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Oh DS, Kim E, Lu G, Normand R, Shook LL, Lyall A, Jasset O, Demidkin S, Gilbert E, Kim J, Akinwunmi B, Tantivit J, Tirard A, Arnold BY, Slowikowski K, Goldberg MB, Filbin MR, Hacohen N, Nguyen LH, Chan AT, Yu XG, Li JZ, Yonker L, Fasano A, Perlis RH, Pasternak O, Gray KJ, Choi GB, Drew DA, Sen P, Villani AC, Edlow AG, Huh JR. SARS-CoV-2 infection elucidates unique features of pregnancy-specific immunity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.02.05.24301794. [PMID: 38370801 PMCID: PMC10871456 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.24301794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a risk factor for increased severity of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections. The mechanisms underlying this risk have not been well-established, partly due to a limited understanding of how pregnancy shapes immune responses. To gain insight into the role of pregnancy in modulating immune responses at steady state and upon perturbation, we collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), plasma, and stool from 226 women, including 152 pregnant individuals (n = 96 with SARS-CoV-2 infection and n = 56 healthy controls) and 74 non-pregnant women (n = 55 with SARS-CoV-2 and n = 19 healthy controls). We found that SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with altered T cell responses in pregnant compared to non-pregnant women. Differences included a lower percentage of memory T cells, a distinct clonal expansion of CD4-expressing CD8 + T cells, and the enhanced expression of T cell exhaustion markers, such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), in pregnant women. We identified additional evidence of immune dysfunction in severely and critically ill pregnant women, including a lack of expected elevation in regulatory T cell (Treg) levels, diminished interferon responses, and profound suppression of monocyte function. Consistent with earlier data, we found maternal obesity was also associated with altered immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines by T cells. Certain gut bacterial species were altered in pregnancy and upon SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant individuals compared to non-pregnant women. Shifts in cytokine and chemokine levels were also identified in the sera of pregnant individuals, most notably a robust increase of interleukin-27 (IL-27), a cytokine known to drive T cell exhaustion, in the pregnant uninfected control group compared to all non-pregnant groups. IL-27 levels were also significantly higher in uninfected pregnant controls compared to pregnant SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Using two different preclinical mouse models of inflammation-induced fetal demise and respiratory influenza viral infection, we found that enhanced IL-27 protects developing fetuses from maternal inflammation but renders adult female mice vulnerable to viral infection. These combined findings from human and murine studies reveal nuanced pregnancy-associated immune responses, suggesting mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility of pregnant individuals to viral respiratory infections.
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Loreti S, Thiele K, De Brucker M, Olsen C, Centelles-Lodeiro J, Bourgain C, Waelput W, Tournaye H, Griesinger G, Raes J, Vieira-Silva S, Arck P, Blockeel C, Mackens S. Oral dydrogesterone versus micronized vaginal progesterone for luteal phase support: a double-blind crossover study investigating pharmacokinetics and impact on the endometrium. Hum Reprod 2024; 39:403-412. [PMID: 38110714 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How do plasma progesterone (P) and dydrogesterone (D) concentrations together with endometrial histology, transcriptomic signatures, and immune cell composition differ when oral dydrogesterone (O-DYD) or micronized vaginal progesterone (MVP) is used for luteal phase support (LPS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Although after O-DYD intake, even at steady-state, plasma D and 20αdihydrodydrogesterone (DHD) concentrations spiked in comparison to P concentrations, a similar endometrial signature was observed by histological and transcriptomic analysis of the endometrium. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY O-DYD for LPS has been proven to be noninferior compared to MVP in two phase III randomized controlled trials. Additionally, a combined individual participant data and aggregate data meta-analysis indicated that a higher pregnancy rate and live birth rate may be obtained in women receiving O-DYD versus MVP for LPS in fresh IVF/ICSI cycles. Little data are available on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of O-DYD versus MVP and their potential molecular differences at the level of the reproductive organs, particularly at the endometrial level. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Thirty oocyte donors were planned to undergo two ovarian stimulation (OS) cycles with dual triggering (1.000 IU hCG + 0.2 mg triptorelin), each followed by 1 week of LPS: O-DYD or MVP, in a randomized, cross-over, double-blind, double-dummy fashion. On both the first and eighth days of LPS, serial blood samples upon first dosing were harvested for plasma D, DHD, and P concentration analyses. On Day 8 of LPS, an endometrial biopsy was collected for histologic examination, transcriptomics, and immune cell analysis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS All oocyte donors were <35 years old, had regular menstrual cycles, no intrauterine contraceptive device, anti-Müllerian hormone within normal range and a BMI ≤29 kg/m2. OS was performed on a GnRH antagonist protocol followed by dual triggering (1.000 IU hCG + 0.2 mg triptorelin) as soon as ≥3 follicles of 20 mm were present. Following oocyte retrieval, subjects initiated LPS consisting of MVP 200 mg or O-DYD 10 mg, both three times daily. D, DHD, and P plasma levels were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Histological assessment was carried out using the Noyes criteria. Endometrial RNA-sequencing was performed for individual biopsies and differential gene expression was analyzed. Endometrial single-cell suspensions were created followed by flow cytometry for immune cell typing. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 21 women completed the entire study protocol. Subjects and stimulation characteristics were found to be similar between groups. Following the first dose of O-DYD, the average observed maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) for D and DHD were 2.9 and 77 ng/ml, respectively. The Cmax for D and DHD was reached after 1.5 and 1.6 h (=Tmax), respectively. On the eighth day of LPS, the first administration of that day gave rise to a Cmax of 3.6 and 88 ng/ml for D and DHD, respectively. For both, the observed Tmax was 1.5 h. Following the first dose of MVP, the Cmax for P was 16 ng/ml with a Tmax of 4.2 h. On the eighth day of LPS, the first administration of that day showed a Cmax for P of 21 ng/ml with a Tmax of 7.3 h. All 42 biopsies showed endometrium in the secretory phase. The mean cycle day was 23.9 (±1.2) in the O-DYD group versus 24.0 (±1.3) in the MVP group. RNA-sequencing did not reveal significantly differentially expressed genes between samples of both study groups. The average Euclidean distance between samples following O-DYD was significantly lower than following MVP (respectively 12.1 versus 18.8, Mann-Whitney P = 6.98e-14). Immune cell profiling showed a decrease of CD3 T-cell, γδ T-cell, and B-cell frequencies after MVP treatment compared to O-DYD, while the frequency of natural killer (NK) cells was significantly increased. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The main reason for caution is the small sample size, given the basic research nature of the project. The plasma concentrations are best estimates as this was not a formal PK study. Whole tissue bulk RNA-sequencing has been performed not correcting for bias caused by different tissue compositions across biopsies. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first study comparing O-DYD/MVP, head-to-head, in a randomized design on a molecular level in IVF/ICSI. Plasma serum concentrations suggest that administration frequency is important, in addition to dose, specifically for O-DYD showing a rapid clearance. The molecular endometrial data are overall comparable and thus support the previously reported noninferior reproductive outcomes for O-DYD as compared to MVP. Further research is needed to explore the smaller intersample distance following O-DYD and the subtle changes detected in endometrial immune cells. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Not related to this work, C.Bl. has received honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing, educational events, or scientific advice from Abbott, Ferring, Organon, Cooper Surgical, Gedeon-Richter, IBSA, and Merck. H.T. has received honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing, educational events, or scientific advice from Abbott, Ferring, Cooper Surgical, Gedeon-Richter, Cook, and Goodlife. S.M. has received honoraria for lectures, presentations, educational events, or scientific advice from Abbott, Cooper Surgical, Gedeon-Richter, IBSA, and Merck and Oxolife. G.G. has received honoraria for lectures, presentations, educational events, or scientific advice from Merck, MSD, Organon, Ferring, Theramex, Gedeon-Richter, Abbott, Biosilu, ReprodWissen, Obseva, PregLem, Guerbet, Cooper, Igyxos, and OxoLife. S.V.-S. is listed as inventor on two patents (WO2019115755A1 and WO2022073973A1), which are not related to this work. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER EUDRACT 2018-000105-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Loreti
- Brussels IVF, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - K Thiele
- Division of Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M De Brucker
- Brussels IVF, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - C Olsen
