1
|
Chakraborty S, Hossain A, Cao T, Gnanagobal H, Segovia C, Hill S, Monk J, Porter J, Boyce D, Hall JR, Bindea G, Kumar S, Santander J. Multi-Organ Transcriptome Response of Lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus) to Aeromonas salmonicida Subspecies salmonicida Systemic Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2113. [PMID: 36363710 PMCID: PMC9692985 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpfish is utilized as a cleaner fish to biocontrol sealice infestations in Atlantic salmon farms. Aeromonas salmonicida, a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen, is the causative agent of furunculosis in several fish species, including lumpfish. In this study, lumpfish were intraperitoneally injected with different doses of A. salmonicida to calculate the LD50. Samples of blood, head-kidney, spleen, and liver were collected at different time points to determine the infection kinetics. We determined that A. salmonicida LD50 is 102 CFU per dose. We found that the lumpfish head-kidney is the primary target organ of A. salmonicida. Triplicate biological samples were collected from head-kidney, spleen, and liver pre-infection and at 3- and 10-days post-infection for RNA-sequencing. The reference genome-guided transcriptome assembly resulted in 6246 differentially expressed genes. The de novo assembly resulted in 403,204 transcripts, which added 1307 novel genes not identified by the reference genome-guided transcriptome. Differential gene expression and gene ontology enrichment analyses suggested that A. salmonicida induces lethal infection in lumpfish by uncontrolled and detrimental blood coagulation, complement activation, inflammation, DNA damage, suppression of the adaptive immune system, and prevention of cytoskeleton formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Setu Chakraborty
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Trung Cao
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Cristopher Segovia
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Stephen Hill
- Cold-Ocean Deep-Sea Research Facility, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jennifer Monk
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jillian Porter
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Danny Boyce
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jennifer R. Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Gabriela Bindea
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, 75006 Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang Y, Zhu F, Koh J, Stanton D, Chen S, Wang N. Proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of proteins in the outer membrane and extracellular compartments and outer membrane vesicles of Candidatus Liberibacter species. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:977710. [PMID: 36225379 PMCID: PMC9548881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.977710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating citrus disease in the world. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) is the prevalent HLB pathogen, which is yet to be cultivated. A recent study demonstrates that Las does not contain pathogenicity factors that are directly responsible for HLB symptoms. Instead, Las triggers systemic and chronic immune responses, representing a pathogen-triggered immune disease. Importantly, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes systemic cell death of phloem tissues, thus causing HLB symptoms. Because Las resides in the phloem tissues, it is expected that phloem cell might recognize outer membrane proteins, outer membrane vesicle (OMV) proteins and extracellular proteins of Las to contribute to the immune responses. Because Las has not been cultivated, we used Liberibacter crescens (Lcr) as a surrogate to identify proteins in the OM fraction, OMV proteins and extracellular proteins by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). We observed OMVs of Lcr under scanning electron microscope, representing the first experimental evidence that Liberibacter can deliver proteins to the extracellular compartment. In addition, we also further analyzed LC–MS/MS data using bioinformatic tools. Our study provides valuable information regarding the biology of Ca. Liberibacter species and identifies many putative proteins that may interact with host proteins in the phloem tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Fanchao Zhu
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jin Koh
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Stanton
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Sixue Chen
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Nian Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kroniger T, Mehanny M, Schlüter R, Trautwein-Schult A, Köllner B, Becher D. Effect of Iron Limitation, Elevated Temperature, and Florfenicol on the Proteome and Vesiculation of the Fish Pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091735. [PMID: 36144337 PMCID: PMC9503180 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the proteomic response of the Gram-negative fish pathogen A. salmonicida to iron limitation, an elevated incubation temperature, and the antibiotic florfenicol. Proteins from different subcellular fractions (cytosol, inner membrane, outer membrane, extracellular and outer membrane vesicles) were enriched and analyzed. We identified several iron-regulated proteins that were not reported in the literature for A. salmonicida before. We could also show that hemolysin, an oxidative-stress-resistance chaperone, a putative hemin receptor, an M36 peptidase, and an uncharacterized protein were significantly higher in abundance not only under iron limitation but also with an elevated incubation temperature. This may indicate that these proteins involved in the infection process of A. salmonicida are induced by both factors. The analysis of the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) with and without applied stresses revealed significant differences in the proteomes. OMVs were smaller and contained more cytoplasmic proteins after antibiotic treatment. After cultivation with low iron availability, several iron-regulated proteins were found in the OMVs, indicating that A. salmonicida OMVs potentially have a function in iron acquisition, as reported for other bacteria. The presence of iron-regulated transporters further indicates that OMVs obtained from ‘stressed’ bacteria might be suitable vaccine candidates that induce a protective anti-virulence immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kroniger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mina Mehanny
