maturation in the spleen that reduces CHIKV-neutralizing antibody production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teck-Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Fok-Moon Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Khairunnisa Ghaffar
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Yi-Hao Chan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Centre for Life Sciences #05-01, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Siti Naqiah Amrun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Jeslin J L Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Y P Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Centre for Life Sciences #05-01, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Tze-Kwang Chua
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Carissimo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Wendy W L Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Ravisankar Rajarethinam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building Level 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Centre for Life Sciences #05-01, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, The Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Neutralization of the Plasmodium-encoded MIF ortholog confers protective immunity against malaria infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2714. [PMID: 30006528 PMCID: PMC6045615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium species produce an ortholog of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor, PMIF, which modulates the host inflammatory response to malaria. Using a novel RNA replicon-based vaccine, we show the impact of PMIF immunoneutralization on the host response and observed improved control of liver and blood-stage Plasmodium infection, and complete protection from re-infection. Vaccination against PMIF delayed blood-stage patency after sporozoite infection, reduced the expression of the Th1-associated inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ during blood-stage infection, augmented Tfh cell and germinal center responses, increased anti-Plasmodium antibody titers, and enhanced the differentiation of antigen-experienced memory CD4 T cells and liver-resident CD8 T cells. Protection from re-infection was recapitulated by the adoptive transfer of CD8 or CD4 T cells from PMIF RNA immunized hosts. Parasite MIF inhibition may be a useful approach to promote immunity to Plasmodium and potentially other parasite genera that produce MIF orthologous proteins. Plasmodium species produce an ortholog of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor, PMIF, which modulates the host inflammatory response to malaria. Here, the authors show that inhibition of PMIF may have translational benefits for managing malaria infections.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hahn WO, Butler NS, Lindner SE, Akilesh HM, Sather DN, Kappe SH, Hamerman JA, Gale M, Liles WC, Pepper M. cGAS-mediated control of blood-stage malaria promotes Plasmodium-specific germinal center responses. JCI Insight 2018; 3:94142. [PMID: 29367469 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of pathogens by host pattern recognition receptors is essential for activating the immune response during infection. We used a nonlethal murine model of malaria (Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL) to assess the contribution of the pattern recognition receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) to the development of humoral immunity. Despite previous reports suggesting a critical, intrinsic role for cGAS in early B cell responses, cGAS-deficient (cGAS-/-) mice had no defect in the early expansion or differentiation of Plasmodium-specific B cells. As the infection proceeded, however, cGAS-/- mice exhibited higher parasite burdens and aberrant germinal center and memory B cell formation when compared with littermate controls. Antimalarial drugs were used to further demonstrate that the disrupted humoral response was not B cell intrinsic but instead was a secondary effect of a loss of parasite control. These findings therefore demonstrate that cGAS-mediated innate-sensing contributes to parasite control but is not intrinsically required for the development of humoral immunity. Our findings highlight the need to consider the indirect effects of pathogen burden in investigations examining how the innate immune system affects the adaptive immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William O Hahn
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and.,Center For Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Scott E Lindner
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly M Akilesh
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stefan Hi Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health and
| | - Jessica A Hamerman
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center For Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - W Conrad Liles
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and.,Center For Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Center For Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Machelart A, Khadrawi A, Demars A, Willemart K, De Trez C, Letesson JJ, Muraille E. Chronic Brucella Infection Induces Selective and Persistent Interferon Gamma-Dependent Alterations of Marginal Zone Macrophages in the Spleen. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00115-17. [PMID: 28808159 PMCID: PMC5649024 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00115-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is known as an important filter for blood-borne pathogens that are trapped by specialized macrophages in the marginal zone (MZ): the CD209+ MZ macrophages (MZMs) and the CD169+ marginal metallophilic macrophages (MMMs). Acute systemic infection strongly impacts MZ populations and the location of T and B lymphocytes. This phenomenon has been linked to reduced chemokine secretion by stromal cells. Brucella spp. are the causative agent of brucellosis, a widespread zoonotic disease. Here, we used Brucella melitensis infection as a model to investigate the impact of chronic stealth infection on splenic MZ macrophage populations. During the late phase of Brucella infection, we observed a loss of both MZMs and MMMs, with a durable disappearance of MZMs, leading to a reduction of the ability of the spleen to take up soluble antigens, beads, and unrelated bacteria. This effect appears to be selective as every other lymphoid and myeloid population analyzed increased during infection, which was also observed following Brucella abortus and Brucella suis infection. Comparison of wild-type and deficient mice suggested that MZ macrophage population loss is dependent on interferon gamma (IFN-γ) receptor but independent of T cells or tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1 (TNF-αR1) signaling pathways and is not correlated to an alteration of CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL13 chemokine mRNA expression. Our results suggest that MZ macrophage populations are particularly sensitive to persistent low-level IFN-γ-mediated inflammation and that Brucella infection could reduce the ability of the spleen to perform certain MZM- and MMM-dependent tasks, such as antigen delivery to lymphocytes and control of systemic infection.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Brucella abortus/drug effects
- Brucella abortus/immunology
- Brucella abortus/pathogenicity
- Brucella melitensis/drug effects
- Brucella melitensis/immunology
- Brucella melitensis/pathogenicity
- Brucella suis/drug effects
- Brucella suis/immunology
- Brucella suis/pathogenicity
- Brucellosis/drug therapy
- Brucellosis/genetics
- Brucellosis/immunology
- Brucellosis/microbiology
- Chemokine CCL19/genetics
- Chemokine CCL19/immunology
- Chemokine CCL21/genetics
- Chemokine CCL21/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL13/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL13/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Rifampin/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/microbiology
- Streptomycin/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Machelart
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Abir Khadrawi
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Aurore Demars
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Kevin Willemart
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Research Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Letesson
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Eric Muraille
