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Mao T, Chen B, Wei W, Chen G, Liu Z, Wu L, Li X, Pathak JL, Li J. AutoDock and molecular dynamics-based therapeutic potential prediction of flavonoids for primary Sjögren's syndrome. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33860. [PMID: 39027572 PMCID: PMC11255588 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that leads to reduced saliva production, primarily affecting women due to estrogen deficiency. The estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a crucial role in mediating the expression of the aquaporin 5 (AQP5) gene through the estrogen response element-dependent signaling pathway, making ERα a key drug target for pSS. Several flavonoids have been reported to have the potential to treat pSS. This study aimed to screen and compare flavonoids binding to ERα using AutoDock, providing a basis for treating pSS with flavonoids. The estrogenic potential of six representative flavonoids was examined in this study. Molecular docking revealed that the binding energy of all six flavonoids to ERα was less than -5.6 kcal/mol. Apigenin, naringenin, and daidzein were the top three flavonoids with even lower binding energies of -7.8, -8.09, and -8.59 kcal/mol, respectively. Similar to the positive control estradiol, apigenin, naringenin, and daidzein showed hydrogen bond interactions with GLU353, GLY521, and HIS524 at the active site. The results of luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that apigenin, naringenin, and daidzein significantly enhanced the transcription of estrogen receptor element (ERE) in the PGL3/AQP5 promoter. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS for a time scale of 100 ns revealed relatively stable binding of apigenin-ERα, naringenin-ERα, and daidzein-ERα. Mechanistically, homology modeling indicated that GLU353, GLY521, and HIS524 were the key residues of ERα exerting an estrogenic effect. The therapeutic effect of apigenin on dry mouth in pSS models was further validated. In conclusion, these results indicate the estrogenic and pSS therapeutic potential of apigenin, naringenin, and daidzein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Mao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Bo Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guiping Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Lihong Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Janak L. Pathak
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Jiang Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
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Khan J, Gul P, Liu K. Grains in a Modern Time: A Comprehensive Review of Compositions and Understanding Their Role in Type 2 Diabetes and Cancer. Foods 2024; 13:2112. [PMID: 38998619 PMCID: PMC11241577 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Cancer are the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and are considered to be two of the most significant public health concerns of the 21st century. Over the next two decades, the global burden is expected to increase by approximately 60%. Several observational studies as well as clinical trials have demonstrated the health benefits of consuming whole grains to lower the risk of several chronic non-communicable diseases including T2D and cancer. Cereals grains are the primary source of energy in the human diet. The most widely consumed pseudo cereals include (quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat) and cereals (wheat, rice, and corn). From a nutritional perspective, both pseudo cereals and cereals are recognized for their complete protein, essential amino acids, dietary fibers, and phenolic acids. The bran layer of the seed contains the majority of these components. Greater intake of whole grains rather than refined grains has been consistently linked to a lower risk of T2D and cancer. Due to their superior nutritional compositions, whole grains make them a preferred choice over refined grains. The modulatory effects of whole grains on T2D and cancer are also likely to be influenced by several mechanisms; some of these effects may be direct while others involve altering the composition of gut microbiota, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and lowering harmful bacteria, increasing insulin sensitivity, lowering solubility of free bile acids, breaking protein down into peptides and amino acids, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and other beneficial metabolites that promote the proliferation in the colon which modulate the antidiabetic and anticancer pathway. Thus, the present review had two aims. First, it summarized the recent knowledge about the nutritional composition and bioactive acids in pseudo cereals (quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat) and cereals (wheat, rice, and corn); the second section summarized and discussed the progress in recent human studies, such as observational (cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies) and intervention studies to understand their role in T2D and cancer including the potential mechanism. Overall, according to the scientific data, whole grain consumption may reduce the incidence of T2D and cancer. Future studies should carry out randomized controlled trials to validate observational results and establish causality. In addition, the current manuscript encourages researchers to investigate the specific mechanisms by which whole grains exert their beneficial effects on health by examining the effects of different types of specific protein, dietary fibers, and phenolic acids that might help to prevent or treat T2D and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabir Khan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Palwasha Gul
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kunlun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Liu Z, Liu J, Tang R, Zhang Z, Tian S. Procyanidin B1 and Coumaric Acid from Highland Barley Alleviated High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia by Regulating PPARα-Mediated Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Diabetic C57BL/6J Mice. Foods 2024; 13:1843. [PMID: 38928784 PMCID: PMC11202444 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A whole-grain highland barley (WHB) diet has been recognized to exhibit the potential for alleviating hyperlipidemia, which is mainly characterized by lipids accumulation in the serum and liver. Previously, procyanidin B1 (PB) and coumaric acid (CA) from WHB were found to alleviate serum lipid accumulation in impaired glucose tolerance mice, while the effect on modulating the hepatic lipid metabolism remains unknown. In this study, the results showed the supplementation of PB and CA activated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and the target genes of cholesterol 7-α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (Cpt1) in the liver cells of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice, resulting in decreases in the serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) contents, and an increase in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) content. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA indicated that supplementation with PB and CA ameliorated the gut microbiota dysbiosis, which was associated with a reduction in the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae and an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Desulfovibrio, and Akkermansia. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that these genera were closely related to obesity-related indices. In summary, the activation of PPARα expression by PB and CA from WHB was important for the alleviation of hyperlipidemia and the structural adjustment of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Liu
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.L.); (R.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.T.)
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianshen Liu
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.L.); (R.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.T.)
| | - Ruoxin Tang
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.L.); (R.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.T.)
| | - Zhaowan Zhang
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.L.); (R.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.T.)
| | - Shuangqi Tian
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.L.); (R.T.); (Z.Z.); (S.T.)
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Fan C, Wang W, Wang S, Zhou W, Ling L. Multiple dietary patterns and the association between long-term air pollution exposure with type 2 diabetes risk: Findings from UK Biobank cohort study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 275:116274. [PMID: 38564865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of modifying effect of various dietary patterns (DPs) on risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) induced by long-term exposure to air pollution (AP) is still rather lacking, which therefore we aimed to explore in this study. METHODS We included 78,230 UK Biobank participants aged 40-70 years with at least 2 typical 24-hour dietary assessments and without baseline diabetes. The annual average concentration of particulate matter with diameter micrometers ≤2.5 (PM2.5) and ≤10 (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOX) estimated by land use regression model was the alternative proxy of long-term AP exposure. Three well-known prior DPs such as Mediterranean diet (MED), dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet (DASH), and empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP), as well as three posterior DPs derived by the rank reduced regression model were used to capture participants' dietary habits. Cox regression models were used to estimate AP-T2D and DP-T2D associations. Modifying effect of DPs on AP-T2D association was assessed using stratified analysis and heterogeneity test. RESULTS During a median follow-up 12.19 years, 1,693 participants developed T2D. PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOX significantly increased the T2D risk (P <0.05), with hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for per interquartile range increase being 1.09 (1.02,1.15), 1.04 (1.00, 1.09), 1.11 (1.04, 1.18), and 1.08 (1.03, 1.14), respectively. Comparing high with low adherence, healthy DPs were associated with a 14-41% lower T2D risk. Participants with high adherence to MED, DASH, and anti-EDIP, alongside the posterior anti-oxidative dietary pattern (AODP) had attenuated and statistically non-significant NO2-T2D and NOX-T2D associations (Pmodify <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Multiple forms of healthy DPs help reduce the T2D risk associated with long-term exposure to NO2 and NOX. Our findings indicate that adherence to healthy DPs is a feasible T2D prevention strategy for people long-term suffering from NO2 and NOX pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Fan
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shanze Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wensu Zhou
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Division of Clinical Research Design, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Nokhsorov VV, Protopopov FF, Sleptsov IV, Petrova LV, Petrov KA. Metabolomic Profile and Functional State of Oat Plants ( Avena sativa L.) Sown under Low-Temperature Conditions in the Cryolithozone. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1076. [PMID: 38674485 PMCID: PMC11054449 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Oats are one of the most useful and widespread cereal crops in the world. In permafrost conditions (Central Yakutia), based on metabolic changes in late summer-sown oat plants (Avena sativa L.), the key processes involved in the cold acclimation of a valuable cereal species were identified. During the onset of low ambient temperatures, metabolites from leaf samples were profiled using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 41 metabolites were identified in oat leaves. It was found that acclimation to suboptimal temperatures during the fall period leads to biochemical (accumulation of mono- and disaccharides and decrease in fatty acids and polyols) as well as physiological and biophysical changes (decrease in leaf PRI reflectance indices and chlorophyll a fluorescence). Therefore, the study contributes to a more holistic understanding of oat metabolism under low-temperature cryolithozone stress. It is believed that the analysis of changes in leaf reflection properties and JIP-test parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence using leaf metabolomic profiling can be used in the selection of valuable varieties of cereal crops to obtain plant fodders with high nutrient contents under conditions of a sharply continental climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy V. Nokhsorov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Division of Federal Research Centre “The Yakut Scientific Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 41 Lenina Av., 677000 Yakutsk, Russia; (I.V.S.); (K.A.P.)
| | - Fedor F. Protopopov
- Radiation Technology Laboratory, Institute of Physics and Technology, North-Eastern Federal University, 48 Kulakovskogo Str., 677000 Yakutsk, Russia;
| | - Igor V. Sleptsov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Division of Federal Research Centre “The Yakut Scientific Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 41 Lenina Av., 677000 Yakutsk, Russia; (I.V.S.); (K.A.P.)
| | - Lidia V. Petrova
- M.G. Safronov Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Division of Federal Research Centre “The Yakut Scientific Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 23/1 Bestuzhev-Marlinskogo Str., 677000 Yakutsk, Russia;
| | - Klim A. Petrov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Division of Federal Research Centre “The Yakut Scientific Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 41 Lenina Av., 677000 Yakutsk, Russia; (I.V.S.); (K.A.P.)