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anke Trautwein-Schult
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3834-420-5903
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii in proteins moonlighting. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
5
|
Kaur B, Naveen Kumar BT, Tyagi A, Admane Holeyappa S, Singh NK. Identification of novel vaccine candidates in the whole-cell Aeromonas hydrophila biofilm vaccine through reverse vaccinology approach. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:132-141. [PMID: 33932598 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm vaccine has been recognised as one of the successful strategy to reduce the Aeromonas hydrophila infection in fish. But, the vaccine contains the protective and non-protective proteins, which may lead to show altered heterologous adaptive immunity response. Moreover, cross protection and effectiveness of previously developed biofilm vaccine was not tested against different geographical A. hydrophila isolates. Therefore, in the present study, whole-cell A. hydrophila biofilm vaccine was evaluated in rohu, vaccinated group showed increased antibody titer and protection against the different geographical A. hydrophila isolates namely KAH1 and AAH2 with 78.9% and 84.2% relative percentage survival, respectively. In addition, by using the immune sera of biofilm vaccinated group, a total of six protective proteins were detected using western blot assay. Further, the same proteins were identified by nano LC-MS/MS method, a total of fourteen candidate proteins showing the immunogenic property including highly expressed OMP's tolC, bamA, lamb, AH4AK4_2542, AHGSH82_029580 were identified as potential vaccine candidates. The STRING analysis revealed that, top candidate proteins identified may potentially interact with other intracellular proteins; involved in ribosomal and (tricarboxylic acid) TCA pathway. Importantly, all the selected vaccine candidate proteins contain the B-cell epitope region. Finally, the present study concludes that, whole-cell A. hydrophila biofilm vaccine able to protect the fish against the different geographical A. hydrophila isolates. Further, through reverse vaccinology approach, a total of fourteen proteins were identified as potential vaccine candidates against A. hydrophila pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basmeet Kaur
- College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - B T Naveen Kumar
- College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Anuj Tyagi
- College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | | | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zandonadi FS, Ferreira SP, Alexandrino AV, Carnielli CM, Artier J, Barcelos MP, Nicolela NCS, Prieto EL, Goto LS, Belasque J, Novo-Mansur MTM. Periplasm-enriched fractions from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri type A and X. fuscans subsp. aurantifolii type B present distinct proteomic profiles under in vitro pathogenicity induction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243867. [PMID: 33338036 PMCID: PMC7748154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of Asiatic citrus canker, the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XAC), produces more severe symptoms and attacks a larger number of citric hosts than Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii XauB and XauC, the causative agents of cancrosis, a milder form of the disease. Here we report a comparative proteomic analysis of periplasmic-enriched fractions of XAC and XauB in XAM-M, a pathogenicity- inducing culture medium, for identification of differential proteins. Proteins were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the 12 proteins identified from the 4 unique spots from XAC in XAM-M (p<0.05) were phosphoglucomutase (PGM), enolase, xylose isomerase (XI), transglycosylase, NAD(P)H-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase β subunit, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and conserved hypothetical proteins XAC0901 and XAC0223; most of them were not detected as differential for XAC when both bacteria were grown in NB medium, a pathogenicity non-inducing medium. XauB showed a very different profile from XAC in XAM-M, presenting 29 unique spots containing proteins related to a great diversity of metabolic pathways. Preponderant expression of PGM and XI in XAC was validated by Western Blot analysis in the periplasmic-enriched fractions of both bacteria. This work shows remarkable differences between the periplasmic-enriched proteomes of XAC and XauB, bacteria that cause symptoms with distinct degrees of severity during citrus infection. The results suggest that some proteins identified in XAC can have an important role in XAC pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia S. Zandonadi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sílvia P. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André V. Alexandrino
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina M. Carnielli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Artier
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana P. Barcelos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicole C. S. Nicolela
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro L. Prieto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro S. Goto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Belasque
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Marques Novo-Mansur
