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da Silva VG, Smith NW, Mullaney JA, Wall C, Roy NC, McNabb WC. Food-breastmilk combinations alter the colonic microbiome of weaning infants: an in silico study. mSystems 2024; 9:e0057724. [PMID: 39191378 PMCID: PMC11406890 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00577-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The introduction of solid foods to infants, also known as weaning, is a critical point for the development of the complex microbial community inhabiting the human colon, impacting host physiology in infancy and later in life. This research investigated in silico the impact of food-breastmilk combinations on growth and metabolite production by colonic microbes of New Zealand weaning infants using the metagenome-scale metabolic model named Microbial Community. Eighty-nine foods were individually combined with breastmilk, and the 12 combinations with the strongest influence on the microbial production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were identified. Fiber-rich and polyphenol-rich foods, like pumpkin and blackcurrant, resulted in the greatest increase in predicted fluxes of total SCFAs and individual fluxes of propionate and acetate when combined, respectively, with breastmilk. Identified foods were further combined with other foods and breastmilk, resulting in 66 multiple food-breastmilk combinations. These combinations altered in silico the impact of individual foods on the microbial production of SCFAs and BCFAs, suggesting that the interaction between the dietary compounds composing a meal is the key factor influencing colonic microbes. Blackcurrant combined with other foods and breastmilk promoted the greatest increase in the production of acetate and total SCFAs, while pork combined with other foods and breastmilk decreased the production of total BCFAs.IMPORTANCELittle is known about the influence of complementary foods on the colonic microbiome of weaning infants. Traditional in vitro and in vivo microbiome methods are limited by their resource-consuming concerns. Modeling approaches represent a promising complementary tool to provide insights into the behavior of microbial communities. This study evaluated how foods combined with other foods and human milk affect the production of short-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids by colonic microbes of weaning infants using a rapid and inexpensive in silico approach. Foods and food combinations identified here are candidates for future experimental investigations, helping to fill a crucial knowledge gap in infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor G da Silva
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Smith
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jane A Mullaney
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Clare Wall
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
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Kruk M, Lalowski P, Płecha M, Ponder A, Rudzka A, Zielińska D, Trząskowska M. Prebiotic potential of spent brewery grain - In vitro study. Food Chem 2024; 463:141254. [PMID: 39298848 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Spent brewery grain (SBG) is a by-product of the brewery industry. The study aimed to investigate the prebiotic potential of SBG. The chemical composition and fermentation capacity of SBG were checked. The gut microbiota response to SBG was assessed in two in vitro models (batch fermentation and dynamic system). Substances with prebiotic properties, including arabinoxylans (16.7 g/100 g) and polyphenols (49.1 mg/100 g), were identified in SBG. Suitable growth and fermentation by probiotic bacteria were observed. The modulatory effect of gut microbiota depends on the in vitro system used. In batch fermentation, there was no stimulation of Bifidobacterium or lactic acid bacteria (LAB), but short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and branched short-chain fatty acids (BCFA) synthesis increased. In dynamic, SBG exhibited a moderate bifidogenic effect, promoting Akkermansia and LAB growth while reducing Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella. SCFA stabilisation and reduction of BCFA content were noted. Moderate prebiotic effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kruk
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Lalowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Płecha
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Ponder
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rudzka
- Department of Dietetics and Food Studies, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Dorota Zielińska
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Trząskowska
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Mukherjee A, Breselge S, Dimidi E, Marco ML, Cotter PD. Fermented foods and gastrointestinal health: underlying mechanisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 21:248-266. [PMID: 38081933 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Although fermentation probably originally developed as a means of preserving food substrates, many fermented foods (FFs), and components therein, are thought to have a beneficial effect on various aspects of human health, and gastrointestinal health in particular. It is important that any such perceived benefits are underpinned by rigorous scientific research to understand the associated mechanisms of action. Here, we review in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies that have provided insights into the ways in which the specific food components, including FF microorganisms and a variety of bioactives, can contribute to health-promoting activities. More specifically, we draw on representative examples of FFs to discuss the mechanisms through which functional components are produced or enriched during fermentation (such as bioactive peptides and exopolysaccharides), potentially toxic or harmful compounds (such as phytic acid, mycotoxins and lactose) are removed from the food substrate, and how the introduction of fermentation-associated live or dead microorganisms, or components thereof, to the gut can convey health benefits. These studies, combined with a deeper understanding of the microbial composition of a wider variety of modern and traditional FFs, can facilitate the future optimization of FFs, and associated microorganisms, to retain and maximize beneficial effects in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Breselge
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eirini Dimidi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
- VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland.
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4
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Luqman A, Hassan A, Ullah M, Naseem S, Ullah M, Zhang L, Din AU, Ullah K, Ahmad W, Wang G. Role of the intestinal microbiome and its therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disorder. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1321395. [PMID: 38343539 PMCID: PMC10853344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1321395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a heterogeneous population of microbes comprising viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Such a microbiome is essential for sustaining host equilibrium, and its impact on human health can be altered by a variety of factors such as external variables, social behavior, age, nutrition, and genetics. Gut microbes' imbalances are related to a variety of chronic diseases including cancer, obesity, and digestive disorders. Globally, recent findings show that intestinal microbes have a significant role in the formation of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is still the primary cause of fatalities. Atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, and some inherited variables are all cardiovascular risk variables. However, studies found correlations between metabolism, intestinal flora, and dietary intake. Variations in the diversity of gut microbes and changes in their activity are thought to influence CVD etiology. Furthermore, the gut microbiota acts as an endocrine organ, producing bioactive metabolites such as TMA (trimethylamine)/TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), SCFA (short-chain fatty acids), and bile acids, which have a substantial impact on host wellness and disease by multiple mechanisms. The purpose of this overview is to compile current evidence highlighting the intricate links between gut microbiota, metabolites, and the development of CVD. It focuses on how intestinal dysbiosis promotes CVD risk factors such as heart failure, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. This review explores the normal physiology of intestinal microbes and potential techniques for targeting gut bacteria for CVD treatment using various microbial metabolites. It also examines the significance of gut bacteria in disease treatment, including supplements, prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotic therapies, and fecal transplantation, which is an innovative approach to the management of CVD. As a result, gut bacteria and metabolic pathways become increasingly attractive as potential targets for CVD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Luqman
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- JinFeng Laboratories, Chongqing, China
| | - Adil Hassan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- JinFeng Laboratories, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Mehtab Ullah
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sahar Naseem
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mehraj Ullah
- School of Fermentation Engineering Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Ahmad Ud Din
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Kamran Ullah
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- JinFeng Laboratories, Chongqing, China
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Lu J, Zhang L, Zhang H, Chen Y, Zhao J, Chen W, Lu W, Li M. Population-level variation in gut bifidobacterial composition and association with geography, age, ethnicity, and staple food. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:98. [PMID: 38086914 PMCID: PMC10716157 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are key gut commensals that confer various health benefits and are commonly used as probiotics. However, little is known about the population-level variation in gut bifidobacterial composition and its affecting factors. Therefore, we analyzed Bifidobacterium species with amplicon sequencing of the groEL gene on fecal samples of 1674 healthy individuals, who belonged to eight ethnic groups and resided in 60 counties/cities of 28 provinces across China. We found that the composition of the bifidobacterial community was associated with geographical factors, demographic characteristics, staple food type, and urbanization. First, geography, which reflects a mixed effect of other variables, explained the largest variation in the bifidobacterial profile. Second, middle adolescence (age 14-17) and age 30 were two key change points in the bifidobacterial community development, and a bifidobacterial community resembling that of adults occurred in middle adolescence, which is much later than the maturation of the whole gut microbial community at approximately age 3. Third, each ethnicity showed a distinct bifidobacterial profile, and the remarkable amount of unknown Bifidobacterium species in the Tibetan gut suggested undiscovered biodiversity. Fourth, wheat as the main staple food promoted the flourish of B. adolescentis and B. longum. Fifth, alpha diversity of the bifidobacterial community decreased with urbanization. Collectively, our findings provide insight into the environmental and host factors that shape the human gut bifidobacterial community, which is fundamental for precision probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yutao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Mingkun Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 101300, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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6
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Jackson PP, Wijeyesekera A, Williams CM, Theis S, van Harsselaar J, Rastall RA. Inulin-type fructans and 2'fucosyllactose alter both microbial composition and appear to alleviate stress-induced mood state in a working population compared to placebo (maltodextrin): the EFFICAD Trial, a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:938-955. [PMID: 37657523 PMCID: PMC10636234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the bidirectional relationship existing between the gut and brain and the effects of both oligofructose and 2'fucosyllactose to alter microbial composition and mood state. Yet, much remains unknown about the ability of oligofructose and 2'fucosyllactose to improve mood state via targeted manipulation of the gut microbiota. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare the effects of oligofructose and 2'fucosyllactose alone and in combination against maltodextrin (comparator) on microbial composition and mood state in a working population. METHODS We conducted a 5-wk, 4-arm, parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 92 healthy adults with mild-to-moderate levels of anxiety and depression. Subjects were randomized to oligofructose 8 g/d (plus 2 g/d maltodextrin); maltodextrin 10 g/d; oligofructose 8 g/d plus 2'fucosyllactose (2 g/d) or 2'fucosyllactose 2 g/d (plus 8 g/d maltodextrin). Changes in microbial load (fluorescence in situ hybridization-flow cytometry) and composition (16S ribosomal RNA sequencing) were the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included gastrointestinal sensations, bowel habits, and mood state parameters. RESULTS There were significant increases in several bacterial taxa including Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in both the oligofructose and oligofructose/2'fucosyllactose interventions (all P ≤ 0.05). Changes in bacterial taxa were highly heterogenous upon 2'fuscoyllactose supplementation. Significant improvements in Beck Depression Inventory, State Trait Anxiety Inventory Y1 and Y2, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule scores and cortisol awakening response were detected across oligofructose, 2'fucosyllactose, and oligofructose/2'fucosyllactose combination interventions (all P ≤ 0.05). Both sole oligofructose and oligofructose/2'fuscosyllactose combination interventions outperformed both sole 2'fucosyllactose and maltodextrin in improvements in several mood state parameters (all P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that oligofructose and combination of oligofructose/2'fucosyllactose can beneficially alter microbial composition along with improving mood state parameters. Future work is needed to understand key microbial differences separating individual responses to 2'fucosyllactose supplementation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05212545.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pj Jackson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Anisha Wijeyesekera
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Williams
- University of Reading, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Robert A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.