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De Caro S, Venezia A, Di Stasio L, Danzi D, Pignone D, Mamone G, Iacomino G. Tritordeum: Promising Cultivars to Improve Health. Foods 2024; 13:661. [PMID: 38472773 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tritordeum is an amphiploides species resulting from the hybridization between durum wheat (T. durum) and wild barley (H. chilense). This new cereal is considered a natural crop as it is obtained by traditional breeding techniques. Given its appreciable organoleptic characteristics, agronomic features, presence of interesting components, and good technological properties, Tritordeum is of promising interest for the development of health-oriented foods. In this study, we evaluated two registered Tritordeum cultivars, Bulel and Aucan. T. durum (Provenzal) was employed as the positive control. The extracted proteins were digested by gastric/pancreatic proteases, and their biological effects on Caco-2 differentiated on transwell inserts were determined. Changes in cell viability, monolayer permeability, organization of F-actin microfilaments, and ER stress triggered by protein-digested samples (DPs) were inspected. Our results showed that exposure to Provenzal-DPs promptly disrupted the tight junction barrier. Conversely, Aucan-DPs did not enhance monolayer permeability, whereas Bulel-DPs exerted only slight effects. Provental-DPs-induced toxicity was also confirmed by changes in cell viability and by the deep reorganization of the enterocyte cytoskeleton. In contrast, Aucan-DPs and Bulel-DPs did not affect monolayer viability and cytoskeleton structure. Overall, our findings suggest that both Tritordeum cultivars could be potential candidates for mitigating the toxicity of wheat flour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore De Caro
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Antonella Venezia
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy
- LILT-Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigia Di Stasio
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Donatella Danzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), 75012 Metaponto, Italy
| | - Domenico Pignone
- Institute of Bioethics for Veterinary and Food, 00054 Fiumicino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Mamone
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iacomino
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), 83100 Avellino, Italy
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Fox GP, Bettenhausen HM. Variation in quality of grains used in malting and brewing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1172028. [PMID: 37377804 PMCID: PMC10291334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1172028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains have been domesticated largely from food grains to feed and malting grains. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) remains unparalleled in its success as a primary brewing grain. However, there is renewed interest in "alternative" grains for brewing (and distilling) due to attention being placed on flavor, quality, and health (i.e., gluten issues) aspects that they may offer. This review covers basic and general information on "alternative grains" for malting and brewing, as well as an in-depth look at several major biochemical aspects of these grains including starch, protein, polyphenols, and lipids. These traits are described in terms of their effects on processing and flavor, as well as the prospects for improvement through breeding. These aspects have been studied extensively in barley, but little is known about the functional properties in other crops for malting and brewing. In addition, the complex nature of malting and brewing produces a large number of brewing targets but requires extensive processing, laboratory analysis, and accompanying sensory analysis. However, if a better understanding of the potential of alternative crops that can be used in malting and brewing is needed, then significantly more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen P. Fox
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Harmonie M. Bettenhausen
- Center for Craft Food and Beverage, Hartwick College Center for Craft Food and Beverage, Oneonta, NY, United States
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Mohd Ariffin NA, Mohd Sopian M, Lee LK. Efficacy of multigrain supplementation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A pilot study protocol for a randomized intervention trial. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:606-616. [PMID: 37273251 PMCID: PMC10236996 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i5.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may lead to microvascular complications (nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy) and cardiovascular diseases. The beta-glucan content in grains has the potential to improve insulin sensitivity, lowering postprandial glucose response and reducing inflammation degrees. A proper combination of grains not only satisfies human body’s need, but also provides essential and reasonable nutritional contents. However, no trial has been conducted to evaluate the roles of multigrain in T2DM.
AIM To determine the efficacy of multigrain supplementation among T2DM patients.
METHODS From October 2020 to June 2021, a total of 50 adults living with T2DM, who were receiving standard diabetes care at Day Care Clinic, were randomized into either a supplementation group or a control group. The supplementation group received twice daily 30 g multigrain supplement (equivalent to 3.4 g beta-glucan) with standard medication for 12 wk, while the control group was prescribed with standard medication. Parameters such as glycemic control (HbA1c, FPG, and HOMO-IR), cardiometabolic profile (lipid profile, renal function test, and liver function test), oxidative stress status, nutritional status, and quality of life (QoL) were assessed at two time points: Baseline and the end of the treatment period (week 12).
RESULTS The primary outcomes were the mean difference of glycated haemoglobin (%), fasting plasma glucose, and serum insulin as intervention effects. Secondary outcomes included the measurement of cardiometabolic profile, antioxidative and oxidative stress status, nutritional status indices, and QoL. Tertiary outcomes involved the determination of safety and tolerability, and supplementation compliance.
CONCLUSION The present clinical trial will reveal the effectiveness of multigrain supplementation among T2DM patients for the improvement of diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Anis Mohd Ariffin
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mastura Mohd Sopian
- Oncology and Radiological Sciences Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Lai Kuan Lee
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Sun C, Zhang WS, Jiang CQ, Jin YL, Deng XQ, Thomas GN, Woo J, Cheng KK, Lam TH, Xu L. Cereal intake and mortality in older Chinese: a 15-year follow-up of a prospective cohort study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1239-1251. [PMID: 36502467 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the association between whole grain and refined grain intake with all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality using the data from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. METHODS 19,597 participants aged 50+ years were recruited from 2003 to 2006 and followed-up until April 2021. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate hazard radios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Substitution analysis was used to replace a serving (50 g/day) of whole grain with a serving of refined grain. RESULTS During 286,821 person-years of follow-up, 4385 deaths occurred, including 1450 from cancer, 1678 from CVD and 1257 from other causes. Compared with never whole grain intake, the highest intake category of whole grain (> 300 g/week) was associated with lower risk of all-cause (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.98) and CVD mortality (HR 0.85, 0.74-0.98). Compared with the low-intake category of refined grain (< 500 g/day), the highest intake category (> 900 g/week) was associated with a lower risk of cancer mortality (HR 0.76, 0.62-0.95), but a higher risk of CVD mortality (HR 1.25, 1.03-1.51). No significant associations were found between whole grain intake and cancer mortality nor refined grain and all-cause mortality. The HRs of all-cause, cancer and CVD mortality substituting a serving of whole grain for refined grain were 0.96 (0.94-0.99), 1.01 (0.99-1.02) and 0.95 (0.90-0.99), respectively. CONCLUSION We have first shown that in older Chinese, whole grain intake was associated with lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. Our results suggest that intake of whole grain of at least 300 g/week and refined grain of ≤ 900 g/day might be suitable for older Asian. Substituting 50 g/day of whole grain for refined grain was associated with a 4-5% lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Sun
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Sen Zhang
- Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510620, China.