- Brussels Interuniversity Genomic High-Throughput Core Facility (BrightCore), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Clinical Sciences, Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Centre for Medical Genetics, Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB)2, VUB-ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Centelles-Lodeiro
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Bourgain
- Reproductive Immunology and Implantation Research Group (REIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Waelput
- Department of Pathology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Tournaye
- Brussels IVF, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - G Griesinger
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Germany
| | - J Raes
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Vieira-Silva
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - P Arck
- Division of Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Blockeel
- Brussels IVF, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - S Mackens
- Brussels IVF, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Jette, Belgium
- Reproductive Immunology and Implantation Research Group (REIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Kang I, Kim Y, Lee HK. Double-edged sword: γδ T cells in mucosal homeostasis and disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1895-1904. [PMID: 37696894 PMCID: PMC10545763 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosa is a tissue that covers numerous body surfaces, including the respiratory tract, digestive tract, eye, and urogenital tract. Mucosa is in direct contact with pathogens, and γδ T cells perform various roles in the tissue. γδ T cells efficiently defend the mucosa from various pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In addition, γδ T cells are necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis because they select specific organisms in the microbiota and perform immunoregulatory functions. Furthermore, γδ T cells directly facilitate pregnancy by producing growth factors. However, γδ T cells can also play detrimental roles in mucosal health by amplifying inflammation, thereby worsening allergic responses. Moreover, these cells can act as major players in autoimmune diseases. Despite their robust roles in the mucosa, the application of γδ T cells in clinical practice is lacking because of factors such as gaps between mice and human cells, insufficient knowledge of the target of γδ T cells, and the small population of γδ T cells. However, γδ T cells may be attractive targets for clinical use due to their effector functions and low risk of inducing graft-versus-host disease. Therefore, robust research on γδ T cells is required to understand the crucial features of these cells and apply these knowledges to clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Weng J, Couture C, Girard S. Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems in Physiological and Pathological Pregnancy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:402. [PMID: 36979094 PMCID: PMC10045867 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic immunological changes occurring throughout pregnancy are well-orchestrated and important for the success of the pregnancy. One of the key immune adaptations is the maternal immune tolerance towards the semi-allogeneic fetus. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of what is known about the innate and adaptive immunological changes in pregnancy and the role(s) of specific immune cells during physiological and pathological pregnancy. Alongside this, we provided details of remaining questions and challenges, as well as future perspectives for this growing field of research. Understanding the immunological changes that occur can inform potential strategies on treatments for the optimal health of the neonate and pregnant individual both during and after pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Weng
- Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Camille Couture
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Universite de Montreal, Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Sylvie Girard
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Elkin ER, Su AL, Dou JF, Colacino JA, Bridges D, Padmanabhan V, Harris SM, Boldenow E, Loch-Caruso R, Bakulski KM. Sexually concordant and dimorphic transcriptional responses to maternal trichloroethylene and/or N-acetyl cysteine exposure in Wistar rat placental tissue. Toxicology 2023; 483:153371. [PMID: 36396003 PMCID: PMC10078828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous Superfund sites are contaminated with the volatile organic chemical trichloroethylene (TCE). In women, exposure to TCE in pregnancy is associated with reduced birth weight. Our previous study reported that TCE exposure in pregnant rats decreased fetal weight and elevated oxidative stress biomarkers in placentae, suggesting placental injury as a potential mechanism of TCE-induced adverse birth outcomes. In this study, we investigated if co-exposure with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) attenuates TCE exposure effects on RNA expression. Timed-pregnant Wistar rats were exposed orally to 480 mg TCE/kg/day on gestation days 6-16. Exposure of 200 mg NAC/kg/day alone or as a pre/co-exposure with TCE occurred on gestation days 5-16 to stimulate antioxidant genes prior to TCE exposure. Tissue was collected on gestation day 16. In male and female placentae, we evaluated TCE- and/or NAC-induced changes to gene expression and pathway enrichment analyses using false discovery rate (FDR) and fold-change criteria. In female placentae, exposure to TCE caused significant differential expression 129 genes while the TCE+NAC altered 125 genes, compared with controls (FDR< 0.05 + fold-change >1). In contrast, in male placentae TCE exposure differentially expressed 9 genes and TCE+NAC differentially expressed 35 genes, compared with controls (FDR< 0.05 + fold-change >1). NAC alone did not significantly alter gene expression in either sex. Differentially expressed genes observed with TCE exposure were enriched in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways in females whereas immune system pathways and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways were differentially expressed in both sexes (FDR<0.05). TCE treatment was differentially enriched for genes regulated by the transcription factors ATF6 (both sexes) and ATF4 (males only), indicating a cellular condition triggered by misfolded proteins during endoplasmic reticulum stress. This study demonstrates novel genes and pathways involved in TCE-induced placental injury and showed antioxidant co-treatment largely did not attenuate TCE exposure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana R Elkin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Anthony L Su
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John F Dou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Justin A Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dave Bridges
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean M Harris
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erica Boldenow
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Rita Loch-Caruso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kelly M Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Jiang L, Cao D, Yeung WSB, Lee KF. Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Reveals Interactions between Endometrial Stromal Cells, Epithelial Cells, and Lymphocytes during Mouse Embryo Implantation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010213. [PMID: 36613656 PMCID: PMC9820401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The decidualization of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) is an essential process facilitating embryo implantation. However, the roles of non-decidualized and decidualized ESCs in regulating the microenvironment of a receptive endometrium remain unclear. We investigated single-cell transcriptomic changes in the uterus of a CD-1 mouse model at the post-implantation stage. The implantation and inter-implantation sites of the uteruses of pregnant mice at 4.5 and 5.5 days post-coitum were dissected for single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified eight cell types: epithelial cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, mesothelial cells, lymphocytes, myocytes, myeloids, and pericytes. The ESC transcriptome suggests that the four ESC subtypes are involved in the extracellular remodeling during implantation. The trajectory plot of ESC subtypes indicates embryo implantation that involves a differentiation pathway from undifferentiated ESCs (ESC 1) to decidualized ESCs (DEC ESCs), with distinct signaling pathways between the ESC subtypes. Furthermore, the ligand-receptor analysis suggests that ESCs communicate with epithelial cells and immune cells through nectin and ICAM signaling. Collectively, both decidualized and non-decidualized ESCs may regulate the endometrial microenvironment for optimal endometrial receptivity and immune tolerance. This study provides insights on the molecular and cellular characteristics of mouse ESCs in modulating the epithelial and lymphocyte functions during early embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dandan Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - William S. B. Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Kai-Fai Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen 518053, China
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +852-2816-1947