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Differential modulation of glial cell mediated neuroinflammation in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection by TGF β and IL 6. Cytokine 2017; 99:249-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
16
|
Cunha JA, Carvalho LJM, Bianco-Junior C, Andrade MCR, Pratt-Riccio LR, Riccio EKP, Pelajo-Machado M, da Silva IJ, Druilhe P, Daniel-Ribeiro CT. Increased Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia in Non-splenectomized Saimiri sciureus Monkeys Treated with Clodronate Liposomes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:408. [PMID: 28983468 PMCID: PMC5613086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major constraint in the study of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, including vaccine development, lies on the parasite's strict human host specificity and therefore the shortage of animal experimental models able to harbor human plasmodia. The best experimental models are neo-tropical primates of the genus Saimiri and Aotus, but they require splenectomy to reduce innate defenses for achieving high and consistent parasitemias, an important limitation. Clodronate-liposomes (CL) have been successfully used to deplete monocytes/macrophages in several experimental models. We investigated whether a reduction in the numbers of phagocytic cells by CL would improve the development of P. falciparum parasitemia in non-splenectomized Saimiri sciureus monkeys. Depletion of S. sciureus splenocytes after in vitro incubation with CL was quantified using anti-CD14 antibodies and flow cytometry. Non-infected and P. falciparum-infected S. sciureus were injected intravenously twice a week with either CL at either 0.5 or 1 mL (5 mg/mL) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Animals were monitored during infection and treated with mefloquine. After treatment and euthanasia, spleen and liver were collected for histological analysis. In vitro CL depleted S. sciureus splenic monocyte/macrophage population in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In vivo, half of P. falciparum-infected S. sciureus treated with CL 0.5 mL, and two-thirds of those treated with CL 1 mL developed high parasitemias requiring mefloquine treatment, whereas all control animals were able to self-control parasitemia without the need for antimalarial treatment. CL-treated infected S. sciureus showed a marked decrease in the degree of splenomegaly despite higher parasitemias, compared to PBS-treated animals. Histological evidence of partial monocyte/macrophage depletion, decreased hemozoin phagocytosis and decreased iron recycling was observed in both the spleen and liver of CL-treated infected S. sciureus. CL is capable of promoting higher parasitemia in P. falciparum-infected S. sciureus, associated with evidence of partial macrophage depletion in the spleen and liver. Macrophage depletion by CL is therefore a practical and viable alternative to surgical splenectomy in this experimental model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janaiara A Cunha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cesare Bianco-Junior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia C R Andrade
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lilian R Pratt-Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evelyn K P Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Igor J da Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FiocruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pierre Druilhe
- Vac4All Initiative, Pepinière Paris Biotech SantéParis, France
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Unger S, Seidl M, van Schouwenburg P, Rakhmanov M, Bulashevska A, Frede N, Grimbacher B, Pfeiffer J, Schrenk K, Munoz L, Hanitsch L, Stumpf I, Kaiser F, Hausmann O, Kollert F, Goldacker S, van der Burg M, Keller B, Warnatz K. The T H1 phenotype of follicular helper T cells indicates an IFN-γ-associated immune dysregulation in patients with CD21low common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:730-740. [PMID: 28554560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subgroup of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) experience immune dysregulation manifesting as autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and organ inflammation and thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. Therefore treatment of these complications demands a deeper comprehension of their cause and pathophysiology. OBJECTIVES On the basis of the identification of an interferon signature in patients with CVID with secondary complications and a skewed follicular helper T-cell differentiation in defined monogenic immunodeficiencies, we sought to determine the profile of CD4 memory T cells in blood and secondary lymphatic tissues of these patients. METHODS We quantified TH1/TH2/TH17 CD4 memory T cells in blood and lymph nodes of patients with CVID using flow cytometry, analyzed their function, and correlated all findings to the burden of immune dysregulation. RESULTS Patients with CVID with immune dysregulation had a skewed memory CD4 T-cell differentiation toward a CXCR3+CCR6- TH1 phenotype both in blood and lymph nodes. Consistent with our phenotypic findings, we observed a higher IFN-γ production in peripheral CD4 memory T cells and lymph node-derived follicular helper T cells of patients with CVID compared with those of healthy control subjects. Increased IFN-γ production was accompanied by a poor germinal center output, an accumulation of T-box transcription factor (T-bet)+ B cells in lymph nodes, and an accumulation of T-bet+CD21low B cells in peripheral blood of affected patients. CONCLUSION Identification of excessive IFN-γ production by blood and lymph node-derived T cells of patients with CVID with immune dysregulation will offer new therapeutic avenues for this subgroup. CD21low B cells might serve as a marker of this IFN-γ-associated dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Unger
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pauline van Schouwenburg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirzokhid Rakhmanov
- Center for Human Genetics and Laboratory Diagnostics (AHC), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alla Bulashevska
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Frede
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Pfeiffer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaudia Schrenk
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luis Munoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leif Hanitsch
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Stumpf
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Kaiser
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Kollert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sigune Goldacker
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ssewanyana I, Arinaitwe E, Nankabirwa JI, Yeka A, Sullivan R, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, Mayanja-Kizza H, Drakeley C, Greenhouse B, Tetteh KKA. Avidity of anti-malarial antibodies inversely related to transmission intensity at three sites in Uganda. Malar J 2017; 16:67. [PMID: 28183299 PMCID: PMC5301436 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People living in malaria endemic areas acquire protection from severe malaria quickly, but protection from clinical disease and control of parasitaemia is acquired only after many years of repeated infections. Antibodies play a central role in protection from clinical disease; however, protective antibodies are slow to develop. This study sought to investigate the influence of Plasmodium falciparum exposure on the acquisition of high-avidity antibodies to P. falciparum antigens, which may be associated with protection. Methods Cross-sectional surveys were performed in children and adults at three sites in Uganda with varied P. falciparum transmission intensity (entomological inoculation rates; 3.8, 26.6, and 125 infectious bites per person per year). Sandwich ELISA was used to measure antibody responses to two P. falciparum merozoite surface antigens: merozoite surface protein 1-19 (MSP1-19) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). In individuals with detectable antibody levels, guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) was added to measure the relative avidity of antibody responses by ELISA. Results Within a site, there were no significant differences in median antibody levels between the three age groups. Between sites, median antibody levels were generally higher in the higher transmission sites, with differences more apparent for AMA-1 and in ≥5 year group. Similarly, median avidity index (proportion of high avidity antibodies) showed no significant increase with increasing age but was significantly lower at sites of higher transmission amongst participants ≥5 years of age. Using 5 M GuHCl, the median avidity indices in the ≥5 year group at the highest and lowest transmission sites were 19.9 and 26.8, respectively (p = 0.0002) for MSP1-19 and 12.2 and 17.2 (p = 0.0007) for AMA1. Conclusion Avidity to two different P. falciparum antigens was lower in areas of high transmission intensity compared to areas with lower transmission. Appreciation of the mechanisms behind these findings as well as their clinical consequences will require additional investigation, ideally utilizing longitudinal data and investigation of a broader array of responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ssewanyana