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Schupfer E, Ooi SL, Jeffries TC, Wang S, Micalos PS, Pak SC. Changes in the Human Gut Microbiome during Dietary Supplementation with Modified Rice Bran Arabinoxylan Compound. Molecules 2023; 28:5400. [PMID: 37513272 PMCID: PMC10385627 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a modified rice bran arabinoxylan compound (RBAC) as a dietary supplement on the gut microbiota of healthy adults. Ten volunteers supplemented their diet with 1 g of RBAC for six weeks and 3 g of RBAC for another six weeks, with a three-week washout period. Faecal samples were collected every 3 weeks over 21 weeks. Microbiota from faecal samples were profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing. Assessment of alpha and beta microbiota diversity was performed using the QIIME2 platform. The results revealed that alpha and beta diversity were not associated with the experimental phase, interventional period, RBAC dosage, or time. However, the statistical significance of the participant was detected in alpha (p < 0.002) and beta (weighted unifrac, p = 0.001) diversity. Explanatory factors, including diet and lifestyle, were significantly associated with alpha (p < 0.05) and beta (p < 0.01) diversity. The individual beta diversity of six participants significantly changed (p < 0.05) during the interventional period. Seven participants showed statistically significant taxonomic changes (ANCOM W ≥ 5). These results classified four participants as responders to RBAC supplementation, with a further two participants as likely responders. In conclusion, the gut microbiome is highly individualised and modulated by RBAC as a dietary supplement, dependent on lifestyle and dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Schupfer
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Soo Liang Ooi
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Thomas C Jeffries
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Shaoyu Wang
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
- Ageing Well Research Group, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Peter S Micalos
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW 2444, Australia
| | - Sok Cheon Pak
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
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Sztupecki W, Rhazi L, Depeint F, Aussenac T. Functional and Nutritional Characteristics of Natural or Modified Wheat Bran Non-Starch Polysaccharides: A Literature Review. Foods 2023; 12:2693. [PMID: 37509785 PMCID: PMC10379113 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran (WB) consists mainly of different histological cell layers (pericarp, testa, hyaline layer and aleurone). WB contains large quantities of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), including arabinoxylans (AX) and β-glucans. These dietary fibres have long been studied for their health effects on management and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, cholesterol, obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cancer. NSP benefits depend on their dose and molecular characteristics, including concentration, viscosity, molecular weight, and linked-polyphenols bioavailability. Given the positive health effects of WB, its incorporation in different food products is steadily increasing. However, the rheological, organoleptic and other problems associated with WB integration are numerous. Biological, physical, chemical and combined methods have been developed to optimise and modify NSP molecular characteristics. Most of these techniques aimed to potentially improve food processing, nutritional and health benefits. In this review, the physicochemical, molecular and functional properties of modified and unmodified WB are highlighted and explored. Up-to-date research findings from the clinical trials on mechanisms that WB have and their effects on health markers are critically reviewed. The review points out the lack of research using WB or purified WB fibre components in randomized, controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thierry Aussenac
- Institut Polytechnique Unilasalle, Université d’Artois, ULR 7519, 60026 Beauvais, France; (W.S.); (L.R.); (F.D.)
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Fusco W, Lorenzo MB, Cintoni M, Porcari S, Rinninella E, Kaitsas F, Lener E, Mele MC, Gasbarrini A, Collado MC, Cammarota G, Ianiro G. Short-Chain Fatty-Acid-Producing Bacteria: Key Components of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:2211. [PMID: 37432351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a key role in health and disease, as they regulate gut homeostasis and their deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, and cardiometabolic disorders. SCFAs are metabolites of specific bacterial taxa of the human gut microbiota, and their production is influenced by specific foods or food supplements, mainly prebiotics, by the direct fostering of these taxa. This Review provides an overview of SCFAs' roles and functions, and of SCFA-producing bacteria, from their microbiological characteristics and taxonomy to the biochemical process that lead to the release of SCFAs. Moreover, we will describe the potential therapeutic approaches to boost the levels of SCFAs in the human gut and treat different related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Fusco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Bernabeu Lorenzo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marco Cintoni
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Porcari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rinninella
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Kaitsas
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Lener
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mele
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Collins SM, Gibson GR, Stainton GN, Bertocco A, Kennedy OB, Walton GE, Commane DM. Chronic consumption of a blend of inulin and arabinoxylan reduces energy intake in an ad libitum meal but does not influence perceptions of appetite and satiety: a randomised control-controlled crossover trial. Eur J Nutr 2023:10.1007/s00394-023-03136-6. [PMID: 37046122 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prebiotic foods can be used to increase production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the gut. Of the SCFA, propionate is credited with the strongest anorectic activity. In previous work, a 50/50 blend of inulin and arabinoxylan was produced (I + AX) that significantly increased propionate production in an in vitro gut model. This study sought to establish whether chronic consumption of a prebiotic blend of I + AX decreases appetite and energy intake and increases intestinal propionate production in human participants. METHODS MIXSAT (clinicaltrials.gov id: NCT02846454, August 2016) was a double-blind randomised acute-within-chronic crossover feeding trial in healthy adult men (n = 20). Treatments were 8 g per day I + AX for 21 days or weight-matched maltodextrin control. The primary outcome measure was perceived satiety and appetite during an acute study visit. Secondary outcomes were energy intake in an ad libitum meal, faecal SCFA concentration, and faecal microbiota composition. RESULTS Perceived satiety and appetite were not affected by the intervention. I + AX was associated with a reduction in energy intake in an ad libitum meal, increased faecal SCFA concentration, and an increase in cell counts of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and other microbial genera associated with health. IMPLICATIONS Chronic consumption of this blend of prebiotics decreased energy intake in a single sitting. Further studies are needed to confirm mechanism of action and to determine whether this might be useful in weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sineaid M Collins
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK.
| | - Glenn R Gibson
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Gavin N Stainton
- Herbalife Nutrition, The Atrium, 1 Harefield Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Andrea Bertocco
- Herbalife Nutrition, The Atrium, 1 Harefield Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Orla B Kennedy
- Herbalife Nutrition, The Atrium, 1 Harefield Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Gemma E Walton
- Herbalife Nutrition, The Atrium, 1 Harefield Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Daniel M Commane
- Applied and Health Sciences, Northumbria University, Tyne and Wear, UK
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11
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Beer and Microbiota: Pathways for a Positive and Healthy Interaction. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040844. [PMID: 36839202 PMCID: PMC9966200 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Beer is one of the most consumed drinks worldwide. It contains numerous categories of antioxidants, phenolic products, traces of group B vitamins, minerals (selenium, silicon, potassium), soluble fibers and microorganisms. Low or moderate beer consumption, with or without alcohol, showed positive effects on health by stimulating the development of a healthy microbiota. In the present review we focused on four components responsible with interaction with gut microbiota: microorganisms, polyphenols, fiber and melanoidins, their presence in usual beers and on perspectives of development of fortified beers with enhanced effects on gut microbiota. Though microorganisms rarely escape pasteurization of beer, there are new unpasteurized types that might bring strains with probiotic effects. The polyphenols from beer are active on the gut microbiota stimulating its development, with consequent local anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Their degradation products have prebiotic action and may combat intestinal dysbiosis. Beer contains dietary fiber such as non-starchy, non-digestible carbohydrates (β-glucans, arabinoxylans, mannose, fructose polymers, etc.) that relate with gut microbiota through fermentation, serving as a nutrient substrate. Another type of substances that are often considered close to fiber because they have an extremely low digestibility, melanoidins (melanosaccharides), give beer antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Though there are not many research studies in this area, the conclusion of this review is that beer seems a good candidate for a future functional food and that there are many pathways by which its ingredients can influence in a positive manner the human gut microbiota. Of course, there are many technological hinderances to overcome. However, designing functional beers fortified with fiber, antioxidants and probiotics, with a very low or no alcoholic content, will counteract the negative perception of beer consumption, will nullify the negative effects of alcohol, while simultaneously exerting a positive action on the gut microbiota.
