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Amini MR, Salavatizadeh M, Kazeminejad S, Javadi F, Hajiaqaei M, Askari G, Hekmatdoost A. The effects of Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) on serum leptin concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 2024; 84:103060. [PMID: 38876392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The observed impacts of Garcinia cambogia (GC) on serum leptin indicate inconsistency. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effectiveness of GC on leptin levels. METHODS A thorough literature search was carried out using different online databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, until May 25, 2024. Using random effects, weighted mean differences (WMDs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. Standard procedures were followed to account for publication bias, study quality, and statistical heterogeneity. RESULTS In this meta-analysis, a total of eight eligible trials with 330 participants were ultimately included. Quality assessment showed that half of the included trials were considered to have fair quality, while the other half were deemed to have poor quality. Our analysis, with no indication of publication bias, showed a significantly decreased effect of GC on leptin compared with the placebo (WMD: -5.01ng/ml; 95% CI: -9.22 to -0.80, p=0.02). However, significant heterogeneity was detected between studies (I2=93.5%, p < 0.001). The Hartung-Knapp adjustment did not affect our results. Subgroup analysis revealed that GC consumption represents the most effects in trials with sample size ≥ 50 (WMD: -3.63ng/ml; 95% CI [-5.51, -1.76], p <0.001), and mean age of participants ≥ 30 years (WMD: -7.43ng/ml; 95% CI [-9.31, -5.56], p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study showed that leptin levels might decline following GC administration. To confirm our findings, further high-quality RCTs with suitable methodologic structures are required. REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023486370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Amini
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marieh Salavatizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shervin Kazeminejad
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fozhan Javadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hajiaqaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hidalgo-Lozada GM, Villarruel-López A, Nuño K, García-García A, Sánchez-Nuño YA, Ramos-García CO. Clinically Effective Molecules of Natural Origin for Obesity Prevention or Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2671. [PMID: 38473918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of obesity and the comorbidities linked to it are increasing worldwide. Current therapies for obesity and associated pathologies have proven to cause a broad number of adverse effects, and often, they are overpriced or not affordable for all patients. Among the alternatives currently available, natural bioactive compounds stand out. These are frequently contained in pharmaceutical presentations, nutraceutical products, supplements, or functional foods. The clinical evidence for these molecules is increasingly solid, among which epigallocatechin-3-gallate, ellagic acid, resveratrol, berberine, anthocyanins, probiotics, carotenoids, curcumin, silymarin, hydroxy citric acid, and α-lipoic acid stand out. The molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of these molecules have been shown to interact with the endocrine, nervous, and gastroenteric systems. They can regulate the expression of multiple genes and proteins involved in starvation-satiety processes, activate the brown adipose tissue, decrease lipogenesis and inflammation, increase lipolysis, and improve insulin sensitivity. This review provides a comprehensive view of nature-based therapeutic options to address the increasing prevalence of obesity. It offers a valuable perspective for future research and subsequent clinical practice, addressing everything from the molecular, genetic, and physiological bases to the clinical study of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Villarruel-López
- Department of Pharmacobiology, University Center for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
| | - Karla Nuño
- Department of Psychology, Education and Health, ITESO Jesuit University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 45604, Mexico
| | - Abel García-García
- Institute of Science and Technology for Health Innovation, Guadalajara 44770, Mexico
- Department of Medical Clinic, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Yaír Adonaí Sánchez-Nuño
- Department of Pharmacobiology, University Center for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
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Amini MR, Rasaei N, Jalalzadeh M, Akhgarjand C, Hashemian M, Jalali P, Hekmatdoost A. The effects of Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1028-1043. [PMID: 38151892 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Garcinia cambogia (GC) has antioxidant, anticancer, antihistamine, and antimicrobial properties. To determine the effect of GC on lipid profiles, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out. Up to February 9, 2023, six electronic databases (Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched at any time without limitations. Trials examining the impact of GC on serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in adults were included. The total effect was shown as a weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in a random-effects meta-analysis approach. This systematic review and meta-analysis included 14 trials involving 623 subjects. Plasma levels of TC (WMD: -6.76 mg/dL; CI: -12.39 to -0.59, p-value = 0.032), and TG (WMD: -24.21 mg/dL; CI: -37.84 to -10.58, p < 0.001) were significantly reduced after GC use, and plasma HDL-C (WMD: 2.95 mg/dL; CI: 2.01 to 3.89, p < 0.001) levels increased. low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (WMD: -1.15 mg/dL; CI: -16.08 to 13.78, p-value = 0.880) were not significantly affected. The effects of lowering TC and TG were more pronounced for periods longer than 8 weeks. Consuming GC has a positive impact on TC, TG, and HDL-C concentrations. The limitations of this study include the short duration of analyzed interventions and significant heterogeneity. Nevertheless, it is imperative to conduct well-structured, and high-quality long-term trials to comprehensively evaluate the clinical effectiveness of GC on lipid profile, and validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Amini
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Rasaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Moharam Jalalzadeh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Camellia Akhgarjand
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemian
- Epidemiology and Community Health Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Parisa Jalali
- Student Research Committee, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ahn G, Ban YJ, Shin GI, Jeong SY, Park KH, Kim WY, Cha JY. Ethylene enhances transcriptions of asparagine biosynthetic genes in soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr) leaves. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2287883. [PMID: 38019725 PMCID: PMC10761183 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2287883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Soybean, a vital protein-rich crop, offers bioactivity that can mitigate various chronic human diseases. Nonetheless, soybean breeding poses a challenge due to the negative correlation between enhanced protein levels and overall productivity. Our previous studies demonstrated that applying gaseous phytohormone, ethylene, to soybean leaves significantly boosts the accumulation of free amino acids, particularly asparagine (Asn). Current studies also revealed that ethylene application to soybeans significantly enhanced both essential and non-essential amino acid contents in leaves and stems. Asn plays a crucial role in ammonia detoxification and reducing fatigue. However, the molecular evidence supporting this phenomenon remains elusive. This study explores the molecular mechanisms behind enhanced Asn accumulation in ethylene-treated soybean leaves. Transcriptional analysis revealed that ethylene treatments to soybean leaves enhance the transcriptional levels of key genes involved in Asn biosynthesis, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) and Asn synthetase (ASN), which aligns with our previous observations of elevated Asn levels. These findings shed light on the role of ethylene in upregulating Asn biosynthetic genes, subsequently enhancing Asn concentrations. This molecular insight into amino acid metabolism regulation provides valuable knowledge for the metabolic farming of crops, especially in elevating nutraceutical ingredients with non-genetic modification (GM) approach for improved protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongik Ahn