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda. .,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Emmanuel Arinaitwe
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Joaniter I Nankabirwa
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adoke Yeka
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chris Drakeley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Silva-O’Hare J, de Oliveira IS, Klevorn T, Almeida VA, Oliveira GGS, Atta AM, de Freitas LAR, dos-Santos WLC. Disruption of Splenic Lymphoid Tissue and Plasmacytosis in Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: Changes in Homing and Survival of Plasma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156733. [PMID: 27243459 PMCID: PMC4887081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum, which is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. Dogs are the main urban reservoir of this parasite and the disease presents similar characteristics in both humans and dogs. In this paper, we investigated the potential pathways involved in plasma cell replacement of normal cell populations in the spleen, with respect to disease severity in dogs from an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis. To this end, canine spleen samples were grouped into three categories: TYPE1SC- (non-infected dogs or without active infection with organized white pulp), TYPE1SC+ (infected dogs with organized white pulp) or TYPE3SC+ (infected animals with disorganized white pulp). We analyzed the distribution of different plasma cell isotypes (IgA, IgG and IgM) in the spleen. The expression of cytokines and chemokines involved in plasma cell homing and survival were assessed by real time RT-PCR. Polyclonal B cell activation and hypergammaglobulinemia were also evaluated. The proportion of animals with moderate or intense plasmacytosis was higher in the TYPE3SC+ group than in the other groups (Fisher test, P<0.05). This was mainly due to a higher density of IgG+ plasma cells in the red pulp of this group. The albumin/globulin ratio was lower in the TYPE3SC+ animals than in the TYPE1SC- or TYPE1SC+ animals, which evidences VL-associated dysproteinemia. Interestingly, TYPE3SC+ animals showed increased expression of the BAFF and APRIL cytokines, as well as chemokine CXCL12. Aberrant expression of BAFF, APRIL and CXCL12, together with amplified extrafollicular B cell activation, lead to plasma cell homing and the extended survival of these cells in the splenic red pulp compartment. These changes in the distribution of immunocompetent cells in the spleen may contribute to the progression of VL, and impair the spleen's ability to protect against blood borne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joselli Silva-O’Hare
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - BA, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís Klevorn
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - BA, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Valter A. Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - BA, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Ajax M. Atta
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio R. de Freitas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - BA, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases with ~250 million clinical cases annually. Most cases of severe disease are caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The blood stage of Plasmodium parasite is entirely responsible for malaria-associated pathology. Disease syndromes range from fever to more severe complications, including respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, pulmonary oedema and cerebral malaria. The most susceptible population to severe malaria is children under the age of 5, with low levels of immunity. It is only after many years of repeated exposure, that individuals living in endemic areas develop clinical immunity. This form of protection does not result in sterilizing immunity but prevents clinical episodes by substantially reducing parasite burden. Naturally acquired immunity predominantly targets blood-stage parasites and it is known to require antibody responses. A large body of epidemiological evidence suggests that antibodies to Plasmodium antigens are inefficiently generated and rapidly lost in the absence of ongoing exposure, which suggests a defect in the development of B cell immunological memory. This review summarizes the main findings to date contributing to our understanding on cellular processes underlying the slow acquisition of humoral immunity to malaria. Some of the key outstanding questions in the field are discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ryg-Cornejo V, Ioannidis L, Ly A, Chiu C, Tellier J, Hill D, Preston S, Pellegrini M, Yu D, Nutt S, Kallies A, Hansen D. Severe Malaria Infections Impair Germinal Center Responses by Inhibiting T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:68-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
22
|
Ioannidis LJ, Nie CQ, Ly A, Ryg-Cornejo V, Chiu CY, Hansen DS. Monocyte- and Neutrophil-Derived CXCL10 Impairs Efficient Control of Blood-Stage Malaria Infection and Promotes Severe Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1227-38. [PMID: 26718341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CXCL10, or IFN-γ-inducible protein 10, is a biomarker associated with increased risk for Plasmodium falciparum-mediated cerebral malaria (CM). Consistent with this, we have previously shown that CXCL10 neutralization or genetic deletion alleviates brain intravascular inflammation and protects Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice from CM. In addition to organ-specific effects, the absence of CXCL10 during infection was also found to reduce parasite biomass. To identify the cellular sources of CXCL10 responsible for these processes, we irradiated and reconstituted wild-type (WT) and CXCL10(-/-) mice with bone marrow from either WT or CXCL10(-/-) mice. Similar to CXCL10(-/-) mice, chimeras unable to express CXCL10 in hematopoietic-derived cells controlled infection more efficiently than WT controls. In contrast, expression of CXCL10 in knockout mice reconstituted with WT bone marrow resulted in high parasite biomass levels, higher brain parasite and leukocyte sequestration rates, and increased susceptibility to CM. Neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes were identified as the main cellular sources of CXCL10 responsible for the induction of these processes. The improved control of parasitemia observed in the absence of CXCL10-mediated trafficking was associated with a preferential accumulation of CXCR3(+)CD4(+) T follicular helper cells in the spleen and enhanced Ab responses to infection. These results are consistent with the notion that some inflammatory responses elicited in response to malaria infection contribute to the development of high parasite densities involved in the induction of severe disease in target organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Catherine Q Nie