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Qu G, Wang S, Zhou Z, Jiang D, Liao A, Luo J. Comparing Mouse and Human Tissue-Resident γδ T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891687. [PMID: 35757696 PMCID: PMC9215113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating immune cell compartments have been extensively studied for decades, but limited access to peripheral tissue and cell yield have hampered our understanding of tissue-based immunity, especially in γδ T cells. γδ T cells are a unique subset of T cells that are rare in secondary lymphoid organs, but enriched in many peripheral tissues including the skin, uterus, and other epithelial tissues. In addition to immune surveillance activities, recent reports have revealed exciting new roles for γδ T cells in homeostatic tissue physiology in mice and humans. It is therefore important to investigate to what extent the developmental rules described using mouse models transfer to human γδ T cells. Besides, it will be necessary to understand the differences in the development and biogenesis of human and mouse γδ T cells; to understand how γδ T cells are maintained in physiological and pathological circumstances within different tissues, as well as characterize the progenitors of different tissue-resident γδ T cells. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the γδ T phenotype in various tissues in mice and humans, describing the similarities and differences of tissue-resident γδ T cells in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Qu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlong Zhou
- Institute of Biomedicine and National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Xu QH, Muyayalo KP, Zhang YJ, Wang H, Lin XX, Liao AH. Altered vitamin D metabolism is involved in the dysregulation of γδT cell function and their crosstalk with trophoblasts in recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2022; 89:e13581. [PMID: 35704547 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a common disease characterized by immune dysfunction and vitamin D deficiency. This study aimed to investigate vitamin D metabolism and γδT cell phenotypes at the maternal-fetal interface in women with early normal pregnancy (NP) and RPL and to determine the effects of vitamin D on the functions of γδT cells and their crosstalk with trophoblasts. METHODS The levels of 25-(OH)VD3 , the expression of vitamin D metabolic enzymes in the villi, and the proportion of γδT cells in the decidua were detected in women with NP and RPL. After treatment with different concentrations of vitamin D, the mRNA expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), cytokines, and transcription factors was detected in Vδ2+ γδT cells. In addition, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts were determined by co-culturing them with vitamin D-treated Vδ2+ γδT cells and their supernatants. RESULTS In women with RPL, the level of 25-(OH)VD3 in the villi was increased; however, that of CYP27B1 (enzyme converting 25-(OH)VD3 into 1,25-(OH)2 VD3 ) was decreased. In addition, the proportion of Vδ2+ γδT cells increased, whereas that of Foxp3+ Vδ2+ γδT cells decreased in the decidua of women with RPL. An in vitro study showed that vitamin D increased the expression of VDR mRNA and Foxp3, but decreased the expression of IFN-γ mRNA, in Vδ2+ γδT cells. Finally, vitamin D-treated Vδ2+ γδT cells promoted trophoblast migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal vitamin D metabolism and γδT cell proportions were present at the maternal-fetal interface in women with RPL. Under normal pregnancy conditions, vitamin D can induce the differentiation of decidual Vδ2+ γδT cells toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype (Treg-like γδT cells) and modulate the crosstalk between Vδ2+ γδT cells and trophoblasts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Han Xu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Kahindo P Muyayalo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Xiu Lin
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Hua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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9
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Alexandrova M, Manchorova D, Dimova T. Immunity at maternal-fetal interface: KIR/HLA (Allo)recognition. Immunol Rev 2022; 308:55-76. [PMID: 35610960 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both KIR and HLA are the most variable gene families in the human genome. The recognition of the semi-allogeneic embryo-derived trophoblasts by maternal decidual NK (dNK) cells is essential for the establishment of the functional placenta. This recognition is based on the KIR-HLA interactions and trophoblast expresses a specific HLA profile that constitutes classical polymorphic HLA-C and non-classical oligomorphic HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G molecules. This review highlights some features of the KIR/HLA-C (allo)recognition by decidual NK (dNK) cells as a main immune cell population specifically enriched at maternal-fetal interface during human early pregnancy. How KIR/HLA-C axis operates in pregnancy disorders and in the context of transplacental infections is discussed as well. We summarized old and new data on dNK-cell functional plasticity, their selective expression of KIR and fetal maternal/paternal HLA-C haplotypes present. Results showed that KIR-HLA-C combinations and the corresponding axis operate differently in each pregnancy, determined by the variability of both maternal KIR haplotypes and fetus' maternal/paternal HLA-C allotype combinations. Moreover, the maturation of NK cells strongly depends on if or not HLA allotypes for certain KIR are present. We suggest that the unique KIR/HLA combinations reached in each pregnancy (normal and pathological) should be studied according to well-defined guidelines and unified methodologies to have comparable results ease to interpret and use in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alexandrova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Manchorova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Dimova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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10
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Rutigliano HM, Leppo KA, Morgado KP. Changes in mononuclear immune cells during bovine pregnancy. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 34:608-618. [PMID: 35440362 DOI: 10.1071/rd21161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the differences in gene expression between mononuclear cells derived from peripheral blood and endometrium during pregnancy in cattle and to determine the proportion of mononuclear cells in the endometrium of pregnant and diestrous cows. Endometrial tissue and peripheral blood were collected from Day 34±2 pregnant cows, and mononuclear cell populations were quantified and sorted (n =5). The relative mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators was assessed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. During pregnancy, the proportion of CD8+ , CD4+ , CD4+ CD25- and CD4+ CD25dim cells among mononuclear cells was greater in blood than endometrium, and cells positive for CD14 and CD68 expressed greater mRNA amounts of interleukin (IL ) 6 , CXCL8 and IL10 in endometrium compared with blood. Cells positive for γ/δ-T cell receptor expressed greater amounts of IL1A transcript in the endometrium than in blood of diestrous cows, CD4+ CD25bright cells expressed more CTLA4 mRNA in the endometrium compared with blood of diestrous cows, and endometrial natural killer cells expressed greater CXCL8 mRNA compared with blood of pregnant and diestrous cows. The percentages of CD21+ , NCR1+ , CD8+ , FoxP3+ , CD3+ and CD68+ cells were greater in the endometrium of Day 35 pregnant cows compared with diestrous cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa M Rutigliano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; and Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kelsy A Leppo
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kira P Morgado
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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11
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Hanasoge Somasundara AV, Moss MA, Feigman MJ, Chen C, Cyrill SL, Ciccone MF, Trousdell MC, Vollbrecht M, Li S, Kendall J, Beyaz S, Wilkinson JE, Dos Santos CO. Parity-induced changes to mammary epithelial cells control NKT cell expansion and mammary oncogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110099. [PMID: 34879282 PMCID: PMC8719356 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy reprograms mammary epithelial cells (MECs) to control their responses to pregnancy hormone re-exposure and carcinoma progression. However, the influence of pregnancy on the mammary microenvironment is less clear. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to profile the composition of epithelial and non-epithelial cells in mammary tissue from nulliparous and parous female mice. Our analysis indicates an expansion of γδ natural killer T-like immune cells (NKTs) following pregnancy and upregulation of immune signaling molecules in post-pregnancy MECs. We show that expansion of NKTs following pregnancy is due to elevated expression of the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d on MECs. Loss of CD1d expression on post-pregnancy MECs, or overall lack of activated NKTs, results in mammary oncogenesis. Collectively, our findings illustrate how pregnancy-induced changes modulate the communication between MECs and the immune microenvironment and establish a causal link between pregnancy, the immune microenvironment, and mammary oncogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Cell Communication
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, BRCA1
- Genes, myc
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mammary Glands, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Parity
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Moss
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Mary J Feigman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Macy Vollbrecht
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Siran Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Jude Kendall