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21four), IALS, RILS, and PBRRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Jun Ban
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Im Shin
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21four), IALS, RILS, and PBRRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yi Jeong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21four), IALS, RILS, and PBRRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21four), IALS, RILS, and PBRRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21four), IALS, RILS, and PBRRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yung Cha
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21four), IALS, RILS, and PBRRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Prather JM, Florez CM, Vargas A, Soto B, Harrison A, Willoughby D, Tinsley G, Taylor L. The effects of a thermogenic supplement on metabolic and hemodynamic variables and subjective mood states. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2185538. [PMID: 36862833 PMCID: PMC9987759 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2185538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermogenic supplements are widely used in the general population to support attempted fat loss; however, the efficacy and safety of these supplements are questioned. PURPOSE To determine whether a thermogenic supplement affects metabolic rate, hemodynamic responses, and mood states. METHODS In a randomized double-blind crossover design, 23 females (22.2 ± 3.5 years; 164.8 ± 6.4 cm; 73.5 ± 6.9 kg) who were moderate caffeine consumers (<150 mg/day) reported to the lab after a 12 h fast for baseline assessments of resting energy expenditure (REE) via indirect calorimetry, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (SBP and DBP), blood variables, and hunger, satiety, and mood states. Thereafter, subjects ingested the assigned treatment (active treatment containing caffeine, micronutrients, and phytochemicals [TR] or placebo [PL]). All variables were reassessed at 30-, 60-, 120-, and 180 min post-ingestion. Subjects repeated the same protocol with ingestion of the opposite treatment on a separate day. All data were analyzed using a 2 × 5 ANOVA with repeated measures and significance was accepted a priori at p < 0.05. RESULTS In the TR group, mean increases in REE of 121 to 166 kcal/d were observed at 30-, 60-, and 180 min post-ingestion (p < 0.01 for all). PL group mean decreases in REE of 72 to 91 kcal/day were observed at 60-, 120-, and 180 min (p < 0.05 for all). Respiratory quotient decreased at 120 and 180 min in both treatments. Slight increases in SBP of 3-4 mmHg were observed at 30, 120, and 180 min (p < 0.05 for all) post-ingestion of TR, while no effects were observed for DBP. Observed increases in SBP were within normal blood pressure ranges. TR decreased subjective fatigue with no other significant changes in mood states. Glycerol was maintained in TR, while there was a decrease at 30, 60, and 180 min (p < 0.05 for all) post-ingestion of PLA. Free fatty acids increased in TR at 60 and 180 min (p < 0.05) post-ingestion as well as a significant difference between treatments at 30 min post-ingestion indicating greater circulating free fatty acids levels in TR vs. PL (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that ingestion of a specific thermogenic supplement formulation produces a sustained increase in metabolic rate and caloric expenditure and reduces fatigue over 3 h without producing adverse hemodynamic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Prather
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Christine M Florez
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Amie Vargas
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Bella Soto
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Abby Harrison
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Darryn Willoughby
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Grant Tinsley
- Texas Tech University, Energy Balance & Body Composition Lab; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Lem Taylor
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
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Lee S, Kim HW, Lee SJ, Kwon RH, Na H, Kim JH, Choi YM, Yoon H, Kim YS, Wee CD, Yoo SM, Lee SH. Comprehensive characterization of flavonoid derivatives in young leaves of core-collected soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14678. [PMID: 36038700 PMCID: PMC9424525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Most previous studies have been focused on isoflavone profile with biological activities from soybean seed and its related products. However, in the present study, eighty-three flavonoid derivatives (55 flavonols, 9 flavones and 19 isoflavones) were comprehensively identified and quantified from young leaves of 21 core-collected soybean cultivars based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector with quadrupole time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS). Among total flavonoids from soybean leaves (SLs), the abundant flavonols (83.6%) were primarily composed of di- and tri- glycosides combined to the aglycones (K, kaempferol; Q, quercetin; I, isorhamnetin). Particularly, K-rich SLs (yellow coated seed), Nongrim 51 (breeding line) and YJ208-1 (landrace) contained mainly kaempferol 3-O-(2″-O-glucosyl-6″-O-rhamnosyl)galactoside and 3-O-(2″,6″-di-O-rhamnosyl)galactoside, and were expected to be superior cultivars by their higher flavonoids. Besides, the new tri-I-glycosides (soyanins I–V) were presented as predominant components in Junyeorikong (landrace, black). Thus, this study suggest that the SLs can be considered as valuable edible resources due to their rich flavonoids. Also, these detailed profiles will support breeding of superior varieties with excellent biological activities as well as relationship with seed anthocyanins production, and contribute to perform metabolomics approach to investigate the changes of SLs flavonols during the leaf growth and fermentation in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Lee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Woong Kim
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jeong Lee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeong Ha Kwon
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Na
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyung Kim
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Choi
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemyeong Yoon
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Do Wee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Mi Yoo
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Molecular docking prediction and in vitro studies elucidate anti-inflammatory effect of Garcinia extract against inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 targets. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Garcinia is a tropical plant that has been traditionally used in medicinal folklore for its potential antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, etc. In this study, methanolic extract of Garcinia herbal supplement (GME) and its important phytoconstituents (Garcinol and hydroxycitric acid) were evaluated for their inhibitory action against important inflammatory markers iNOS and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. iNOS and COX-2 play a major role in the process of inflammation, and inhibition of these molecules will help to alleviate the inflammatory process. The cells were pre-treated with two doses of GME (115 µg/ml and 230 µg/ml); Ggarcinol (6 µM and 12 µM); hydroxycitric acid (17.5 µg/ml and 35 µg/ml) followed by stimulation with 1 µg/ml of LPS for 24 h.
