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Weme ET, Brandal LT, Jenum PA, Wester AL, Müller F. Prevalence and characteristics of 11 potentially diarrhoeagenic microbes in asymptomatic individuals in Norway, 2015-2020. APMIS 2024. [PMID: 39370710 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to estimate the prevalence of potentially diarrhoeagenic microbes (PDMs) in faecal samples from asymptomatic individuals in a high-income country, identify risk factors for carriage and to identify microbial factors that differ between PDMs in asymptomatic versus symptomatic individuals. Samples from 1000 asymptomatic participants were collected, together with a questionnaire, between 2015 and 2020 and examined by PCR for 11 PDMs. Isolates were characterised and potential risk factors were registered. Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC), Yersinia enterocolitica, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Campylobacter spp. were found in 163 (16%), 20 (2.0%), 17 (1.7%), 12 (1.2%) and 11 (1.1%) asymptomatic individuals, respectively. Other PDMs were rare. Only low virulent STEC, with stx1c, stx2b or stx2f, was detected. Travels outside Europe was a significant risk factor for detecting Campylobacter spp. (odds ratio (OR) 6.99; 95% CI 1.12-43.6) and ETEC (OR 11.4; 95% CI 1.26-102). Individuals ≥65 years of age had lower odds of carrying STEC (OR 0.11; 95% CI 0.02-0.57) or EPEC (OR 0.09; 95% CI 0.05-0.16) than individuals ≤5 years of age. The common finding of PDMs in asymptomatic individuals could have implications for the interpretation of positive findings in clinical samples and infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Thorstensen Brandal
- Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Arne Jenum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Fredrik Müller
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Llorente MT, Escudero R, Ramiro R, Remacha MA, Martínez-Ruiz R, Galán-Sánchez F, de Frutos M, Elía M, Onrubia I, Sánchez S. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli as etiological agent of endemic diarrhea in Spain: A prospective multicenter prevalence study with molecular characterization of isolates. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1120285. [PMID: 37065134 PMCID: PMC10100739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1120285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEnteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is increasingly associated with domestically acquired diarrheal episodes in high-income countries, particularly among children. However, its specific role in endemic diarrhea in this setting remains under-recognized and information on molecular characteristics of such EAEC strains is limited. We aimed to investigate the occurrence of EAEC in patients with non-travel related diarrhea in Spain and molecularly characterize EAEC strains associated with illness acquired in this high-income setting.MethodsIn a prospective multicenter study, stool samples from diarrheal patients with no history of recent travel abroad (n = 1,769) were collected and processed for detection of EAEC and other diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) pathotypes by PCR. An additional case–control study was conducted among children ≤5 years old. Whole-genome sequences (WGS) of the resulting EAEC isolates were obtained.ResultsDetection of DEC in the study population. DEC was detected in 23.2% of patients aged from 0 to 102 years, with EAEC being one of the most prevalent pathotypes (7.8%) and found in significantly more patients ≤5 years old (9.8% vs. 3.4%, p < 0.001). Although not statistically significant, EAEC was more frequent in cases than in controls. WGS-derived characterization of EAEC isolates. Sequence type (ST) 34, ST200, ST40, and ST10 were the predominant STs. O126:H27, O111:H21, and O92:H33 were the predominant serogenotypes. Evidence of a known variant of aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF) was found in 89.2% of isolates, with AAF/V being the most frequent. Ten percent of isolates were additionally classified as presumptive extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), or both, and belonged to clonal lineages that could be specifically associated with extraintestinal infections.ConclusionEAEC was the only bacterial enteric pathogen detected in a significant proportion of cases of endemic diarrhea in Spain, especially in children ≤5 years old. In particular, O126:H27-ST200, O111:H21-ST40, and O92:H33-ST34 were the most important subtypes, with all of them infecting both patients and asymptomatic individuals. Apart from this role as an enteric pathogen, a subset of these domestically acquired EAEC strains revealed an additional urinary/systemic pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Llorente
- Reference and Research Laboratory on Food and Waterborne Bacterial Infections, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Reference and Research Laboratory on Special Pathogens, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Escudero
- Reference and Research Laboratory on Special Pathogens, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Ramiro
- Reference and Research Laboratory on Food and Waterborne Bacterial Infections, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Antonia Remacha