- Office for Research Ethics and Integrity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Victoria Ryg-Cornejo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Chris Y Chiu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Deroost K, Pham TT, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. The immunological balance between host and parasite in malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:208-57. [PMID: 26657789 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of humans and malaria parasites has generated an intricate balance between the immune system of the host and virulence factors of the parasite, equilibrating maximal parasite transmission with limited host damage. Focusing on the blood stage of the disease, we discuss how the balance between anti-parasite immunity versus immunomodulatory and evasion mechanisms of the parasite may result in parasite clearance or chronic infection without major symptoms, whereas imbalances characterized by excessive parasite growth, exaggerated immune reactions or a combination of both cause severe pathology and death, which is detrimental for both parasite and host. A thorough understanding of the immunological balance of malaria and its relation to other physiological balances in the body is of crucial importance for developing effective interventions to reduce malaria-related morbidity and to diminish fatal outcomes due to severe complications. Therefore, we discuss in this review the detailed mechanisms of anti-malarial immunity, parasite virulence factors including immune evasion mechanisms and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive classification of malaria complications according to the different types of imbalances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lugaajju A, Reddy SB, Rönnberg C, Wahlgren M, Kironde F, Persson KEM. Novel flow cytometry technique for detection of Plasmodium falciparum specific B-cells in humans: increased levels of specific B-cells in ongoing infection. Malar J 2015; 14:370. [PMID: 26410225 PMCID: PMC4583755 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is still a major health threat in endemic areas especially for children below 5 years of age. While it is recognized that antibody immunity plays an important role in controlling the disease, knowledge of the mechanisms of sustenance and natural boosting of immunity is very limited. Before, it has not been possible to investigate malaria specific B-cells directly in flow cytometry, making it difficult to know how much of a B cell response is due to malaria, or how much is due to other immunological stimulators. METHODS This study developed a technique using quantum dots and schizont extract made from ghosts of infected erythrocytes, to be able to investigate P. falciparum specific B-cells, something that has never been done before. RESULTS Major differences in P. falciparum specific B-cells were found between samples from immune (22.3 %) and non-immune (1.7 %) individuals. Samples from parasite positive individuals had the highest proportions of specific B-cells (27.9 %). CONCLUSION The study showed increased levels of P. falciparum-specific B-cells in immune individuals, with the highest levels in active malaria infections, using a new technique that opens up new possibilities to study how these cells are sustained in vivo after natural infections. It will also be useful in vaccine studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Lugaajju
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. .,Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | | | - Caroline Rönnberg
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Fred Kironde
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. .,Habib Medical School, Islamic University in Uganda, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Kristina E M Persson
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ketema T, Yohannes M, Alemayehu E, Ambelu A. Effect of chronic khat (Catha edulis, Forsk) use on outcome of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in Swiss albino mice. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:170. [PMID: 25886020 PMCID: PMC4392739 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0911-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to explore effects of khat (Catha edulis) on outcome of rodent malaria infection and its anti-plasmodial activities on Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Methods Female Swiss albino mice were orally treated with crude khat (Catha edulis) extracts (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) on a daily basis for 4 weeks prior to PbA infection. Physical, clinical, hematological, biochemical and histo-pathological features of the mice were assessed. In addition, in vivo anti-plasmodial activities of khat were evaluated. Results The finding of this study showed that khat use was strongly associated with increment of levels of liver and kidney biomarkers, leucopenia, severe anemia, rise in level of inflammation biomarkers: C-reactive protein (CRP), uric acid (UA), increased monocyte-lymphocyte count ratio (MLCR), manifestation of cerebral malaria symptoms such as ataxia, paralysis and deviation of the head but with no pulmonary edema. Significantly lower level of parasitemia (P < 0.05), rectal temperature, but, high level of hemoglobin were observed at the early stage of the PbA infection in khat treated mice than the control. With extension of the treatment period, however, drastic increments were observed in parasite load and rectal temperature although there was reduction in hemoglobin (Hb) level. Moreover, khat showed poor anti-plasmodial activity with <10% parasite suppression activity and lack protection against major malaria symptoms. The significant reduction (P < 0.01) of hematological parameters during PbA infection strengthen the notion that hematological parameters could be good predictors of severe malaria complications in human. Conclusions In mice model treated with khat prior to infection with the rodent malaria parasite, khat was found to worsen manifestation of most malaria complications. Furthermore, the same plant showed poor in vivo anti-plasmodial activity and protection against major malaria symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsige Ketema
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. .,Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Moti Yohannes
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Esayas Alemayehu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma University Institute of Technology, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alves FA, Pelajo-Machado M, Totino PRR, Souza MT, Gonçalves EC, Schneider MPC, Muniz JAPC, Krieger MA, Andrade MCR, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Carvalho LJM. Splenic architecture disruption and parasite-induced splenocyte activation and anergy in Plasmodium falciparum-infected Saimiri sciureus monkeys. Malar J 2015; 14:128. [PMID: 25890318 PMCID: PMC4377215 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The understanding of the mechanisms of immunity in malaria is crucial for the rational development of interventions such as vaccines. During blood stage infection, the spleen is considered to play critical roles in both immunity and immunopathology of Plasmodium falciparum infections. Methods Saimiri sciureus monkeys were inoculated with blood stages of P. falciparum (FUP strain) and spleens removed during acute disease (days 7 and 13 of infection) and during convalescence (15 days after start of chloroquine treatment). Cytokine (IFNγ, TNFα, IL2, IL6, IL10, and IL12) responses of splenocytes stimulated with P. falciparum-parasitized red blood cells were assessed by real-time PCR using specific Saimiri primers, and histological changes were evaluated using haematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa-stained slides. Results Early during infection (day 7, 1-2% parasitaemia), spleens showed disruption of germinal centre architecture with heavy B-cell activation (centroblasts), and splenocytes showed increased expression of IFNγ, IL6 and IL12 upon in vitro stimuli by P. falciparum-parasitized red blood cells (pRBC). Conversely, 15 days after treatment of blood stage infection with chloroquine, splenocytes showed spontaneous in vitro expression of TNFα, IL2, IL6, IL10, and IL12, but not IFNγ, and stimulation with P. falciparum pRBC blocked the expression of all these cytokines. During the acute phase of infection, splenic disarray with disorganized germinal centres was observed. During convalescence, spleens of the chloroquine-treated animals showed white pulp hyperplasia with extensive lymphocyte activation and persistency of heavily haemozoin-laden macrophages throughout the red pulp. Conclusions Inability to eliminate haemozoin is likely involved in the persistent lymphocyte activation and in the anergic responses of Saimiri splenocytes to P. falciparum pRBC, with important negative impact in immune responses and implications for the design of malaria vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Paulo R R Totino
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mariana T Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Evonnildo C Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Marco A Krieger
- Instituto Carlos Chagas de Biologia Molecular, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Marcia C R Andrade