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramirez-Paredes JG, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Papadopoulou A, Monaghan SJ, Smith L, Haydon D, Wallis TS, Davie A, Adams A, Migaud H. A commercial autogenous injection vaccine protects ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta, Ascanius) against Aeromonas salmonicida vapA type V. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:43-53. [PMID: 33011432 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida (aAs) and Vibrionaceae related species are bacteria routinely recovered from diseased ballan wrasse used as cleaner fish in the Atlantic salmon farming industry. Autogenous (i.e. farm specific inactivated) multivalent vaccines formulated from these microorganisms are widely used to protect farmed wrasse despite limited experimental proof that they are primary pathogens. In this study, the components of a commercial multivalent injection vaccine containing four strains of Aeromonas salmonicida and one strain of Vibrio splendidus previously isolated from ballan wrasse in Scotland, were tested for infectivity, pathogenicity and virulence via intra peritoneal injection at pre-deployment size (25-50 g) and the efficacy of the vaccine for protection against aAs assessed. Injection with 3.5 × 109, 8 × 109 1.8 × 109 and 5 × 109 cfu/fish of Vibrio splendidus, V. ichthyoenteri, Aliivibrio logeii and A. salmonicida, respectively, did not cause significant mortalities, lesions or clinical signs after a period of 14 days. IP injection with both aAs and Photobacterium indicum successfully reproduced the clinical signs and internal lesions observed during natural outbreaks of the disease. Differences in virulence (LD50 at day 8-post infection of 3.6 × 106 cfu/fish and 1.6 × 107 cfu/fish) were observed for two aAs vapA type V isolates. In addition, the LD50 for Photobacterium indicum was 2.2 × 107 cfu/fish. The autogenous vaccine was highly protective against the two aAs vapA type V isolates after 700-degree days of immunisation. The RPSFINAL values for the first isolate were 95 and 91% at 1 × 106 cfu/fish and 1 × 107 cfu/fish, respectively, and 79% at 1 × 107 cfu/fish for the second isolate tested. In addition, significantly higher anti aAs seral antibodies (IgM), were detected by ELISA in vaccinated fish in contrast with control (mock vaccinated) fish. These results suggest wrasse can be effectively immunised and protected against aAs infection by injection with oil adjuvanted vaccines prepared with inactivated homologous isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Ramirez-Paredes
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK; Ridgeway Biologicals Ltd. a Ceva Santé Animale Company, Units 1-3 Old Station Business Park, Compton, Berkshire, England, RG20 6NE, UK
| | - D W Verner-Jeffreys
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road - the Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - A Papadopoulou
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - S J Monaghan
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - L Smith
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road - the Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - D Haydon
- Ridgeway Biologicals Ltd. a Ceva Santé Animale Company, Units 1-3 Old Station Business Park, Compton, Berkshire, England, RG20 6NE, UK
| | - T S Wallis
- Ridgeway Biologicals Ltd. a Ceva Santé Animale Company, Units 1-3 Old Station Business Park, Compton, Berkshire, England, RG20 6NE, UK
| | - A Davie
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - A Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - H Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lia A, Dowle A, Taylor C, Santino A, Roversi P. Partial catalytic Cys oxidation of human GAPDH to Cys-sulfonic acid. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:114. [PMID: 32802964 PMCID: PMC7422855 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15893.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: n-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyses the NAD
+-dependent oxidative phosphorylation of n-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-diphospho-n-glycerate and its reverse reaction in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Methods: Four distinct crystal structures of human n-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (
HsGAPDH) have been determined from protein purified from the supernatant of HEK293F human epithelial kidney cells. Results: X-ray crystallography and mass-spectrometry indicate that the catalytic cysteine of the protein (
HsGAPDH Cys152) is partially oxidised to cysteine S-sulfonic acid. The average occupancy for the Cys152-S-sulfonic acid modification over the 20 crystallographically independent copies of
HsGAPDH across three of the crystal forms obtained is 0.31±0.17. Conclusions: The modification induces no significant structural changes on the tetrameric enzyme, and only makes aspecific contacts to surface residues in the active site, in keeping with the hypothesis that the oxidising conditions of the secreted mammalian cell expression system result in
HsGAPDH catalytic cysteine S-sulfonic acid modification and irreversible inactivation of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lia
- Leicester Institute of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, LE1 7HB, UK.,Institute of Sciences of Food Production, C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, ia Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Adam Dowle
- Bioscience Technology Facility Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chris Taylor
- Bioscience Technology Facility Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, ia Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Pietro Roversi
- Leicester Institute of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, LE1 7HB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lia A, Dowle A, Taylor C, Santino A, Roversi P. Partial catalytic Cys oxidation of human GAPDH. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:114. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15893.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: n-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyses the reversible NAD+-dependent oxidative phosphorylation of n-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-diphospho-n-glycerate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.Methods: Four distinct crystal structures of human n-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (HsGAPDH) have been determined from protein purified from the supernatant of HEK293F human epithelial kidney cells.Results: X-ray crystallography and mass-spectrometry indicate that the catalytic cysteine of the protein (HsGAPDH Cys152) is partially oxidised to cysteine S-sulfonic acid. The average occupancy for the Cys152-S-sulfonic acid modification over the 20 crystallographically independent copies ofHsGAPDH across three of the crystal forms obtained is 0.31±0.17.Conclusions: The modification induces no significant structural changes on the tetrameric enzyme, and only makes aspecific contacts to surface residues in the active site, in keeping with the hypothesis that the oxidising conditions of the secreted mammalian cell expression system result inHsGAPDH catalytic cysteine S-sulfonic acid modification and irreversible inactivation of the enzyme.