Results
The results of the study demonstrated that Garcinia and its active components Garcinol and HCA play an important role in suppressing LPS-induced relative mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, and subsequent reduction in the levels of total nitric oxide and prostaglandinE2. Molecular docking analysis of Ggarcinol and HCA with iNOS and COX-2 proteins showed potent interactions with negative binding energies.
Conclusions
This study suggests that Garcinia possess anti-inflammatory activity thus providing a possibility for drug designing as iNOS and COX-2 inhibitor.
Graphical Abstract
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Han HS, Chung KS, Shin YK, Yu JS, Kang SH, Lee SH, Lee KT. Effect of Standardized Hydrangea serrata (Thunb.) Ser. Leaves Extract on Body Weight and Body Fat Reduction in Overweight or Obese Humans: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14010208. [PMID: 35011083 PMCID: PMC8747274 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health problem that is caused by body fat accumulation and that can lead to metabolic diseases. Owing to several side effects of the currently used antiobesity drugs, natural plants have risen as safe and potential candidates to alleviate obesity. We have previously reported the antiobesity effect of Hydrangea serrata (Thunb.) Ser. leaves extract (WHS) and its underlying mechanisms. As an extension of our preclinical studies, this study aimed to investigate the effect of WHS on body weight and body fat reduction in overweight or obese humans. A total of 93 healthy overweight or obese males and females, aged 19–65 years, with body mass indexes (BMIs) ≥ 25 and <32 kg/m2, were recruited and received either an oral administration of 600 mg of WHS, or placebo tablets for 12 weeks. Daily supplementation with WHS decreased body weights, body fat masses, and BMIs compared with the placebo-treated group. The hip circumferences, visceral fat areas, abdominal fat areas, and visceral-to-subcutaneous ratios decreased after WHS supplementation. No significant side effects were observed during or after the 12 weeks of WHS intake. In conclusion, WHS, which has beneficial effects on body weight and body fat reduction, could be a promising antiobesity supplement that does not produce any side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Soo Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.-S.H.); (K.-S.C.)
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.-S.H.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Yu-Kyong Shin
- Department of New Material Development, COSMAXBIO, Seongnam 13486, Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (J.-S.Y.)
| | - Jae-Sik Yu
- Department of New Material Development, COSMAXBIO, Seongnam 13486, Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (J.-S.Y.)
| | - Seung-Hyun Kang
- Clinical Research Center of H PLUS Yangji Hospital, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08779, Korea;
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of New Material Development, COSMAXBIO, Seongnam 13486, Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (J.-S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.-H.L.); (K.-T.L.); Tel.: +82-31-8018-0390 (S.-H.L.); +82-2-961-0860 (K.-T.L.)
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.-S.H.); (K.-S.C.)
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.L.); (K.-T.L.); Tel.: +82-31-8018-0390 (S.-H.L.); +82-2-961-0860 (K.-T.L.)
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Lim WXJ, Gammon CS, von Hurst P, Chepulis L, Page RA. A Narrative Review of Human Clinical Trials on the Impact of Phenolic-Rich Plant Extracts on Prediabetes and Its Subgroups. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113733. [PMID: 34835989 PMCID: PMC8624625 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic-rich plant extracts have been demonstrated to improve glycemic control in individuals with prediabetes. However, there is increasing evidence that people with prediabetes are not a homogeneous group but exhibit different glycemic profiles leading to the existence of prediabetes subgroups. Prediabetes subgroups have been identified as: isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and combined impaired fasting glucose and glucose intolerance (IFG/IGT). The present review investigates human clinical trials examining the hypoglycemic potential of phenolic-rich plant extracts in prediabetes and prediabetes subgroups. Artemisia princeps Pampanini, soy (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) leaf and Citrus junos Tanaka peel have been demonstrated to improve fasting glycemia and thus may be more useful for individuals with IFG with increasing hepatic insulin resistance. In contrast, white mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) leaf, persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaf and Acacia. Mearnsii bark were shown to improve postprandial glycemia and hence may be preferably beneficial for individuals with IGT with increasing muscle insulin resistance. Elaeis guineensis leaf was observed to improve both fasting and postprandial glycemic measures depending on the dose. Current evidence remains scarce regarding the impact of the plant extracts on glycemic control in prediabetes subgroups and therefore warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xin Janice Lim
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (W.X.J.L.); (C.S.G.)
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Cheryl S. Gammon
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (W.X.J.L.); (C.S.G.)
| | - Pamela von Hurst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand;
| | - Lynne Chepulis
- Waikato Medical Research Centre, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand;
| | - Rachel A. Page
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-4-801-5799 (ext. 63462)
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Ban YJ, Song YH, Kim JY, Cha JY, Ali I, Baiseitova A, Shah AB, Kim WY, Park KH. A Significant Change in Free Amino Acids of Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr) through Ethylene Application. Molecules 2021; 26:1128. [PMID: 33672673 PMCID: PMC7924343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the changes in free amino acids of soybean leaves after ethylene application were characterized based on quantitative and metabolomic analyses. All essential and nonessential amino acids in soybean leaves were enhanced by fivefold (250 to 1284 mg/100 g) and sixfold (544 to 3478 mg/100 g), respectively, via ethylene application. In particular, it was found that asparagine is the main component, comprising approximately 41% of the total amino acids with a twenty-five fold increase (78 to 1971 mg/100 g). Moreover, arginine and branched chain amino acids (Val, Leu, and Ile) increased by about 14 and 2-5 times, respectively. The increase in free amino acid in stem was also similar to the leaves. The metabolites in treated and untreated soybean leaves were systematically identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and partial variance discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) scores and heat map analysis were given to understand the changes of each metabolite. The application of ethylene may provide good nutrient potential for soybean leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ki Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), IALS, RILS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Y.J.B.); (Y.H.S.); (J.Y.K.); (J.Y.C.); (I.A.); (A.B.); (A.B.S.); (W.-Y.K.)