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | - Rocío Martínez-Ruiz
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
| | | | - Mónica de Frutos
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario del Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Matilde Elía
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Isabel Onrubia
- Pediatría, Centro de Salud Valle de la Oliva, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Reference and Research Laboratory on Food and Waterborne Bacterial Infections, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Sergio Sánchez,
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Merker Breyer G, de Carli S, Inácio Vieira N, França Ribeiro VM, Chaves da Silva FR, Daudt C, Maboni Siqueira F. Wild capybaras as reservoir of shiga toxin‐producing
Escherichia coli
in urban Amazonian Region. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:10-16. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Merker Breyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Graduate Program in Veterinary Science Porto Alegre Brazil
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory Veterinary Science Faculty Veterinary Pathology Department 9090 Bento Gonçalves Avenue 91540‐000 Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Sílvia de Carli
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Graduate Program in Veterinary Science Porto Alegre Brazil
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory Veterinary Science Faculty Veterinary Pathology Department 9090 Bento Gonçalves Avenue 91540‐000 Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Natã Inácio Vieira
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Vânia Maria França Ribeiro
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Flavio Roberto Chaves da Silva
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Cíntia Daudt
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Graduate Program in Veterinary Science Porto Alegre Brazil
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory Veterinary Science Faculty Veterinary Pathology Department 9090 Bento Gonçalves Avenue 91540‐000 Porto Alegre Brazil
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Itoïz S, Perennou M, Mouronvalle C, Derelle E, Le Goïc N, Bidault A, de Montaudouin X, Arzul I, Soudant P, Chambouvet A. Development of duplex TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Perkinsus olseni and P. chesapeaki in host Manila clam tissue samples. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107603. [PMID: 33971219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aetiological agent Perkinsus olseni is globally recognised as a major threat for shellfish production considering its wide geographical distribution across Asia, Europe, Australia and South America. Another species, Perkinsus chesapeaki, which has never been known to be associated with significant mortality events, was recently detected along French coasts infecting clam populations sporadically in association with P. olseni. Identifying potential cryptic infections affecting Ruditapes philippinarum is essential to develop appropriate host resource management strategies. Here, we developed a molecular method based on duplex real-time quantitative PCR for the simultaneous detection of these two parasites, P. olseni and P. chesapeaki, in the different clam tissues: gills, digestive gland, foot, mantle, adductor muscle and the rest of the soft body. We firstly checked the presence of possible PCR inhibitors in host tissue samples. The qPCR reactions were inhibited depending on the nature of the host organ. The mantle and the rest of the soft body have a high inhibitory effect from threshold of host gDNA concentration of 2 ng.µL-1, the adductor muscle and the foot have an intermediate inhibition of 5 ng.µL-1, and the gills and digestive gland do not show any inhibition of the qPCR reaction even at the highest host gDNA concentration of 20 ng.µL-1. Then, using the gills as a template, the suitability of the molecular technique was checked in comparison with the Ray's Fluid Thioglycolate Medium methodology recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health. The duplex qPCR method brought new insights and unveiled cryptic infections as the co-occurrence of P. olseni and P. chesapeaki from in situ tissue samples in contrast to the RFTM diagnosis. The development of this duplex qPCR method is a fundamental work to monitor in situ co-infections that will lead to optimised resource management and conservation strategies to deal with emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Itoïz
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Morgan Perennou
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Clara Mouronvalle
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France; EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Perpignan F-66360, France
| | - Evelyne Derelle
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Adeline Bidault
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Xavier de Montaudouin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, Station Marine, F-33120 Arcachon, France
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- IFREMER, Laboratory of Genetics and Pathology, Av de Mus de Loup-17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France.