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Xu QH, Liu H, Wang LL, Zhu Q, Zhang YJ, Muyayalo KP, Liao AH. Roles of γδT cells in pregnancy and pregnancy-related complications. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13487. [PMID: 34331364 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful pregnancy is a complex and unique process comprised of discrete events, including embryo implantation, placentation, and parturition. To maintain the balance between maternal-fetal immune tolerance and resistance to infections, the maternal immune system must have a high degree of stage-dependent plasticity throughout the period of pregnancy. Innate immunity is the frontline force for the establishment of early anti-infection and tolerance mechanisms in mammals. Belonging to the innate immune system, a subset of T cells called γδT cells (based on γδT cell receptors) are the main participants in immune surveillance and immune defense. Unlike traditional αβT cells, γδT cells are regarded as a bridge between innate immunity and acquired immunity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the functional plasticity of γδT cells during pregnancy. Furthermore, we discuss the roles of γδT cells in pathological pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Han Xu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Ling Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kahindo P Muyayalo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ai-Hua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Li XH, Lu MY, Li YJ, Liu ZH, Yin ZN, Liu B, Wu YZ. Circulating PD1 +Vδ1 +γδ T Cell Predicts Fertility in Endometrial Polyp Patients of Reproductive-Age. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639221. [PMID: 34211457 PMCID: PMC8239402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically, immune cell function is correlated with pathogenesis of endometrial polyp (EP) and infertility of women of reproductive-age. However, the underlying immune cell hallmark in EP patients remains unclear. Here, we focused on analyzing circulating immune cells, and attempted to reveal the correlation between peripheral immune cell functional phenotypes and fertility in EP patients. Through comparison of circulating CD4+/CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and γδ T cells between 64 EP patients and 68 healthy females, we found that γδ T cells, but not CD4+/CD8+ T cells and NK cells, were immunologically correlated with conception rate and conception interval time. Specifically, total γδ T cells and the Vδ1+PD1+ γδ T subpopulation decreased whereas the Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio increased in EP patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, the patients with the higher Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio (median value equals 1.04) had a poorer fertility and longer interval time of conception (210 days versus 158 days for control). Meanwhile, higher Vδ1+PD1+ γδ T cell proportion (median equals 15.7) was positively correlative with both higher conception rate and shortened median conception interval time (130 days for Vδ1+PD1high group versus 194 days for Vδ1+PD1low group). Notably, in healthy controls, both Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio and Vδ1+PD1+ γδ T cell proportion correlated with pregnancy rate oppositely, comparing to EP patients. Together, our results suggested that imbalanced γδ T cell population occurred in EP patients, and that Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio and PD-1 expression of Vδ1+ γδ T cells could be potentially developed into valuable predictors for fertility in EP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Baoan Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mei-Yin Lu
- Department of Biobank, Shenzhen Baoan Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-jia Li
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zong-hua Liu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-nan Yin
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Biobank, Shenzhen Baoan Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang-zhe Wu
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
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14
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Nörenberg J, Jaksó P, Barakonyi A. Gamma/Delta T Cells in the Course of Healthy Human Pregnancy: Cytotoxic Potential and the Tendency of CD8 Expression Make CD56+ γδT Cells a Unique Lymphocyte Subset. Front Immunol 2021; 11:596489. [PMID: 33603738 PMCID: PMC7884463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, pregnancy is an immunological paradox. The semi-allogenic fetus must be accepted by the maternal immune system, while defense against pathogens and immune surveillance cannot be compromised. Gamma/delta T cells are believed to play an important role in this immunological puzzle. In this study, we analyzed peripheral blood CD56+ γδT cells from pregnant women (1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester) and non-pregnant women by multicolor flow cytometry. Interestingly, γδT cells represent almost half of CD3+/CD56+ cells. Among γδT cells, the CD56+ population expands in the 2nd and 3rd trimester. CD56+ γδT cells maintained a predominantly CD4–/CD8– or CD8+ phenotype, while CD56– γδT cells were in similar rates CD4–/CD8– or CD4+ during pregnancy. Investigation of the lysosomal degranulation marker CD107a revealed a preserved elevated rate of potentially cytotoxic CD56+ γδT cells in pregnancy, while their cytotoxic strength was reduced. Furthermore, CD56+ γδT cells continuously showed a higher prevalence of PD-1 expression. CD56+ γδT cells’ rate of PD-1 increased in the 1st trimester and decreased hereafter back to normal level. We correlated the cytotoxic potential and the expression of the inhibitory immune checkpoint PD-1 and were able to demonstrate that highly cytotoxic cells within this CD56+ γδT population tend to express PD-1, which might allow the inhibition of these cells after binding its ligand in the placenta. These findings should support the understanding of the complex processes, which ensure the maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Nörenberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pál Jaksó
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alíz Barakonyi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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15
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Lang F, Rajaxavier J, Singh Y, Brucker SY, Salker MS. The Enigmatic Role of Serum & Glucocorticoid Inducible Kinase 1 in the Endometrium. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:556543. [PMID: 33195190 PMCID: PMC7609842 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.556543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) is subject to genetic up-regulation by diverse stimulators including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, dehydration, ischemia, radiation and hyperosmotic shock. To become active, the expressed kinase requires phosphorylation, which is accomplished by PI3K/PDK1 and mTOR dependent signaling. SGK1 enhances the expression/activity of various transport proteins including Na+/K+-ATPase as well as ion-, glucose-, and amino acid- carriers in the plasma membrane. SGK1 can further up-regulate diverse ion channels, such as Na+-, Ca2+-, K+- and Cl- channels. SGK1 regulates expression/activity of a wide variety of transcription factors (such as FKHRL1/Foxo3a, β-catenin, NFκB and p53). SGK1 thus contributes to the regulation of transport, glycolysis, angiogenesis, cell survival, immune regulation, cell migration, tissue fibrosis and tissue calcification. In this review we summarized the current findings that SGK1 plays a crucial function in the regulation of endometrial function. Specifically, it plays a dual role in the regulation of endometrial receptivity necessary for implantation and, subsequently in pregnancy maintenance. Furthermore, fetal programming of blood pressure regulation requires maternal SGK1. Underlying mechanisms are, however, still ill-defined and there is a substantial need for additional information to fully understand the role of SGK1 in the orchestration of embryo implantation, embryo survival and fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janet Rajaxavier
- Research Institute of Women’s Health, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Research Institute of Women’s Health, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Y. Brucker
- Research Institute of Women’s Health, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madhuri S. Salker
- Research Institute of Women’s Health, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Arab H, Alharbi AJ, Oraif A, Sagr E, Al Madani H, Abduljabbar H, Bajouh OS, Faden Y, Sabr Y. The Role Of Progestogens In Threatened And Idiopathic Recurrent Miscarriage. Int J Womens Health 2019; 11:589-596. [PMID: 31807086 PMCID: PMC6848983 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s224159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that progesterone plays a major role in the maintenance of pregnancy, particularly during the early stages, as it is responsible for preparing the endometrium for implantation and maintenance of the gestational sac. The management of pregnant women at risk of a threatened or idiopathic recurrent miscarriage is complex and critical. Therefore, a group of obstetricians and gynecologists practicing in Saudi Arabia gathered to update the 2014 Saudi guidelines for threatened and recurrent miscarriage management. In preparation, a literature review was conducted to explore the role of oral, vaginal, and injectable progestogens: this was used as a basis to develop position statements to guide and standardize practice across Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Arab
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Dr. Arab Medical Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Jaber Alharbi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Ibinsina Medical Private College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Oraif
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Sagr
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The International Medical Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana Al Madani