- Serviço de Criação de Primatas Não-Humanos, CECAL-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Leonardo J M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wilmore JR, Maue AC, Lefebvre JS, Haynes L, Rochford R. AcutePlasmodium chabaudiInfection Dampens Humoral Responses to a Secondary T-Dependent Antigen but Enhances Responses to a Secondary T-Independent Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4731-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
28
|
Ayieko C, Maue AC, Jura WGZO, Noland GS, Ayodo G, Rochford R, John CC. Changes in B Cell Populations and Merozoite Surface Protein-1-Specific Memory B Cell Responses after Prolonged Absence of Detectable P. falciparum Infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67230. [PMID: 23826242 PMCID: PMC3695086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical immunity to malaria declines in the absence of repeated parasite exposure. However, little is known about how B cell populations and antigen-specific memory B cells change in the absence of P. falciparum infection. A successful indoor residual insecticide spraying campaign in a highland area of western Kenya, led to an absence of blood-stage P. falciparum infection between March 2007 and April 2008. We assessed memory B cell responses in 45 adults at the beginning (April 2008) and end (April 2009) of a subsequent 12-month period during which none of the adults had evidence of asymptomatic parasitemia or clinical disease. Antibodies and memory B cells to the 42-kDa portion of the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-142) were measured using ELISA and ELISPOT assays, respectively. B cell populations were characterized by flow cytometry. From 2008 to 2009, the prevalence of MSP-142-specific memory B cells (45% vs. 55%, respectively, P = 0.32) or antibodies (91% vs. 82%, respectively, P = 0.32) did not differ significantly, although specific individuals did change from positive to negative and vice versa, particularly for memory B cells, suggesting possible low-level undetected parasitemia may have occurred in some individuals. The magnitude of MSP-142-specific memory B cells and levels of antibodies to MSP-142 also did not differ from 2008 to 2009 (P>0.10 for both). However, from 2008 to 2009 the proportions of both class-switched atypical (CD19+IgD-CD27-CD21-IgM-) and class-switched activated (CD19+IgD-CD27+CD21-IgM-) memory B cells decreased (both P<0.001). In contrast, class-switched resting classical memory B cells (CD19+IgD-CD27+CD21+IgM-) increased (P<0.001). In this area of seasonal malaria transmission, a one- year absence of detectable P. falciparum infection was not associated with changes in the prevalence or level of MSP-142 specific memory B cells, but was associated with major changes in overall memory B cell subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander C. Maue
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Gregory S. Noland
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | | | - Rosemary Rochford
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Chandy C. John
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Scholzen A, Sauerwein RW. How malaria modulates memory: activation and dysregulation of B cells in Plasmodium infection. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:252-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
30
|
Karimi A, Navidbakhsh M, Motevalli Haghi A, Faghihi S. Measurement of the uniaxial mechanical properties of rat brains infected by Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2013; 227:609-14. [DOI: 10.1177/0954411913476779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Degenerative and demyelinating diseases are known to alter the mechanical properties of brain tissue. While few studies have characterized these biomechanical changes, it is clear that accurate characterization of the mechanical properties of diseased brain tissue could be a substantial asset to neuronavigation and surgery simulation through haptic devices. In this study, samples of brain tissue from rats infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA, an African murine malaria parasite, are evaluated using a uniaxial tensile test machine. Infected brains having different levels of parasitemia are mounted on the testing machine and extended until failure of the tissue. The stress–strain curve of each sample is obtained and compared to healthy rat brain tissue. Young’s modulus of each sample is extracted from the Hookean part of the stress–strain diagram. Young’s modulus of rats’ brain shows considerable difference among the samples having various levels of parasitemia compared with the controls. For instance, the brains with 0% (control), 1.5%, and 9% parasitemia showed a Young’s modulus of 46.15, 54.54, and 266.67 kPa, respectively. This suggests sequestration of the stiffened and less deformable parasitized red blood cells in the brain microvasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Karimi
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Navidbakhsh
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi
- Medical Parasitology and Mycology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Faghihi
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Keswani T, Bhattacharyya A. Splenocyte apoptosis inPlasmodium berghei ANKAinfection: possible role of TNF-α and TGF-β. Parasite Immunol 2013; 35:73-90. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Keswani
- Immunology Lab; Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta; Kolkata; India
| | - A. Bhattacharyya
- Immunology Lab; Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta; Kolkata; India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Effects of Pentoxifylline on Liver and Thymus of Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infected Swiss Albino Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12595-012-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
33
|
Pantic I, Pantic S, Basta-Jovanovic G. Gray level co-occurrence matrix texture analysis of germinal center light zone lymphocyte nuclei: physiology viewpoint with focus on apoptosis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:470-5. [PMID: 22444139 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In our study we investigated the relationship between conventional morphometric indicators of nuclear size and shape (area and circularity) and the parameters of gray level co-occurrence matrix texture analysis (entropy, homogeneity, and angular second moment) in cells committed to apoptosis. A total of 432 lymphocyte nuclei images from the spleen germinal center light zones (cells in early stages of apoptosis) were obtained from eight healthy male guinea pigs previously immunized with sheep red blood cells (antigen). For each nucleus, area, circularity, entropy, homogeneity, and angular second moment were determined. All measured parameters of gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) were significantly correlated with morphometric indicators of nuclear size and shape. The strongest correlation was observed between GLCM homogeneity and nuclear area (p < 0.0001, r(s) = 0.61). Angular second moment values were also highly significantly correlated with nuclear area (r(s)= 0.39, p < 0.0001). These results indicate that the GLCM method may be a powerful tool in evaluation of ultrastructural nuclear changes during early stages of the apoptotic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pantic
- Institute of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
In Vivo Hemozoin Kinetics after Clearance of Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice. Malar Res Treat 2012; 2012:373086. [PMID: 22567535 PMCID: PMC3337493 DOI: 10.1155/2012/373086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemozoin (Hz) is released into the blood stream after rupture of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) at the end of each parasite replication cycle. This free Hz is ingested by circulating and resident phagocytes. The presence of Hz in tissues after clearance of infection has been previously reported. Still, little is known about the kinetics of Hz in vivo, during and after Plasmodium infection. It is particularly important to understand Hz kinetics after malaria infections as it has been reported that Hz is associated with impairment of immune functions, including possible consequences for coinfections. Indeed, if Hz remains biologically active for prolonged periods of time inside immunocompetent cells, the potential consequences of such accumulation and presence to the immune system should be clarified. Here, using several independent methods to assess the presence of Hz, we report the long-term in vivo kinetics of Hz in diverse organs in a murine model of malaria infection.