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12
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Wang Y, Jian C, Salonen A, Dong M, Yang Z. Designing healthier bread through the lens of the gut microbiota. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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13
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Polo A, Albiac MA, Da Ros A, Ardèvol VN, Nikoloudaki O, Verté F, Di Cagno R, Gobbetti M. The Effect of Hydrolyzed and Fermented Arabinoxylan-Oligo Saccharides (AXOS) Intake on the Middle-Term Gut Microbiome Modulation and Its Metabolic Answer. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030590. [PMID: 36771297 PMCID: PMC9920721 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although fermentation and hydrolyzation are well-known processes to improve the bioavailability of nutrients and enable the fortification with dietary fibers, the effect of such pre-treatments on the prebiotic features of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) had not been explored. The middle-term in vitro simulation through the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) demonstrated that the feeding with different formulations (namely oat bran, rye bran and wheat bran) containing hydrolyzed AXOS fermented by lactic acid bacteria significantly increased the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) by colon microbiota, with hydrolyzed and fermented rye bran displaying the highest effect. After two weeks from the interruption of intake, SCFA concentrations significantly decreased but remained still significantly higher compared to the original condition. The microbiome was also affected, with a significant abundance increase in Lactobacillaceae taxon after feeding with all fermented and hydrolyzed formulates. Hydrolyzed and fermented rye bran showed the highest changes. The fungal community, even if it had a lower variety compared to bacteria, was also modulated after feeding with AXOS formulations, with an increase in Candida relative abundance and a decrease in Issatchenkia. On the contrary, the intake of non-hydrolyzed and non-fermented wheat bran did not produce relevant changes of relative abundances. After two weeks from intake interruption (wash out period) such changes were mitigated, and the gut microbiome modulated again to a final structure that was more like the original condition. This finding suggests that hydrolyzed AXOS fermented by lactic acid bacteria could have a more powerful prebiotic effect compared to non-hydrolyzed and non-fermented wheat bran, shaping the colon microbiome and its metabolic answer. However, the intake should be continuous to assure persistent effects. Opening a window into the ecological evolutions and plausible underlying mechanisms, the findings reinforce the perspective to explore more in depth the use of hydrolyzed and fermented AXOS as additional ingredient for bread fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Polo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Libera Universitá di Bolzano, 39100 Bozen, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Marta Acin Albiac
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Libera Universitá di Bolzano, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Alessio Da Ros
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Libera Universitá di Bolzano, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | | | - Olga Nikoloudaki
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Libera Universitá di Bolzano, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Libera Universitá di Bolzano, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Libera Universitá di Bolzano, 39100 Bozen, Italy
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14
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Dietary Fiber Intake and Gut Microbiota in Human Health. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122507. [PMID: 36557760 PMCID: PMC9787832 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber is fermented by the human gut microbiota, producing beneficial microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. Over the last few centuries, dietary fiber intake has decreased tremendously, leading to detrimental alternations in the gut microbiota. Such changes in dietary fiber consumption have contributed to the global epidemic of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. The responses of the gut microbiota to the dietary changes are specific to the type, amount, and duration of dietary fiber intake. The intricate interplay between dietary fiber and the gut microbiota may provide clues for optimal intervention strategies for patients with type 2 diabetes and other noncommunicable diseases. In this review, we summarize current evidence regarding dietary fiber intake, gut microbiota modulation, and modification in human health, highlighting the type-specific cutoff thresholds of dietary fiber for gut microbiota and metabolic outcomes.
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15
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Wang H, Huang X, Tan H, Chen X, Chen C, Nie S. Interaction between dietary fiber and bifidobacteria in promoting intestinal health. Food Chem 2022; 393:133407. [PMID: 35696956 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are considered as probiotics due to their role in promoting intestinal health, including regulating intestinal flora, controlling glycolipid metabolism, anti-colitis effects. Dietary fiber is considered as prebiotic favoring gut health. It also can be used as carbon source to support the growth and colonization of probiotics like bifidobacteria. However, because of genetic diversity, different bifidobacterial species differ in their ability to utilize dietary fiber. Meanwhile, dietary fiber with different structural properties has different effects on the bifidobacteria proliferation. The interaction between dietary fiber and bifidobacteria will consequently lead to a synergistic or antagonistic function in promoting intestinal health, therefore affecting the application of combined use of dietary fiber and bifidobacteria. In this case, we summarize the biological function of bifidobacteria, and their interaction with different dietary fiber in promoting gut health, and finally provide several strategies about their combined use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Huizi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Chunhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
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16
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Sugino KY, Hernandez TL, Barbour LA, Kofonow JM, Frank DN, Friedman JE. A maternal higher-complex carbohydrate diet increases bifidobacteria and alters early life acquisition of the infant microbiome in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:921464. [PMID: 35966074 PMCID: PMC9366142 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.921464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with considerable imbalances in intestinal microbiota that may underlie pathological conditions in both mothers and infants. To more definitively identify these alterations, we evaluated the maternal and infant gut microbiota through the shotgun metagenomic analysis of a subset of stool specimens collected from a randomized, controlled trial in diet-controlled women with GDM. The women were fed either a CHOICE diet (60% complex carbohydrate/25% fat/15% protein, n=18) or a conventional diet (CONV, 40% complex carbohydrate/45% fat/15% protein, n=16) from 30 weeks' gestation through delivery. In contrast to other published studies, we designed the study to minimize the influence of other dietary sources by providing all meals, which were eucaloric and similar in fiber content. At 30 and 37 weeks' gestation, we collected maternal stool samples; performed the fasting measurements of glucose, glycerol, insulin, free fatty acids, and triglycerides; and administered an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to measure glucose clearance and insulin response. Infant stool samples were collected at 2 weeks, 2 months, and 4-5 months of age. Maternal glucose was controlled to conventional targets in both diets, with no differences in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). No differences in maternal alpha or beta diversity between the two diets from baseline to 37 weeks' gestation were observed. However, women on CHOICE diet had higher levels of Bifidobacteriaceae, specifically Bifidobacterium adolescentis, compared with women on CONV. Species-level taxa varied significantly with fasting glycerol, fasting glucose, and glucose AUC after the OGTT challenge. Maternal diet significantly impacted the patterns of infant colonization over the first 4 months of life, with CHOICE infants showing increased microbiome alpha diversity (richness), greater Clostridiaceae, and decreased Enterococcaceae over time. Overall, these results suggest that an isocaloric GDM diet containing greater complex carbohydrates with reduced fat leads to an ostensibly beneficial effect on the maternal microbiome, improved infant gut microbiome diversity, and reduced opportunistic pathogens capable of playing a role in obesity and immune system development. These results highlight the critical role a maternal diet has in shaping the maternal and infant microbiome in women with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron Y. Sugino
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Teri L. Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- College of Nursing, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Linda A. Barbour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Kofonow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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17
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Vinelli V, Biscotti P, Martini D, Del Bo’ C, Marino M, Meroño T, Nikoloudaki O, Calabrese FM, Turroni S, Taverniti V, Unión Caballero A, Andrés-Lacueva C, Porrini M, Gobbetti M, De Angelis M, Brigidi P, Pinart M, Nimptsch K, Guglielmetti S, Riso P. Effects of Dietary Fibers on Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132559. [PMID: 35807739 PMCID: PMC9268559 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in investigating dietary strategies able to modulate the gut microbial ecosystem which, in turn, may play a key role in human health. Dietary fibers (DFs) are widely recognized as molecules with prebiotic effects. The main objective of this systematic review was to: (i) analyze the results available on the impact of DF intervention on short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production; (ii) evaluate the interplay between the type of DF intervention, the gut microbiota composition and its metabolic activities, and any other health associated outcome evaluated in the host. To this aim, initially, a comprehensive database of literature on human intervention studies assessing the effect of confirmed and candidate prebiotics on the microbial ecosystem was developed. Subsequently, studies performed on DFs and analyzing at least the impact on SCFA levels were extracted from the database. A total of 44 studies from 42 manuscripts were selected for the analysis. Among the different types of fiber, inulin was the DF investigated the most (n = 11). Regarding the results obtained on the ability of fiber to modulate total SCFAs, seven studies reported a significant increase, while no significant changes were reported in five studies, depending on the analytical methodology used. A total of 26 studies did not show significant differences in individual SCFAs, while the others reported significant differences for one or more SCFAs. The effect of DF interventions on the SCFA profile seemed to be strictly dependent on the dose and the type and structure of DFs. Overall, these results underline that, although affecting microbiota composition and derived metabolites, DFs do not produce univocal significant increase in SCFA levels in apparently healthy adults. In this regard, several factors (i.e., related to the study protocols and analytical methods) have been identified that could have affected the results obtained in the studies evaluated. Future studies are needed to better elucidate the relationship between DFs and gut microbiota in terms of SCFA production and impact on health-related markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vinelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.V.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (C.D.B.); (M.M.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Paola Biscotti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.V.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (C.D.B.); (M.M.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Daniela Martini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.V.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (C.D.B.); (M.M.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Cristian Del Bo’
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.V.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (C.D.B.); (M.M.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Mirko Marino
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.V.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (C.D.B.); (M.M.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Tomás Meroño
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Innovation Net (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (T.M.); (A.U.C.); (C.A.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Nikoloudaki
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (O.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Francesco Maria Calabrese
- Department of Soil Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.M.C.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Valentina Taverniti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.V.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (C.D.B.); (M.M.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Andrea Unión Caballero
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Innovation Net (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (T.M.); (A.U.C.); (C.A.-L.)
