Differential expression of alpha 2 macroglobulin in response to dietylstilbestrol and in ovarian carcinomas in chickens

Novel immune-related gene signature for risk stratification and prognosis prediction in ovarian cancer

BACKGROUND

The immune system played a multifaceted role in ovarian cancer (OC) and was a significant mediator of ovarian carcinogenesis. Various immune cells and immune gene products played an integrated role in ovarian cancer (OC) progression, proved the significance of the immune microenvironment in prognosis. Therefore, we aimed to establish and validate an immune gene prognostic signature for OC patients' prognosis prediction.

METHODS

Differently expressed Immune-related genes (DEIRGs) were identified in 428 OC and 77 normal ovary tissue specimens from 9 independent GEO datasets. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort was used as a training cohort, Univariate Cox analysis was used to identify prognostic DEIRGs in TCGA cohort. Then, an immune gene-based risk model for prognosis prediction was constructed using the LASSO regression analysis, and validated the accuracy and stability of the model in 374 and 93 OC patients in TCGA training cohort and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) validation cohort respectively. Finally, the correlation among risk score model, clinicopathological parameters, and immune cell infiltration were analyzed.

RESULTS

Five DEIRGs were identified to establish the immune gene signature and divided OC patients into the low- and high-risk groups. In TCGA and ICGC datasets, patients in the low-risk group showed a substantially higher survival rate than high-risk group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) showed the good performance of the risk model. Clinicopathological correlation analysis proved the risk score model could serve as an independent prognostic factor in 2 independent datasets.

CONCLUSIONS

The prognostic model based on immune-related genes can function as a superior prognostic indicator for OC patients, which could provide evidence for individualized treatment and clinical decision making.

Genome-wide association study reveals genomic loci of sex differentiation and gonadal development in Plectropomus leopardus

Introduction: Plectropomus leopardus, a commercially significant marine fish, is primarily found in the Western Pacific regions and along the coast of Southeast Asia. A thorough analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in sex differentiation is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of gonadal development and improving sex control breeding. However, the relevant fundamental studies of P. leopardus are relatively lacking. Methods: In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to investigate the genetic basis mechanism of sex differentiation and gonadal developmental traits in P. leopardus utilizing about 6,850,000 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from 168 individuals (including 126 females and 42 males) by the genome-wide efficient mixed-model association (GEMMA) algorithm. Results: The results of these single-trait GWASs showed that 46 SNP loci (-log10 p > 7) significantly associated with sex differentiation, and gonadal development traits were distributed in multiple different chromosomes, which suggested the analyzed traits were all complex traits under multi-locus control. A total of 1,838 potential candidate genes were obtained by considering a less-stringent threshold (-log10 p > 6) and ±100 kb regions surrounding the significant genomic loci. Moreover, 31 candidate genes were identified through a comprehensive analysis of significant GWAS peaks, gene ontology (GO) annotations, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, including taf7, ddx6, apoeb, sgk1, a2m, usf1, hsd3b7, dll4, xbp1, tet3, esr1, and gli3. These trait-associated genes have been shown to be involved in germline development, male sex differentiation, gonad morphogenesis, hormone receptor binding, oocyte development, male gonad development, steroidogenesis, estrogen-synthetic pathway, etc. Discussion: In the present study, multiple genomic loci of P. leopardus associated with sex differentiation and gonadal development traits were identified for the first time by using GWAS, providing a valuable resource for further research on the molecular genetic mechanism and sex control in P. leopardus. Our results also can contribute to understanding the genetic basis of the sex differentiation mechanism and gonadal development process in grouper fish.

Potential anti-cancer effects of hibernating common carp (Cyprinus carpio) plasma on B16-F10 murine melanoma: In vitro and in vivo studies

Melanoma is the major type of skin cancer, which its treatment is still a challenge in the world. In recent years, interest in hibernation-based therapeutic approaches for various biomedical applications has been increased. Many studies indicated that some factors in the blood plasma of hibernating animals such as alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) cause anti-proliferative effects. Considering that, the present study was conducted to investigate the anti-cancer effects of hibernating common carp plasma (HCCP) on murine melanoma (B16-F10) in vitro and in vivo. The effect of HCCP on cell viability, migration, apoptosis rate, and cell cycle distribution of B16-F10 cells, tumor growth, and rate of survival were evaluated. To investigate the role of A2M in the anti-cancer effects of HCCP, the gene of interest and proteins in HCCP and non-hibernating common carp plasma (NHCCP) were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and mass spectrometry analysis. Based on our findings, HCCP significantly decreased B16-F10 cell viability. Moreover, HCCP caused morphological alternations, inhibition of migration, induction of apoptosis, and significantly induced the cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. In addition, A2M level was significantly increased in HCCP compared with NHCCP. Taken together, our findings suggested that HCCP had the potential to be a promising novel therapeutic target for cancer treatment because of its anti-cancer properties.