| | | | - Ya Li Jin
- Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Xue Qing Deng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - G Neil Thomas
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jean Woo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kar Keung Cheng
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510620, China
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Gao X, Zheng Q, Jiang X, Chen X, Liao Y, Pan Y. The effect of diet quality on the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1062304. [PMID: 36699870 PMCID: PMC9868748 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1062304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the effect of diet quality on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods This review included cohort and case-control studies reporting an association between diet quality and gestational diabetes mellitus. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL Complete, Chinese Periodical Full-text Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China Wanfang Database for studies published from inception to November 18, 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment, and the overall quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADEpro GDT. Results A total of 19 studies (15 cohort, four case-control) with 108,084 participants were included. We found that better higher diet quality before or during pregnancy reduced the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus, including a higher Mediterranean diet (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.30-0.86), dietary approaches to stop hypertension (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.44-0.97), Alternate Healthy Eating Index (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.44-0.83), overall plant-based diet index (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.41-0.78), and adherence to national dietary guidelines (OR: 0.39; 95% CI:0.31-0.48). However, poorer diet quality increased the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, including a higher dietary inflammatory index (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.21-1.57) and overall low-carbohydrate diets (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.22-1.64). After meta-regression, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses, the results remained statistically significant. Conclusions Before and during pregnancy, higher diet quality reduced the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus, whereas poorer diet quality increased this risk. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022372488.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Gao
- School of Nursing, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingxiang Zheng
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiumin Jiang
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiumin Jiang ✉
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanping Liao
- School of Nursing, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Pan
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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11
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Hankel J, Chuppava B, Wilke V, Hartung CB, Muthukumarasamy U, Strowig T, Bach Knudsen KE, Kamphues J, Visscher C. High Dietary Intake of Rye Affects Porcine Gut Microbiota in a Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Study. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172232. [PMID: 36079614 PMCID: PMC9460007 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the hindgut has considerable potential for the stimulation or inhibition of the growth of distinct bacteria within microbiota. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether high levels of rye affect porcine gut microbiota composition with subsequent effects on the load of Salmonella Typhimurium, an intestinal pathogen with zoonotic relevance. Therefore, forty-two 25-day-old piglets were allocated to two groups and fed a diet containing either 69% wheat or 69% rye for 35 days. One week after introducing the two different diets, the piglets were experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. The microbiota composition of cecal and fecal samples of the piglets were evaluated 28 days after infection. In the cecum, promoted growth of Bifidobacterium, several lactic acid bacteria and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were seen in pigs fed the diet containing 69% rye. Bacterial species belonging to the genera Bifidobacterium and Catenisphaera were associated with differing bacterial counts of Salmonella Typhimurium detected in the cecal contents of all piglets in both feeding groups via cultural cultivation. The high intake of rye instead of wheat seems to promote the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria accompanied by impaired growth conditions for the foodborne pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hankel
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Wilke
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clara Berenike Hartung
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Uthayakumar Muthukumarasamy
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Josef Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Luo W, Zhou J, Yang X, Wu R, Liu H, Shao H, Huang B, Kang X, Yang L, Liu D. A Chinese medical nutrition therapy diet accompanied by intermittent energy restriction alleviates type 2 diabetes by enhancing pancreatic islet function and regulating gut microbiota composition. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Amirkhizi F, Ghoreishy SM, Hamedi-Shahraki S, Asghari S. Higher dietary phytochemical index is associated with lower odds of knee osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9059. [PMID: 35641816 PMCID: PMC9156685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that adherence to dietary patterns rich in plant-based foods may reduce the odds of osteoarthritis; however, limited data are available on the association of consumption of diets rich in phytochemicals and odds of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). In this case–control study conducted in Iran, we aimed to investigate whether a higher dietary phytochemical index (DPI) is associated with decreased odds of having KOA. A total of 124 cases aged 20–60 years diagnosed with bilateral primary KOA according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria and 124 controls frequency-matched on age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were included in the study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect information on dietary intakes. To calculate DPI scores, the dietary energy derived from foods rich in phytochemicals (kcal) was divided by the participant’s total daily energy intake (kcal). Patients with KOA had lower intakes of dietary fiber (P = 0.004), vitamin A (P = 0.007), vitamin C (P = 0.001), and folate (P = 0.021) compared to controls. In the crude model, individuals in the third tertile of DPI had 65% lower odds of having KOA compared to those in the first tertile (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.67, P-trend = 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, including age, sex, physical activity, smoking, and supplement use, this inverse association remained significant (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.73, P-trend = 0.004). After further adjustment for BMI, this inverse association between DPI and odds of KOA also remained significant (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.69, P-trend = 0.003). These findings suggest that adherence to a phytochemical-rich diet, as indicated by the increasing DPI score, is associated with lower odds of KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Amirkhizi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Ghoreishy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No#44, Hojjatdoust St., Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 141556117, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Hamedi-Shahraki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Asghari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No#44, Hojjatdoust St., Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 141556117, Iran.
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14
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Grain phenolics: critical role in quality, storage stability and effects of processing in major grain crops—a concise review. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Pretorius CJ, Steenkamp PA, Tugizimana F, Piater LA, Dubery IA. Metabolomic Characterisation of Discriminatory Metabolites Involved in Halo Blight Disease in Oat Cultivars Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030248. [PMID: 35323691 PMCID: PMC8950619 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolome is the underlying biochemical layer of the phenotype and offers a functional readout of the cellular mechanisms involved in a biological system. Since metabolites are considered end-products of regulatory processes at a cellular level, their levels are considered the definitive response of the biological system to genetic or environmental variations. The metabolome thus serves as a metabolic fingerprint of the biochemical events that occur in a biological system under specific conditions. In this study, an untargeted metabolomics approach was applied to elucidate biochemical processes implicated in oat plant responses to Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens (Ps-c) infection, and to identify signatory markers related to defence responses and disease resistance against halo blight. Metabolic changes in two oat cultivars (“Dunnart” and “SWK001”) responding to Ps-c, were examined at the three-leaf growth stage and metabolome changes monitored over a four-day post-inoculation period. Hydromethanolic extracts were analysed using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system coupled to a high-definition mass spectrometer (MS) analytical platform. The acquired multi-dimensional data were processed using multivariate statistical analysis and chemometric modelling. The validated chemometric models indicated time- and cultivar-related metabolic changes, defining the host response to the bacterial inoculation. Further multivariate analyses of the data were performed to profile differential signatory markers, putatively associated with the type of launched defence response. These included amino acids, phenolics, phenolic amides, fatty acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, lipids, saponins and plant hormones. Based on the results, metabolic alterations involved in oat defence responses to Ps-c were elucidated and key signatory metabolic markers defining the defence metabolome were identified. The study thus contributes toward a more holistic understanding of the oat metabolism under biotic stress.
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16
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Overview of the Composition of Whole Grains’ Phenolic Acids and Dietary Fibre and Their Effect on Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19053042. [PMID: 35270737 PMCID: PMC8910396 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases are the major cause of death globally. Whole grains are recommended in dietary guidelines worldwide due to increasing evidence that their consumption can improve health beyond just providing energy and nutrients. Epidemiological studies have suggested that the incorporation of whole grains, as part of a healthy diet, plays a key role in reducing one’s risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cancer. Phenolic acids and dietary fibre are important components found in whole grains that are largely responsible for these health advantages. Both phenolic acids and dietary fibre, which are predominantly present in the bran layer, are abundant in whole-grain cereals and pseudo-cereals. Several studies indicate that whole grain dietary fibre and phenolic acids are linked to health regulation. The main focus of this study is two-fold. First, we provide an overview of phenolic acids and dietary fibres found in whole grains (wheat, barley, oats, rice and buckwheat). Second, we review existing literature on the linkages between the consumption of whole grains and the development of the following chronic non-communicable diseases: CVDs, obesity, T2D and cancer. Altogether, scientific evidence that the intake of whole grains reduces the risk of certain chronic non-communicable disease is encouraging but not convincing. Based on previous studies, the current review encourages further research to cover the gap between the emerging science of whole grains and human health.