Collapse
|
35
|
Behjati M. Letter: chronic non healing wounds and cerebral malaria - for better or for worse? Int Wound J 2011; 9:456-8. [PMID: 22168622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2011.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
36
|
Germinal Center Texture Entropy as Possible Indicator of Humoral Immune Response: Immunophysiology Viewpoint. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 14:534-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
37
|
Zanini GM, Cabrales P, Barkho W, Frangos JA, Carvalho LJM. Exogenous nitric oxide decreases brain vascular inflammation, leakage and venular resistance during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:66. [PMID: 21649904 PMCID: PMC3118350 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria (CM) is a lethal complication of Plasmodium falciparum infections. In the Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) murine model, CM is associated with marked brain inflammation, increased expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and leukocyte and platelet accumulation in brain vessels, causing vascular occlusion and decreased blood flow, damaging the endothelium and leading to blood-brain barrier breakdown, leakage and hemorrhages. Exogenous nitric oxide (NO) administration largely prevents the syndrome. Here we evaluated whether the mechanism of action of NO in preventing murine CM is related to its anti-inflammatory properties and to protection of the endothelium. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice infected with PbA were treated twice a day with saline or dipropylenetriamineNONOate (DPTA-NO). Endothelial cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1, VCAM, E- and P-selectin) expression in brain tissue on day 6 of infection was assessed in both groups by western blot. For intravital microscopy studies, DPTA-NO-treated and saline-treated mice with a previously implanted closed cranial window were injected with albumin-FITC, anti-CD45-TxR and anti-CD41-FITC antibodies on day 6 of infection for quantification of albumin leakage, leukocyte and platelet adherence in pial vessels. RESULTS PbA-infected mice treated with the NO-donor DPTA-NO showed decreased expression of ICAM-1 and P-selectin, but not VCAM-1, in the brain, compared to saline-treated mice. DPTA-NO treatment also decreased the number of adherent leukocytes and platelets in pial vessels, particularly in venules 30-50 μm in diameter, decreased inflammatory vascular resistance and prevented the occurrence of arteriolar and venular albumin leakage observed in saline-treated PbA-infected mice, as assessed by intravital microscopy. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the protective effect of exogenous NO on murine CM is associated with decreased brain vascular expression of inflammatory markers resulting in attenuated endothelial junction damage and facilitating blood flow.
Collapse
|
38
|
Bermejo DA, Amezcua Vesely MC, Khan M, Acosta Rodríguez EV, Montes CL, Merino MC, Toellner KM, Mohr E, Taylor D, Cunningham AF, Gruppi A. Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces a massive extrafollicular and follicular splenic B-cell response which is a high source of non-parasite-specific antibodies. Immunology 2010; 132:123-33. [PMID: 20875075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas' disease, results in parasitaemia and polyclonal lymphocyte activation. It has been reported that polyclonal B-cell activation is associated with hypergammaglobulinaemia and delayed parasite-specific antibody response. In the present study we analysed the development of a B-cell response within the different microenvironments of the spleen during acute T. cruzi infection. We observed massive germinal centre (GC) and extrafollicular (EF) responses at the peak of infection. However, the EF foci were evident since day 3 post-infection (p.i.), and, early in the infection, they mainly provided IgM. The EF foci response reached its peak at 11 days p.i. and extended from the red pulp into the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath. The GCs were detected from day 8 p.i. At the peak of parasitaemia, CD138(+) B220(+) plasma cells in EF foci, red pulp and T-cell zone expressed IgM and all the IgG isotypes. Instead of the substantial B-cell response, most of the antibodies produced by splenic cells did not target the parasite, and parasite-specific IgG isotypes could be detected in sera only after 18 days p.i. We also observed that the bone marrow of infected mice presented a strong reduction in CD138(+) B220(+) cells compared with that of normal mice. Hence, in acute infection with T. cruzi, the spleen appears to be the most important lymphoid organ that lodges plasma cells and the main producer of antibodies. The development of a B-cell response during T. cruzi infection shows features that are particular to T. cruzi and other protozoan infection but different to other infections or immunization with model antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Bermejo
- Immunology, School of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
The Plasmodium falciparum-specific human memory B cell compartment expands gradually with repeated malaria infections. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000912. [PMID: 20502681 PMCID: PMC2873912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria is only acquired after years of repeated infections and wanes rapidly without ongoing parasite exposure. Antibodies are central to malaria immunity, yet little is known about the B-cell biology that underlies the inefficient acquisition of Pf-specific humoral immunity. This year-long prospective study in Mali of 185 individuals aged 2 to 25 years shows that Pf-specific memory B-cells and antibodies are acquired gradually in a stepwise fashion over years of repeated Pf exposure. Both Pf-specific memory B cells and antibody titers increased after acute malaria and then, after six months of decreased Pf exposure, contracted to a point slightly higher than pre-infection levels. This inefficient, stepwise expansion of both the Pf-specific memory B-cell and long-lived antibody compartments depends on Pf exposure rather than age, based on the comparator response to tetanus vaccination that was efficient and stable. These observations lend new insights into the cellular basis of the delayed acquisition of malaria immunity. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) is a mosquito-borne parasite that causes over 500 million cases of malaria annually, one million of which result in death, primarily among African children. The development of an effective malaria vaccine would be a critical step toward the control and eventual elimination of this disease. To date, most licensed vaccines are for pathogens that induce long-lived protective antibodies after a single infection. In contrast, immunity to malaria is only acquired after repeated infections. Antibodies play a key role in protection from malaria, yet several studies indicate that antibodies against some Pf proteins are generated inefficiently and lost rapidly. The cells that are responsible for the maintenance of antibodies over the human lifespan are memory B-cells and long-lived plasma cells. To determine how these cells are generated and maintained in response to Pf infection, we conducted a year-long study in an area of Mali that experiences a six-month malaria season. We found memory B-cells and long-lived antibodies specific for the parasite were generated in a gradual, step-wise fashion over years despite intense Pf exposure. This contrasts sharply with the efficient response to tetanus vaccination in the same population. This study lends new insights into the delayed acquisition of malaria immunity. Future studies of the cellular and molecular basis of these observations could open the door to strategies for the development of a highly effective malaria vaccine.