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5
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Dao TL, Hoang VT, Ly TDA, Magmoun A, Canard N, Drali T, Fenollar F, Ninove L, Raoult D, Parola P, Courjon J, Gautret P. Infectious disease symptoms and microbial carriage among French medical students travelling abroad: A prospective study. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019; 34:101548. [PMID: 31870880 PMCID: PMC7102604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background In France, no previous studies have focused specifically on health problems among medical students during internships abroad including the clinical symptoms suggestive of infectious diseases and the acquisition of pathogen carriage. Methods Clinical follow up and qPCR based respiratory, gastrointestinal and vaginal pathogen carriage before and after travel were prospectively assessed in a cohort of medical students departing from Marseille, France. Results 134 students were included. 73.9%, 38.8% and 5.0% of students reported gastrointestinal, respiratory and vaginal symptoms, respectively. The acquisition rate of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was 53% and 41%, respectively. The acquisition of respiratory viruses was low but associated with persisting symptoms, while bacterial acquisition ranged from 3.3% for Streptococcus pyogenes to 15.0% for Haemophilus influenzae. Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae acquisition rates were 7.7% and 14.3% respectively. Five students (5.1%) had molecular quantification criteria for bacterial vaginosis on return. Conclusion This preliminary study demonstrates that besides the known risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and associated changes in intestinal and respiratory microbiota, medical students abroad may also experience changes in vaginal microbiota leading, in some cases, to clinical symptoms or the acquisition of bacterial vaginosis, which may be asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Loi Dao
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Van Thuan Hoang
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Duc Anh Ly
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Amal Magmoun
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Naomie Canard
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Tassadit Drali
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Ninove
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix - Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Johan Courjon
- Infectiologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Virulence Microbienne et Signalisation Inflammatoire, INSERM, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Gautret
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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Zhang J, Xu Y, Ling X, Zhou Y, Lin Z, Huang Z, Guan H, Xiao Y, Xu W, Kan B. Identification of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by a new multiplex PCR assay and capillary electrophoresis. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 49:101477. [PMID: 31682897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a set of the most common pathogens causing diarrhea. DEC strains are classified into five pathotypes based on the possession of different virulence genes: enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) or Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC). The development of an easy-to-use method to detect the specific virulence genes and distinguish the pathotypes is essential for the diagnosis and surveillance of DEC infections. In this study, a multiplex PCR assay (mPCR) specific to nine virulence genes and an internal control was designed for the identification of five DEC pathotypes. A temperature switch PCR (TSP) strategy was used in the PCR amplification. The PCR products were detected by capillary electrophoresis. The limit of detection (LOD) of the 10-plex reaction was 5 × 103 copies/reaction for stx2 and 5 × 102 copies/reaction for the other targets. The mPCR showed very high specificity, and inclusivity and exclusivity were both 100%. When the mPCR assay was used for the detection of 221 cryopreserved diarrhea specimens, DEC colonies were detected from 49 specimens, and the positive rate was 22.2%. The mPCR assay was sensitive and specific, and the amplified product could be analyzed easily. Thus, this method could be used effectively to identify the suspected colonies of DEC in the primary culture of the specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control. National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Changning District, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - Xia Ling
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Yongming Zhou
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 158 Dongsi Street, Kunming City, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Changning District, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Changning District, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - Hongxia Guan
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 158 Dongsi Street, Kunming City, Yunnan, 650022, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control. National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Zhang J, Guan H, Zhao W, Zhang H, Wang W, Ling X, Xiao Y, Guo J, Huang Z, Xu Y, Zhang L, He Z, Zhou S, Kan B. Evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal Panel and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for the Detection of Major Diarrheagenic Pathogens by a Multicenter Diarrheal Disease Surveillance Program in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:788-798. [PMID: 31478765 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of the detection of pathogens responsible for infectious diarrhea, multiplex nucleic acids detection technology has attracted attention due to its ability to simultaneously screen a wide range of pathogens, its simplicity to operate and a faster turnaround time. We conducted a three-center evaluation that compared the BioFire FilmArray gastrointestinal panel (FA GI) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of pathogens from 462 clinical diarrhea specimens, and characterized the distribution of various pathogens that were analyzed. The sensitivity of FA GI was 100% for 13 pathogens and 93.8-98.3% for 4 pathogens, but low for Salmonella (60.5%) and adenovirus (88.9%). The sensitivity per pathogen of real-time PCR assays was lower than that observed with FA GI. The specificity of FA GI and real-time PCR assays per pathogen was greater than 94.5% and 99%, respectively. FA GI and real-time PCR assays detected ≥1 pathogen in 339 (73.4%) and 297 (64.3%) samples, respectively, and 324 (70.1%) samples were considered as positive according to the reference standard. Multiple pathogens were detected in 37.2% and 24.9% of samples by FA GI and real-time PCR assays, respectively. Norovirus GI/GII and Campylobacter were less associated with coinfections. The positive rates of some pathogens varied among the three regions of China. Molecular methods can help squickly identify the cause of diarrhea and provide valuable information for early diagnosis and optimal patient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Guan