Collapse
|
10
|
Narasinakuppe Krishnegowda D, Dhama K, Kumar Mariappan A, Munuswamy P, Iqbal Yatoo M, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Bhatt P, Reddy MR. Etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment of Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a review. Vet Q 2020; 40:16-34. [PMID: 31902298 PMCID: PMC7006735 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1712495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative bacterium of the Pasteurellaceae family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, decreases egg production and mortality in hens thereby severely affecting animal welfare and overall productivity by poultry industries across Europe, Asia, America, and Africa. In addition, it has the ability to infect wider host range including domesticated and free-ranging avian hosts as well as mammalian hosts such as cattle, pigs and human. Evaluating the common virulence factors including outer membrane vesicles, fimbriae, capsule, metalloproteases, biofilm formation, hemagglutinin, and determining novel factors such as the RTX–like toxin GtxA, elongation factor-Tu, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has pathobiological, diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic significance. Treating this bacterial pathogen with traditional antimicrobial drugs is discouraged owing to the emergence of widespread multidrug resistance, whereas the efficacy of preventing this disease by classical vaccines is limited due to its antigenic diversity. It will be necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge on important virulence factors, pathogenesis and, concerns of rising antibiotic resistance, improvised treatment regimes, and novel vaccine candidates to effectively tackle this pathogen. This review substantially describes the etio-epidemiological aspects of G. anatis infection in poultry, and updates the recent development in understanding the pathogenesis, organism evolution and therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to counter G. anatis infection for safeguarding the welfare and health of poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prakash Bhatt
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, GovindBallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harvey KL, Jarocki VM, Charles IG, Djordjevic SP. The Diverse Functional Roles of Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu) in Microbial Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2351. [PMID: 31708880 PMCID: PMC6822514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elongation factor thermal unstable Tu (EF-Tu) is a G protein that catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome inside living cells. Structural and biochemical studies have described the complex interactions needed to effect canonical function. However, EF-Tu has evolved the capacity to execute diverse functions on the extracellular surface of both eukaryote and prokaryote cells. EF-Tu can traffic to, and is retained on, cell surfaces where can interact with membrane receptors and with extracellular matrix on the surface of plant and animal cells. Our structural studies indicate that short linear motifs (SLiMs) in surface exposed, non-conserved regions of the molecule may play a key role in the moonlighting functions ascribed to this ancient, highly abundant protein. Here we explore the diverse moonlighting functions relating to pathogenesis of EF-Tu in bacteria and examine putative SLiMs on surface-exposed regions of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Harvey
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Veronica M Jarocki
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Galdino ACM, Viganor L, de Castro AA, da Cunha EFF, Mello TP, Mattos LM, Pereira MD, Hunt MC, O'Shaughnessy M, Howe O, Devereux M, McCann M, Ramalho TC, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Disarming Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by the Inhibitory Action of 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-Dione-Based Compounds: Elastase B (LasB) as a Chemotherapeutic Target. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1701. [PMID: 31428062 PMCID: PMC6688126 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastase B (lasB) is a multifunctional metalloenzyme secreted by the gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and this enzyme orchestrates several physiopathological events during bacteria-host interplays. LasB is considered to be a potential target for the development of an innovative chemotherapeutic approach, especially against multidrug-resistant strains. Recently, our group showed that 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (phendione), [Ag(phendione)2]ClO4 (Ag-phendione) and [Cu(phendione)3](ClO4)2.4H2O (Cu-phendione) had anti-P. aeruginosa action against both planktonic- and biofilm-growing cells. In the present work, we have evaluated the effects of these compounds on the (i) interaction with the lasB active site using in silico approaches, (ii) lasB proteolytic activity by using a specific fluorogenic peptide substrate, (iii) lasB gene expression by real time-polymerase chain reaction, (iv) lasB protein secretion by immunoblotting, (v) ability to block the damages induced by lasB on a monolayer of lung epithelial cells, and (vi) survivability of Galleria mellonella larvae after being challenged with purified lasB and lasB-rich bacterial secretions. Molecular docking analyses revealed that phendione and its Ag+ and Cu2+ complexes were able to interact with the amino acids forming the active site of lasB, particularly Cu-phendione which exhibited the most favorable interaction energy parameters. Additionally, the test compounds were effective inhibitors of lasB activity, blocking the in vitro cleavage of the peptide substrate, aminobenzyl-Ala-Gly-Leu-Ala-p-nitrobenzylamide, with Cu-phendione having the best inhibitory action (K i = 90 nM). Treating living bacteria with a sub-inhibitory concentration (½ × MIC value) of the test compounds caused a significant reduction in the expression of the lasB gene as well as its mature protein production/secretion. Further, Ag-phendione and Cu-phendione offered protective action for lung epithelial cells, reducing the A549 monolayer damage by approximately 32 and 42%, respectively. Interestingly, Cu-phendione mitigated the toxic effect of both purified lasB molecules and lasB-containing bacterial secretions in the in vivo model, increasing the survival time of G. mellonella larvae. Collectively, these data reinforce the concept of lasB being a veritable therapeutic target and phendione-based compounds (mainly Cu-phendione) being prospective anti-virulence drugs against P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Clara M Galdino