Collapse
|
40
|
Racine R, Jones DD, Chatterjee M, McLaughlin M, Macnamara KC, Winslow GM. Impaired germinal center responses and suppression of local IgG production during intracellular bacterial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5085-93. [PMID: 20351185 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs that facilitate the development of high-affinity, isotype-switched Abs, and immunological memory; consequently, many infections require GC-derived IgG for pathogen clearance. Although Ehrlichia muris infection elicits a robust expansion of splenic, IgM-secreting plasmablasts, we detected only very low frequencies of isotype-switched IgG-secreting cells in mouse spleens, until at least 3 wk postinfection. Instead, Ag-specific IgG was produced in lymph nodes, where it required CD4 T cell help. Consistent with these findings, organized GCs and phenotypically defined splenic GC B cells were found in lymph nodes, but not spleens. Ehrlichial infection also inhibited spleen IgG responses against a coadministered T cell-dependent Ag, hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (NP)-conjugated chicken gamma globulin in alum. NP-specific B cells failed to undergo expansion and differentiation into GC B cells in the spleen, Ab titers were reduced, and splenic IgG production was inhibited nearly 10-fold when the Ag was administered during infection. Our data provide a mechanism whereby an intracellular bacterial infection can compromise local immunity to coinfecting pathogens or antigenic challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Racine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wipasa J, Suphavilai C, Okell LC, Cook J, Corran PH, Thaikla K, Liewsaree W, Riley EM, Hafalla JCR. Long-lived antibody and B Cell memory responses to the human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000770. [PMID: 20174609 PMCID: PMC2824751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies constitute a critical component of the naturally acquired immunity that develops following frequent exposure to malaria. However, specific antibody titres have been reported to decline rapidly in the absence of reinfection, supporting the widely perceived notion that malaria infections fail to induce durable immunological memory responses. Currently, direct evidence for the presence or absence of immune memory to malaria is limited. In this study, we analysed the longevity of both antibody and B cell memory responses to malaria antigens among individuals who were living in an area of extremely low malaria transmission in northern Thailand, and who were known either to be malaria naïve or to have had a documented clinical attack of P. falciparum and/or P. vivax in the past 6 years. We found that exposure to malaria results in the generation of relatively avid antigen-specific antibodies and the establishment of populations of antigen-specific memory B cells in a significant proportion of malaria-exposed individuals. Both antibody and memory B cell responses to malaria antigens were stably maintained over time in the absence of reinfection. In a number of cases where antigen-specific antibodies were not detected in plasma, stable frequencies of antigen-specific memory B cells were nonetheless observed, suggesting that circulating memory B cells may be maintained independently of long-lived plasma cells. We conclude that infrequent malaria infections are capable of inducing long-lived antibody and memory B cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiraprapa Wipasa
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chaisuree Suphavilai
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Lucy C. Okell
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Cook
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick H. Corran
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kanitta Thaikla
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Witaya Liewsaree
- Vector Borne Disease Section, Office of Disease Prevention and Control, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Eleanor M. Riley
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EMR); (JCRH)
| | - Julius Clemence R. Hafalla
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EMR); (JCRH)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pereira CG, Silva ALN, de Castilhos P, Mastrantonio EC, Souza RA, Romão RP, Rezende RJ, Pena JDO, Beletti ME, Souza MA. Different isolates from Leishmania braziliensis complex induce distinct histopathological features in a murine model of infection. Vet Parasitol 2009; 165:231-40. [PMID: 19656631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological features in tissues of mice infected by human isolates (I, II, and III) or the reference M2903 strain of Leishmania braziliensis complex. BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice were infected in the hind footpad with 10(6) stationary-phase promastigotes of L. braziliensis complex. The evolution of lesions was observed for 10 weeks and the animals were then euthanized and liver, spleen and popliteal lymph nodes were collected. Tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed by immunohistochemistry assay. Increased thickness of infected footpads was observed in all animals, lesions were nodular and non-ulcerated. Mice infected with isolate I presented inflammatory infiltrates consisting predominantly of mononuclear cells in all tissues examined, and also a great number of megakaryocytes, compared with other isolates. Infection with isolate II led to an infected footpad enlargement not seen in other isolates. In addition, mononuclear infiltrates in the liver and hemosiderin in spleen were noted. Conversely, mice infected with either isolate III or M2903 strain only showed an increased number of megakaryocytes in spleen. All tissues examined had detectable amastigote forms of Leishmania by immunohistochemistry in all groups. Taking together, our results showed an unforeseen behavior of different isolates of L. braziliensis complex that led to diverse pathological findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano G Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Martins YC, Smith MJ, Pelajo-Machado M, Werneck GL, Lenzi HL, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Carvalho LJDM. Characterization of cerebral malaria in the outbred Swiss Webster mouse infected by Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:119-30. [PMID: 19335550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2008.