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Wensui Zhao
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha City, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Ling
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Shanghai Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixiang He
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha City, China
| | - Shuaifeng Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha City, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Hoang VT, Goumballa N, Dao TL, Ly TDA, Ninove L, Ranque S, Raoult D, Parola P, Sokhna C, Pommier de Santi V, Gautret P. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections at the 2017 Grand Magal de Touba, Senegal: A prospective cohort survey. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019; 32:101410. [PMID: 31048009 PMCID: PMC7110953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background The Grand Magal of Touba is the largest Muslim pilgrimage in Senegal with a potential for infectious disease transmission. Methods Clinical follow-up, adherence to preventive measures and qPCR-based respiratory and gastrointestinal pathogens carriage pre- and post-Magal, were assessed. Results 110 pilgrims from South Senegal were included. The duration of stay in Touba was 3 days. 41.8% and 14.5% pilgrims reported respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Most individuals having the onset of symptoms during their stay in Touba, or soon after returning. The acquisition of rhinoviruses, coronaviruses and adenovirus was 13.0, 16.7 and 4.6% respectively and that of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae was 3.7% and 26.9%. Acquisition of gastrointestinal viruses and parasites was low, while bacterial acquisition ranged from 2.2% for Campylobacter jejuni to 33.0% for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Conclusion This preliminary study confirms that Grand Magal pilgrims are likely to be exposed to communicable disease risk as observed in other pilgrimage settings. Further study including larger numbers of pilgrims are needed to investigate potential risk factors for respiratory and gastrointestinal infections at the Grand Magal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Thuan Hoang
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Viet Nam
| | - Ndiaw Goumballa
- VITROME, Campus International IRD/UCAD de Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Thi-Loi Dao
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Duc Anh Ly
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Ninove
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Pommier de Santi
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; French Military Center for Epidemiology and Public Health Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Gautret
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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Haymaker J, Sharma M, Parveen S, Hashem F, May EB, Handy ET, White C, East C, Bradshaw R, Micallef SA, Callahan MT, Allard S, Anderson B, Craighead S, Gartley S, Vanore A, Kniel KE, Solaiman S, Bui A, Murray R, Craddock HA, Kulkarni P, Foust D, Duncan R, Taabodi M, Sapkota AR. Prevalence of Shiga-toxigenic and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in untreated surface water and reclaimed water in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:630-636. [PMID: 30878734 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The microbial quality of irrigation water has increasingly become a concern as a source of contamination for fruits and vegetables. Non-traditional sources of water are being used by more and more growers in smaller, highly diversified farms in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC) have been responsible for several outbreaks of infections associated with the consumption of leafy greens. Our study evaluated the prevalence of the "big seven" STEC serogroups and the associated enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) virulence factors (VF) genes in conventional and nontraditional irrigation waters in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. Water samples (n = 510) from 170 sampling events were collected from eight untreated surface water sites, two wastewater reclamation facilities, and one vegetable processing plant, over a 12-month period. Ten liters of water were filtered through Modified Moore swabs (MMS); swabs were then enriched into Universal Pre-enrichment Broth (UPB), followed by enrichment into non-O157 STEC R&F broth and isolation on R & F non-O157 STEC chromogenic plating medium. Isolates (n = 2489) from enriched MMS from water samples were screened for frequently reported STEC serogroups that cause foodborne illness: O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, along with VF genes stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA. Through this screening process, STEC isolates were found in 2.35% (12/510) of water samples, while 9.0% (46/510) contained an atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) isolate. The eae gene (n = 88 isolates) was the most frequently detected EHEC VF of the isolates screened. The majority of STEC isolates (stx1 or stx2) genes mainly came from either a pond or reclamation pond water site on two specific dates, potentially indicating that these isolates were not spatially or temporally distributed among the sampling sites. STEC isolates at reclaimed water sites may have been introduced after wastewater treatment. None of the isolates containing eae were determined to be Escherichia albertii. Our work showed that STEC prevalence in Mid-Atlantic untreated surface waters over a 12-month period was lower than the prevalence of atypical EPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Haymaker
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Manan Sharma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States.