| | - Cristina Andrés-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Innovation Net (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (T.M.); (A.U.C.); (C.A.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.V.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (C.D.B.); (M.M.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (O.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.M.C.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Mariona Pinart
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (M.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Katharina Nimptsch
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (M.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.V.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (C.D.B.); (M.M.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.V.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (C.D.B.); (M.M.); (V.T.); (M.P.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Zhang B, Zhong Y, Dong D, Zheng Z, Hu J. Gut microbial utilization of xylan and its implication in gut homeostasis and metabolic response. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Zannini E, Bravo Núñez Á, Sahin AW, Arendt EK. Arabinoxylans as Functional Food Ingredients: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:1026. [PMID: 35407113 PMCID: PMC8997659 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of fibre consumption are sound, but a more compressive understanding of the individual effects of different fibres is still needed. Arabinoxylan is a complex fibre that provides a wide range of health benefits strongly regulated by its chemical structure. Arabinoxylans can be found in various grains, such as wheat, barley, or corn. This review addresses the influence of the source of origin and extraction process on arabinoxylan structure. The health benefits related to short-chain fatty acid production, microbiota regulation, antioxidant capacity, and blood glucose response control are discussed and correlated to the arabinoxylan's structure. However, most studies do not investigate the effect of AX as a pure ingredient on food systems, but as fibres containing AXs (such as bran). Therefore, AX's benefit for human health deserves further investigation. The relationship between arabinoxylan structure and its physicochemical influence on cereal products (pasta, cookies, cakes, bread, and beer) is also discussed. A strong correlation between arabinoxylan's structural properties (degree of branching, solubility, and molecular mass) and its functionalities in food systems can be observed. There is a need for further studies that address the health implications behind the consumption of arabinoxylan-rich products. Indeed, the food matrix may influence the effects of arabinoxylans in the gastrointestinal tract and determine which specific arabinoxylans can be included in cereal and non-cereal-based food products without being detrimental for product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Zannini
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (Á.B.N.); (A.W.S.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Ángela Bravo Núñez
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (Á.B.N.); (A.W.S.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Aylin W. Sahin
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (Á.B.N.); (A.W.S.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Elke K. Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (Á.B.N.); (A.W.S.); (E.K.A.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
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20
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Fu Z, Jia Q, Zhang H, Kang L, Sun X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Hu P. Simultaneous quantification of eleven short-chain fatty acids by derivatization and solid phase microextraction - Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462680. [PMID: 34879311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
As metabolites of the gut microbiome, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) played an important role in the diagnosis of the metabolic diseases. Because of the high polarity, high volatility and complex matrix of biological samples, the highly sensitive, selective and accurate method to determine SCFAs remains a major challenge. Herein, a new method for simultaneous quantification of eleven SCFAs by derivatization combined with solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed. Isobutyl chloroformate coupled with isobutanol was used as the reaction reagent to derivatize SCFAs. The method validation data showed a satisfactory linearity with the linear regression coefficients (R) ranging from 0.9964 to 0.9996. The limit of detection (LOD) of all SCFAs ranges from 0.01 ng·mL-1 to 0.72 ng·mL-1 and the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranges from 0.04 ng·mL-1 to 2.41 ng·mL-1. The intra-day and inter-day precision (RSDs) ranged from 0.65% to 8.92% and 1.62% to 15.61%, respectively. The recovery ranged from 88.10% to 108.71%. Finally, the developed method was successfully used to determine SCFAs in mice fecal sample, and ten of the SCFAs were found in feces of mice, including formic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Qiangqiang Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, P.R. China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China.
| | - Lu Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Xuezhi Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuerong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China.
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21
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Schupfer E, Pak SC, Wang S, Micalos PS, Jeffries T, Ooi SL, Golombick T, Harris G, El-Omar E. The effects and benefits of arabinoxylans on human gut microbiota – A narrative review. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Dietary fiber and the microbiota: A narrative review by a group of experts from the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2021; 86:287-304. [PMID: 34144942 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fiber intake is one of the most influential and efficacious strategies for modulating the gut microbiota. Said fiber can be digested by the microbiota itself, producing numerous metabolites, which include the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs have local and systemic functions that impact the composition and function of the gut microbiota, and consequently, human health. The aim of the present narrative review was to provide a document that serves as a frame of reference for a clear understanding of dietary fiber and its direct and indirect effects on health. The direct benefits of dietary fiber intake can be dependent on or independent of the gut microbiota. The use of dietary fiber by the gut microbiota involves several factors, including the fiber's physiochemical characteristics. Dietary fiber type influences the gut microbiota because not all bacterial species have the same capacity to produce the enzymes needed for its degradation. A low-fiber diet can affect the balance of the SCFAs produced. Dietary fiber indirectly benefits cardiometabolic health, digestive health, certain functional gastrointestinal disorders, and different diseases.
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23
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Abreu Y Abreu AT, Milke-García MP, Argüello-Arévalo GA, Calderón-de la Barca AM, Carmona-Sánchez RI, Consuelo-Sánchez A, Coss-Adame E, García-Cedillo MF, Hernández-Rosiles V, Icaza-Chávez ME, Martínez-Medina JN, Morán-Ramos S, Ochoa-Ortiz E, Reyes-Apodaca M, Rivera-Flores RL, Zamarripa-Dorsey F, Zárate-Mondragón F, Vázquez-Frias R. Dietary fiber and the microbiota: A narrative review by a group of experts from the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2021. [PMID: 34088566 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber intake is one of the most influential and efficacious strategies for modulating the gut microbiota. Said fiber can be digested by the microbiota itself, producing numerous metabolites, which include the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs have local and systemic functions that impact the composition and function of the gut microbiota, and consequently, human health. The aim of the present narrative review was to provide a document that serves as a frame of reference for a clear understanding of dietary fiber and its direct and indirect effects on health. The direct benefits of dietary fiber intake can be dependent on or independent of the gut microbiota. The use of dietary fiber by the gut microbiota involves several factors, including the fiber's physiochemical characteristics. Dietary fiber type influences the gut microbiota because not all bacterial species have the same capacity to produce the enzymes needed for its degradation. A low-fiber diet can affect the balance of the SCFAs produced. Dietary fiber indirectly benefits cardiometabolic health, digestive health, certain functional gastrointestinal disorders, and different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M P Milke-García
- Dirección de Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - G A Argüello-Arévalo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - A M Calderón-de la Barca
- Departamento Nutrición y Metabolismo, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | | | - A Consuelo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Salud Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - E Coss-Adame
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M F García-Cedillo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - V Hernández-Rosiles
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Salud Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - J N Martínez-Medina
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones aplicada a la Salud, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - S Morán-Ramos
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones aplicada a la Salud, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - M Reyes-Apodaca
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Salud Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - R L Rivera-Flores
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Gastro-Hepatología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - F Zamarripa-Dorsey
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Juárez de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - F Zárate-Mondragón
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - R Vázquez-Frias
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Salud Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, México.
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24
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Modulating the Gut Microbiota of Humans by Dietary Intervention with Plant Glycans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02757-20. [PMID: 33355114 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02757-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human colon contains a community of microbial species, mostly bacteria, which is often referred to as the gut microbiota. The community is considered essential to human well-being by conferring additional energy-harvesting capacity, niche exclusion of pathogens, and molecular signaling activities that are integrated into human physiological processes. Plant polysaccharides (glycans, dietary fiber) are an important source of carbon and energy that supports the maintenance and functioning of the gut microbiota. Therefore, the daily quantity and quality of plant glycans consumed by the human host have the potential to influence health. Members of the gut microbiota differ in ability to utilize different types of plant glycans. Dietary interventions with specific glycans could modulate the microbiota, counteracting ecological perturbations that disrupt the intricate relationships between microbiota and host (dysbiosis). This review considers prospects and research options for modulation of the gut microbiota by the formulation of diets that, when consumed habitually, would correct dysbiosis by building diverse consortia that boost functional resilience. Traditional "prebiotics" favor bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, whereas dietary mixtures of plant glycans that are varied in chemical complexity would promote high-diversity microbiotas. It is concluded that research should aim at improving knowledge of bacterial consortia that, through shared nourishment, degrade and ferment plant glycans. The consortia may vary in composition from person to person, but functional outputs will be consistent in a given context because of metabolic redundancy among bacteria. Thus, the individuality of gut microbiotas could be encompassed, functional resilience encouraged, and correction of dysbiosis achieved.