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17
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Orlich MJ, Sabaté J, Mashchak A, Fresán U, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Miles F, Fraser GE. Ultra-processed food intake and animal-based food intake and mortality in the Adventist Health Study-2. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:1589-1601. [PMID: 35199827 PMCID: PMC9170476 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both ultra-processed foods and animal-derived foods have been associated with mortality in some studies. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the association of 2 dietary factors (ultra-processed foods and animal-based foods), adjusted for each other, with all-cause mortality. METHODS The setting is an observational prospective cohort study in North America, recruited from Seventh-day Adventist churches, comprised of 95,597 men and women, yielding an analytic sample of 77,437 participants after exclusions. The exposure of interest was diet measured by FFQ, in particular 2 dietary factors: 1) proportion of dietary energy from ultra-processed foods (other processing levels and specific substitutions in some models) and 2) proportion of dietary energy from animal-based foods (red meat, poultry, fish, and eggs/dairy separately in some models). The main outcome was all-cause mortality. Mortality data through 2015 were obtained from the National Death Index. Analyses used proportional hazards regression. RESULTS There were 9293 deaths. In mutually adjusted continuous linear models of both dietary factors (ultra-processed and animal-based foods), the HR for the 90th compared with the 10th percentile of the proportion of dietary energy from ultra-processed food was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.21, comparing 47.7% with 12.1% dietary energy), whereas for animal-based food intake (meats, dairy, eggs) it was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.07, comparing 25.0% with 0.4% dietary energy). There was no evidence of interaction (P = 0.36). Among animal-based foods, only red meat intake was associated with mortality (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.22, comparing 6.2% with 0% dietary energy). CONCLUSIONS Greater consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with higher all-cause mortality in this health-conscious Adventist population with many vegetarians. The total of animal-based food consumption (meat, dairy, eggs) was not associated with mortality, but higher red meat intake was. These findings suggest that high consumption of ultra-processed foods may be an important indicator of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Orlich
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA,School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew Mashchak
- Adventist Health Studies, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ujué Fresán
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Karen Jaceldo-Siegl
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA,Faculty of Graduate Studies, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Fayth Miles
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA,School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gary E Fraser
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA,School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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18
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Lennerz BS, Mey JT, Henn OH, Ludwig DS. Behavioral Characteristics and Self-Reported Health Status among 2029 Adults Consuming a "Carnivore Diet". Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab133. [PMID: 34934897 PMCID: PMC8684475 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "carnivore diet," based on animal foods and excluding most or all plant foods, has attracted recent popular attention. However, little is known about the health effects and tolerability of this diet, and concerns for nutrient deficiencies and cardiovascular disease risk have been raised. OBJECTIVES We obtained descriptive data on the nutritional practices and health status of a large group of carnivore diet consumers. METHODS A social media survey was conducted 30 March-24 June, 2020 among adults self-identifying as consuming a carnivore diet for ≥6 mo. Survey questions interrogated motivation, dietary intake patterns, symptoms suggestive of nutritional deficiencies or other adverse effects, satisfaction, prior and current health conditions, anthropometrics, and laboratory data. RESULTS A total of 2029 respondents (median age: 44 y, 67% male) reported consuming a carnivore diet for 14 mo (IQR: 9-20 mo), motivated primarily by health reasons (93%). Red meat consumption was reported as daily or more often by 85%. Under 10% reported consuming vegetables, fruits, or grains more often than monthly, and 37% denied vitamin supplement use. Prevalence of adverse symptoms was low (<1% to 5.5%). Symptoms included gastrointestinal (3.1%-5.5%), muscular (0.3%-4.0%), and dermatologic (0.1%-1.9%). Participants reported high levels of satisfaction and improvements in overall health (95%), well-being (66%-91%), various medical conditions (48%-98%), and median [IQR] BMI (in kg/m2) (from 27.2 [23.5-31.9] to 24.3 [22.1-27.0]). Among a subset reporting current lipids, LDL-cholesterol was markedly elevated (172 mg/dL), whereas HDL-cholesterol (68 mg/dL) and triglycerides (68 mg/dL) were optimal. Participants with diabetes reported benefits including reductions in median [IQR] BMI (4.3 [1.4-7.2]), glycated hemoglobin (0.4% [0%-1.7%]), and diabetes medication use (84%-100%). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to common expectations, adults consuming a carnivore diet experienced few adverse effects and instead reported health benefits and high satisfaction. Cardiovascular disease risk factors were variably affected. The generalizability of these findings and the long-term effects of this dietary pattern require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda S Lennerz
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob T Mey
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Owen H Henn
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Maia C, Cunha S, Debyser W, Cook D. Impacts of Adjunct Incorporation on Flavor Stability Metrics at Early Stages of Beer Production. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2021.1993054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Maia
- International Centre for Brewing Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
| | - Solon Cunha
- Global Innovation and Technology Centre, Anheuser-Busch InBev nv/sa, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Winok Debyser
- Global Innovation and Technology Centre, Anheuser-Busch InBev nv/sa, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Cook
- International Centre for Brewing Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
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20
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Suchowilska E, Wiwart M, Przybylska-Balcerek A, Stuper-Szablewska K. The profile of bioactive compounds in the grain of various x Tritordeum genotypes. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Kefir Culture-Mediated Fermentation to Improve Phenolic-Linked Antioxidant, Anti-Hyperglycemic and Human Gut Health Benefits in Sprouted Food Barley. Appl Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol1020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bioprocessing strategy is an effective approach to improve bioavailability and stability of bioactive compounds for designing functional foods and ingredients. In this study, food barley was bio-transformed to improve functional bioactives by sprouting, coupled with beneficial lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-based fermentation. Dairy Kefir culture with mixed beneficial LAB strains was targeted to ferment aqueous slurries of sprouted hulless food barley flour (unpigmented, purple, and black barley) for 72 h, and modulation of phenolic-linked antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic functionalities were evaluated using in vitro assay models. The biochemical parameters analyzed were total soluble phenolic (TSP) content, profile of phenolic compounds, total antioxidant activity, and anti-hyperglycemic property-relevant α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activities. Furthermore, human gut health benefits of relevant properties of fermented slurries of barley flour were also evaluated based on growth of Kefir culture and subsequent determination of anti-bacterial potential against pathogenic human ulcer causing bacteria Helicobacter pylori. Kefir culture-mediated fermentation of 48-h sprouted barley flours improved the TSP content and associated antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic functionalities. Additionally, anti-bacterial potential against H. pylori and sustaining active growth of viable LAB cells above the minimum level required for probiotic activity were also observed in fermented food barley flour slurries.
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22
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Protective Effects of A. sativa against Oxidative Stress-Induced Liver Damage in Ovariectomized Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5577498. [PMID: 34337029 PMCID: PMC8298160 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5577498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal women express great failure in their ovarian hormone production, especially estrogen. This deficiency may promote hypercholesterolemia and accelerate the redox imbalance. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of Avena sativa against estrogen deficiency-induced liver and uterus oxidative injury in experimental ovariectomized mice. Female mice were randomly divided into five groups: group one (negative control) received normal diet and distilled water (C), group two (positive control) received daily enriched diet with oat grains and was kept on tap distilled water at a dose of 200 mg kg−1 d−1 (A), group three (ovariectomized mice) was nontreated fed with normal diet (O), group four includes ovariectomized mice treated daily with estradiol given by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 100 μg kg−1 d−1 (OE), and the fifth group also includes ovariectomized mice which received enriched diet with oat grain parts with the same dose given to group two. The treatment period lasted two consecutive months. Both oat and hormonal treatments of ovariectomized groups resulted in a significant reduction in triglycerides and total cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in the plasma after 21 and 60 days of treatment. Besides, the coadministration of A. sativa has decreased the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and increased transaminase activities after 21 and 60 days of treatment. On the other hand, this cereal has restored the enzymatic (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities (GSH) as well as the elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (AOPP and PCO) to near-normal values. The beneficial effects of this cereal were confirmed by a histological study of the liver and uterus of all previous cited groups. Our finding emphasized the antioxidant and antilipidemic effect of oat grain part, suggesting the use of this cereal in the prevention of liver and uterus diseases that occurred in postmenopausal women.
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23
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Ghoreishy SM, Aminianfar A, Benisi-Kohansal S, Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A. Association between dietary phytochemical index and breast cancer: a case-control study. Breast Cancer 2021; 28:1283-1291. [PMID: 34120329 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-021-01265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intake of isoflavones has been positively associated with risk of breast cancer (BC) in some earlier studies. In addition, most studies on diet-disease associations came from western countries and limited data are available in the Middle-East. METHODS This case-control study was performed on 350 women with BC aged over 30 years who were recruited from hospitals or private clinics in Isfahan, Iran. All patients were diagnosed with BC during the maximum of the last 6 months using physical examination and mammography findings. Using cluster method sampling, 700 apparently healthy age- and socioeconomic status-matched controls were randomly selected from healthy women who had no relationship with BC patients and had no familial history of BC. Data on dietary intakes were collected using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. The DPI was calculated based on dietary energy derived from foods rich in phytochemicals (kcal) divided by total daily energy intake (kcal) of each participant. RESULTS Mean ± SD age and BMI in the study participants were 62.4 ± 10.8 years and 24.3 ± 5.2 kg/m2, respectively. In the crude model, participants in the highest quartile of DPI had 63% lower odds of breast cancer compared to those in the lowest quartile (95% CI 0.26, 0.54; P-trend < 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, this inverse association became strengthened (95% CI 0.22, 0.49; P-trend < 0.001). Further adjustment for BMI did not change the association (OR for the highest quartile vs. the lowest quartile = 0.40, 95% CI 0.26, 0.60; P-trend < 0.001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, a protective association was observed between DPI and BC in this case-control study. Therefore, high consumption of foods rich in phytochemicals such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains might help reducing the odds of BC among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Ghoreishy
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Aminianfar
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Benisi-Kohansal