| | - Salina Parveen
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Eric B May
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Eric T Handy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Chanelle White
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Cheryl East
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Rhodel Bradshaw
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Mary Theresa Callahan
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Allard
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Brienna Anderson
- University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Shani Craighead
- University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Samantha Gartley
- University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Adam Vanore
- University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Kalmia E Kniel
- University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Sultana Solaiman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Bui
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rianna Murray
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Hillary A Craddock
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Prachi Kulkarni
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Derek Foust
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Rico Duncan
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Maryam Taabodi
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
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Thomas RR, Brooks HJL, O'Brien R. Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli marker genes in diarrhoeic stools in a New Zealand catchment area. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:81-84. [PMID: 27698249 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-203882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) and enteropathogenic (EPEC) Escherichia coli are gastrointestinal pathogens causing diarrhoeal and extraintestinal disease. Due to lack of EPEC screening and use of Sorbitol-MacConkey (SMAC) agar in faecal screening, the true prevalence of EPEC and non-O157 STEC in New Zealand diarrhoeal cases is unknown. METHODS Diarrhoeic stools sourced from Dunedin hospital were pre-enriched, DNA extracted with Chelex-100 resin and screened using a multiplex TaqMan quantitative PCR assay amplifying stx1, sxt2 and EPEC (eae) gene markers. RESULTS Of the 522 diarrhoeic samples surveyed, 8 (1.53%) were PCR positive for stx1/stx2 and 23 (4.41%) were positive for eae. Six (75%) of the stx+ samples were uncommon non-O157 serotypes, and the remainder were found to be positive for both O103 and O157 STEC somatic antigens. CONCLUSIONS Results revealed shortcomings in current screening protocols for pathogenic E. coli; SMAC is not sufficiently discriminatory to detect emergent STEC serotypes and EPEC likely has an unappreciated role in cases of diarrhoea in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan R Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Heather J L Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Rory O'Brien
- Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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Njuguna C, Njeru I, Mgamb E, Langat D, Makokha A, Ongore D, Mathenge E, Kariuki S. Enteric pathogens and factors associated with acute bloody diarrhoea, Kenya. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:477. [PMID: 27600526 PMCID: PMC5012060 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigellosis is the major cause of bloody diarrhoea worldwide and is endemic in most developing countries. In Kenya, bloody diarrhoea is reported weekly as part of priority diseases under Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response System (IDSR) in the Ministry of Health. METHODS We conducted a case control study with 805 participants (284 cases and 521 controls) between January and December 2012 in Kilifi and Nairobi Counties. Kilifi County is largely a rural population whereas Nairobi County is largely urban. A case was defined as a person of any age who presented to outpatient clinic with acute diarrhoea with visible blood in the stool in six selected health facilities in the two counties within the study period. A control was defined as a healthy person of similar age group and sex with the case and lived in the neighbourhood of the case. RESULTS The main presenting clinical features for bloody diarrhoea cases were; abdominal pain (69 %), mucous in stool (61 %), abdominal discomfort (54 %) and anorexia (50 %). Pathogen isolation rate was 40.5 % with bacterial and protozoal pathogens accounting for 28.2 % and 12.3 % respectively. Shigella was the most prevalent bacterial pathogen isolated in 23.6 % of the cases while Entamoeba histolytica was the most prevalent protozoal pathogen isolated in 10.2 % of the cases. On binary logistic regression, three variables were found to be independently and significantly associated with acute bloody diarrhoea at 5 % significance level; storage of drinking water separate from water for other use (OR = 0.41, 95 % CI 0.20-0.87, p = 0.021), washing hands after last defecation (OR = 0.24, 95 % CI 0.08-.076, p = 0.015) and presence of coliforms in main source water (OR = 2.56, CI 1.21-5.4, p = 0.014). Rainfall and temperature had strong positive correlation with bloody diarrhoea. CONCLUSION The main etiologic agents for bloody diarrhoea were Shigella and E. histolytica. Good personal hygiene practices such as washing hands after defecation and storing drinking water separate from water for other use were found to be the key protective factors for the disease while presence of coliform in main water source was found to be a risk factor. Implementation of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions is therefore key in prevention and control of bloody diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Njuguna