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Williams GM, Tapsell LC, O'Brien CL, Tosh SM, Barrett EM, Beck EJ. Gut microbiome responses to dietary intake of grain-based fibers with the potential to modulate markers of metabolic disease: a systematic literature review. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:1274-1292. [PMID: 33369654 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Cereal fiber modulates the gut microbiome and benefits metabolic health. The potential link between these effects is of interest.0. OBJECTIVE The aim for this systematic review was to assess evidence surrounding the influence of cereal fiber intake on microbiome composition, microbiome diversity, short-chain fatty acid production, and risk factors for metabolic syndrome. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION The MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases were searched systematically, and quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Evidence relating to study design, dietary data collection, and outcomes was qualitatively synthesized on the basis of fiber type. DATA ANALYSIS Forty-six primary publications and 2 secondary analyses were included. Cereal fiber modulated the microbiome in most studies; however, taxonomic changes indicated high heterogeneity. Short-chain fatty acid production, microbiome diversity, and metabolic-related outcomes varied and did not always occur in parallel with microbiome changes. Poor dietary data were a further limitation. CONCLUSIONS Cereal fiber may modulate the gut microbiome; however, evidence of the link between this and metabolic outcomes is limited. Additional research is required with a focus on robust and consistent methodology. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42018107117.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina M Williams
- School of Medicine, Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, and the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Linda C Tapsell
- School of Medicine, Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, and the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire L O'Brien
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Susan M Tosh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Eden M Barrett
- School of Medicine, Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, and the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Beck
- School of Medicine, Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, and the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Chehab RF, Cross TWL, Forman MR. The Gut Microbiota: A Promising Target in the Relation between Complementary Feeding and Child Undernutrition. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:969-979. [PMID: 33216115 PMCID: PMC8166545 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Child undernutrition is a major public health challenge that is persistent and disproportionately prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. Undernourished children face adverse health, economic, and social consequences that can be intergenerational. The first 1000 days of life, from conception until the child's second birthday, constitute the period of greatest vulnerability to undernutrition. The transition process from milk-based diets to solid, semi-solid, and soft food and liquids other than milk, referred to as complementary feeding (CF), occurs between the age of 6 mo and 2 y. CF practices that do not meet the WHO's guiding principles and are lacking in both quality and quantity increase susceptibility to undernutrition, restrict growth, and jeopardize child development and survival. The gut microbiota develops toward an adult-like configuration within the first 2-3 y of life. Recent studies suggest that significant changes in the gut microbial composition and functional capacity occur during the CF period, but these studies were conducted in high-income countries. Research in low- and middle-income countries, on the other hand, has implicated a disrupted gut microbiota in child undernutrition, and animal experiments reveal the potential for a causal relation. Given the growing body of evidence for a plausible role of the gut microbiota in the link between CF and undernutrition, microbiota-targeted complementary food may be a promising treatment modality for undernutrition management. The aims of this paper are to review the evidence for the relation between CF and undernutrition and to highlight the potential of the gut microbiota to be a promising target in this relation. Our summary of the current state of the knowledge in this area provides a foundation for future research and helps inform the design of interventions targeting the gut microbiota to combat child undernutrition and promote healthy growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tzu-Wen L Cross
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michele R Forman
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Müller M, Hermes GDA, Emanuel E. C, Holst JJ, Zoetendal EG, Smidt H, Troost F, Schaap FG, Damink SO, Jocken JWE, Lenaerts K, Masclee AAM, Blaak EE. Effect of wheat bran derived prebiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal transit, gut microbiota, and metabolic health: a randomized controlled trial in healthy adults with a slow gut transit. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1704141. [PMID: 31983281 PMCID: PMC7524158 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1704141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute intake of the wheat bran extract Arabinoxylan-Oligosaccharide (AXOS) modulates the gut microbiota, improves stool characteristics and postprandial glycemia in healthy humans. Yet, little is known on how long-term AXOS intake influences gastrointestinal (GI) functioning, gut microbiota, and metabolic health. In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, we evaluated the effects of AXOS intake on GI function and metabolic health in adults with slow GI transit without constipation. Forty-eight normoglycemic adults were included with whole-gut transit time (WGTT) of >35 h receiving either 15 g/day AXOS or placebo (maltodextrin) for 12-wks. The primary outcome was WGTT, and secondary outcomes included stool parameters, gut permeability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbiota composition, energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, glucose, insulin, lipids, gut hormones, and adipose tissue (AT) function. WGTT was unchanged, but stool consistency softened after AXOS. 12-wks of AXOS intake significantly changed the microbiota by increasing Bifidobacterium and decreasing microbial alpha-diversity. With a good classification accuracy, overall microbiota composition classified responders with decreased WGTT after AXOS. The incretin hormone Glucagon-like protein 1 was reduced after AXOS compared to placebo. Energy expenditure, plasma metabolites, AT parameters, SCFA, and gut permeability were unchanged. In conclusion, intake of wheat bran extract increases fecal Bifidobacterium and softens stool consistency without major effects on energy metabolism in healthy humans with a slow GI transit. We show that overall gut microbiota classified responders with decreased WGTT after AXOS highlighting that GI transit and change thereof were associated with gut microbiota independent of Bifidobacterium. NCT02491125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattea Müller
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben D. A. Hermes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Canfora Emanuel E.
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jens J. Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erwin G. Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy Troost
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Food Innovation and Health Research, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G. Schaap
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Olde Damink
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. E. Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A. M. Masclee
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands,CONTACT Ellen E. Blaak Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht6200, The Netherlands
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28
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Plant-Based Food By-Products: Prospects for Valorisation in Functional Bread Development. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The industrial and small-scale processing of plant-based food materials is associated with by-products that may have a negative impact on the environment but could add value to bread-based products. The bioactivity of plant-based food by-products, their impact on the properties of functional bread, and their bioavailability/bioaccessibility leading to potential health effects when consumed was reviewed. Plant-based food by-products which may be added to bread include rice bran, wheat bran, corn bran, grape pomace/seed extract, tomato seed/skin, and artichoke stems/leaves. These by-products contain high concentrations of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, bioactive peptides, and arabinoxylan. Pre-treatment procedures, including fermentation and thermal processing, impact the properties of plant-based by-products. In most cases, bread formulated with flour from plant-based by-products demonstrated increased fibre and bioactive compound contents. In terms of the sensory and nutritional acceptability of bread, formulations with an average of 5% flour from plant-based by-products produced bread with acceptable sensory properties. Bread enriched with plant-based by-products demonstrated enhanced bioavailability and bioaccessibility and favourable bioactive properties in human blood, although long-term studies are warranted. There is a need to investigate the bioactive properties of other underutilised plant-based by-products and their potential application in bread as a sustainable approach towards improving food and nutrition security.
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Chung WSF, Walker AW, Bosscher D, Garcia-Campayo V, Wagner J, Parkhill J, Duncan SH, Flint HJ. Relative abundance of the Prevotella genus within the human gut microbiota of elderly volunteers determines the inter-individual responses to dietary supplementation with wheat bran arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:283. [PMID: 32928123 PMCID: PMC7490872 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human colon is colonised by a dense microbial community whose species composition and metabolism are linked to health and disease. The main energy sources for colonic bacteria are dietary polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. These play a major role in modulating gut microbial composition and metabolism, which in turn can impact on health outcomes. RESULTS We investigated the influence of wheat bran arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS) and maltodextrin supplements in modulating the composition of the colonic microbiota and metabolites in healthy adults over the age of 60. Male and female volunteers, (n = 21, mean BMI 25.2 ± 0.7 kg/m2) participated in the double-blind, cross over supplement study. Faecal samples were collected for analysis of microbiota, short chain fatty acids levels and calprotectin. Blood samples were collected to measure glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels. There was no change in these markers nor in calprotectin levels in response to the supplements. Both supplements were well-tolerated by the volunteers. Microbiota analysis across the whole volunteer cohort revealed a significant increase in the proportional abundance of faecal Bifidobacterium species (P ≤ 0.01) in response to AXOS, but not maltodextrin, supplementation. There was considerable inter-individual variation in the other bacterial taxa that responded, with a clear stratification of volunteers as either Prevotella-plus (n = 8; > 0.1% proportional abundance) or Prevotella-minus (n = 13; ≤0.1% proportional abundance) subjects founded on baseline sample profiles. There was a significant increase in the proportional abundance of both faecal Bifidobacterium (P ≤ 0.01) and Prevotella species (P ≤ 0.01) in Prevotella-plus volunteers during AXOS supplementation, while Prevotella and Bacteroides relative abundances showed an inverse relationship. Proportional abundance of 26 OTUs, including bifidobacteria and Anaerostipes hadrus, differed significantly between baseline samples of Prevotella-plus compared to Prevotella-minus individuals. CONCLUSIONS The wheat bran AXOS supplementation was bifidogenic and resulted in changes in human gut microbiota composition that depended on the initial microbiota profile, specifically the presence or absence of Prevotella spp. as a major component of the microbiota. Our data therefore suggest that initial profiling of individuals through gut microbiota analysis should be considered important when contemplating nutritional interventions that rely on prebiotics. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trial registration number: NCT02693782 . Registered 29 February 2016 - Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02693782?term=NCT02693782&rank=1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Sun Faith Chung
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Alan W. Walker
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Douwina Bosscher
- Cargill R&D Centre Europe BVBA, Havenstraat 84, B-1800 Vilvoorde, Belgium
| | | | - Josef Wagner
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES UK
| | - Sylvia H. Duncan
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Harry J. Flint
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD UK
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Effects of Dietary Fibres on Acute Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Hyperpermeability in the Elderly: A Randomised Placebo Controlled Parallel Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071954. [PMID: 32629992 PMCID: PMC7400264 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary fibres on intestinal barrier function has not been well studied, especially in the elderly. We aimed to investigate the potential of the dietary fibres oat β-glucan and wheat arabinoxylan to strengthen the intestinal barrier function and counteract acute non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (indomethacin)-induced hyperpermeability in the elderly. A general population of elderly subjects (≥65 years, n = 49) was randomised to a daily supplementation (12g/day) of oat β-glucan, arabinoxylan or placebo (maltodextrin) for six weeks. The primary outcome was change in acute indomethacin-induced intestinal permeability from baseline, assessed by an in vivo multi-sugar permeability test. Secondary outcomes were changes from baseline in: gut microbiota composition, systemic inflammatory status and self-reported health. Despite a majority of the study population (85%) showing a habitual fibre intake below the recommendation, no significant effects on acute indomethacin-induced intestinal hyperpermeability in vivo or gut microbiota composition were observed after six weeks intervention with either dietary fibre, compared to placebo.