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11
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Andueza N, Giner RM, Portillo MP. Risks Associated with the Use of Garcinia as a Nutritional Complement to Lose Weight. Nutrients 2021; 13:450. [PMID: 33572973 PMCID: PMC7911601 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, obesity is one of the great nutritional problems facing public health. The prevalence of this pathology has increased in a worrying way over recent years, currently reaching epidemic proportions. In this context, nutritional supplements are presented as a therapeutic alternative to which more and more people are turning to. Nutritional supplements to lose weight based on the Garcinia plant, specifically on Garcinia cambogia, are commonly used. The active principle of this plant to which these properties have been attributed, is hydroxycitric acid (HCA). The aim of the present review is to gather reported data concerning the effectiveness of nutritional supplements based on Garcinia extracts on weight loss and their possible negative effects. Contradictory results have been observed regarding the effectiveness of the supplements. While statistically significant weight loss was observed in some studies, no changes were found in others. Regarding safety, although Garcinia supplements have been revealed as safe in the vast majority of the studies carried out in animal models and humans, some cases of hepatotoxicity, serotonin toxicity and mania have been reported. In conclusion, the results suggest that Garcinia-based supplements could be effective in short-term weight loss, although the data are not conclusive. In addition, the safety of the complement should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naroa Andueza
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Giner
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
- Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN), 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria P. Portillo
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria, Spain;
- Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN), 28014 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01009 Vitoria, Spain
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
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12
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Watanabe M, Risi R, Masi D, Caputi A, Balena A, Rossini G, Tuccinardi D, Mariani S, Basciani S, Manfrini S, Gnessi L, Lubrano C. Current Evidence to Propose Different Food Supplements for Weight Loss: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2873. [PMID: 32962190 PMCID: PMC7551574 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of food supplements for weight loss purposes has rapidly gained popularity as the prevalence of obesity increases. Navigating through the vast, often low quality, literature available is challenging, as is providing informed advice to those asking for it. Herein, we provide a comprehensive literature revision focusing on most currently marketed dietary supplements claimed to favor weight loss, classifying them by their purported mechanism of action. We conclude by proposing a combination of supplements most supported by current evidence, that leverages all mechanisms of action possibly leading to a synergistic effect and greater weight loss in the foreseen absence of adverse events. Further studies will be needed to confirm the weight loss and metabolic improvement that may be obtained through the use of the proposed combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Renata Risi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Davide Masi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Alessandra Caputi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Angela Balena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Giovanni Rossini
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (D.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (D.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefania Mariani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Sabrina Basciani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Silvia Manfrini
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (D.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Carla Lubrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
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13
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Golzarand M, Omidian M, Toolabi K. Effect of Garcinia cambogia supplement on obesity indices: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2020; 52:102451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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14
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Maunder A, Bessell E, Lauche R, Adams J, Sainsbury A, Fuller NR. Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:891-903. [PMID: 31984610 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To update the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of complementary medicines to assist in weight loss by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of herbal medicines for weight loss. METHODS Four electronic databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science) were searched from inception until August 2018. A total of 54 randomized placebo-controlled trials of healthy overweight or obese adults were identified. Meta-analyses were conducted for herbal medicines with ≥4 studies available. Weight differences of ≥2.5 kg were considered clinically significant. RESULTS As a single agent, only Phaseolus vulgaris resulted in a statistically significant weight loss compared to placebo, although this was not considered clinically significant. No effect was seen for Camellia sinensis or Garcinia cambogia. Statistically, but not clinically, significant differences were observed for combination preparations containing C. sinensis, P. vulgaris or Ephedra sinica. Of the herbal medicines trialled in ≤3 randomized controlled trials, statistically and clinically significant weight loss compared to placebo was reported for Irvingia gabonensis, Cissus quadrangularis, and Sphaeranthus indicus combined with Garcinia mangostana, among others, but these findings should be interpreted cautiously because of the small number of studies, generally poor methodological quality, and poor reporting of the herbal medicine interventions. Most herbal medicines appeared safe for consumption over the short duration of the studies (commonly ≤12 weeks). Some warrant further investigation to determine effect size, dosage and long-term safety. CONCLUSION There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend any of the herbal medicines for weight loss included in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Maunder
- University of Sydney, Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erica Bessell
- University of Sydney, Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Romy Lauche
- University of Technology Sydney, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), NSW, Australia
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Germany
| | - Jon Adams
- University of Technology Sydney, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- University of Sydney, Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Fuller
- University of Sydney, Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Ventura S, Rodrigues M, Falcão A, Alves G. Short-term effects of Garcinia cambogia extract on the pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine given as a single-dose in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:61-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Peng M, He Q, Li S, Li L, Ma H. Integrated analysis of proteomics-delineated and metabolomics-delineated hepatic metabolic responses to (-)-hydroxycitric acid in chick embryos. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1258-1270. [PMID: 30317645 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Hydroxycitric acid [(-)-HCA] is widely used as a nutritional supplement to control body weight and fat accumulation in animals and humans, whereas the underlying biochemical mechanism is unclear. Broiler chicken was used as a model for studies of obesity due to its natural hyperglycemia and being insulin resistant. The current study aimed to obtain a systematic view of serum metabolites and hepatic proteins and well understand the mechanism of hepatic metabolic response to (-)-HCA treatment in chick embryos. The results showed that 22, 90, and 82 of differentially expressed proteins were identified at E14d, E19d, and H1d in chick embryos treated with (-)-HCA, respectively. Meanwhile, 5, 83, and 88 of serum metabolites significantly changed at E14d, E19d, and H1d in chick embryos after (-)-HCA treatment. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the key proteins and metabolites, which were significantly altered in chick embryos treated with (-)-HCA, were mainly involved in the citrate cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism. Our data indicated that (-)-HCA treatment might promote fat metabolism via regulating the key protein expression levels and metabolite contents in the citrate cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and oxidative phosphorylation during chicken embryonic development. These results will deepen our understanding of the mechanism of fat reduction by (-)-HCA and provide substantial information for (-)-HCA as a nutritional supplement to control body weight gain and curb obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Longlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Haitian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