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- World Health Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Anselimo Makokha
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Evan Mathenge
- World Health Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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12
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Sjöling Å, Sadeghipoorjahromi L, Novak D, Tobias J. Detection of major diarrheagenic bacterial pathogens by multiplex PCR panels. Microbiol Res 2014; 172:34-40. [PMID: 25542594 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases remain a major threat to the youngest population in low- and middle-income countries. The main bacterial pathogens causing diarrhea are diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) that consists of enteroaggregative (EAEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enterohemorrhagic EHEC and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Salmonella, Shigella spp. (S. dysenteria, S. sonnei, S. flexneri) Campylobacter (C. coli, C. jejuni), Vibrio (V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticusm, V. cholerae), Yersinia enterocolitica and Aeromonas hydrophila. The aim of this study was to set up rapid multiplex PCR (mPCR) panels to identify these diarrheagenic pathogens based on their specific virulence genes. Primers against specific target genes were combined into three mPCR panels: one for diarrheal E. coli, one for pathogens causing mainly bloody diarrhea, and the third for the remaining pathogens. The panels were tested against a set of stool samples from Swedish children with diarrhea and controls and the analysis identified bacterial pathogens in 14/54 (26%) of the samples. These results show that our three developed mPCR panels can detect main bacterial diarrheagenic pathogens in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Sjöling
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leila Sadeghipoorjahromi
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Novak
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joshua Tobias
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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13
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Soli KW, Maure T, Kas MP, Bande G, Bebes S, Luang-Suarkia D, Siba PM, Morita A, Umezaki M, Greenhill AR, Horwood PF. Detection of enteric viral and bacterial pathogens associated with paediatric diarrhoea in Goroka, Papua New Guinea. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 27:54-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Molecular study on diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from under 5 years old children in southeast of Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Occurrence of diarrheagenic virulence genes and genetic diversity in Escherichia coli isolates from fecal material of various avian hosts in British Columbia, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:1933-40. [PMID: 24441159 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03949-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of surface water by fecal microorganisms originating from human and nonhuman sources is a public health concern. In the present study, Escherichia coli isolates (n = 412) from the feces of various avian host sources were screened for various virulence genes: stx1 and stx2 (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli [STEC]), eae (enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC]), est-h, est-p, and elt (encoding heat-stable toxin [ST] variants STh and STp and heat-labile toxin [LT], respectively) (enterotoxigenic E. coli [ETEC]), and ipaH (enteroinvasive E. coli [EIEC]). None of the isolates were found to be positive for stx1, while 23% (n = 93) were positive for only stx2, representing STEC, and 15% (n = 63) were positive for only eae, representing EPEC. In addition, five strains obtained from pheasant were positive for both stx2 and eae and were confirmed as non-O157 by using an E. coli O157 rfb (rfbO157) TaqMan assay. Isolates positive for the virulence genes associated with ETEC and EIEC were not detected in any of the hosts. The repetitive element palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) fingerprint analysis identified 143 unique fingerprints, with an overall Shannon diversity index of 2.36. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that the majority of the STEC and EPEC isolates were genotypically distinct from nonpathogenic E. coli and clustered independently. MANOVA analysis also revealed spatial variation among the E. coli isolates, since the majority of the isolates clustered according to the sampling locations. Although the presence of virulence genes alone cannot be used to determine the pathogenicity of strains, results from this study show that potentially pathogenic STEC and EPEC strains can be found in some of the avian hosts studied and may contaminate surface water and potentially impact human health.