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in susceptible inbred mouse strains is the most commonly used experimental model to study pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (CM). Indeed, many concepts on mechanisms related to this complication have arisen from works using this model. Although inbred strains present several advantages and are indicated for most studies, the use of outbred models can show unique usefulness in a number of approaches such as fine post-quantitative trait loci mapping and discovery of genes relevant to CM susceptibility or resistance, as well as pharmacological and vaccine studies. Here we describe the features of PbA infection and CM incidence, and characterize the associated multiorgan pathology in the outbred Swiss Webster mouse. This model showed a sizeable (62.7%) and reproducible incidence of CM demonstrated by clinical signs and histopathological changes in brain (microhaemorrhages, oedema and vessel plugging by mononuclear cells). Major pathological changes were also observed in lungs, liver, thymus and spleen, analogous to those observed in inbred strains. Parasitaemia levels were associated with the risk of CM development, the risk being significantly higher in mice showing higher values of parasitaemia on days 6-7 of infection. This outbred CM model is then suitable for genetic, vaccine and drug studies targeting this malaria complication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Chaves Martins
- Laboratory of Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Stephens R, Ndungu FM, Langhorne J. Germinal centre and marginal zone B cells expand quickly in a second Plasmodium chabaudi malaria infection producing mature plasma cells. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:20-31. [PMID: 19121080 PMCID: PMC2680269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies and B cells are critical in the protective immune response to the blood stage of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi. However, little is known about the development of memory B cells and their differentiation into plasma cells during infection or after re-infection. Here we have shown that B cells with phenotypic characteristics of memory cells (CD19+IgD− CD38+, IgG1+) are generated in a primaryPlasmodium chabaudi chabaudi infection of mice. In addition, we observed that germinal centre cells (CD19+, GL7+, MHCIIhi) and Marginal Zone B cells (CD19+CD23−IgD−) show faster expansion on re-infection than in the primary, though other subsets do not. Interestingly, though both IgM− and IgM+ memory cells are produced, IgM+ memory cells do not expand on second infection. The second infection quickly produced mature bone marrow plasma cells (intracellular Ighi, CD138hi, CD9+, B220−), compared to primary infection; which generates a very large population of immature splenic plasma cells (B220+). This analysis suggests that a memory B cell population is generated after a single infection of malaria, which on re-infection responds quickly producing germinal centres and generating long-lived plasma cells making the second encounter with parasite more efficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Stephens
- National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Parasitology, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Asito AS, Moormann AM, Kiprotich C, Ng'ang'a ZW, Ploutz-Snyder R, Rochford R. Alterations on peripheral B cell subsets following an acute uncomplicated clinical malaria infection in children. Malar J 2008; 7:238. [PMID: 19019204 PMCID: PMC2626599 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of Plasmodium falciparum on B-cell homeostasis have not been well characterized. This study investigated whether an episode of acute malaria in young children results in changes in the peripheral B cell phenotype. Methods Using flow-cytofluorimetric analysis, the B cell phenotypes found in the peripheral blood of children aged 2–5 years were characterized during an episode of acute uncomplicated clinical malaria and four weeks post-recovery and in healthy age-matched controls. Results There was a significant decrease in CD19+ B lymphocytes during acute malaria. Characterization of the CD19+ B cell subsets in the peripheral blood based on expression of IgD and CD38 revealed a significant decrease in the numbers of naive 1 CD38-IgD+ B cells while there was an increase in CD38+IgD- memory 3 B cells during acute malaria. Further analysis of the peripheral B cell phenotype also identified an expansion of transitional CD10+CD19+ B cells in children following an episode of acute malaria with up to 25% of total CD19+ B cell pool residing in this subset. Conclusion Children experiencing an episode of acute uncomplicated clinical malaria experienced profound disturbances in B cell homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amolo S Asito
- School of Pure and Applied Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Alterations of splenic architecture in malaria are induced independently of Toll-like receptors 2, 4, and 9 or MyD88 and may affect antibody affinity. Infect Immun 2008; 76:3924-31. [PMID: 18559428 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00372-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Splenic microarchitecture is substantially altered during acute malaria infections, which may affect the development and regulation of immune responses. Here we investigated whether engagement of host Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, TLR9, and the adaptor protein MyD88 is required for induction of the changes and whether antibody responses are modified when immunization takes place during the period of splenic disruption. The alterations in splenic microarchitecture were maximal shortly after the peak of parasitemia and were not dependent on engagement of TLR2, TLR4, or TLR9, and they were only minimally affected by the absence of the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Although germinal centers were formed in infected mice, they did not contain the usual light and dark zones. Immunization of mice with chicken gamma globulin 2 weeks prior to acute Plasmodium chabaudi infection did not affect the quantity or avidity of the immunoglobulin G antibody response to this antigen. However, immunization at the same time as the primary P. chabaudi infection resulted in a clear transient reduction in antibody avidity in the month following immunization. These data suggest that the alterations in splenic structure, particularly the germinal centers, may affect the quality of an antibody response during a malaria infection and could impact the development of immunity to malaria or to other infections or immunizations given during a malaria infection.
Collapse
|