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia Viganor
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,The Centre for Biomimetic and Therapeutic Research, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Thaís P Mello
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa M Mattos
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos D Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mary C Hunt
- The Centre for Biomimetic and Therapeutic Research, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Megan O'Shaughnessy
- The Centre for Biomimetic and Therapeutic Research, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Howe
- The Centre for Biomimetic and Therapeutic Research, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Devereux
- The Centre for Biomimetic and Therapeutic Research, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Malachy McCann
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | | | - Marta H Branquinha
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stimulated Growth and Innate Immunity in Brook Charr ( Salvelinus fontinalis) Treated with a General Probiotic (Bactocell ®) and Two Endogenous Probiotics That Inhibit Aeromonas salmonicida In Vitro. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7070193. [PMID: 31284626 PMCID: PMC6681104 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a Gram-negative bacterium causing furunculosis, an opportunistic infection of farmed salmonid fish. Current treatment methods against furunculosis rely heavily on antibiotherapy. However, strains of this opportunistic fish pathogen were found to possess genes that confer resistance to major antibiotics including those used to cure furunculosis. Therefore, dispensing bacterial symbionts as probiotics to susceptible hosts appears to be a promising alternative. Here, we present the genomic characterization and in vivo safety assessment of two brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) bacterial symbionts that inhibited A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida growth in vitro (Pseudomonas fluorescens ML11A and Aeromonas sobria TM18) as well as a commercialized probiotic, Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M (Bactocell®). The genomic sequences of ML11A and TM18 obtained by whole-genome shotgun sequencing lack key virulence factor genes found in related pathogenic strains. Their genomic sequences are also devoid of genes involved in the inactivation (or target modification of) several key antimicrobial compounds used in salmonid aquaculture. Finally, when administered daily to live brook charr fingerlings, ML11A, TM18 and Bactocell® helped improve several physiological condition metrics such as mean body weight, Fulton's condition factor and blood plasma lysozyme activity (an indicator for innate immune activity).
Collapse
|
14
|
Lange MD, Abernathy J, Farmer BD. Evaluation of a Recombinant Flavobacterium columnare DnaK Protein Vaccine as a Means of Protection Against Columnaris Disease in Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus). Front Immunol 2019; 10:1175. [PMID: 31244827 PMCID: PMC6562308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare causes substantial losses among cultured finfish species. The Gram-negative bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen that manifests as biofilms on the host's mucosal surfaces as the disease progresses. We previously demonstrated that the dominant mucosal IgM antibody response to F. columnare is to the chaperone protein DnaK that is found in the extracellular fraction. To establish the efficacy of using recombinant protein technology to develop a new vaccine against columnaris disease, we are reporting on two consecutive years of vaccine trials using a recombinant F. columnare DnaK protein (rDnaK). In year one, three groups of channel catfish (n = 300) were immunized by bath immersion with a live attenuated F. columnare isolate, rDnaK or sham immunized. After 6 weeks, an F. columnare laboratory challenge showed a significant increase in survival (>30%) in both the live attenuated and rDnaK vaccines when compared to the non-immunized control. A rDnaK-specific ELISA revealed significant levels of mucosal IgM antibodies in the skin of catfish immunized with rDnaK at 4- and 6-weeks post immunization. In the second year, three groups of channel catfish (n = 300) were bath immunized with rDnaK alone or with rDnaK after a brief osmotic shock or sham immunized. After 6 weeks a laboratory challenge with F. columnare was conducted and showed a significant increase in survival in the rDnaK (> 25%) and in rDnaK with osmotic shock (>35%) groups when compared to the non-immunized control. The rDnaK-specific ELISA demonstrated significant levels of mucosal IgM antibodies in the skin of catfish groups immunized with rDnaK at 4- and 6-weeks post immunization. To further understand the processes which have conferred immune protection in the rDnaK group, we conducted RNA sequencing of skin samples from the non-immunized (n = 6) and rDnaK treated channel catfish at 1-week (n = 6) and 6 weeks (n = 6) post immunization. Significantly altered gene expression was identified and results will be discussed. Work to further enhance the catfish immune response to F. columnare rDnaK is underway as this protein remains a promising candidate for additional optimization and experimental trials in a production setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Stuttgart, AR, United States
| | - Jason Abernathy
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Stuttgart, AR, United States
| | - Bradley D Farmer