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran. .,Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Allai FM, Azad ZRAA, Gul K, Dar BN. Wholegrains: a review on the amino acid profile, mineral content, physicochemical, bioactive composition and health benefits. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Mehraj Allai
- Department of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology Faculty of Agricultural Science Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
- Department of Food Technology Islamic University of Science and Technology Awantipora India
| | - ZRAA Azad
- Department of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology Faculty of Agricultural Science Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
| | - Khalid Gul
- Department of Food Process Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourekla India
| | - B. N. Dar
- Department of Food Technology Islamic University of Science and Technology Awantipora India
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25
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Tryggvadottir EA, Halldorsson TI, Landberg R, Hrolfsdottir L, Birgisdottir BE, Magnusdottir OK, Hreidarsdottir IT, Hardardottir H, Gunnarsdottir I. Higher Alkylresorcinol Concentrations, a Consequence of Whole-Grain Intake, are Inversely Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Iceland. J Nutr 2021; 151:1159-1166. [PMID: 33693761 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diet rich in whole grains may provide benefits for pregnant women due to whole grains' high nutritional value and dietary fiber content. OBJECTIVES To study the associations of whole-grain consumption, as well as the plasma alkylresorcinol concentration, a whole-grain consumption biomarker, in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnoses. METHODS Subjects were women from the prospective study Pregnant Women in Iceland II (PREWICE II; n = 853) who attended their ultrasound appointment in gestational weeks 11-14 during the period from October 2017 to March 2018. During that visit, whole-grain consumption was estimated using a diet screening questionnaire, and blood samples were collected for analysis of plasma alkylresorcinols (ARs). Information on GDM diagnoses was later extracted from medical records. Multivariate log-binomial regression was used to evaluate the association of dietary whole-grain and AR concentrations with GDM. RESULTS In total, 14.9% of the women adhered to the national food-based dietary guidelines (n = 127), which recommend 2 portions of whole grains daily. GDM was diagnosed in 127 women (14.9%). The frequency of whole-grain consumption was lower in women who were later diagnosed with GDM compared to the women without GDM (median, 5 times/week vs. 6 times/week, respectively; P = 0.02). This difference was reflected in the lower median concentration of total AR in women diagnosed with GDM (163 nmol/L vs. 209 nmol/L, respectively; P < 0.01). The quartile with the highest concentrations of AR had a RR of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.27-0.90) of being diagnosed with GDM, in comparison to the lowest quartile. There was a significant dose response in the GDM risk with higher AR levels. CONCLUSIONS We found that a higher consumption of whole grains, reflected both by reported consumption according to the FFQ and AR biomarkers, was associated with a decreased risk of receiving a GDM diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Tryggvadottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorhallur I Halldorsson
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Laufey Hrolfsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Institution of Health Science Research, University of Akureyri and Akureyri Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Bryndis E Birgisdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ola K Magnusdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Hildur Hardardottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland Reykjavík, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Livio Reykjavík, Reproductive Center in Reykjavík, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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26
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Co-microbiological regulation of phenolic release through solid-state fermentation of corn kernels (Zea mays L.) to improve their antioxidant activity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Pretorius CJ, Tugizimana F, Steenkamp PA, Piater LA, Dubery IA. Metabolomics for Biomarker Discovery: Key Signatory Metabolic Profiles for the Identification and Discrimination of Oat Cultivars. Metabolites 2021; 11:165. [PMID: 33809127 PMCID: PMC8001698 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in crop introduction-or breeding programmes-requires cultivar identification and characterisation. Rapid identification methods would therefore greatly improve registration, breeding, seed, trade and inspection processes. Metabolomics has proven to be indispensable in interrogating cellular biochemistry and phenotyping. Furthermore, metabolic fingerprints are chemical maps that can provide detailed insights into the molecular composition of a biological system under consideration. Here, metabolomics was applied to unravel differential metabolic profiles of various oat (Avena sativa) cultivars (Magnifico, Dunnart, Pallinup, Overberg and SWK001) and to identify signatory biomarkers for cultivar identification. The respective cultivars were grown under controlled conditions up to the 3-week maturity stage, and leaves and roots were harvested for each cultivar. Metabolites were extracted using 80% methanol, and extracts were analysed on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight (qTOF) high-definition mass spectrometer analytical platform. The generated data were processed and analysed using multivariate statistical methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) models were computed for both leaf and root data, with PCA score plots indicating cultivar-related clustering of the samples and pointing to underlying differential metabolic profiles of these cultivars. Further multivariate analyses were performed to profile differential signatory markers, which included carboxylic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds (hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids, and associated derivatives) and flavonoids, among the respective cultivars. Based on the key signatory metabolic markers, the cultivars were successfully distinguished from one another in profiles derived from both leaves and roots. The study demonstrates that metabolomics can be used as a rapid phenotyping tool for cultivar differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian A. Dubery
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (C.J.P.); (F.T.); (P.A.S.); (L.A.P.)
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28
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Swaminathan S, Dehghan M, Raj JM, Thomas T, Rangarajan S, Jenkins D, Mony P, Mohan V, Lear SA, Avezum A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Rosengren A, Lanas F, AlHabib KF, Dans A, Keskinler MV, Puoane T, Soman B, Wei L, Zatonska K, Diaz R, Ismail N, Chifamba J, Kelishadi R, Yusufali A, Khatib R, Xiaoyun L, Bo H, Iqbal R, Yusuf R, Yeates K, Teo K, Yusuf S. Associations of cereal grains intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality across 21 countries in Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2021; 372:m4948. [PMID: 33536317 PMCID: PMC7856570 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m4948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between intakes of refined grains, whole grains, and white rice with cardiovascular disease, total mortality, blood lipids, and blood pressure in the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING PURE study in 21 countries. PARTICIPANTS 148 858 participants with median follow-up of 9.5 years. EXPOSURES Country specific validated food frequency questionnaires were used to assess intakes of refined grains, whole grains, and white rice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Composite of mortality or major cardiovascular events (defined as death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure). Hazard ratios were estimated for associations of grain intakes with mortality, major cardiovascular events, and their composite by using multivariable Cox frailty models with random intercepts to account for clustering by centre. RESULTS Analyses were based on 137 130 participants after exclusion of those with baseline cardiovascular disease. During follow-up, 9.2% (n=12 668) of these participants had a composite outcome event. The highest category of intake of refined grains (≥350 g/day or about 7 servings/day) was associated with higher risk of total mortality (hazard ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.46; P for trend=0.004), major cardiovascular disease events (1.33, 1.16 to 1.52; P for trend<0.001), and their composite (1.28, 1.15 to 1.42; P for trend<0.001) compared with the lowest category of intake (<50 g/day). Higher intakes of refined grains were associated with higher systolic blood pressure. No significant associations were found between intakes of whole grains or white rice and health outcomes. CONCLUSION High intake of refined grains was associated with higher risk of mortality and major cardiovascular disease events. Globally, lower consumption of refined grains should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahshid Dehghan
- Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prem Mony
- St John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Scott A Lear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alvaro Avezum
- International Research Centre, Hospital Alemao Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Universidade Santo Amaro (UNISA), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Annika Rosengren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Khalid F AlHabib
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonio Dans
- University of Philippines, Section of Adult Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mirac Vural Keskinler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Thandi Puoane
- University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Biju Soman
- Health Action by People, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Li Wei
- National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Katarzyna Zatonska
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Social Medicine, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafael Diaz
- Estudios Clinicos Latinoamerica ECLA, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Noorhassim Ismail
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jephat Chifamba
- Physiology Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afzalhussein Yusufali
- Dubai Medical University, Hatta Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rasha Khatib
- Institute for Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
- Advocate Research Institute, Advocate Health Care, Illinois, USA
| | - Liu Xiaoyun
- National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Bo
- National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rita Yusuf
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Karen Yeates
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- New York University, College of Global Public Health, NY, USA
| | - Koon Teo
- Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Sarkar D, Christopher A, Shetty K. Phenolic Bioactives From Plant-Based Foods for Glycemic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:727503. [PMID: 35116002 PMCID: PMC8805174 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.727503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based foods containing phenolic bioactives have human health protective functions relevant for combating diet and lifestyle-influenced chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). The molecular structural features of dietary phenolic bioactives allow antioxidant functions relevant for countering chronic oxidative stress-induced metabolic breakdown commonly associated with T2D. In addition to antioxidant properties, phenolic bioactives of diverse plant foods have therapeutic functional activities such as improving insulin sensitivity, reducing hepatic glucose output, inhibiting activity of key carbohydrate digestive enzymes, and modulating absorption of glucose in the bloodstream, thereby subsequently improving post-prandial glycemic control. These therapeutic functional properties have direct implications and benefits in the dietary management of T2D. Therefore, plant-based foods that are rich in phenolic bioactives are excellent dietary sources of therapeutic targets to improve overall glycemic control by managing chronic hyperglycemia and chronic oxidative stress, which are major contributing factors to T2D pathogenesis. However, in studies with diverse array of plant-based foods, concentration and composition of phenolic bioactives and their glycemic control relevant bioactivity can vary widely between different plant species, plant parts, and among different varieties/genotypes due to the different environmental and growing conditions, post-harvest storage, and food processing steps. This has allowed advances in innovative strategies to screen and optimize whole and processed plant derived foods and their ingredients based on their phenolic bioactive linked antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties for their effective integration into T2D focused dietary solutions. In this review, different pre-harvest and post-harvest strategies and factors that influence phenolic bioactive-linked antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties in diverse plant derived foods and derivation of extracts with therapeutic potential are highlighted and discussed. Additionally, novel bioprocessing strategies to enhance bioavailability and bioactivity of phenolics in plant-derived foods targeting optimum glycemic control and associated T2D therapeutic benefits are also advanced.