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Maternity Hospital - King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Abduljabbar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Sadeak Bajouh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser Faden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences - Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Sabr
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Tagoma A, Haller‐Kikkatalo K, Roos K, Oras A, Kirss A, Ilonen J, Uibo R. Interleukin‐7, T helper 1, and regulatory T‐cell activity‐related cytokines are increased during the second trimester of healthy pregnancy compared to non‐pregnant women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 82:e13188. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aili Tagoma
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Kadri Haller‐Kikkatalo
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Kristine Roos
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Astrid Oras
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Anne Kirss
- Women's Clinic Tartu University Hospital Tartu Estonia
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku Turku Finland
- Clinical Microbiology Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - Raivo Uibo
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
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18
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TIM-3 and TIM-1 Could Regulate Decidual γδTCR Bright T Cells during Murine Pregnancy. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3836942. [PMID: 31236420 PMCID: PMC6545878 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3836942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is an immunological enigma where paternal antigens are present at the fetomaternal interface. What regulates the local immunotolerance, which is necessary to prevent rejection of the conceptus, is still under strong investigation. Gamma/delta T cells are believed to play a role in the local regulation of this immunotolerance towards the semiallogenic fetus. Gamma/delta T cells from the uterus and spleen of pregnant and nonpregnant mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. We confirmed that the rate of γδT cells in the decidua increases during murine pregnancy and half of decidual γδT cells are CD4+. Furthermore, we found a unique association of CD4 or CD8 coreceptor expression with their γδTCR intensity, where in all investigated groups CD4- or CD8-positive γδT cells seemed principally to be γδTCRdim. In addition, compared to peripheral γδT lymphocytes, a greater proportion of decidual γδT cells expressed the cytotoxic marker CD107a and markers of Th1 or Th2 polarization (TIM-3, TIM-1), where decidual γδTCRbright cells were characterized by high TIM-3 and TIM-1 receptor expression. On the other hand, no difference in the expression of CD160, a receptor with dual function affecting cytotoxicity and T cell inhibition, was detected. Within lymphocytes expressing CD107a, TIM-1, or CD160, the rate of γδT cells was significantly higher in the decidua. According to our results, cytotoxic potential of decidual γδTCRbright cells could be regulated by TIM-3 ligation, while the TIM-1 receptor seems to be able to influence the Th1-Th2 balance at the fetomaternal interface. These mechanisms could play a part in the active maternal immunotolerance towards the fetus, allowing an efficient protection against pathogens during healthy murine pregnancy.
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19
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Dydrogesterone: pharmacological profile and mechanism of action as luteal phase support in assisted reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online 2018; 38:249-259. [PMID: 30595525 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological and physiological profiles of progestogens used for luteal phase support during assisted reproductive technology are likely to be important in guiding clinical choice towards the most appropriate treatment option. Various micronized progesterone formulations with differing pharmacological profiles have been investigated for several purposes. Dydrogesterone, a stereoisomer of progesterone, is available in an oral form with high oral bioavailability; it has been used to treat a variety of conditions related to progesterone deficiency since the 1960s and has recently been approved for luteal phase support as part of an assisted reproductive technology treatment. The primary objective of this review is to critically analyse the clinical implications of the pharmacological and physiological properties of dydrogesterone for its uses in luteal phase support and in early pregnancy.
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20
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Fan DX, Zhou WJ, Jin LP, Li MQ, Xu XH, Xu CJ. Trophoblast-Derived CXCL16 Decreased Granzyme B Production of Decidual γδ T Cells and Promoted Bcl-xL Expression of Trophoblasts. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:532-542. [PMID: 29909746 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118777638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decidual γδ T cells are known to regulate the function of trophoblasts at the maternal-fetal interface; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of cross talk between trophoblast cells and decidual γδ T cells. METHODS Expression of chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 6 (CXCL16) and its receptor CXCR6 was evaluated in first-trimester human villus and decidual tissues by immunohistochemistry. γδ T cells were isolated from first-trimester human deciduae and cocultured with JEG3 trophoblast cells. Cell proliferation and apoptosis-related molecules, together with cytotoxicity factor and cytokine production, were measured by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Expression of CXCL16 and CXCR6 was reduced at the maternal-fetal interface in patients who experienced unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion as compared to healthy pregnancy women. With the administration of pregnancy-related hormones or coculture with JEG3 cells, CXCR6 expression was upregulated on decidual γδ T cells. CXCL16 derived from JEG3 cells caused a decrease in granzyme B production of decidual γδ T cells. In addition, decidual γδ T cells educated by JEG3-derived CXCL16 upregulated the expression of Bcl-xL in JEG3 cells. CONCLUSION This study suggested that the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis may contribute to maintaining normal pregnancy by reducing the secretion of cytotoxic factor granzyme B of decidual γδ T cells and promoting the expression of antiapoptotic marker Bcl-xL of trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Xuan Fan
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhou
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Jin
- 2 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Hong Xu
- 2 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Jian Xu
- 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,4 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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21
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Peters C, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Regulatory functions of γδ T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2125-2135. [PMID: 29520421 PMCID: PMC11105251 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells share characteristics of innate and adaptive immune cells and are involved in a broad spectrum of pro-inflammatory functions. Nonetheless, there is accumulating evidence that γδ T cells also exhibit regulatory functions. In this review, we describe the different phenotypes of regulatory γδ T cells in correlation with the identified mechanisms of suppression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Genes, cdc/physiology
- Humans
- Immune System Phenomena/physiology
- Immune Tolerance
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller Strasse 3, Haus 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller Strasse 3, Haus 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller Strasse 3, Haus 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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22
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Zhou JZ, Way SS, Chen K. Immunology of Uterine and Vaginal Mucosae: (Trends in Immunology 39, 302-314, 2018). Trends Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29530651 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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V γ4+ T Cells: A Novel IL-17-Producing γδ T Subsets during the Early Phase of Chlamydial Airway Infection in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6265746. [PMID: 29670466 PMCID: PMC5835244 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6265746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that γδ T cells provided immune protection against Chlamydial muridarum (Cm), an obligate intracellular strain of chlamydia trachomatis, lung infection by producing abundant IL-17. In this study, we investigated the proliferation and activation of lung γδ T cell subsets, specifically the IL-17 and IFNγ production by them following Cm lung infection. Our results found that five γδ T cell subsets, Vγ1+ T, Vγ2+ T, Vγ4+ T, Vγ5+ T, and Vγ6+ T, expressed in lungs of naïve mice, while Cm lung infection mainly induced the proliferation and activation of Vγ4+ T cells at day 3 p.i., following Vγ1+ T cells at day 7 p.i. Cytokine detection showed that Cm lung infection induced IFNγ secretion firstly by Vγ4+ T cells at very early stage (day 3) and changed to Vγ1+ T cells at midstage (day 7). Furthermore, Vγ4+ T cell is the main γδ T cell subset that secretes IL-17 at the very early stage of Cm lung infection and Vγ1+ T cell did not secrete IL-17 during the infection. These findings provide in vivo evidence that Vγ4+T cells are the major IL-17 and IFNγ-producing γδ T cell subsets at the early period of Cm lung infection.