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Stuttgart, AR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rangel LT, Marden J, Colston S, Setubal JC, Graf J, Gogarten JP. Identification and characterization of putative Aeromonas spp. T3SS effectors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214035. [PMID: 31163020 PMCID: PMC6548356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic determinants of bacterial pathogenicity are highly variable between species and strains. However, a factor that is commonly associated with virulent Gram-negative bacteria, including many Aeromonas spp., is the type 3 secretion system (T3SS), which is used to inject effector proteins into target eukaryotic cells. In this study, we developed a bioinformatics pipeline to identify T3SS effector proteins, applied this approach to the genomes of 105 Aeromonas strains isolated from environmental, mutualistic, or pathogenic contexts and evaluated the cytotoxicity of the identified effectors through their heterologous expression in yeast. The developed pipeline uses a two-step approach, where candidate Aeromonas gene families are initially selected using Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profile searches against the Virulence Factors DataBase (VFDB), followed by strict comparisons against positive and negative control datasets, greatly reducing the number of false positives. This approach identified 21 Aeromonas T3SS likely effector families, of which 8 represent known or characterized effectors, while the remaining 13 have not previously been described in Aeromonas. We experimentally validated our in silico findings by assessing the cytotoxicity of representative effectors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, with 15 out of 21 assayed proteins eliciting a cytotoxic effect in yeast. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of our approach, combining a novel in silico search method with in vivo experimental validation, and will be useful in future research aimed at identifying and authenticating bacterial effector proteins from other genera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Thiberio Rangel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Interunidades em Bioinformática, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Jeremiah Marden
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sophie Colston
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - João Carlos Setubal
- Interunidades em Bioinformática, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Joerg Graf
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Johann Peter Gogarten
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gómez-Gascón L, Luque I, Tarradas C, Olaya-Abril A, Astorga RJ, Huerta B, Rodríguez-Ortega MJ. Comparative immunosecretome analysis of prevalent Streptococcus suis serotypes. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 57:55-61. [PMID: 30017079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major Gram-positive swine pathogen associated with a wide variety of diseases in pigs. The efforts made to develop vaccines against this pathogen have failed because of lack of common cross-reactive antigens against different serotypes. Nowadays the interest has moved to surface and secreted proteins, as they have the highest chances to raise an effective immune response because they are in direct contact with host cells and are really exposed and accessible to antibodies. In this work, we have performed a comparative immunosecretomic approach to identify a set of immunoreactive secreted proteins common to the most prevalent serotypes of S. suis. Among the 67 proteins identified, three (SSU0020, SSU0934, and SSU0215) were those predicted extracellular proteins most widely found within the studied serotypes. These immunoreactive proteins may be interesting targets for future vaccine development as they could provide possible cross-reactivity among different serotypes of this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gómez-Gascón
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Luque
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Tarradas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Olaya-Abril
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael J Astorga
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Belén Huerta
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel J Rodríguez-Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Elongation factor Tu is a multifunctional and processed moonlighting protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11227. [PMID: 28894125 PMCID: PMC5593925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial moonlighting proteins were originally described in medically, agriculturally, and commercially important members of the low G + C Firmicutes. We show Elongation factor Tu (Ef-Tu) moonlights on the surface of the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (SaEf-Tu) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MpnEf-Tu), and the porcine pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MhpEf-Tu). Ef-Tu is also a target of multiple processing events on the cell surface and these were characterised using an N-terminomics pipeline. Recombinant MpnEf-Tu bound strongly to a diverse range of host molecules, and when bound to plasminogen, was able to convert plasminogen to plasmin in the presence of plasminogen activators. Fragments of Ef-Tu retain binding capabilities to host proteins. Bioinformatics and structural modelling studies indicate that the accumulation of positively charged amino acids in short linear motifs (SLiMs), and protein processing promote multifunctional behaviour. Codon bias engendered by an A + T rich genome may influence how positively-charged residues accumulate in SLiMs.
Collapse
|
18
|
López-Ochoa J, Montes-García JF, Vázquez C, Sánchez-Alonso P, Pérez-Márquez VM, Blackall PJ, Vaca S, Negrete-Abascal E. Gallibacterium elongation factor-Tu possesses amyloid-like protein characteristics, participates in cell adhesion, and is present in biofilms. J Microbiol 2017; 55:745-752. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-7077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Gardiner M, Bournazos AM, Maturana-Martinez C, Zhong L, Egan S. Exoproteome Analysis of the Seaweed Pathogen Nautella italica R11 Reveals Temperature-Dependent Regulation of RTX-Like Proteins. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1203. [PMID: 28706511 PMCID: PMC5489592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate fluctuations have been linked to an increased prevalence of disease in seaweeds, including the red alga Delisea pulchra, which is susceptible to a bleaching disease caused by the bacterium Nautella italica R11 under elevated seawater temperatures. To further investigate the role of temperature in the induction of disease by N. italica R11, we assessed the effect of temperature on the expression of the extracellular proteome (exoproteome) in this bacterium. Label-free quantitative mass spectrometry was used to identify 207 proteins secreted into supernatant fraction, which is equivalent to 5% of the protein coding genes in the N. italica R11 genome. Comparative analysis demonstrated that expression of over 30% of the N. italica R11 exoproteome is affected by temperature. The temperature-dependent proteins include traits that could facilitate the ATP-dependent transport of amino acid and carbohydrate, as well as several uncharacterized proteins. Further, potential virulence determinants, including two RTX-like proteins, exhibited significantly higher expression in the exoproteome at the disease inducing temperature of 24°C relative to non-inducing temperature (16°C). This is the first study to demonstrate that temperature has an influence exoproteome expression in a macroalgal pathogen. The results have revealed several temperature regulated candidate virulence factors that may have a role in macroalgal colonization and invasion at elevated sea-surface temperatures, including novel RTX-like proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gardiner