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30
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Luo D, Li X, Zhao L, Chen G. Regulation of phenolic release in corn seeds (Zea mays L.) for improving their antioxidant activity by mix-culture fermentation with Monascus anka, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:334-340. [PMID: 33038475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, mix-culture fermentation (MF) with M. anka, S. cerevisiae and B. subtilis to regulate phenolic release in corn seeds was investigated. Results showed the adding strategy of S. cerevisiae and B. subtilis significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the total phenolic content (TPC) of corn seeds, and the highest TPC in MF was 22.56-fold rise than that of unfermented control. Moreover, the phenolic compounds in corn seeds were shifted after MF. SDS-PAGE revealed some enzymes produced by microorganisms were regulated, and the α-amylase and FPase activities were changed to improvement in MF. SEM micrographs of corn seeds in MF varied markedly with the cell walls structure destroyed, so as to release of the phenolic fractions in corn seeds. Based on the phenolic mobilization, DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging abilities of phenolic fractions from corn seeds were improved in MF. This paper provides a prospect fermentation process for improving the phenolic release in corn cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Luo
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| | - Xingyu Li
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| | - Lu Zhao
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| | - Gong Chen
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
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31
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Lee JY, Ahn EK, Park JH, Oh JS. Wheat Bran Extract Regulates Mast Cell-Mediated Allergic Responses In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173997. [PMID: 32887288 PMCID: PMC7504747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study the effects and molecular mechanisms of wheat bran (WB), the hard outer layer of the wheat kernel used in food ingredients, on mast cell-mediated allergic responses in vitro and in vivo were investigated. The water extract of WB inhibited degranulation and expression of allergic and inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. These anti-allergic activities of WB were mediated by the inactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which play important roles in degranulation and expression of various allergic and inflammatory molecules. In agreement with its in vitro effects, WB inhibited immunoglobulin E (IgE)/antigen-induced and compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic reactions in vivo. Taken together, these findings suggest the pharmacological potential of WB in the regulation of allergic diseases, including allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, asthma and anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Lee
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Gwanggyo-ro 147, Yeoungtong, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16229, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (E.-K.A.)
| | - Eun-Kyung Ahn
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Gwanggyo-ro 147, Yeoungtong, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16229, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (E.-K.A.)
| | - Ju-Hyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Dandae-ro 119, Dongnam, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Korea;
| | - Joa Sub Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Dandae-ro 119, Dongnam, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-550-1435; Fax: +82-41-559-7899
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32
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Turner AL, Michaelson LV, Shewry PR, Lovegrove A, Spencer JPE. Increased bioavailability of phenolic acids and enhanced vascular function following intake of feruloyl esterase-processed high fibre bread: A randomized, controlled, single blind, crossover human intervention trial. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:788-795. [PMID: 33077275 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Clinical trial data have indicated an association between wholegrain consumption and a reduction in surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease. Phenolics present in wholegrain bound to arabinoxylan fibre may contribute these effects, particularly when released enzymatically from the fiber prior to ingestion. The aim of the present study was therefore to determine whether the intake of high fibre bread containing higher free ferulic acid (FA) levels (enzymatically released during processing) enhances human endothelium-dependent vascular function. METHODS A randomized, single masked, controlled, crossover, human intervention study was conducted on 19 healthy men. Individuals consumed either a high fibre flatbread with enzymatically released free FA (14.22 mg), an equivalent standard high fibre bread (2.34 mg), or a white bread control (0.48 mg) and markers of vascular function and plasma phenolic acid concentrations were measured at baseline, 2, 5 and 7 h post consumption. RESULTS Significantly increased brachial arterial dilation was observed following consumption of the high free FA ('enzyme-treated') high fibre bread verses both a white bread (2 h: p < 0.05; 5 h: p < 0.01) and a standard high fibre bread (5 h: p < 0.05). Concurrently, significant increases in plasma FA levels were observed, at 2 h (p < 0.01) after consumption of the enzyme-treated bread, relative to control treatments. Blood pressure, heart rate, DVP-SI and DVP-RI were not significantly altered following intake of any of the breads (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Dietary intake of bread, processed enzymatically to release FA from arabinoxylan fiber during production increases the bioavailability of FA, and induces acute endothelium-dependent vasodilation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NO: NCT03946293. WEBSITE: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Turner
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK (ALT, JPES)
| | - Louise V Michaelson
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK (LVM, PRS, AL)
| | - Peter R Shewry
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK (LVM, PRS, AL).; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, Berks, UK (PRS)
| | - Alison Lovegrove
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK (LVM, PRS, AL)
| | - Jeremy P E Spencer
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK (ALT, JPES)..
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Consumption of whole purple and regular wheat modestly improves metabolic markers in adults with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a randomised, single-blind parallel-arm study. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:1179-1189. [PMID: 32594915 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Whole-grain wheat, in particular coloured varieties, may have health benefits in adults with chronic metabolic disease risk factors. Twenty-nine overweight and obese adults with chronic inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) > 1·0 mg/l) replaced four daily servings of refined grain food products with bran-enriched purple or regular whole-wheat convenience bars (approximately 41-45 g fibre, daily) for 8 weeks in a randomised, single-blind parallel-arm study where body weight was maintained. Anthropometrics, blood markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipaemia and metabolites of anthocyanins and phenolic acids were compared at days 1, 29 and 57 using repeated-measures ANOVA within groups and ANCOVA between groups at day 57, with day 1 as a covariate. A significant reduction in IL-6 and increase in adiponectin were observed within the purple wheat (PW) group. TNF-α was lowered in both groups and ferulic acid concentration increased in the regular wheat (RW) group. Comparing between wheats, only plasma TNF-α and glucose differed significantly (P < 0·05), that is, TNF-α and glucose decreased with RW and PW, respectively. Consumption of PW or RW products showed potential to improve plasma markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in participants with evidence of chronic inflammation, with modest differences observed based on type of wheat.
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Rico D, Villaverde A, Martinez-Villaluenga C, Gutierrez AL, Caballero PA, Ronda F, Peñas E, Frias J, Martin Diana AB. Application of Autoclave Treatment for Development of a Natural Wheat Bran Antioxidant Ingredient. Foods 2020; 9:E781. [PMID: 32545426 PMCID: PMC7353647 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of autoclaving as a hydrothermal treatment on the quality and bioactivity of wheat bran (WB) with the objective of producing a natural ingredient with enhanced healthy properties. Nutritional, antioxidant, techno-functional and sensorial parameters were studied, and temperatures of 100, 115 and 130 °C were explored. Of these, 130 °C was found to be the best treatment, resulting in an ingredient with high storage stability, antioxidant properties, a four-fold increase in the concentration of free ferulic acid (compared with non-treated WB), and increased content of apigenin-6-C-arabinoside-8-C-hexoside, a flavonoid with reported antioxidant and antifungal properties. On the other hand, the autoclave treatment enhanced water absorption capacity and reduced WB pasting viscosity, mainly at higher temperature (130 °C), which would allow incorporation of the treated WB in liquid matrices such as juices, soups or milkshakes, among others. Although the glycemic index (GI) of the autoclaved samples increased, the use of intermediate particle size of 106 to 300 µm could contribute to the reduction of the glycemic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rico
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL), Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas, 47071 Valladolid, Spain; (D.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Adriana Villaverde
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL), Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas, 47071 Valladolid, Spain; (D.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Cristina Martinez-Villaluenga
- Department of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (E.P.); (J.F.)
| | - Angel L. Gutierrez
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering, Food Technology, College of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Valladolid, Av. Madrid, 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (A.L.G.); (P.A.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Pedro Antonio Caballero
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering, Food Technology, College of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Valladolid, Av. Madrid, 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (A.L.G.); (P.A.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Felicidad Ronda
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering, Food Technology, College of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Valladolid, Av. Madrid, 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (A.L.G.); (P.A.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Elena Peñas
- Department of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (E.P.); (J.F.)
| | - Juana Frias
- Department of Food Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (E.P.); (J.F.)
| | - Ana Belen Martin Diana
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL), Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas, 47071 Valladolid, Spain; (D.R.); (A.V.)