Polymorphism analysis and expression profile of the estrogen receptor 2 gene in Leizhou black duck

Our previous study on the ovarian transcriptomic analysis in Leizhou black duck revealed that the ESR2 gene was involved in hormone regulation in reproduction and the estrogen signaling pathway related to reproductive performance was enriched. This suggested that ESR2 may have a functional role in the reproductive performance of the Leizhou black duck. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the polymorphism of the ESR2 gene and its association with egg-laying traits and the distribution pattern of ESR2 mRNA in laying and non-laying Leizhou black ducks. In this study, genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of 101 Leizhou black ducks to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ESR2 gene to elucidate molecular markers highly associated with egg-laying traits. Four each of laying and non-laying Leizhou black ducks were selected to collect different tissues to analyze the ESR2 gene expression. A total of 23 SNPs were identified and association analysis of the single SNP sites showed that SNPs g.56805646 T>C and exon 3-20G>A were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with egg weight. Ducks with CT and AG genotypes had significantly higher (P < 0.05) egg weights than their respective other genotypes. Haplotype association analysis of g.56805646 T>C and exon 3-20G>A showed that the haplotypes were significantly associated with egg weight. Higher egg weight was seen in individuals with H3H4 haplotypes. In the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the results of qRT/PCR showed that ESR2 mRNA was significantly (P < 0.05) expressed in the ovaries of both duck groups than in the hypothalamus and pituitary. In the oviduct, ESR2 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the infundibulum and magnum of laying and non-laying ducks respectively. This study provides a molecular marker for selecting Leizhou black ducks for egg production. In addition, it offers theoretical knowledge for studying the related biological functions of the ESR2 gene at the cellular level.

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Inhibitors of MMPs in the Avian Reproductive System: An Overview

Many matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are produced in the mammalian reproductive system and participate in the regulation of its functions. In birds, the limited information available thus far indicates that MMPs are significant regulators of avian ovarian and oviductal functions, too. Some MMPs and inhibitors of MMPs are present in the hen reproductive tissues and their abundances and/or activities change according to the physiological state. The intraovarian role of MMPs likely includes the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during folliculogenesis, follicle atresia, and postovulatory regression. In the oviduct, MMPs are also involved in ECM turnover during oviduct development and regression. This study provides a review of the current knowledge on the presence, activity, and regulation of MMPs in the female reproductive system of birds.

Response of the matrix metalloproteinase system of the chicken ovary to prolactin treatment

The expression and activity of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been demonstrated in the chicken ovary during various physiological states; these data indicate that MMPs are involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during follicle development, ovulation, atresia, and regression. The regulation of MMPs in the avian ovary, however, remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to examine the effect of recombinant chicken prolactin (chPRL) treatment on the expression of selected MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), as well as MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity in the hen ovary. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed changes in the mRNA expression of MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-13, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 in the following ovarian follicles: white, yellowish, small yellow, and the largest yellow preovulatory (F3-F1). Western blot analysis showed alterations in the abundance of latent and active forms of the MMP-2 protein, as well as the abundance of the MMP-9 protein. Moreover, minor changes in MMP-2 and MMP-9 total activities were found in ovarian follicles of chPRL-treated hens. The response to chPRL treatment depended upon the stage of follicle development, the layer of follicular wall, and the type of MMPs or TIMPs studied. In general, the results indicate that chPRL, is a positive regulator of MMP expression in the yellow preovulatory follicles. Our findings suggest that PRL participates in the mechanisms orchestrating ECM turnover during ovarian follicular development in the hen ovary via regulating the transcription, translation, and/or activity of some constituents of the MMP system.

Alternations in the expression of selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -9, -10, and -13) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-2 and -3) and MMP-2 and -9 activity in the chicken ovary during pause in laying induced by fasting

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large group of proteolytic enzymes involved in extracellular matrix turnover in the ovary. Under physiological conditions, the activity of MMPs is controlled by specific tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). Information concerning the role and regulation of MMPs in the chicken ovary is scarce. This study was undertaken to examine the expression of selected MMPs and their TIMPs in the chicken ovary during a pause in egg laying induced by feed deprivation. The activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were investigated as well. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses showed changes in the expression of gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), stromelysin (MMP-10), collagenase (MMP-13), TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 on mRNA and/or protein levels in the prehierarchical white (WFs) and yellowish (YFs) follicles, as well as in the largest yellow preovulatory (F3-F1) follicles. In feed-deprived hens, the occurrence of ovarian regression was accompanied by (1) a pronounced decrease in mRNA expression of the examined MMPs and TIMP-3 in all tissues except the YFs where the expression of MMP-13 was higher than in the control hen ovary; (2) an increase in the transcript abundance of TIMP-2 in the yellow atretic follicles; (3) a decrease or no changes in MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression in all tissues; (4) an increase in the total activity of gelatinases in the YFs and theca layer of F3; and (5) a decrease in the activity of MMP-2 in F3-F1 follicles and MMP-9 in the theca of F3. In summary, the results of the current study suggest that the selected MMPs and TIMPs may not be involved in the regulation of the advanced stages of atresia of the largest yellow preovulatory follicles in the chicken ovary. This event may require different cell signaling pathways.