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences-Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia
| | - Adam M Bournazos
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences-Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia
| | - Claudia Maturana-Martinez
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences-Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Suhelen Egan
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences-Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Marana MH, Jørgensen LVG, Skov J, Chettri JK, Holm Mattsson A, Dalsgaard I, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Subunit vaccine candidates against Aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171944. [PMID: 28182704 PMCID: PMC5300222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the etiological agent of furunculosis and a major fish health problem in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. Injection vaccination with commercial mineral oil-adjuvanted bacterin vaccines has been partly successful in preventing the disease but in Danish rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) aquaculture furunculosis outbreaks still occur. In this study we tested the efficacy of experimental subunit vaccines against A. salmonicida infection in rainbow trout. We utilized in silico screening of the proteome of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strain A449 and identified potential protective protein antigens that were tested by in vivo challenge trial. A total of 14 proteins were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and prepared in 3 different subunit vaccine combinations to immunize 3 groups of rainbow trout by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The fish were exposed to virulent A. salmonicida 7 weeks after immunization. To assess the efficacy of the subunit vaccines we evaluated the immune response in fish after immunization and challenge infection by measuring the antibody levels and monitoring the survival of fish in different groups. The survival of fish at 3 weeks after challenge infection showed that all 3 groups of fish immunized with 3 different protein combinations exhibited significantly lower mortalities (17–30%) compared to the control groups (48% and 56%). The ELISA results revealed significantly elevated antibody levels in fish against several protein antigens, which in some cases were positively correlated to the survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moonika Haahr Marana
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jakob Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Exoproteomics of Pathogens: Analysis of Toxins and Other Virulence Factors by Proteomics. Methods Enzymol 2017; 586:211-227. [PMID: 28137564 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens are known to release in their environment a large range of toxins and other virulence factors. Their pathogenicity relies on this arsenal of exoproteins and their orchestrated release upon changing environmental conditions. Exoproteomics aims at describing and quantifying the proteins found outside of the cells, thus takes advantage of the most recent methodologies of next-generation proteomics. This approach has been applied with great success to a variety of pathogens increasing the fundamental knowledge on pathogenicity. In this chapter, we describe how the exoproteome should be prepared and handled for high-throughput identification of exoproteins and their quantitation by label-free shotgun proteomics. We also mentioned some bioinformatics tools for extracting information such as toxin similarity search.
Collapse
|
22
|
Origgi FC, Benedicenti O, Segner H, Sattler U, Wahli T, Frey J. Aeromonas salmonicida type III secretion system-effectors-mediated immune suppression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:334-345. [PMID: 27923746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiologic agent of furunculosis, is a major pathogen in aquaculture. Together with other pathogens, it is characterized by the presence of a type 3 secretion system (T3SS). The T3SS is the main virulence mechanism of A. salmonicida. It is used by the bacterium to secrete and translocate several toxins and effector proteins into the host cell. Some of these factors have a detrimental impact on the integrity of the cell cytoskeleton, likely contributing to impair phagocytosis. Furthermore, it has been suggested that effectors of the T3SS are able to modulate the host's immune response. Here we present the first partial characterization of the immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with distinct strains of A. salmonicida either carrying (i) a fully functional T3SS or (ii) a functionally impaired T3SS or (iii) devoid of T3SS ("cured" strain). Infection with an A. salmonicida strain either carrying a fully functional or a secretion-impaired T3SS was associated with a strong and persistent immune suppression. However, the infection appeared to be fatal only in the presence of a fully functional T3SS. In contrast, the absence of T3SS was neither associated with immune suppression nor fish death. These findings suggest that the T3SS and T3SS-delivered effector molecules and toxins of A. salmonicida do not only impair the host cells' cytoskeleton thus damaging cell physiology and phagocytosis, but also heavily affect the transcription of critical immune mediators including the shut-down of important warning signals to recognize infection and induce immune defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C Origgi
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland; Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland.