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Chen J, Ullah H, Zheng Z, Gu X, Su C, Xiao L, Wu X, Xiong F, Li Q, Zha L. Soyasaponins reduce inflammation by downregulating MyD88 expression and suppressing the recruitments of TLR4 and MyD88 into lipid rafts. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:167. [PMID: 32493316 PMCID: PMC7268359 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies indicate that soyasaponins may reduce inflammation via modulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling. However, its underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Methods Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged inflamed male ICR mice were intervened by intragastrical administration with 10 and 20 μmol/kg·BW of soyasaponin A1, A2 or I for 8 weeks. The serum inflammatory markers were determined by commercial kits and the expression of molecules in TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in liver by real-time PCR and western blotting. The recruitments of TLR4 and MyD88 into lipid rafts of live tissue lysates were detected by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and western blotting. LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with 10, 20 and 40 μmol/L of soyasaponin A1, A2 or I for 2 h. MyD88-overexpressed HEK293T cells were treated with 20 and 40 μmol/L of soyasaponins (A1, A2 or I) or 20 μmol/L of ST2825 (a MyD88 inhibitor) for 6 h. The expression of molecules in TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway were determined by western blotting. Data were analyzed by using one way analysis of variance or t-test by SPSS 20.0 statistical software. Results Soyasaponins A1, A2 or I significantly reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-6 and nitric oxide (NO) in serum (p < 0.05), and decreased the mRNA levels of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (p < 0.05), the protein levels of myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2), TLR4, MyD88, toll-interleukin1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), phosphorylated interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (p-IRAK-4), phosphorylated interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (p-IRAK-1) and TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) (p < 0.05), and the recruitments of TLR4 and MyD88 into lipid rafts in liver (p < 0.05). In LPS-stimulated macrophages, soyasaponins A2 or I significantly decreased MyD88 (p < 0.05), soyasaponins A1, A2 or I reduced p-IRAK-4 and p-IRAK-1 (p < 0.05), and soyasaponin I decreased TRAF6 (p < 0.05). In MyD88-overexpressed HEK293T cells, soyasaponins (A1, A2 or I) and ST2825 significantly decreased MyD88 and TRAF6 (p < 0.05). Conclusion Soyasaponins can reduce inflammation by downregulating MyD88 expression and suppressing the recruitments of TLR4 and MyD88 into lipid rafts. This study provides novel understanding about the anti-inflammatory mechanism of soyasaponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongdaixi Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfu Gu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuhong Su
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Dietetics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longying Zha
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No.1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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Derakhshan A, Khodadoost M, Ghanei M, Gachkar L, Hajimahdipour H, Taghipour A, Yousefi J, Khoshkhui M, Azad FJ. Effects of a Novel Barley-Based Formulation on Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:1224-1231. [PMID: 30843497 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190306100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current treatment options for Allergic Rhinitis (AR) may have their own limitations and side effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Ma-al-Shaeer (MS), a novel natural formulation based on Hordeum vulgare, in the treatment of AR compared with Fexofenadine (FX). METHODS A total of 77 patients with AR were divided into two groups: MS group (n=38) and FX group (n=39). The first group received 15 g of dried MS powder, and the second group received 60 mg of FX twice daily for 14 days. At baseline (week zero) and after the 14-day treatment period (week two), both groups were evaluated for sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, nasal itching, post nasal drip, eye, throat, or ear symptoms, headache, cough, mental function, quality of life scores, blood eosinophil count and total IgE levels. Rhinitis control assessment tests were conducted at week zero and again at one week after cessation of treatment (week three) in both groups. RESULTS All symptoms of AR except cough were significantly reduced in both groups; for nasal congestion, post nasal drip, and headache, the MS treatment was found to be superior. Rhinitis control was significantly increased after treatment in both groups (p value < 0.001). Both drugs significantly reduced total IgE levels. There was no significant change in eosinophil count in either group. CONCLUSION MS formulation based on H. vulgare may be an effective treatment for AR. Further studies are needed to confirm the effect of MS as an alternative treatment in AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Derakhshan
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmood Khodadoost
- School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Mollasadra Street, 19945-546, Tehran, Iran
| | - Latif Gachkar
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Hajimahdipour
- Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center and Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Management & Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Cancer Research Center, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jaleh Yousefi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoshkhui
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farahzad J Azad
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kamau EH, Nkhata SG, Ayua EO. Extrusion and nixtamalization conditions influence the magnitude of change in the nutrients and bioactive components of cereals and legumes. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1753-1765. [PMID: 32328241 PMCID: PMC7174222 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal and legume diets make up the bulk of caloric sources for a majority of households in the developing world. They contain macro- and micronutrients as well as phytochemicals embedded as one matrix. Some phytochemicals are antinutritional factors which can bind nutrients thereby hindering their bioavailability. While there are other methods that can be used to enhance nutrient utilization from such foods, we summarize how food processing methods such as extrusion and nixtamalization are employed to break the food matrix and release these nutrients. Both extrusion and nixtamalization can break down complex carbohydrates into simpler, more soluble forms while at the same time inactivating or denaturing protein inhibitors and other antinutritional factors. Such disruptions of complexes within the food matrix are essential for harnessing optimum nutritional and health benefit from these foods. We present mechanistic approaches explaining how these processes enhance nutrient and mineral bioavailability and phytochemical bioactivity while minimizing the undesirable effects of antinutritional factors that coexist in the complex food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Heka Kamau
- Department of Food Science and NutritionUniversity of EldoretEldoretKenya
- Department of Food Science and NutritionJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Smith G. Nkhata
- Department of Agro‐food ProcessingNatural Resources CollegeLilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesLilongweMalawi
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The Effect of a Low GI Diet on Truncal Fat Mass and Glycated Hemoglobin in South Indians with Type 2 Diabetes-A Single Centre Randomized Prospective Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010179. [PMID: 31936428 PMCID: PMC7019781 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been no previous study that has investigated the effect of a low glycemic index (LGI) diet with local recipes of South Indian cuisine on the body fat composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Truncal obesity has been associated with the risk of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a low GI diet on glycemic control and body composition in people with type 2 diabetes in South India. Method: This was a prospective and randomized controlled study that was conducted over a period of 24 weeks. A total of 40 participants were recruited from the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Outpatient in Kerala, South India. All the patients had type 2 diabetes and were randomly assigned and given advice and instructions to follow either a low GI diet plan (n = 18) or their usual diet, which served as control (n = 18). The advice was reinforced throughout the study period. Dietary compliance was evaluated based on a 24 h dietary recall at weeks 3, 11, 12, 18, 23, and 24. The age of the subjects ranged from 35 to 65 years. Anthropometric, body composition, and cardio-metabolic parameters were measured according to standard procedures. T-tests were conducted to compare differences between intervention and control groups and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate associations between the variables. Results: There were significant reductions (p < 0.05) in the low GI diet compared to the control group with respect to weight, body mass index (BMI), and triceps skinfold thickness. Similarly, significant reductions were observed in the low GI diet group with respect to region, total fat, android, and gynoid fat mass and the differences between the groups were significant at p < 0.05. There was also a positive correlation between BMI and android fat mass (r = 0.745), total fat mass (r = 0.661), total truncal mass (r = 0.821), and truncal fat (r = 0.707). There was a significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin in the low GI diet group compared to the control group at p < 0.05. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that there was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of truncal obesity and glycated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes on a local diet of South Indian cuisine with low GI compared with the control.
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Salazar-López NJ, González-Aguilar GA, Rouzaud-Sández O, Loarca-Piña G, Gorinstein S, Robles-Sánchez M. Sorghum bran supplementation ameliorates dyslipidemia, glucose dysregulation, inflammation and stress oxidative induced by a high-fat diet in rats. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2019.1702105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norma Julieta Salazar-López
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, México
- Coordinación de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, México
| | - Gustavo A. González-Aguilar
- Coordinación de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, México
| | - Ofelia Rouzaud-Sández
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, México
| | - Guadalupe Loarca-Piña
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Shela Gorinstein
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University -Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maribel Robles-Sánchez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, México
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Pico J, Martínez MM. Unraveling the Inhibition of Intestinal Glucose Transport by Dietary Phenolics: A Review. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3418-3433. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191015154326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background:Glucose transport across the intestinal brush border membrane plays a key role in metabolic regulation. Depending on the luminal glucose concentration, glucose is mainly transported by the sodium- dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1) and the facilitated-transporter glucose transporter (GLUT2). SGLT1 is apical membrane-constitutive and it is active at a low luminal glucose concentration, while at concentrations higher than 50 mM, glucose is mainly transported by GLUT2 (recruited from the basolateral membrane). Dietary phenolic compounds can modulate glucose homeostasis by decreasing the postprandial glucose response through the inhibition of SGLT1 and GLUT2.Methods:Phenolic inhibition of intestinal glucose transport has been examined using brush border membrane vesicles from rats, pigs or rabbits, Xenopus oocytes and more recently Caco-2 cells, which are the most promising for harmonizing in vitro experiments.Results:Phenolic concentrations above 100 µM has been proved to successfully inhibit the glucose transport. Generally, the aglycones quercetin, myricetin, fisetin or apigenin have been reported to strongly inhibit GLUT2, while quercetin-3-O-glycoside has been demonstrated to be more effective in SGLT1. Additionally, epigallocatechin as well as epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallates were observed to be inhibited on both SGLT1 and GLUT2.Conclusion:Although, valuable information regarding the phenolic glucose transport inhibition is known, however, there are some disagreements about which flavonoid glycosides and aglycones exert significant inhibition, and also the inhibition of phenolic acids remains unclear. This review aims to collect, compare and discuss the available information and controversies about the phenolic inhibition of glucose transporters. A detailed discussion on the physicochemical mechanisms involved in phenolics-glucose transporters interactions is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Pico
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mario M. Martínez