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Zhou JZ, Way SS, Chen K. Immunology of the Uterine and Vaginal Mucosae. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:302-314. [PMID: 29433961 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Along with the maintenance of symbiotic mutualism with commensal microbes and protection against invasive infections common to all mucosal barrier tissues, female reproductive tissues have additional, unique tasks that include dynamic cyclic cellular turnover in menstruation and immunological tolerance to genetically foreign fetal antigens in pregnancy. Here we review current knowledge on distinct features of the immune cells in female reproductive tissue with regard to antimicrobial host defense and adaptations to accommodate the fetus during pregnancy. Outstanding areas for future research to obtain new functional insights on this enigmatic mucosal barrier are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Z Zhou
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kang Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Jiangsu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Mucosal Immunology Studies Team, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Depletion of MHC class II invariant chain peptide or γ–δ T-cells ameliorates experimental preeclampsia. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20171008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Excessive innate immune system activation and inflammation during pregnancy can lead to organ injury and dysfunction and preeclampsia (PE); however, the molecular mechanisms involved are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation induces major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II invariant chain peptide (CLIP) expression on immune cells, makes them pro-inflammatory, and are necessary to cause PE-like features in mice. Treatment with VG1177, a competitive antagonist peptide for CLIP in the groove of MHC class II, was able to both prevent and treat PE-like features in mice. We then determined that γ–δ T cells are critical for the development of PE-like features in mice since γ–δ T-cell knockout mice, like CLIP deficient mice, are resistant to developing PE-like features. Placentas from women with PE exhibit significantly increased levels of γ–δ T cells. These preclinical data demonstrate that CLIP expression and activated γ–δ T cells are responsible for the development of immunologic PE-like features and that temporarily antagonizing CLIP and/or γ–δ T cells may be a therapeutic strategy for PE.
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26
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Lopez Gelston CA, Mitchell BM. Recent Advances in Immunity and Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:643-652. [PMID: 28200062 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent immune system activation plays an important role in the development of various forms of hypertension. Activation of the innate immune system, inflammation, and subsequent adaptive immune system response causing end-organ injury and dysfunction ultimately leads to hypertension and its associated sequelae including coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. In this review, we will provide updates on the innate and adaptive immune cells involved in hypertension, the current understanding of how the immune system gets activated, and examine the recently discovered mechanisms involved in several forms of experimental hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A Lopez Gelston
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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Ghaebi M, Nouri M, Ghasemzadeh A, Farzadi L, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Ahmadi M, Yousefi M. Immune regulatory network in successful pregnancy and reproductive failures. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:61-73. [PMID: 28095355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune system must tolerate semiallogenic fetus to establish and maintain a successful pregnancy. Despite the existence of several strategies of trophoblast to avoid recognition by maternal leukocytes, maternal immune system may react against paternal alloantigenes. Leukocytes are important components in decidua. Not only T helper (Th)1/Th2 balance, but also regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in pregnancy. Although the frequency of Tregs is elevated during normal pregnancies, their frequency and function are reduced in reproductive defects such as recurrent miscarriage and preeclampsia. Tregs are not the sole population of suppressive cells in the decidua. It has recently been shown that regulatory B10 (Breg) cells participate in pregnancy through secretion of IL-10 cytokine. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature developing precursors of innate myeloid cells that are increased in pregnant women, implying their possible function in pregnancy. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are also detected in mouse and human decidua. They can also affect the fetomaternal tolerance. In this review, we will discuss on the role of different immune regulatory cells including Treg, γd T cell, Breg, MDSC, and NKT cells in pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Ghaebi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aliyeh Ghasemzadeh
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Laya Farzadi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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28
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Grimstad F, Krieg S. Immunogenetic contributions to recurrent pregnancy loss. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:833-47. [PMID: 27169601 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While sporadic pregnancy loss is common, occurring in 15 % of pregnancies, recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) impacts approximately 5 % of couples. Though multiple causes are known (including structural, hormonal, infectious, autoimmune, and thrombophilic causes), after evaluation, roughly half of all cases remain unexplained. The idiopathic RPL cases pose a challenging therapeutic dilemma in addition to incurring much physical and emotional morbidity. Immunogenetic causes have been postulated to contribute to these cases of RPL. Natural Killer cell, T cell expression pattern changes in the endometrium have both been shown in patients with RPL. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and cytokine allelic variations have also been studied as etiologies for RPL. Some of the results have been promising, however the studies are small and have not yet put forth outcomes that would change our current diagnosis and management of RPL. Larger database studies are needed with stricter control criteria before reasonable conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Grimstad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas, 3901 Rainbow Blvd MS 2028, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Sacha Krieg
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
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29
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Alcaide ML, Strbo N, Romero L, Jones DL, Rodriguez VJ, Arheart K, Martinez O, Bolivar H, Podack ER, Fischl MA. Bacterial Vaginosis Is Associated with Loss of Gamma Delta T Cells in the Female Reproductive Tract in Women in the Miami Women Interagency HIV Study (WIHS): A Cross Sectional Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153045. [PMID: 27078021 PMCID: PMC4831836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common female reproductive tract infection and is associated with an increased risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV by a mechanism that is not well understood. Gamma delta (GD) T cells are essential components of the adaptive and innate immune system, are present in the female reproductive tract, and play an important role in epithelial barrier protection. GD1 cells predominate in the mucosal tissue and are important in maintaining mucosal integrity. GD2 cells predominate in peripheral blood and play a role in humoral immunity and in the immune response to pathogens. HIV infection is associated with changes in GD T cells frequencies in the periphery and in the female reproductive tract. The objective of this study is to evaluate if changes in vaginal flora occurring with BV are associated with changes in endocervical GD T cell responses, which could account for increased susceptibility to HIV. Seventeen HIV-infected (HIV+) and 17 HIV-uninfected (HIV-) pre-menopausal women underwent collection of vaginal swabs and endocervical cytobrushes. Vaginal flora was assessed using the Nugent score. GD T cells were assessed in cytobrush samples by flow cytometry. Median Nugent score was 5.0 and 41% of women had abnormal vaginal flora. In HIV uninfected women there was a negative correlation between Nugent score and cervical GD1 T cells (b for interaction = - 0.176, p<0.01); cervical GD1 T cells were higher in women with normal vaginal flora than in those with abnormal flora (45.00% vs 9.95%, p = 0.005); and cervical GD2 T cells were higher in women with abnormal flora than in those with normal flora (1.70% vs 0.35%, p = 0.023). GD T cells in the genital tract are protective (GD1) and are targets for HIV entry (GD2). The decrease in cervical GD1 and increase in GD2 T cells among women with abnormal vaginal flora predisposes women with BV to HIV acquisition. We propose to use GD T cell as markers of female genital tract vulnerability to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Alcaide