| | - O Benedicenti
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - H Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland
| | - U Sattler
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland
| | - T Wahli
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland
| | - J Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Menanteau‐Ledouble S, El‐Matbouli M. Antigens of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida specifically induced in vivo in Oncorhynchus mykiss. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1015-1019. [PMID: 26661507 PMCID: PMC4950343 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Menanteau‐Ledouble
- Clinical Division of Fish MedicineDepartment for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - M El‐Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish MedicineDepartment for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Menanteau-Ledouble S, Kumar G, Saleh M, El-Matbouli M. Aeromonas salmonicida: updates on an old acquaintance. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 120:49-68. [PMID: 27304870 DOI: 10.3354/dao03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is the oldest known infectious agent to be linked to fish disease and constitutes a major bacterial pathogen of fish, in particular of salmonids. This bacterium can be found almost worldwide in both marine and freshwater environments and has been divided into several sub-species. In this review, we present the most recent developments concerning our understanding of this pathogen, including how the characterization of new isolates from non-salmonid hosts suggests a more nuanced picture of the importance of the so‑called 'atypical isolates'. We also describe the clinical presentation regarding the infection across several fish species and discuss what is known about the virulence of A. salmonicida and, in particular, the role that the type 3 secretion system might play in suppressing the immune response of its hosts. Finally, isolates have displayed varied levels of antibiotic resistance. Hence, we review a number of solutions that have been developed both to prevent outbreaks and to treat them once they occur, including the application of pre- and probiotic supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Carnielli CM, Artier J, de Oliveira JCF, Novo-Mansur MTM. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri surface proteome by 2D-DIGE: Ferric enterobactin receptor and other outer membrane proteins potentially involved in citric host interaction. J Proteomics 2016; 151:251-263. [PMID: 27180281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XAC) is the causative agent of citrus canker, a disease of great economic impact around the world. Understanding the role of proteins on XAC cellular surface can provide new insights on pathogen-plant interaction. Surface proteome was performed in XAC grown in vivo (infectious) and in vitro (non-infectious) conditions, by labeling intact cells followed by cellular lysis and direct 2D-DIGE analysis. Seventy-nine differential spots were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Highest relative abundance for in vivo condition was observed for spots containing DnaK protein, 60kDa chaperonin, conserved hypothetical proteins, malate dehydrogenase, phosphomannose isomerase, and ferric enterobactin receptors. Elongation factor Tu, OmpA-related proteins, Oar proteins and some Ton-B dependent receptors were found in spots decreased in vivo. Some proteins identified on XAC's surface in infectious condition and predicted to be cytoplasmic, such as DnaK and 60KDa chaperonin, have also been previously found at cellular surface in other microorganisms. This is the first study on XAC surface proteome and results point to mediation of molecular chaperones in XAC-citrus interaction. The approach utilized here can be applied to other pathogen-host interaction systems and help to achieve new insights in bacterial pathogenicity toward promising targets of biotechnological interest. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This research provides new insights for current knowledge of the Xanthomonas sp. pathogenicity. For the first time the 2D-DIGE approach was applied on intact cells to find surface proteins involved in the pathogen-plant interaction. Results point to the involvement of new surface/outer membrane proteins in the interaction between XAC and its citrus host and can provide potential targets of biotechnological interest for citrus canker control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Moretto Carnielli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Artier
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio Cezar Franco de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Interações Microbianas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Marques Novo-Mansur
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lange MD, Beck BH, Brown JD, Farmer BD, Barnett LM, Webster CD. Missing the target: DNAk is a dominant epitope in the humoral immune response of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Flavobacterium columnare. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:170-179. [PMID: 26892797 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination remains a viable alternative for bacterial disease protection in fish; however additional work is required to understand the mechanisms of adaptive immunity in the channel catfish. To assess the humoral immune response to Flavobacterium columnare; a group of channel catfish were first immunized with F. columnare LV-359-01 cultured in iron-depleted media, before being challenged with wild type F. columnare LV-359-01. The immunization protocol did not confer increased protection against F. columnare; however both control and immunized responders generated serum and skin IgM antibodies against F. columnare proteins. Western blot analyses of individuals from both groups showed that IgM antibodies were generated to the same 70 kDa extracellular protein, which was identified to be the bacterial chaperonin protein DNAk. Antibodies generated were cross reactive to DNAk proteins found in other gram negative bacteria. Our data suggests that DNAk is the dominant epitope in the channel catfish B-cell response to F. columnare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA.
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - Jason D Brown
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - Bradley D Farmer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - L Matthew Barnett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - Carl D Webster
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Whitworth DE, Morgan BH. Synergism Between Bacterial GAPDH and OMVs: Disparate Mechanisms but Co-Operative Action. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1231. [PMID: 26617577 PMCID: PMC4637417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David E Whitworth
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Bethan H Morgan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lusta KA. Bacterial outer membrane nanovesicles: Structure, biogenesis, functions, and application in biotechnology and medicine (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
29
|
de Alvarenga Mudadu M, Carvalho V, Leclercq SY. Nonclassically secreted proteins as possible antigens for vaccine development: a reverse vaccinology approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3360-70. [PMID: 25672322 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reverse vaccinology strategies have already been applied to a variety of microorganisms and have contributed significantly to vaccine development. However, most of the studies focused on an individual organism or on proteins with signature sequence motifs commonly found in known secreted proteins from bacteria. In this work, we applied a reverse vaccinology strategy based on conservation, virulence, and nonclassically surface exposure criterions to identify potential antigens in two microorganisms with significant degree of genomic plasticity among isolates (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Leptospira spp.), which imposes a major limitation to the production of a multistrain component vaccine. PSORTb 3.0.2 was run to predict the subcellular localization of the proteins. OrthoMCL was run to identify groups of the most conserved proteins between strains. Virulence prediction was done for the most conserved proteins, and SecretomeP was run to predict the nonclassically secreted proteins among the potential virulence factors. Based on the above criteria, we identified 37 proteins conserved between 16 genomes of S. pneumoniae and 12 proteins conserved between 5 leptospiral genomes as potential vaccine candidates.
Collapse
|