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17
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Li H, Kim UH, Yoon JH, Ji HS, Park HM, Park HY, Jeong TS. Suppression of Hyperglycemia and Hepatic Steatosis by Black-Soybean-Leaf Extract via Enhanced Adiponectin-Receptor Signaling and AMPK Activation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:90-101. [PMID: 30541285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Yellow-soybean-leaf extract includes kaempferol glycosides and pheophorbides that reduce obesity and plasma glucose levels. This study researched the molecular mechanisms underlying the glucose-lowering effect of the extract of black-soybean leaves (EBL), which mainly contains quercetin glycosides and isorhamnetin glycosides, in mice with high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity and diabetes and in HepG2 cells. Twelve weeks of EBL supplementation decreased body weight and fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, triglyceride, and nonesterified fatty acid levels. Histological analyses manifested that EBL suppressed hepatic steatosis. Interestingly, EBL significantly improved plasma adiponectin levels and increased adiponectin-receptor-gene ( AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) expression in the liver. EBL restored the effects of HFD on hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and on the family of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, PPARδ, and PPARγ), which are associated with fatty acid metabolism and are downstream of the adiponectin receptors. Hence, EBL effectively diminished hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis through enhancing adiponectin-induced signaling and AMPK activation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Un-Hee Kim
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Yoon
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seon Ji
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Park
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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18
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Haber SL, Awwad O, Phillips A, Park AE, Pham TM. Garcinia cambogia for weight loss. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2018; 75:17-22. [PMID: 29317394 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp160915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Haber
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy-GlendaleGlendale, AZ
| | - Omar Awwad
- Department of PharmacyBlessing Health SystemQuincy, IL
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19
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Langhans W. Food Components in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2287-2294. [PMID: 28603983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The current obesity epidemic with its deleterious effects on public health and the increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in our aging society have dramatically increased public awareness of nutrition-related health issues. On one hand, food components, such as fat, sugar, flavors, and spices, are major determinants of the hedonic value of food, and the constant and almost ubiquitous availability of good-tasting food in our affluent societies promotes overeating and weight gain. On the other hand, several food components, including flavoring compounds and the active ingredients of many plants, such as spices and herbs (e.g., polyphenols and capsaicinoids) or thylakoids, supposedly can decrease food intake and affect gastrointestinal function and metabolism. These substances may act as antioxidants, may stimulate the release of incretins and, hence, insulin, and may improve insulin sensitivity or decrease plasma levels of lipids. Such beneficial effects are often difficult to demonstrate in epidemiological studies because they may occur only at supraphysiological doses and/or when the purified compounds are administered, but they can be present under certain circumstances. This review discusses the putative mechanisms of the health-promoting and disease-preventing effects of some food components and their potential physiological relevance, primarily with respect to counteracting obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health , ETH Zurich , Schorenstrasse 16 , 8603 Schwerzenbach , Switzerland
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20
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Some Popular Energy Shots and Their Ingredients: Are They Safe and Should They Be Used? A Literature Review. BEVERAGES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages4010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Peng M, Li L, Yu L, Ge C, Ma H. Effects of (−)‐hydroxycitric acid on lipid droplet accumulation in chicken embryos. Anim Sci J 2017; 89:237-249. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Longlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Lei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Chongyang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Haitian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
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22
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Bakhiya N, Ziegenhagen R, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Dusemund B, Richter K, Schultrich K, Pevny S, Schäfer B, Lampen A. Phytochemical compounds in sport nutrition: Synephrine and hydroxycitric acid (HCA) as examples for evaluation of possible health risks. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Bakhiya
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Rainer Ziegenhagen
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Karen I. Hirsch-Ernst
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Birgit Dusemund
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Katharina Schultrich
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Sophie Pevny
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
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23
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Kwak Y, Ju J. Glycine max Merr. leaf extract possesses anti-oxidant properties, decreases inflammatory mediator production in murine macrophages, and inhibits growth, migration, and adhesion in human cancer cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:245-253. [PMID: 30263535 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties of the ethanol extract of soybean (Glycine max Merr.) leaves (SLE). The total polyphenol and flavonoid levels were 142.0±14.0mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 104.9±2.0 mg quercetin equivalent/g, respectively. The radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing anti-oxidant power of SLE at the concentrations of 125-500 μg/mL were 5-61%. In lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, treatment with SLE at concentrations of 62.5-500 μg/mL dose-dependently decreased the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. In both HCT116 human colon cancer cells and H1299 human lung cancer cells, treatment with SLE inhibited the growth and anchorage-independent colony formation. SLE was also effective in inhibiting the migration of H1299 cells and the adhesion of both HCT116 and H1299 cells. These results suggest that SLE exerts anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-cancer activities in vitro. It needs to be determined whether similar effects are reproduced in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngeun Kwak
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644 Korea
| | - Jihyeung Ju
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644 Korea
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24
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Han JM, Li H, Cho MH, Baek SH, Lee CH, Park HY, Jeong TS. Soy-Leaf Extract Exerts Atheroprotective Effects via Modulation of Krüppel-Like Factor 2 and Adhesion Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E373. [PMID: 28208647 PMCID: PMC5343908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy-leaf extracts exert their cardioprotective effects by inducing endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the arteries, and they favorably modulate the serum lipid profile. In this study, we investigated the atheroprotective effects of an ethanol extract of soy leaf (ESL) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLR-/-) mice. ESL induced the expression of Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), an endothelial transcription factor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and suppressed the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) through moderate inflammatory signal activation, not only in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated HUVECs but also in 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC)-stimulated HUVECs. ESL supplementation reduced aortic lesion formation in Western diet-fed LDLR-/- mice by 46% (p < 0.01) compared to the HCD group. ESL also markedly decreased the aortic expression levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), and fractalkine, while the expression of KLF2 was significantly increased. These results suggest that ESL supplementation has potential for preventing HCD-induced atherosclerosis effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Han
- Division of Life Science, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea.