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16
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Prevalence of diarrhea-associated virulence genes and genetic diversity in Escherichia coli isolates from fecal material of various animal hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7371-80. [PMID: 24056456 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02653-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to assess the health risk associated with a given source of fecal contamination using bacterial source tracking (BST), it is important to know the occurrence of potential pathogens as a function of host. Escherichia coli isolates (n=593) from the feces of diverse animals were screened for various virulence genes: stx1 and stx2 (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli [STEC]), eae and EAF (enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC]), STh, STp, and LT (enterotoxigenic E. coli [ETEC]), and ipaH (enteroinvasive E. coli [EIEC]). Eleven hosts were positive for only the eae (10.11%) gene, representing atypical EPEC, while two hosts were positive for both eae and EAF (1.3%), representing typical EPEC. stx1, stx2, or both stx1 and stx2 were present in 1 (0.1%,) 10 (5.56%), and 2 (1.51%) hosts, respectively, and confirmed as non-O157 by using a E. coli O157 rfb (rfbO157) TaqMan assay. STh and STp were carried by 2 hosts (2.33%) and 1 host (0.33%), respectively, while none of the hosts were positive for LT and ipaH. The repetitive element palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) fingerprint analysis identified 221 unique fingerprints with a Shannon diversity index of 2.67. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that majority of the isolates clustered according to the year of sampling. The higher prevalence of atypical EPEC and non-O157 STEC observed in different animal hosts indicates that they can be a reservoir of these pathogens with the potential to contaminate surface water and impact human health. Therefore, we suggest that E. coli from these sources must be included while constructing known source fingerprint libraries for tracking purposes. However, the observed genetic diversity and temporal variation need to be considered since these factors can influence the accuracy of BST results.
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Clark CG, Kruczkiewicz P, Guan C, McCorrister SJ, Chong P, Wylie J, van Caeseele P, Tabor HA, Snarr P, Gilmour MW, Taboada EN, Westmacott GR. Evaluation of MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy methods for determination of Escherichia coli pathotypes. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 94:180-91. [PMID: 23816532 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is rapidly becoming apparent that many E. coli pathotypes cause a considerable burden of human disease. Surveillance of these organisms is difficult because there are few or no simple, rapid methods for detecting and differentiating the different pathotypes. MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy has recently been rapidly and enthusiastically adopted by many clinical laboratories as a diagnostic method because of its high throughput, relatively low cost, and adaptability to the laboratory workflow. To determine whether the method could be adapted for E. coli pathotype differentiation the Bruker Biotyper methodology and a second methodology adapted from the scientific literature were tested on isolates representing eight distinct pathotypes and two other groups of E. coli. A total of 136 isolates was used for this study. Results confirmed that the Bruker Biotyper methodology that included extraction of proteins from bacterial cells was capable of identifying E. coli isolates from all pathotypes to the species level and, furthermore, that the Bruker extraction and MALDI-TOF MS with the evaluation criteria developed in this work was effective for differentiating most pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford G Clark
- Enteric Diseases Program, Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2 Canada.
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Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli that colonize the small intestine primarily cause gastrointestinal illness in infants and travelers. The main categories of pathogenic E. coli that colonize the epithelial lining of the small intestine are enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, and enteroaggregative E. coli. These organisms accomplish their pathogenic process by a complex, coordinated multistage strategy, including nonintimate adherence mediated by various adhesins. These so called "enteroadherent E. coli" categories subsequently produce toxins or effector proteins that are either secreted to the milieu or injected to the host cell. Finally, destruction of the intestinal microvilli results from the intimate adherence or the toxic effect exerted over the epithelia, resulting in water secretion and diarrhea. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding these enteroadherent E. coli strains and the present clinical understanding of how these organisms colonize the human intestine and cause disease.
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Real-time multiplex PCR assay and melting curve analysis for identifying diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1031-3. [PMID: 23303494 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02478-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A real-time multiplex PCR assay was designed to amplify the virulence genes eae, pEAF, aatA, daaC, elt, est, ipaH, stx(1), and stx(2) for the detection of all diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes. This assay proved to be more sensitive and rapid than a conventional multiplex PCR for diarrheagenic E. coli isolates from children with diarrhea.