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31
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Redondo-Useros N, Nova E, González-Zancada N, Díaz LE, Gómez-Martínez S, Marcos A. Microbiota and Lifestyle: A Special Focus on Diet. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1776. [PMID: 32549225 PMCID: PMC7353459 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that a good balance and healthy function for bacteria groups in the colon are necessary to maintain homeostasis and preserve health. However, the lack of consensus on what defines a healthy gut microbiota and the multitude of factors that influence human gut microbiota composition complicate the development of appropriate dietary recommendations for our gut microbiota. Furthermore, the varied response to the intake of probiotics and prebiotics observed in healthy adults suggests the existence of potential inter- and intra-individual factors, which might account for gut microbiota changes to a greater extent than diet. The changing dietary habits worldwide involving consumption of processed foods containing artificial ingredients, such as sweeteners; the coincident rise in emotional disorders; and the worsening of other lifestyle habits, such as smoking habits, drug consumption, and sleep, can together contribute to gut dysbiosis and health impairment, as well as the development of chronic diseases. This review summarizes the current literature on the effects of specific dietary ingredients (probiotics, prebiotics, alcohol, refined sugars and sweeteners, fats) in the gut microbiota of healthy adults and the potential inter- and intra-individual factors involved, as well as the influence of other potential lifestyle factors that are dramatically increasing nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ascensión Marcos
- Immunonutrition Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais, St.10, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.-U.); (E.N.); (N.G.-Z.); (L.E.D.); (S.G.-M.)
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32
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Spiro
- British Nutrition Foundation London UK
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33
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Blanco G, Ruiz L, Tamés H, Ruas-Madiedo P, Fdez-Riverola F, Sánchez B, Lourenço A, Margolles A. Revisiting the Metabolic Capabilities of Bifidobacterium longum susbp. longum and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis from a Glycoside Hydrolase Perspective. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E723. [PMID: 32413974 PMCID: PMC7285499 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are among the most abundant microorganisms inhabiting the intestine of humans and many animals. Within the genus Bifidobacterium, several beneficial effects have been attributed to strains belonging to the subspecies Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, which are often found in infants and adults. The increasing numbers of sequenced genomes belonging to these two subspecies, and the availability of novel computational tools focused on predicting glycolytic abilities, with the aim of understanding the capabilities of degrading specific carbohydrates, allowed us to depict the potential glycoside hydrolases (GH) of these bacteria, with a focus on those GH profiles that differ in the two subspecies. We performed an in silico examination of 188 sequenced B. longum genomes and depicted the commonly present and strain-specific GHs and GH families among representatives of this species. Additionally, GH profiling, genome-based and 16S rRNA-based clustering analyses showed that the subspecies assignment of some strains does not properly match with their genetic background. Furthermore, the analysis of the potential GH component allowed the distinction of clear GH patterns. Some of the GH activities, and their link with the two subspecies under study, are further discussed. Overall, our in silico analysis poses some questions about the suitability of considering the GH activities of B. longum subsp. longum and B. longum subsp. infantis to gain insight into the characterization and classification of these two subspecies with probiotic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (G.B.); (F.F.-R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares S/N, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain; (H.T.); (P.R.-M.); (B.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares S/N, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain; (H.T.); (P.R.-M.); (B.S.); (A.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011 Asturias, Spain
| | - Hector Tamés
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares S/N, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain; (H.T.); (P.R.-M.); (B.S.); (A.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011 Asturias, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares S/N, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain; (H.T.); (P.R.-M.); (B.S.); (A.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011 Asturias, Spain
| | - Florentino Fdez-Riverola
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (G.B.); (F.F.-R.)
- CINBIO-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- SING Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares S/N, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain; (H.T.); (P.R.-M.); (B.S.); (A.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011 Asturias, Spain
| | - Anália Lourenço
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Edificio Politécnico, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (G.B.); (F.F.-R.)
- CINBIO-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- SING Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36312 Vigo, Spain
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares S/N, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain; (H.T.); (P.R.-M.); (B.S.); (A.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011 Asturias, Spain
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De Paepe K, Verspreet J, Courtin CM, Van de Wiele T. Microbial succession during wheat bran fermentation and colonisation by human faecal microbiota as a result of niche diversification. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:584-596. [PMID: 31712738 PMCID: PMC6976558 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human gut can be viewed as a flow-through system with a short residence time, a high turnover rate and a spatial gradient of physiological conditions. As a consequence, the gut microbiota is exposed to highly fluctuating environmental determinants presented by the host and diet. Here, we assessed the fermentation and colonisation of insoluble wheat bran by faecal microbiota of three individuals at an unprecedented sampling intensity. Time-resolved 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, revealed a dynamic microbial community, characterised by abrupt shifts in composition, delimiting states with a more constant community, giving rise to a succession of bacterial taxa alternately dominating the community over a 72 h timespan. Early stages were dominated by Enterobacteriaceae and Fusobacterium species, growing on the carbohydrate-low, protein rich medium to which wheat bran was supplemented. The onset of wheat bran fermentation, marked by a spike in short chain fatty acid production with an increasing butyrate proportion and an increased endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity, corresponded to donor-dependent proportional increases of Bacteroides ovatus/stercoris, Prevotella copri and Firmicutes species, which were strongly enriched in the bran-attached community. Literature and database searches provided novel insights into the metabolic and growth characteristics underlying the observed succession and colonisation, illustrating the potency of a time-resolved analysis to increase our understanding of gut microbiota dynamics upon dietary modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim De Paepe
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Yang Q, Liang Q, Balakrishnan B, Belobrajdic DP, Feng QJ, Zhang W. Role of Dietary Nutrients in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E381. [PMID: 32023943 PMCID: PMC7071260 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how dietary nutrients modulate the gut microbiome is of great interest for the development of food products and eating patterns for combatting the global burden of non-communicable diseases. In this narrative review we assess scientific studies published from 2005 to 2019 that evaluated the effect of micro- and macro-nutrients on the composition of the gut microbiome using in vitro and in vivo models, and human clinical trials. The clinical evidence for micronutrients is less clear and generally lacking. However, preclinical evidence suggests that red wine- and tea-derived polyphenols and vitamin D can modulate potentially beneficial bacteria. Current research shows consistent clinical evidence that dietary fibers, including arabinoxylans, galacto-oligosaccharides, inulin, and oligofructose, promote a range of beneficial bacteria and suppress potentially detrimental species. The preclinical evidence suggests that both the quantity and type of fat modulate both beneficial and potentially detrimental microbes, as well as the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio in the gut. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that the type and amount of proteins in the diet has substantial and differential effects on the gut microbiota. Further clinical investigation of the effect of micronutrients and macronutrients on the microbiome and metabolome is warranted, along with understanding how this influences host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
- Centre for Marine Biopro ducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; (Q.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Qi Liang
- Centre for Marine Biopro ducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; (Q.L.); (B.B.)
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Tai Yuan 030619, China;
| | - Biju Balakrishnan
- Centre for Marine Biopro ducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; (Q.L.); (B.B.)
| | | | - Qian-Jin Feng
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Tai Yuan 030619, China;
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Biopro ducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; (Q.L.); (B.B.)
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Scortichini S, Boarelli MC, Silvi S, Fiorini D. Development and validation of a GC-FID method for the analysis of short chain fatty acids in rat and human faeces and in fermentation fluids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1143:121972. [PMID: 32193004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are gut microbiota metabolites recognized for their beneficial effects on the host organism. In this study, a simple and rapid sample preparation method combined to SCFAs analysis by direct injection and gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), for the determination and quantification of eight SCFAs (acetic, propionic, i-butyric, butyric, i-valeric, valeric, i-caproic and caproic acids) in rat, mice and human faeces and in fermentation fluids samples, has been developed and validated. The method consists of extraction of the SCFAs by ethyl ether after acidification of the samples. The effect of the number of extractions has been assessed in order to optimize the procedure and to obtain a satisfactory yield for all the analyzed SCFAs. The increase of the extracted analytes quantity was significant passing from 1 to 2 and from 2 to 3 extractions (P < 0.05), while no significant differences were found performing 3, 4 or 5 extractions (P > 0.05). The SCFAs extracted are directly analyzed by GC-FID without derivatization and separated on a polyethylene glycol nitroterephthalic acid modified coated capillary column, with a chromatographic run time of 13 min. The proposed method showed good sensitivity, with limits of quantifications in the range 0.14-0.48 µM for SCFAs from propionic to caproic acids and 2.12 µM for acetic acid; recovery was between 80.8 and 108.8% and intraday and interday repeatability in the range 0.6-5.0% of precision (RSD, %) The optimized method is suitable for the quantitative analysis of SCFAs in real samples of rat, mouse and human faeces and in fermentation fluids, and it can be applied also to very small amount of faecal sample (20 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Scortichini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, V. S. Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Boarelli
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, V. S. Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Stefania Silvi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, V. S. Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Dennis Fiorini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, V. S. Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
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Kjølbæk L, Benítez-Páez A, Gómez del Pulgar EM, Brahe LK, Liebisch G, Matysik S, Rampelli S, Vermeiren J, Brigidi P, Larsen LH, Astrup A, Sanz Y. Arabinoxylan oligosaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acid effects on gut microbiota and metabolic markers in overweight individuals with signs of metabolic syndrome: A randomized cross-over trial. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:67-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tangestani H, Emamat H, Ghalandari H, Shab-Bidar S. Whole Grains, Dietary Fibers and the Human Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review of Existing Literature. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2020; 11:235-248. [PMID: 32178621 DOI: 10.2174/2212798411666200316152252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health benefits of dietary fibers have been proved for a long time. The importance of microbiota has been identified in human health and there is a growing interest to study the factors affecting it. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to investigate the impact of fiber and whole grains (WGs) on human gut microbiota in a patent-based review. METHODS All related clinical trials were systematically searched on PubMed and Scopus search engines from inception up to Feb 2020. Interventional human studies reporting changes in microbiota by using any type of grains/fibers were included. The following information was extracted: date of the publication, location and design of the study, sample size, study population, demographic characteristics, the amount of dietary WGs/fiber, the duration of intervention, the types of grains or fibers, and changes in the composition of the microbiota. RESULTS Of 138 studies which were verified, 35 studies with an overall population of 1080 participants, met the inclusion criteria and entered the systematic review. The results of interventional trials included in this review suggest some beneficial effects of consuming different amounts and types of WGs and fibers on the composition of intestinal microbiota. Most included studies showed that the intake of WGs and fibers increases bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and reduces the pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and clostridia in the human gut. CONCLUSION The consumption of WGs/fibers may modify the intestinal microbiota and promote the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Nevertheless, further research is warranted in different populations and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadith Tangestani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Emamat
- Student Research Committee, Department and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghalandari
- Nutritionist, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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The Kidney-Gut-Muscle Axis in End-Stage Renal Disease is Similarly Represented in Older Adults. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010106. [PMID: 31905970 PMCID: PMC7019845 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased renal function, elevated circulating levels of urea, intestinal levels of urea-degrading bacteria, and gut-derived uremic metabolites are present in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a cohort that has reduced muscle mass and physical function, and poor muscle composition. This phenotype, defined as the kidney–gut–muscle axis, is similarly represented in older adults that do not have ESRD. The purpose of this short communication is to illuminate these findings, and to propose a strategy that can positively impact the kidney–gut–muscle axis. For example, dietary fiber is fermented by intestinal bacteria, thereby producing the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which affect each component of the kidney–gut–muscle axis. Accordingly, a high-fiber diet may be an important approach for improving the kidney–gut–muscle axis in ESRD and in older adults that do not have ESRD.