| | - Hua Li
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Moon-Hee Cho
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Seung-Hwa Baek
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
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Ryu R, Jeong TS, Kim YJ, Choi JY, Cho SJ, Kwon EY, Jung UJ, Ji HS, Shin DH, Choi MS. Beneficial Effects of Pterocarpan-High Soybean Leaf Extract on Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese Korean Subjects: Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8:E734. [PMID: 27869712 PMCID: PMC5133118 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterocarpans are known to have antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is known about the changes in transcriptional profiles in response to a pterocarpan-high soybean leaf extract (PT). Therefore, this study investigated the effects of PT on blood glucose and lipid levels, as well as on the inflammation-related gene expression based on a peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) mRNA sequencing analysis in Korean overweight and obese subjects with mild metabolic syndrome. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups and were administered either placebo (starch, 3 g/day) or PT (2 g/day) for 12 weeks. The PT intervention did not change body weight, body fat percentage and body mass index (BMI). However, PT significantly decreased the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma glucose, free fatty acid, total cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol levels after 12 weeks. Furthermore, PT supplementation significantly lowered the homeostatic index of insulin resistance, as well as the plasma levels of inflammatory markers. Finally, the mRNA sequencing analysis revealed that PT downregulated genes related to immune responses. PT supplementation is beneficial for the improvement of metabolic syndrome by altering the fasting blood and plasma glucose, HbA1c, plasma lipid levels and inflammation-related gene expression in PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Ryu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Ye Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Choi
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Su-Jung Cho
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Eun-Young Kwon
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Un Ju Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea.
| | - Hyeon-Seon Ji
- Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Dong-Ha Shin
- Insect Biotech Co., Ltd., Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI. Effect of orlistat alone or in combination with Garcinia cambogia on visceral adiposity index in obese patients. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016; 5:408-414. [PMID: 27757272 PMCID: PMC5061485 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160815080732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of orlistat alone and in combination with Garcinia cambogia on visceral adiposity index (VAI) in obese patients. Patients and Methods: A total of 99 obese male patients were recruited with aged range between 37 and 46 years. They were randomized into three equal groups, first group treated with orlistat 120 mg/day, second group treated with G. cambogia 166 mg/day, and third group treated with orlistat 120 mg/day plus G. cambogia 166 mg/day. The duration of the treatments was three consecutive months. Body mass index (BMI), VAI, blood pressure, blood glucose, total lipid profile, atherogenic index, and cardiac risk ratio were recorded at baseline and after 3 months. Results: The treatment with G. cambogia leads to reduction in VAI P < 0.05, whereas orlistat has a beneficial effect on cardiometabolic profiles without a reduction in VAI P > 0.05. Combined therapy of G. cambogia plus orlistat showed the more significant effect in reduction of VAI P < 0.05, cardiometabolic profiles and anthropometric measures P < 0.01 compared to pretreatment period. Conclusion: Combination of G. cambogia with orlistat lead to more significant effect than orlistat alone in amelioration of cardiometabolic profile and VAI in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Medical Faculty College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Medical Faculty College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
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Han J, Li L, Wang D, Ma H. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid reduced fat deposition via regulating lipid metabolism-related gene expression in broiler chickens. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:37. [PMID: 26912252 PMCID: PMC4765117 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chicken as a delicious food for a long history, and it is well known that excess fat deposition in broiler chickens will not only induced metabolic diseases, but also lead to adverse effect in the consumer's health. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a major active ingredient of Garcinia Cambogia extracts, had shown to suppress fat accumulation in animals and humans. While, the precise physiological mechanism of HCA has not yet been full clarified, especially its action in broiler chickens. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of (-)-HCA on lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. METHODS A total of 120 1-day-old broiler chickens were randomly allocated to four groups, with each group was repeated three times with 10 birds. Birds received a commercial diet supplemented with (-)-HCA at 0, 1000, 2000 or 3000 mg/kg, respectively, for a period of 4 weeks ad libitum. RESULTS Body weight (BW) in the 2000 and 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA groups was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) than that in control group. A significantly decreased of serum triglyceride (TG) and density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) content were observed in 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA group (P < 0.05). Broiler chickens supplmented with 2000 and 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA had pronouncedly higher hepatic lipase (HL) activity, hepatic glycogen and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) contents in liver (P < 0.05). Serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxin (T4) contents were significantly higher in 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA group (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. Supplemental (-)-HCA markedly decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) (P < 0.05) mRNA levels, while the mRNA abundance of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinaseβ2 (AMPKβ2) (P < 0.05) was significantly increased. In addition, ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) mRNA level (P < 0.05) was significantly decreased in broiler chickens supplemented with 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA. No differences was observed on carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I(CPT-I), while peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPARα) mRNA level (P < 0.05) was significantly increased in broiler chickens supplemented with 2000 and 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA. CONCLUSIONS Supplemental (-)-HCA inhibited lipogenesis by inhibiting ACLY, SREBP-1c and FAS expression, and accelerated lipolysis through enhancing HL activity and PPARα expression, which eventually led to the reduced abdominal fat deposition in broiler chickens. Graphical abstract Mechanism of (-)-HCA effect on hepatic lipids metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Longlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haitian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Goudarzvand M, Afraei S, Yaslianifard S, Ghiasy S, Sadri G, Kalvandi M, Alinia T, Mohebbi A, Yazdani R, Azarian SK, Mirshafiey A, Azizi G. Hydroxycitric acid ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1610-1616. [PMID: 27904492 PMCID: PMC5116840 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.193240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is derived primarily from the Garcinia plant and is widely used for its anti-inflammatory effects. Multiple sclerosis can cause an inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage. In this study, to validate the hypothesis that HCA exhibits therapeutic effects on multiple sclerosis, we established female C57BL/6 mouse models of multiple sclerosis, i.e., experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) emulsion containing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55). Treatment with HCA at 2 g/kg/d for 3 weeks obviously improved the symptoms of nerve injury of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice, decreased serum interleulin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities. These findings suggest that HCA exhibits neuroprotective effects on multiple sclerosis-caused nerve injury through ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Goudarzvand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sanaz Afraei
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Yaslianifard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saleh Ghiasy
- Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Sadri
- Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mustafa Kalvandi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Tina Alinia
- Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohebbi
- Growth and Development Research Centre, Paediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahin Khadem Azarian
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Choppa T, Selvaraj CI, Zachariah A. Evaluation and Characterization of Malabar Tamarind [Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr.] Seed Oil. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:5906-13. [PMID: 26345007 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the chemical compounds present in the Malabar tamarind seed oil. The oil was extracted from the seeds of Malabar tamarind fruits collected from NBPGR Regional station, Thrissur. The seeds yielded 46.5 % of oil. Parameters such as the peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, and acid value of the extracted Malabar tamarind seed oil were determined. These values were used to predict the quality of fatty acid methyl esters present in the oil. UV absorption spectroscopy of the oil showed hypsochromic shift, and the maximum absorbance was at 269 nm. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum revealed the presence of olefin hydrogen and carbonyl group of ester compounds in the oil sample. The evaluation of the chemical compounds in the oil using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that, a total of five fatty acid methyl esters were present in the oil sample. Among the five fatty acid esters present in the Malabar tamarind seed oil, Methyl 16-methyl heptadecanoate (54.57 %) was found to be the predominant compound. This study also supports the presence of olefins in the long chain fatty acids from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) data. There is a significant correlation between the properties and the characteristic profile of the oil sample. This study is the first report that shows Malabar tamarind as a promising source of oil seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharachand Choppa
- Plant Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Lab # 211, SMV Building, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Chinnadurai Immanuel Selvaraj
- Plant Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Lab # 211, SMV Building, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Abraham Zachariah
- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) Regional station, Thrissur, Kerala 680656 India
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30
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Li H, Ji HS, Kang JH, Shin DH, Park HY, Choi MS, Lee CH, Lee IK, Yun BS, Jeong TS. Soy Leaf Extract Containing Kaempferol Glycosides and Pheophorbides Improves Glucose Homeostasis by Enhancing Pancreatic β-Cell Function and Suppressing Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in db/db Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7198-210. [PMID: 26211813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidiabetic effect of an ethanol extract of soy leaves (ESL) in db/db mice. Control groups (db/+ and db/db) were fed a normal diet (ND), whereas the db/db-ESL group was fed ND with 1% ESL for 8 weeks. Dietary ESL improved glucose tolerance and lowered plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR, and triglyceride levels. The pancreatic insulin content of the db/db-ESL group was significantly greater than that of the db/db group. ESL supplementation altered pancreatic IRS1, IRS2, Pdx1, Ngn3, Pax4, Ins1, Ins2, and FoxO1 expression. Furthermore, ESL suppressed lipid accumulation and increased glucokinase activity in the liver. ESL primarily contained kaempferol glycosides and pheophorbides. Kaempferol, an aglycone of kaempferol glycosides, improved β-cell proliferation through IRS2-related FoxO1 signaling, whereas pheophorbide a, a product of chlorophyll breakdown, improved insulin secretion and β-cell proliferation through IRS1-related signaling with protein kinase A in MIN6 cells. ESL effectively regulates glucose homeostasis by enhancing IRS-mediated β-cell insulin signaling and suppressing SREBP-1-mediated hepatic lipid accumulation in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- †Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
- §Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seon Ji
- †Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
- ‡College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Kang
- †Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Shin
- #Insect Biotech Company Ltd., Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- †Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
- #Insect Biotech Company Ltd., Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- ΔCenter for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- ⊗Laboratory Animal Resource Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyung Lee
- ⊥Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Sik Yun
- ⊥Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- †Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
- §Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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31
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A comprehensive scientific overview of Garcinia cambogia. Fitoterapia 2015; 102:134-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Liu G, Han N, Han J, Chen D, Kang J, Ma H. Garcinia Cambogia Extracts Prevented Fat Accumulation via Adiponectin-AMPK Signaling Pathway in Developing Obesity Rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.21.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Ningning Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Jian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Haitian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University
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Go RE, Hwang KA, Kim YS, Kim SH, Nam KH, Choi KC. Effects of palm and sunflower oils on serum cholesterol and fatty liver in rats. J Med Food 2014; 18:363-9. [PMID: 25393932 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Palm oil is a common cooking ingredient used in the commercial food industry as the second largest consumed vegetable oil in the world. Because of its lower cost and highly saturated nature, it usually maintains a solid form at room temperature and is used as a cheap substitute for butter. However, there has been a growing health concern about palm oil because of the link between dietary fats and coronary heart disease. Palm oil contains ∼49% saturated fat, a relatively high concentration compared with other vegetable oils. Consequently, high intakes of saturated fat from palm oil induce a larger increase in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins. In the present study, we examined the hyperlipidemia of palm oil and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) using a rat model in comparison with sunflower oil with a relatively low level of saturated fat. On in vivo examination using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for 22 days, there were no significant differences in serum lipid levels, suggesting that palm oil may not cause hyperlipidemia and elevate CVD risk. However, liver samples obtained from SD rats fed with palm oil showed a lot of large lipid inclusions stained with the Oil Red O working solution, but not much lipid accumulation was observed in rats treated with sunflower oil. In addition, lipid accumulation in the mixed oil group fed the combination of palm and sunflower (1:1) oil was shown to be at an intermediary level between the palm oil group and sunflower oil group. Taken together, these results indicate that palm oil, a highly saturated form of vegetable oil, may induce dysfunction of the liver lipid metabolism before affecting serum lipid levels. On the other hand, sunflower oil, a highly unsaturated vegetable oil, was shown to be well metabolized in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryeo-Eun Go
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju, Korea
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Kim UH, Yoon JH, Li H, Kang JH, Ji HS, Park KH, Shin DH, Park HY, Jeong TS. Pterocarpan-enriched soy leaf extract ameliorates insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell proliferation in type 2 diabetic mice. Molecules 2014; 19:18493-510. [PMID: 25401395 PMCID: PMC6271205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Korea, soy (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaves are eaten as a seasonal vegetable or pickled in soy sauce. Ethyl acetate extracts of soy leaves (EASL) are enriched in pterocarpans and have potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic effect of EASL in C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes. Mice were randomly divided into normal diet (ND), HFD (60 kcal% fat diet), EASL (HFD with 0.56% (wt/wt) EASL), and Pinitol (HFD with 0.15% (wt/wt) pinitol) groups. Weight gain and abdominal fat accumulation were significantly suppressed by EASL. Levels of plasma glucose, HbA1c, and insulin in the EASL group were significantly lower than those of the HFD group, and the pancreatic islet of the EASL group had greater size than those of the HFD group. EASL group up-regulated neurogenin 3 (Ngn3), paired box 4 (Pax4), and v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (MafA), which are markers of pancreatic cell development, as well as insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), IRS2, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), which are related to insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, EASL suppressed genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis and steatosis. These results suggest that EASL improves plasma glucose and insulin levels in mice with HDF-induced type 2 diabetes by regulating β-cell proliferation and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Hee Kim