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Laura Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Deborah L. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Violeta J. Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Kristopher Arheart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Octavio Martinez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America, Hector Bolivar, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Hector Bolivar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Eckhard R. Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Fischl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
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30
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Strbo N, Alcaide ML, Romero L, Bolivar H, Jones D, Podack ER, Fischl MA. Loss of Intra-Epithelial Endocervical Gamma Delta (GD) 1 T Cells in HIV-Infected Women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 75:134-45. [PMID: 26666220 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Human gamma delta (GD) T cells play a well-documented role in epithelial barrier surveillance and protection. Two subsets of GD T cells, defined by the use of either the Vdelta2 (GD2) or Vdelta1 (GD1) TCR, predominate. We hypothesized that endocervical GD T cells play important role in lower genital tract anti-HIV immune responses. METHOD OF STUDY HIV-infected (n = 18) and HIV-uninfected (n = 19) pre-menopausal women participating in the WIHS cohort were recruited. Frequency and phenotype of GD T cells were determined in endocervical cytobrush samples and peripheral blood by multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS We found depletion of GD2 cells in the blood of HIV-infected women as well as significant decrease in the frequency of endocervical GD1 cells compared to uninfected women. CONCLUSION We report for the first time, the GD1 cells are a predominant endocervical T-cell subset that is significantly decreased in HIV-infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maria L Alcaide
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hector Bolivar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Deborah Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eckhard R Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Margaret A Fischl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Feto-maternal immune regulation by TIM-3/galectin-9 pathway and PD-1 molecule in mice at day 14.5 of pregnancy. Placenta 2015; 36:1153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Immunity at the Maternal–Fetal Interface. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Barakonyi A, Miko E, Szereday L, Polgar PD, Nemeth T, Szekeres-Bartho J, Engels GL. Cell Death Mechanisms and Potentially Cytotoxic Natural Immune Cells in Human Pregnancies Complicated by Preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:155-66. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719113497288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliz Barakonyi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Eva Miko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Szereday
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Petra Dora Polgar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Timea Nemeth
- Department of Languages for Specific Purposes, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Julia Szekeres-Bartho
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Geraldine Laura Engels
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Bonney EA. Demystifying animal models of adverse pregnancy outcomes: touching bench and bedside. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 69:567-84. [PMID: 23448345 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This represents an overview of the use of animal models to study the adverse pregnancy outcomes seen in humans. The purpose is to entice clinicians to utilize some of this information to seek out the literature and have more meaningful and profitable discussions with their academic colleagues and enhance transdisciplinary research in reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bonney
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Cerri RLA, Thompson IM, Kim IH, Ealy AD, Hansen PJ, Staples CR, Li JL, Santos JEP, Thatcher WW. Effects of lactation and pregnancy on gene expression of endometrium of Holstein cows at day 17 of the estrous cycle or pregnancy. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:5657-75. [PMID: 22884349 PMCID: PMC7094660 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives were to determine effects of lactation and pregnancy on endometrial gene expression on d 17 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Heifers (n = 33) were assigned randomly after parturition to lactating (L, n = 17) or nonlactating (NL, n = 16) groups. Cows were subjected to an ovulation synchronization program for a timed artificial insemination (TAI); 10 cows in L and 12 in NL were inseminated. Slaughter occurred 17 d after the day equivalent to TAI, and intercaruncular endometrial tissues were collected. Gene expression was determined by DNA microarray analysis for pregnant (L, n = 8; NL, n = 6) and noninseminated cyclic (L, n = 7; NL, n = 4) cows. Differentially expressed genes were selected with a P-value <0.01 and absolute expression >40. In addition, a fold effect >1.5 was used as a criterion for genes affected by pregnancy. In total, 210 genes were differentially regulated by lactation (136 downregulated and 74 upregulated), and 702 genes were differentially regulated by pregnancy (407 downregulated and 295 upregulated). The interaction effect of pregnancy and lactation affected 61 genes. Genes up- and downregulated in pregnant cows were associated with several gene ontology terms, such as defense response and interferon regulatory factor, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix. The gene ontology analyses of up- and downregulated genes of lactating cows revealed terms related to immunoglobulin-like fold, immune response, COMM domain, and non-membrane-bounded organelle. Several genes upregulated by lactation, such as IGHG1, IGLL1, IGK, and TRD, were related to immune function, particularly for B cells and γδ T cells. Developmental genes related to limb and neural development and glucose homeostasis (e.g., DKK1, RELN, PDK4) were downregulated by lactation, whereas an interaction was also detected for RELN. The stated genes associated with immune function and developmental genes expressed in the endometrium affected by lactational state are possible candidate genes for interventions to improve fertility of lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L A Cerri
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Borbely AU, Fontenele-Neto JD, Vidsiunas AK, Gomes SZ, Hoshida MS, de Oliveira SF, Bevilacqua E. Ectoplacental Cone Induces Resistance to Apoptosis in High Doses of Interferon (IFN)-γ-Treated Decidual Cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 67:73-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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37
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Andersen GN, Nilsson K, Nagaeva O, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Sandström T, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Cytokine mRNA Profile of Alveolar T Lymphocytes and Macrophages in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis Suggests a Local Tr1 Response. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:272-281. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Barakonyi A, Weisdorn R, Miko E, Varga P, Bodis J, Szekeres-Bartho J, Szereday L. Expression profiles of peripheral CD160+ lymphocytes during the course of healthy human pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66:137-42. [PMID: 21276121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM CD160 receptor is expressed by natural killer (NK) and T-cell subsets, and after activation, it could enhance cytotoxicity or pro-inflammatory cytokine production on NK cells. Here, we investigated the phenotype of peripheral CD160+ cells during healthy pregnancy. METHOD OF STUDY We analyzed the expression of CD69 activation marker, gamma/delta TCR, and NKG2A or NKG2D NK cell receptors on CD160+ lymphocytes of non-pregnant and healthy pregnant women at four different stages of pregnancy by flow cytometry. RESULTS In our hands, CD160 receptor-positive lymphocytes were present during pregnancy; however, they had different characteristics depending on gestational age. During implantation, CD160+ cells showed low activation rate, decreased NK receptor expression while 40% of Vδ2 + T cells expressed CD160 receptor. In turn, all the above parameters increased as pregnancy proceeds. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that CD160+ lymphocytes could be able to play a role in the maintenance of healthy pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliz Barakonyi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12, Pecs, Hungary.