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Ahmad AF, Dwivedi G, O'Gara F, Caparros-Martin J, Ward NC. The gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease: current knowledge and clinical potential. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H923-H938. [PMID: 31469291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00376.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The human body is populated by a diverse community of microbes, dominated by bacteria, but also including viruses and fungi. The largest and most complex of these communities is located in the gastrointestinal system and, with its associated genome, is known as the gut microbiome. Gut microbiome perturbations and related dysbiosis have been implicated in the progression and pathogenesis of CVD, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure. Although there have been advances in the characterization and analysis of the gut microbiota and associated bacterial metabolites, the exact mechanisms through which they exert their action are not well understood. This review will focus on the role of the gut microbiome and associated functional components in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Potential treatments to alter the gut microbiome to prevent or treat atherosclerosis and CVD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilah F Ahmad
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Girish Dwivedi
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,Telethon Kids Institute, Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jose Caparros-Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ward
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth Western Australia, Australia
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41
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Tannock GW, Liu Y. Guided dietary fibre intake as a means of directing short-chain fatty acid production by the gut microbiota. J R Soc N Z 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2019.1657471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W. Tannock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yafei Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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42
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The Impact of Pectin Supplementation on Intestinal Barrier Function in Healthy Young Adults and Healthy Elderly. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071554. [PMID: 31324040 PMCID: PMC6683049 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier function is suggested to decrease with aging and may be improved by pectin intake. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of four weeks pectin supplementation on gastrointestinal barrier function in vivo and ex vivo in different age groups. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study, 52 healthy young adults (18-40 years) and 48 healthy elderly (65-75 years) received 15 g/day pectin or placebo for four weeks. Pre- and post-intervention, in vivo gastrointestinal permeability by a multisugar test, and defense capacity in mucosal samples were assessed. Sigmoid biopsies were collected post-intervention from subgroups for Ussing chamber experiments and gene transcription of barrier-related genes. Pectin intervention did not affect in vivo gastroduodenal, small intestinal, colonic, and whole gut permeability in young adults nor in elderly (p ≥ 0.130). Salivary and fecal sIgA and serum IgA were not significantly different between pectin versus placebo in both age groups (p ≥ 0.128). In both young adults and elderly, no differences in transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein flux (p ≥ 0.164) and relative expression of genes analyzed (p ≥ 0.222) were found between pectin versus placebo. In conclusion, intestinal barrier function was not affected by four weeks pectin supplementation neither in healthy young adults nor in healthy elderly.
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Zhang S, Hu H, He W, Muhammad Z, Wang L, Liu F, Pan S. Regulatory Roles of Pectin Oligosaccharides on Immunoglobulin Production in Healthy Mice Mediated by Gut Microbiota. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801363. [PMID: 31116489 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The prebiotic regulation of the gut microbiota is a promising strategy to induce protective humoral and mucosal immune responses. The potential immune-improving effects of pectin oligosaccharides (POS) in healthy mice and the potential mechanism mediated by specific intestinal bacteria are investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS POS is prepared using a hydrogen-peroxide-assisted degradation. Mice that consumed diets containing POS are tested for microbial community shifts, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and immunoglobulin (Ig) production using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, gas chromatography, and ELISA kits. Pearson's correlation analyses are performed between Ig production and specific intestinal bacteria or SCFAs. POS treatment significantly improves the growth of healthy mice. Moreover, 4-week POS administration results in a profound change in intestinal microbial composition and a significantly higher fecal concentration of acetate, which leads to substantial increases of the levels of fecal secretory immunoglobulin A and serum IgG. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the inclusion of POS in a diet can increase Ig production and optimize the composition of the gut microbiota. A significant correlation is observed between changes in Ig production and specific intestinal bacteria or acetate, providing insight into the mechanism of POS as a potential immune-enhancing supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Haijuan Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wanying He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zafarullah Muhammad
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Lufeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Siyi Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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A Multi-omics Approach to Unraveling the Microbiome-Mediated Effects of Arabinoxylan Oligosaccharides in Overweight Humans. mSystems 2019; 4:4/4/e00209-19. [PMID: 31138673 PMCID: PMC6538848 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00209-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dietary fiber food supplementation as a strategy to reduce the burden of diet-related diseases is a matter of study given its cost-effectiveness and the positive results demonstrated in clinical trials. This multi-omics assessment, on different biological samples of overweight subjects with signs of metabolic syndrome, sheds light on the early and less evident effects of short-term AXOS intake on intestinal microbiota and host metabolism. We observed a deep influence of AXOS on gut microbiota beyond their recognized bifidogenic effect by boosting concomitantly a wide diversity of butyrate producers and Prevotella copri, a microbial species abundant in non-Westernized populations with traditional lifestyle and diets enriched in fresh unprocessed foods. A comprehensive evaluation of hundreds of metabolites unveiled new benefits of the AXOS intake, such as reducing the plasma ceramide levels. Globally, we observed that multiple effects of AXOS consumption seem to converge in reversing the glucose homeostasis impairment. Long-term consumption of dietary fiber is generally considered beneficial for weight management and metabolic health, but the results of interventions vary greatly depending on the type of dietary fibers involved. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of a specific dietary fiber consisting of a wheat-bran extract enriched in arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) in a human intervention trial. An integrated multi-omics analysis has been carried out to evaluate the effects of an intervention trial with an AXOS-enriched diet in overweight individuals with indices of metabolic syndrome. Microbiome analyses were performed by shotgun DNA sequencing in feces; in-depth metabolomics using nuclear magnetic resonance in fecal, urine, and plasma samples; and massive lipid profiling using mass spectrometry in fecal and serum/plasma samples. In addition to their bifidogenic effect, we observed that AXOS boost the proportion of Prevotella species. Metagenome analysis showed increases in the presence of bacterial genes involved in vitamin/cofactor production, glycan metabolism, and neurotransmitter biosynthesis as a result of AXOS intake. Furthermore, lipidomics analysis revealed reductions in plasma ceramide levels. Finally, we observed associations between Prevotella abundance and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and succinate concentration in feces and identified a potential protective role of Eubacterium rectale against metabolic disease given that its abundance was positively associated with plasma phosphatidylcholine levels, thus hypothetically reducing bioavailability of choline for methylamine biosynthesis. The metagenomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics data integration indicates that sustained consumption of AXOS orchestrates a wide variety of changes in the gut microbiome and the host metabolism that collectively would impact on glucose homeostasis. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02215343.) IMPORTANCE The use of dietary fiber food supplementation as a strategy to reduce the burden of diet-related diseases is a matter of study given its cost-effectiveness and the positive results demonstrated in clinical trials. This multi-omics assessment, on different biological samples of overweight subjects with signs of metabolic syndrome, sheds light on the early and less evident effects of short-term AXOS intake on intestinal microbiota and host metabolism. We observed a deep influence of AXOS on gut microbiota beyond their recognized bifidogenic effect by boosting concomitantly a wide diversity of butyrate producers and Prevotella copri, a microbial species abundant in non-Westernized populations with traditional lifestyle and diets enriched in fresh unprocessed foods. A comprehensive evaluation of hundreds of metabolites unveiled new benefits of the AXOS intake, such as reducing the plasma ceramide levels. Globally, we observed that multiple effects of AXOS consumption seem to converge in reversing the glucose homeostasis impairment.