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Hyun Yoon
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Hua Li
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyun Kang
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Hyeon-Seon Ji
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Ki Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Dong-Ha Shin
- Insect Biotech Co. Ltd., Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
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Choi MS, Ryu R, Seo YR, Jeong TS, Shin DH, Park YB, Kim SR, Jung UJ. The beneficial effect of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaf extracts in adults with prediabetes: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Food Funct 2014; 5:1621-30. [PMID: 24873894 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00199k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of soybean leaf extracts (SLEs) on blood glucose, insulin resistance, body fat and dyslipidemia in prediabetes subjects, and compared them with the effects of banaba extracts (BE) which is known to ameliorate diabetes in several animals and clinical studies. Overweight subjects with mild hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose level of 100-125 mg dL(-1)) were randomly assigned to three groups and administered four capsules containing starch (2 g per day, Placebo), BE (300 mg per day, 0.3% corosolic acid) or SLE (2 g per day) during regular meals for 12 weeks. The SLE as well as BE significantly decreased the baseline-adjusted final blood glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and transaminase levels compared to the placebo group. The body weight, BMI and WHR were not different between the groups, but the baseline-adjusted final body fat content and waist circumference were lower in the BE and SLE groups than in the placebo group. Furthermore, the baseline-adjusted final plasma triglyceride concentration was lower in the BE and SLE groups compared to the placebo group. There were no significant differences in plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations between the groups. However, the SLE, but not the BE, significantly increased the plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol after 12 weeks of supplementation compared to the placebo group, while the atherogenic index was decreased. Taken together, these data suggest that SLE may play an important role in improving blood glucose, insulin resistance, adiposity, and dyslipidemia in prediabetes subjects consuming their habitual diet, similar to or better than BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Sook Choi
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Huh GW, Park JH, Kang JH, Jeong TS, Kang HC, Baek NI. Flavonoids from Lindera glauca Blume as low-density lipoprotein oxidation inhibitors. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:831-4. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.879583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Won Huh
- The Graduate School of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences & Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hae Park
- The Graduate School of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences & Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Kang
- National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism & Atherosclerosis, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism & Atherosclerosis, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Nam-In Baek
- The Graduate School of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences & Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
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Park SH, Huh TL, Kim SY, Oh MR, Tirupathi Pichiah PB, Chae SW, Cha YS. Antiobesity effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract (actiponin): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:63-71. [PMID: 23804546 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of actiponin was investigated, a heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract, on body weight, fat loss, and metabolic markers of Korean participants in a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. DESIGN AND METHODS Obese participants (BMI ≥ 25 kg m(-2) and WHR ≥ 0.90 for male or WHR ≥ 0.85 for female) who had not been diagnosed with any disease and met the inclusion criteria were recruited for this study. The 80 subjects were randomly divided into actiponin (n = 40, 450 mg day(-1) ) and placebo (n = 40) groups. Outcomes included measurement of efficacy (abdominal fat distribution, anthropometric parameters, and blood lipid profiles) and safety (adverse events, laboratory test results, electrocardiogram data, and vital signs). RESULTS During 12-week of actiponin supplementation, total abdominal fat area, body weight, body fat mass, percent body fat, and BMI were significantly decreased (P = 0.044, P < 0.05, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.05, respectively) in the actiponin group compared to the placebo group. No clinically significant changes in any safety parameter were observed. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that actiponin is a potent antiobesity reagent that does not produce any significant adverse effects. These results suggest that actiponin supplementation may be effective for treating obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Obesity Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Vasques CAR, Schneider R, Klein-Júnior LC, Falavigna A, Piazza I, Rossetto S. Hypolipemic Effect ofGarcinia cambogiain Obese Women. Phytother Res 2013; 28:887-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. R. Vasques
- Grupo de pesquisa em saúde humana e ambiente, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Feevale; RS-239, 2755, 93352-000 Novo Hamburgo Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
| | - Ricardo Schneider
- Grupo de pesquisa em saúde humana e ambiente, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Feevale; RS-239, 2755, 93352-000 Novo Hamburgo Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
| | - Luiz C. Klein-Júnior
- Grupo de pesquisa em saúde humana e ambiente, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Feevale; RS-239, 2755, 93352-000 Novo Hamburgo Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
| | - Andressa Falavigna
- Grupo de pesquisa em saúde humana e ambiente, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Feevale; RS-239, 2755, 93352-000 Novo Hamburgo Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
| | - Ivone Piazza
- Grupo de pesquisa em saúde humana e ambiente, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Feevale; RS-239, 2755, 93352-000 Novo Hamburgo Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
| | - Simone Rossetto
- Grupo de pesquisa em saúde humana e ambiente, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Feevale; RS-239, 2755, 93352-000 Novo Hamburgo Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
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Updates on Antiobesity Effect of Garcinia Origin (-)-HCA. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:751658. [PMID: 23990846 PMCID: PMC3748738 DOI: 10.1155/2013/751658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Garcinia is a plant under the family of Clusiaceae that is commonly used as a flavouring agent. Various phytochemicals including flavonoids and organic acid have been identified in this plant. Among all types of organic acids, hydroxycitric acid or more specifically (−)-hydroxycitric acid has been identified as a potential supplement for weight management and as antiobesity agent. Various in vivo studies have contributed to the understanding of the anti-obesity effects of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid via regulation of serotonin level and glucose uptake. Besides, it also helps to enhance fat oxidation while reducing de novo lipogenesis. However, results from clinical studies showed both negative and positive antiobesity effects of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid. This review was prepared to summarise the update of chemical constituents, significance of in vivo/clinical anti-obesity effects, and the importance of the current market potential of Garcinia/hydroxycitric acid.
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KANG NAMHEE, LEE WONKYUNG, YI BORIM, LEE HYERIM, PARK MINAH, PARK SANGKI, PARK HYOUNGKOOK, CHOI KYUNGCHUL. Risk of cardiovascular disease is suppressed by dietary supplementation with protamine and chitooligosaccharide in Sprague-Dawley rats. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:127-33. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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