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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The impact of Tartary buckwheat extract on the nutritional property of starch in a whole grain context. J Cereal Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Belobrajdic DP, Regina A, Klingner B, Zajac I, Chapron S, Berbezy P, Bird AR. High-Amylose Wheat Lowers the Postprandial Glycemic Response to Bread in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:1335-1345. [PMID: 31162585 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional wheat-based foods contain high concentrations of readily digestible starch that commonly give these foods a high postprandial glycemic response and may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if bread made from high-amylose wheat (HAW) and enriched in resistant starch dampens postprandial glycemia compared with bread made from conventional low-amylose wheat (LAW). METHODS This single-center, randomized, double-blinded, crossover controlled study involved 7 consecutive weekly visits. On separate mornings, 20 healthy nondiabetic men and women (mean age 30 ± 3 y; body mass index 23 ± 0.7 kg/m2) consumed a glucose beverage or 4 different breads (each 121 g); LAW-R (refined), LAW-W (wholemeal), HAW-R, or HAW-W. The starch contents of the LAW and HAW breads were 24% and 74% amylose, respectively. Venous blood samples were collected at regular intervals before and for 3 h after the breakfast meal to measure plasma glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and incretin hormone concentrations, and the incremental area under the curve (AUC) was calculated (mmol/L × 3 h). Satiety and cravings were also measured at 30-min intervals during the postprandial period. RESULTS HAW breads had a glycemic response (AUC) that was 39% less than that achieved with conventional wheat breads (HAW 39 ± 5 mmol/L × 3 h; LAW 64 ± 5 mmol/L × 3 h; P < 0.0001). Insulinemic and incretin responses were 24-30% less for HAW breads than for LAW breads (P < 0.05). Processing of the flour (wholemeal or refined) did not affect the glycemic, insulinemic, or incretin response. The HAW breads did not influence plasma ghrelin, or subjective measures of satiety or cravings during the postprandial period. CONCLUSIONS Replacing LAW with HAW flour may be an effective strategy for lowering postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to bread in healthy men and women, but further research is warranted. This trial was registered at the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12616001289404.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian Zajac
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, Australia
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Skrajda-Brdak M, Konopka I, Tańska M, Czaplicki S. Changes in the content of free phenolic acids and antioxidative capacity of wholemeal bread in relation to cereal species and fermentation type. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kowalczewski PŁ, Pauter P, Smarzyński K, Różańska MB, Jeżowski P, Dwiecki K, Mildner‐Szkudlarz S. Thermal processing of pasta enriched with black locust flowers affect quality, phenolics, and antioxidant activity. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulina Pauter
- Students' Scientific Club of Food Technologists Poznań University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland
| | - Krzysztof Smarzyński
- Students' Scientific Club of Food Technologists Poznań University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland
| | - Maria Barbara Różańska
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin Poznań University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland
| | - Paweł Jeżowski
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry Poznan University of Technology Poznań Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dwiecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis Poznań University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland
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Wu W, Qiu J, Wang A, Li Z. Impact of whole cereals and processing on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1447-1474. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1574708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of nutrition and food safety, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ju Qiu
- Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Aili Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Zaigui Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, China
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Postprandial Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Responses after Consumption of Activated Wheat and Triticale Grain Flakes. J Nutr Metab 2019; 2019:6594896. [PMID: 30755803 PMCID: PMC6348912 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6594896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that whole grain consumption is protective against metabolic disorders. Protective bioactive substances of whole grains include fibre and antioxidants. Activation of grains can increase the amount of phenolic compounds and their bioavailability, but there is little evidence about their effect on glycaemic and insulinemic responses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate glycaemic and insulinemic responses after consumption of flakes made from activated wheat and activated triticale grains. Eighteen healthy subjects (7 men and 11 women) were given activated wheat or activated triticale flakes. As a reference, a standard glucose solution was used. Plasma glucose and serum insulin were measured during 120 minutes. Both, activated wheat and activated triticale flakes, show improved glycaemic profile, inducing a lower and more stable glycaemic response. However, statistically significant differences in insulin response were found only in the group who have taken activated triticale flakes and not in the group who have taken activated wheat flakes. Activated triticale flakes induced lower insulin response in all postprandial phases and a more stable concentration of insulin. Thus, activated triticale flakes could be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Arika W, Kibiti CM, Njagi JM, Ngugi MP. In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Dichloromethanolic Leaf Extract of Gnidia glauca (Fresen) as a Promising Antiobesity Drug. J Evid Based Integr Med 2019; 24:2515690X19883258. [PMID: 31766874 PMCID: PMC6880035 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x19883258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of ethnobotanical information from traditional practitioners remains an empirical aspect of understanding the ethnopharmacology research. However, integration of information on chemical composition of plant extracts and their pharmacological activities forms a key resource for synthesis of new and effective therapeutics. In traditional African medicine, Gnidia glauca has folkloric remedies against obesity and its associated oxidative stress-mediated complications. However, the upsurge in its use has not been accompanied with scientific validations to support these claims. The present study aimed to determine the antioxidant potential of G glauca as a promising antiobesity agent. The antioxidant effects of the extract were assessed against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and superoxide radicals as well as lipid peroxidation, iron-chelating effect, and ferric-reducing power. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using gas chromatography linked to mass spectrophotometry. The results revealed that G glauca exhibited scavenging activities against all radicals formed. Besides, the extract showed iron chelation and ferric reducing abilities. The extract indicated a lower half maximal inhibitory concentration value than the standards used. For instance, the extract inhibited 50% of the formation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine at the concentration of 1.33 ± 0.03 mg/mL relative to 1.39 ± 0.06 mg/mL of the standard, vitamin C at 1% confidence limit. Similarly, the extract scavenged 50% of hydroxyl radical at 204.34 ± 10.64 μg/mL relative to 210.05 ± 8.80 μg/mL of gallic acid. The extract also contained various phytochemicals that have been associated with antiobesity effects. The synergistic effects of these phytocompounds increase their bioavailability and action on multiple molecular targets thereby correcting obesity-induced oxidative stress.
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Călinoiu LF, Vodnar DC. Whole Grains and Phenolic Acids: A Review on Bioactivity, Functionality, Health Benefits and Bioavailability. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1615. [PMID: 30388881 PMCID: PMC6265897 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains represent one of the major sources of human food and nowadays, their production has increased to fulfill the needs of the world's population. Among whole grains, wheat is the most popular and contributes significantly to the human diet. Whole grains possess great nutritional and bioactive properties due to their fractions, bran and germ, that comprise unique health-promoting bioactive components. The evidence of health benefits in human intervention studies, as well as a World Health Organization report for 2012⁻2016, supports the dietary consumption of whole grains and whole-grain foods. The inverse correlation between whole grain consumption and the reduced risk of chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes was underlined by several epidemiological studies. This article focuses on the bioactive components of whole grains and their fractions, namely phenolic acids, starting from their chemical structure, bioactivity and bioavailability. According to the conclusive evaluation of the human intervention studies conducted using cereal bran and whole grains intake, the assumption that the bioactive compounds determine health outcomes is illustrated. In the last part of the work, the functional potential and the health claims related to whole grains and bran intake are discussed, as well as new technologies and strategies to enhance their health potential by an increased bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Florina Călinoiu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Musa-Veloso K, Poon T, Harkness LS, O'Shea M, Chu Y. The effects of whole-grain compared with refined wheat, rice, and rye on the postprandial blood glucose response: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:759-774. [PMID: 30321274 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole grains are often referred to collectively, despite differences in their composition, physical structure, processing, and potential health benefits. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the postprandial blood glucose response of whole-grain with refined wheat, rice, or rye, while controlling for the food delivery matrix and the processing of the grain (e.g., grinding, germination). Design Eleven electronic databases were systematically searched to identify studies published up to and including November 2017. Randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of whole-grain wheat, rice, or rye with those of each grain's refined counterpart on postprandial blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) were included. Pooled effect sizes were computed by using the difference in the blood glucose AUC after the consumption of the whole compared with the refined grain. Results Twenty publications were included, with 10, 14, and 5 strata (or active-control comparisons) on whole-grain wheat, rice, and rye, respectively. The consumption of ground (wholemeal) wheat, compared with white wheat, was not associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose AUC (-6.7 mmol/L ⋅ min; 95% CI: -25.1, 11.7 mmol/L ⋅ min; P = 0.477). The consumption of wholemeal rye, compared with endosperm rye, was not associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose AUC (-5.5 mmol/L ⋅ min; 95% CI: -24.8, 13.8 mmol/L ⋅ min; P = 0.576). The consumption of intact (whole-grain) rice, compared with white rice, was associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose AUC (-40.5 mmol/L ⋅ min; 95% CI: -59.6, -21.3 mmol/L ⋅ min; P < 0.001). Conclusions Compared with white rice, whole-grain rice significantly attenuates the postprandial blood glucose response. In most of the studies on wheat and rye, the postprandial blood glucose responses to foods formulated with wholemeal compared with refined flours were compared. Whether reductions in the blood glucose AUC can be achieved with whole-grain (as opposed to wholemeal) wheat and rye requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Musa-Veloso
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa Poon
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Marianne O'Shea
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition Sciences, Barrington, IL
| | - YiFang Chu
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition Sciences, Barrington, IL
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Wholegrain Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from Epidemiological and Intervention Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091288. [PMID: 30213062 PMCID: PMC6163785 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases and represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality because of its related complications. The alarming rise in T2DM prevalence worldwide poses enormous challenges in relation to its social, economic, and a clinical burden requiring appropriate preventive strategies. Currently, lifestyle modifications—including approaches to promote a moderate body weight reduction and to increase regular physical exercise—are the first crucial intervention for T2DM prevention. In the light of the difficulty in reducing body weight and in long-term maintenance of weight loss, quality changes in dietary patterns—in terms of macro and micronutrient composition—can also strongly affect the development of T2DM. This may provide a more practical and suitable preventative approach than simply implementing caloric restriction. Along this line, there is increasing evidence that wholegrain consumption in substitution of refined grains is associated with a reduction of the incidence of several non-communicable chronic diseases. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current evidence from observational and randomized controlled clinical trials on the benefits of wholegrain on T2DM prevention and treatment. Plausible mechanisms by which wholegrain could act on glucose homeostasis and T2DM prevention are also evaluated. Altogether, the totality of the available evidence supports present dietary recommendations promoting wholegrain foods for the prevention and treatment of T2DM.
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