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Delzenne NM, Olivares M, Neyrinck AM, Beaumont M, Kjølbæk L, Larsen TM, Benítez-Páez A, Romaní-Pérez M, Garcia-Campayo V, Bosscher D, Sanz Y, van der Kamp JW. Nutritional interest of dietary fiber and prebiotics in obesity: Lessons from the MyNewGut consortium. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:414-424. [PMID: 30904186 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of EU project MyNewGut is to contribute to future public health-related recommendations supported by new insight in gut microbiome and nutrition-host relationship. In this Opinion Paper, we first revisit the concept of dietary fiber, taking into account their interaction with the gut microbiota. This paper also summarizes the main effects of dietary fibers with prebiotic properties in intervention studies in humans, with a particular emphasis on the effects of arabinoxylans and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides on metabolic alterations associated with obesity. Based on the existing state of the art and future development, we elaborate the steps required to propose dietary guidelines related to dietary fibers, taking into account their interaction with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marta Olivares
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Beaumont
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louise Kjølbæk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Romaní-Pérez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123720. [PMID: 30467295 PMCID: PMC6320976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic disorders, including diabetes, has elevated exponentially during the last decades and enhanced the risk of a variety of complications, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In the present review, we have highlighted the new insights on the complex relationships between diet-induced modulation of gut microbiota and metabolic disorders, including diabetes. Literature from various library databases and electronic searches (ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar) were randomly collected. There exists a complex relationship between diet and gut microbiota, which alters the energy balance, health impacts, and autoimmunity, further causes inflammation and metabolic dysfunction, including diabetes. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is a butyrate-producing bacterium, which plays a vital role in diabetes. Transplantation of F. prausnitzii has been used as an intervention strategy to treat dysbiosis of the gut’s microbial community that is linked to the inflammation, which precedes autoimmune disease and diabetes. The review focuses on literature that highlights the benefits of the microbiota especially, the abundant of F. prausnitzii in protecting the gut microbiota pattern and its therapeutic potential against inflammation and diabetes.
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Ribeiro WR, Vinolo MAR, Calixto LA, Ferreira CM. Use of Gas Chromatography to Quantify Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Serum, Colonic Luminal Content and Feces of mice. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e3089. [PMID: 34532542 PMCID: PMC8342074 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) are a product of the fermentation of resistant starches and dietary fibers by the gut microbiota. The most important SCFA are acetate (C2), propionate (C3) and butyrate (C4). These metabolites are formed and absorbed in the colon and then transported through the hepatic vein to the liver. SCFAs are more concentrated in the intestinal lumen than in the serum. Butyrate is largely consumed in the gut epithelium, propionate in the liver and acetate in the periphery. SCFAs act on many cells including components of the immune system and epithelial cells by two main mechanisms: activation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and inhibition of histone deacetylase. Considering the association between changes in SCFA concentrations and the development of diseases, methods to quantify these acids in different biological samples are important. In this study, we describe a protocol using gas chromatography to quantify SCFAs in the serum, feces and colonic luminal content. Separation of compounds was performed using a DB-23 column (60 m x 0.25 mm internal diameter [i.d.]) coated with a 0.15 µm thick layer of 80.2% 1-methylnaphatalene. This method has a good linear range (15-10,000 µg/ml). The precision (relative standard deviation [RSD]) is less than 15.0% and the accuracy (error relative [ER]) is within ± 15.0%. The extraction efficiency was higher than 97.0%. Therefore, this is cost effective and reproducible method for SCFA measurement in feces and serum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leandro Augusto Calixto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Marcantonio Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
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So D, Whelan K, Rossi M, Morrison M, Holtmann G, Kelly JT, Shanahan ER, Staudacher HM, Campbell KL. Dietary fiber intervention on gut microbiota composition in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:965-983. [PMID: 29757343 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunction of the gut microbiota is frequently reported as a manifestation of chronic diseases, and therefore presents as a modifiable risk factor in their development. Diet is a major regulator of the gut microbiota, and certain types of dietary fiber may modify bacterial numbers and metabolism, including short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) generation. Objective A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken to assess the effect of dietary fiber interventions on gut microbiota composition in healthy adults. Design A systematic search was conducted across MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and CINAHL for randomized controlled trials using culture and/or molecular microbiological techniques evaluating the effect of fiber intervention on gut microbiota composition in healthy adults. Meta-analyses via a random-effects model were performed on alpha diversity, prespecified bacterial abundances including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp., and fecal SCFA concentrations comparing dietary fiber interventions with placebo/low-fiber comparators. Results A total of 64 studies involving 2099 participants were included. Dietary fiber intervention resulted in higher abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. (standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.86; P < 0.00001) and Lactobacillus spp. (SMD: 0.22; 0.03, 0.41; P = 0.02) as well as fecal butyrate concentration (SMD: 0.24; 0.00, 0.47; P = 0.05) compared with placebo/low-fiber comparators. Subgroup analysis revealed that fructans and galacto-oligosaccharides led to significantly greater abundance of both Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. compared with comparators (P < 0.00001 and P = 0.002, respectively). No differences in effect were found between fiber intervention and comparators for α-diversity, abundances of other prespecified bacteria, or other SCFA concentrations. Conclusions Dietary fiber intervention, particularly involving fructans and galacto-oligosaccharides, leads to higher fecal abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. but does not affect α-diversity. Further research is required to better understand the role of individual fiber types on the growth of microbes and the overall gut microbial community. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42016053101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel So
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kevin Whelan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Rossi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Morrison
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gerald Holtmann
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
| | - Jaimon T Kelly
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Erin R Shanahan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute.,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
| | | | - Katrina L Campbell
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Complementary Mechanisms for Degradation of Inulin-Type Fructans and Arabinoxylan Oligosaccharides among Bifidobacterial Strains Suggest Bacterial Cooperation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02893-17. [PMID: 29500265 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02893-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inulin-type fructans (ITF) and arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS) are broken down to different extents by various bifidobacterial strains present in the human colon. To date, phenotypic heterogeneity in the consumption of these complex oligosaccharides at the strain level remains poorly studied. To examine mechanistic variations in ITF and AXOS constituent preferences present in one individual, ITF and AXOS consumption by bifidobacterial strains isolated from the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME) after inoculation with feces from one healthy individual was investigated. Among the 18 strains identified, four species-independent clusters displaying different ITF and AXOS degradation mechanisms and preferences were found. Bifidobacterium bifidum B46 showed limited growth on all substrates, whereas B. longum B24 and B. longum B18 could grow better on short-chain-length fractions of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) than on fructose. B. longum B24 could cleave arabinose substituents of AXOS extracellularly, without using the AXOS-derived xylose backbones, whereas B. longum B18 was able to consume oligosaccharides (up to xylotetraose) preferentially and consumed AXOS to a limited extent. B. adolescentis B72 degraded all fractions of FOS simultaneously, partially degraded inulin, and could use xylose backbones longer than xylotetraose extracellularly. The strain-specific degradation mechanisms were suggested to be complementary and indicated resource partitioning. Specialization in the degradation of complex carbohydrates by bifidobacteria present on the individual level could have in vivo implications for the successful implementation of ITF and AXOS, aiming at bifidogenic and/or butyrogenic effects. Finally, this work shows the importance of taking microbial strain-level differences into account in gut microbiota research.IMPORTANCE It is well known that bifidobacteria degrade undigestible complex polysaccharides, such as ITF and AXOS, in the human colon. However, this process has never been studied for strains coexisting in the same individual. To examine strain-dependent mechanistic variations in ITF and AXOS constituent preferences present in one individual, ITF and AXOS consumption by bifidobacterial strains isolated from the SHIME after inoculation with feces from one healthy individual was investigated. Among the 18 bifidobacterial strains identified, four species-independent clusters displaying different ITF and AXOS degradation mechanisms and preferences were found, indicating that such strains can coexist in the human colon. Such specialization in the degradation of complex carbohydrates by bifidobacteria present on the individual level could have in vivo implications for the successful implementation of ITF and AXOS, aiming at bifidogenic and/or butyrogenic effects.
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Awika JM, Rose DJ, Simsek S. Complementary effects of cereal and pulse polyphenols and dietary fiber on chronic inflammation and gut health. Food Funct 2018. [PMID: 29532826 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo02011b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cereal grains and grain pulses are primary staples often consumed together, and contribute a major portion of daily human calorie and protein intake globally. Protective effects of consuming whole grain cereals and grain pulses against various inflammation-related chronic diseases are well documented. However, potential benefits of combined intake of whole cereals and pulses beyond their complementary amino acid nutrition is rarely considered in literature. There is ample evidence that key bioactive components of whole grain cereals and pulses are structurally different and thus may be optimized to provide synergistic/complementary health benefits. Among the most important whole grain bioactive components are polyphenols and dietary fiber, not only because of their demonstrated biological function, but also their major impact on consumer choice of whole grain/pulse products. This review highlights the distinct structural differences between key cereal grain and pulse polyphenols and non-starch polysaccharides (dietary fiber), and the evidence on specific synergistic/complementary benefits of combining the bioactive components from the two commodities. Interactive effects of the polyphenols and fiber on gut microbiota and associated benefits to colon health, and against systemic inflammation, are discussed. Processing technologies that can be used to further enhance the interactive benefits of combined cereal-pulse bioactive compounds are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Awika
- Cereal Quality Laboratory, Soil & Crop Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. and Nutrition and Food Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Devin J Rose
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Senay Simsek
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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