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20
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Tobias J, Vutukuru SR. Simple and rapid multiplex PCR for identification of the main human diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:564-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Al Hilali SA, Almohana AM. Occurrence and molecular characterization of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotypes isolated from children with diarrhoea in Najaf, Iraq. Indian J Med Microbiol 2012; 29:383-8. [PMID: 22120799 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.90171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are among the most important pathogens infecting children worldwide and are one of the main causes of diarrhoea. The study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of EPEC as a cause of infectious diarrhoea in children younger than 2 years of age and characterize their virulence genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS During the study period, a total of 656 faecal specimens from children with diarrhoea and 54 from healthy children were analyzed. E. coli isolates were serotypically identified with EPEC polyvalent and monovalent antisera. The isolated EPEC were examined for the presence of the attaching and effacing (eaeA), bundle-forming pilus (bfpA), Shiga like toxins (stx₁ and stx₂), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli enterohaemolysin (EHEC hlyA) and EPEC adherence factor (EAF) genes by the PCR assay. RESULTS The study has shown that 22 (3.4%) had diarrhoea due to EPEC, while no EPEC isolates were detected in asymptomatic children. The highest number of the EPEC isolated belonging to polyvalent 2. The primers encoding virulence genes were subjected to all the EPEC isolates. Only 9.1%, 27.3%, and 9.1% isolates gave positive re sults with intimin (eaeA), bfbA and (EAF) genes, respectively. None of the isolates were positive for stx₁, stx₂, and hlyA genes. Typical EPEC (eaeA⁺, bfpA⁺) was diagnosed in two isolates, while, atypical EPEC was manifested in four isolates. CONCLUSIONS According to the results, the frequency of EPEC isolates in Najaf was lower than what has been suspected and the investigation including the use of molecular technique and serotyping, are necessary to allow precise identification and epidemiological study of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer A Al Hilali
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kufa University, Iraq Najaf Kufa p.o. Box(18), Iraq.
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Bouzari S, Aslani MM, Oloomi M, Jafari A, Dashti A. Comparison of multiplex PCR with serogrouping and PCR-RFLP of fliC gene for the detection of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Braz J Infect Dis 2012; 15:365-9. [PMID: 21861008 DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(11)70206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) comprise one of the six categories of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC). EPEC is subgrouped into typical (tEPEC) and atypical (aEPEC). The identification of DEC cannot be based only on cultural and biochemical criteria, since they are indistinguishable from the non-pathogenic E. coli commonly found in human feces. Several PCR methods, with both single and multiple target genes, have been reported for detecting the different DEC pathotypes. In the present study five hundred E. coli isolates from children with diarrhea were subjected into multiplex PCR. Furthermore the strains were typed serologically with O antisera and their fliC gene was characterized by PCR-RFLP. The results obtained revealed that overall 41 (8.2%) isolates could be detected as EPEC by this multiplex PCR assay. Of these isolates; 27 (66%) were typical (escv+, bfp+) and 14 (34%) atypical EPEC (escv+, bfp-). None of these 41 isolates contained the Stx1 and Stx2 genes. Among 37 (90%) typeable strains, nine different serogroups were present. The most common serogroups were O111, followed by O86, O55 and O119 and 10 different H types were found among these isolates. The multiplex PCR assay was found to be rapid and reliable in comparison to serological test; especially when screening the large number of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Bouzari
- Molecular Biology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Kuwayama M, Shigemoto N, Oohara S, Tanizawa Y, Yamada H, Takeda Y, Matsuo T, Fukuda S. Simultaneous detection of virulence factors from a colony in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by a multiplex PCR assay with Alexa Fluor-labeled primers. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 86:119-20. [PMID: 21504768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed simultaneous detection of eight genes associated with the five categories of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by the multiplex PCR assay with Alexa Fluor-labeled primers. This assay can easily distinguish eight genes based on the size and color of amplified products without gel staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kuwayama
- Center for Public Health and Environment, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, 1-6-29, Minami-machi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-0007, Japan.
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