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39
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Identification and characterization of Foxp3+ γδ T cells in mouse and human. Immunol Lett 2009; 125:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Barakonyi A, Miko E, Varga P, Szekeres-Bartho J. V-chain preference of gamma/delta T-cell receptors in peripheral blood during term labor. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 59:201-5. [PMID: 18275513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM An altered function of the maternal immune system creates a favorable environment for the developing fetus during pregnancy. At term, new regulatory mechanisms are activated, to initiate labor. Earlier we showed that in peripheral blood of pregnant women gamma/delta T cells of cytotoxic phenotype are replaced by those of a non-cytotoxic phenotype. Here we studied the Vgamma and Vdelta chain usage of peripheral gamma/delta T cells from women in labor. METHOD OF STUDY Vgamma and Vdelta chain expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained at the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and during parturition were examined by immuncytochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS Increased % of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 and decreased % of Vgamma4/Vdelta1 T cells were found in peripheral blood during labor, together with unaltered percentages of single Vgamma+ or Vdelta+ cells. The initially high Vgamma4/Vdelta1 to Vgamma9/Vdelta2 ratio decreased during labor. CONCLUSION The initiation of labor is characterized by an altered V-chain usage of gamma/delta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliz Barakonyi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Pecs University, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, County Hospital, Pecs, Hungary
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Prado-Drayer A, Teppa J, Sánchez P, Camejo MI. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Immunophenotype of Peripheral T Lymphocytes, NK Cells and Expression of CD69 Activation Marker in Patients with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions, During the Mid-Luteal Phase. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 60:66-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lynch L, Golden-Mason L, Eogan M, O'Herlihy C, O'Farrelly C. Cells with haematopoietic stem cell phenotype in adult human endometrium: relevance to infertility? Hum Reprod 2007; 22:919-26. [PMID: 17208945 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine lymphoid cell repertoires are specialized in order to meet the twin demands of successful pregnancy and local immunosurveillance. The possibility that some of these populations might differentiate locally from progenitor cells has been proposed. METHODS Endometrial tissue from women with a history of infertility as well as fertile controls was examined for haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and lymphoid progenitors using three-colour flow cytometry. RESULTS Significant populations of phenotypic HSCs (CD34+ CD45+ ) were detected in all samples, a high proportion of which co-expressed the differentiation marker CD45RA (45.7%), indicating ongoing differentiation. Almost 30% of uterine HSCs co-expressed CD56 and 44% co-expressed CD7, suggesting the presence of lymphoid progenitors. Small proportions expressed CD127 and CD122, receptors for interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15, respectively. HSC numbers were similar in the endometrial samples from fertile and infertile women. However, the proportion co-expressing the natural killer (NK) antigen CD56 was significantly increased compared with HSCs found in the endometrium of fertile controls (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of cells with an HSC phenotype in the human endometrium, and increased proportions of NK progenitors in endometrium of women with infertility suggests a dysregulation of this pathway that may contribute to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lynch
- Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Champagne E, Martinez LO, Vantourout P, Collet X, Barbaras R. Role of apolipoproteins in gammadelta and NKT cell-mediated innate immunity. Immunol Res 2006; 33:241-55. [PMID: 16462001 DOI: 10.1385/ir:33:3:241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings reveal unanticipated connections between the fields of lipid metabolism and immunology. They concern gammadelta and NKT cells, nonconventional T cell populations that do not recognize protein antigens and are involved in immunity against cancer, defense against infections, or in regulation of classical immune responses. In this review, we summarize data linking perturbations of apolipoprotein levels and nonconventional T cells with inflammatory processes such as autoimmune diseases or atherosclerosis. We integrate and discuss recent findings on the implication of apolipoproteins in antigen recognition by gammadelta and NKT cells, with emphasis on apolipoproteins A-I and E. These findings also provide indications that apolipoproteins influence antitumor immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Champagne
- Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Departement Lipoproteines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France.
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Strbo N, Laskarin G, Bogovic Crncic T, Juretic Frankovic K, Bedenicki I, Sotosek Tokmadzic V, Randic L, Le Bouteiller P, Tabiasco J, Podack ER, Rukavina D. Short-term Cytolytic Mediators' Expression in Decidual Lymphocytes is Enhanced by Interleukin-15. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006; 55:217-25. [PMID: 16451356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM We investigated whether decidual adherent cells (DAC) and interleukin (IL)-15, in comparison to interleukin (IL)-2 affect cytolytic potential of first trimester decidual lymphocytes (DL). METHOD OF STUDY Decidual mononuclear cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion and density gradient centrifugation. Non-adherent DL were collected after 2-hr adherence and cultured for 18 or 72 hr with: IL-15 (0.5-5 ng/mL), IL-2 (100-1000 U/mL) or both of these cytokines, DAC (ratio 3:1 and 1:1) or DAC and anti-IL-15 antibody. Perforin, Fas ligand (FasL) and granzyme B were detected at mRNA level in indicated culture conditions. Cytolytic activity of DL against K-562, P815 and P815-Fas was measured by 2-hr PKH-26 cytotoxicity assay. The dynamics of perforin protein and mRNA expression were measured in DL after a contact with K-562 targets. RESULTS Interleukin-15 enhanced perforin, FasL and granzyme B transcription after 18-hr culture and prevented perforin protein downregulation, observed after DL culture. IL-2 had similar effects. DAC sustained perforin expression in DL and anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody abrogated this effect. DAC increased cytotoxicity of DL against K-562 which was mediated by IL-15. CONCLUSION Interleukin-15, probably produced by DAC, upregulates cytolytic mediators' expression and perforin-mediated cytotoxicity of DL, with equal efficiency as high concentrations of IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Strbo
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Abstract
The membrane glycoprotein CD200, which has a widespread but defined distribution and a structurally similar receptor (CD200R) that transmits an inhibitory signal to cells of the hematopoetic lineage, especially myeloid cells, has been characterized. CD200R expression is restricted predominantly to cells of the myeloid lineage indicating that this ligand/receptor pair has a specific role in controlling myeloid cell function. In addition to CD200R, several related genes have been identified. Whether these gene products also regulate immune function is controversial. CD200R is also expressed by certain subsets of T cells and CD200 may be expressed by antigen-presenting cells, adding additional layers of complexity to the CD200/CD200R axis. Because monocytic myeloid cells provide a link between the innate and adaptive immune response, mechanisms to control their function through receptors such as CD200R will have therapeutic potential. Regulation of immune responses is accomplished by the concerted, but opposing, activity of kinases and phosphatases, fine control often being achieved through paired receptors. In this review, we will consider whether CD200R signaling functions within a framework of paired activating and inhibitory receptors and whether the inhibitory signal delivered has functional consequences beyond inhibition of myeloid cell proinflammatory activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Minas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK AB25 2ZD
| | - Janet Liversidge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK AB25 2ZD
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Hayakawa S. No cancer in cancers: Evolutionary trade-off between successful viviparity and tumor escape from the adaptive immune system. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66:888-97. [PMID: 16455204 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Some invertebrate species including the king crab and king squid enjoy relatively long lives of up to 20 years. Nevertheless, there are few reports of malignancies among invertebrate animals while there are many such reports in lower vertebrates such as in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. Viviparity is characteristic of most mammalian species, although it has been observed in both vertebrate and non-vertebrate species. As adaptive immune responses evolved among the cartilaginous fishes by virtue of gene duplication, all viviparous vertebrates cope with specific immune responses to reject the fetal allograft. The escape mechanisms employed by both human and animal malignancies share common properties, which are also employed by feto-placental units, such as the expression of non-classical major histocompatibility antigens (HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G in humans), accumulation of regulatory T cells, Th2-directed immune responses, Fas/FasL- and/or PD-1/PD-L1-induced apoptosis, and the expression of indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase which starves the local tryptophan supply that is indispensable for an effective cytotoxic T cells response. In humans, a single cancer cell requires 1-10 years to develop into a clinically remarkable tumor. For cancer cells, the genes encoding the immunoregulatory mechanisms employed by feto-placental units could be of value for escaping the host immune system. Taken together, these observations support the author's hypothesis that the evolution of viviparity resulted in an evolutionary trade-off that may have increased susceptibility to malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Infectious Disease Control and Clinical Immunology, Nihon University Medical Research Institute, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan.
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