Effect of eCG treatment on gene expression of selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, and MMP-13) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-2 and TIMP-3) in the chicken ovary

Several metalloproteinases (MMPs) are present and functional in the chicken ovary and regulate the extracellular matrix (ECM) during follicle development, ovulation, atresia, and regression. The regulation of the abundance of MMPs in avian ovarian follicles, however, is largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) on abundance of selected MMPs and relevant tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) in the hen ovary. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity was also determined. Results indicated there were effects of eCG on abundances of MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-13, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 mRNA transcript and/or protein relative abundances in white, yellowish, small yellow, and the largest yellow preovulatory (F3-F1) ovarian follicles. The response to eCG depended on the stage of follicle development, layer of follicular wall, and the type of MMPs or TIMPs affected by eCG. Furthermore, there was a pause in egg laying when eCG was administered and there were morphological changes in the ovary following eCG treatment that were associated with alterations in MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. In general, the results indicate that eCG, which has primarily follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-like bioactivities, is a negative regulator of MMP abundance and activity in the largest yellow preovulatory follicles. Results from the present study indicate the gonadotropins, especially FSH, by the regulation of transcription, translation, and/or activity of proteins of the MMP system have effects on the mechanisms that underlie ECM remodeling and cell function throughout ovarian follicle development in the chicken ovary.

Pressure regulated basis for gene transcription by delta-cell micro-compliance modeled in silico: Biphenyl, bisphenol and small molecule ligand models of cell contraction-expansion

Molecular diameter, lipophilicity and hydrophilicity exclusion affinity limits exist for small molecule carrier-mediated diffusion or transport through channel pores or interaction with the cell surface glycocalyx. The molecular structure lipophilicity limit for non-specific carrier-mediated transmembrane diffusion through polarity-selective transport channels of the cell membrane is L_{external structure} ∙ H_{polar group}^-1 of ≥ 1.07. The cell membrane channel pore size is > 0.752 and < 0.758 nm based on a 3-D ellipsoid model (biphenyl), and within the molecular diameter size range 0.744 and 0.762 nm based on a 2-D elliptical model (alkanol). The adjusted van der Waals diameter (vdWD, adj; nm) for the subset of halogenated vapors is predictive of the required MAC for anesthetic potency at an initial (-) Δ C_micro effect. The molecular structure L ∙ H_{polar group}^-1 for Neu5Ac is 0.080, and the L ∙ H_{polar group}^-1 interval range for the cell surface glycocalyx hydrophilicity barrier interaction is 0.101 (Saxitoxin, Stx; L_{internal structure} ∙ H_{polar group}^-1) - 0.092 (m-xylenediamine, L_{external structure} · H_{polar group}). Differential predictive effective pressure mapping of gene activation or repression reveals that p-dioxin exposure results in activation of AhR-Erβ (Arnt)/Nrf-2, Pparδ, Errγ (LxRα), Dio3 (Dio2) and Trα limbs, and due to high affinity Dio2 and Dio3 (OH-TriCDD, L_ext · H^-1: 1.91–4.31) exothermy-antagonism (Δ contraction) with high affinity T₄/rT₃-TRα-mediated agonism (Δ expansion). co-planar PCB metabolite exposure (L_ext · H^-1: 1.95–3.91) results in activation of AhR (Erα/β)/Nrf2, Rev-Erbβ, Errα, Dio3 (Dio2) and Trα limbs with a Δ C_micro contraction of 0.89 and Δ C_micro expansion of 1.05 as compared to p-dioxin. co-, ortho-planar PCB metabolite exposure results in activation of Car/PxR, Pparα (Srebf1,—Lxrβ), Arnt (AhR-Erβ), AR, Dio1 (Dio2) and Trβ limbs with a Δ C_micro contraction of 0.73 and Δ C_micro expansion of 1.18 (as compared to p-dioxin). Bisphenol A exposure (L_{ext struct} ∙ H^-1: 1.08–1.12, BPA–BPE, Errγ; BPAF, L_{ext struct} ∙ H^-1: 1.23, CM Erα, β) results in increased duration at P_eff for Timm8b (P_eff 0.247) transcription and in indirect activation of the AhR/Nrf-2 hybrid pathway with decreased duration at P_eff 0.200 (Nrf1) and increased duration at P_eff 0.257 (Dffa). The Bpa/Bpaf convergent pathway C_micro contraction-expansion response increase in the lower P_eff interval is 0.040; in comparison, small molecule hormone Δ C_micro contraction-expansion response increases in the lower P_eff intervals for gene expression ≤ 0.168 (Dex· GR) ≥ 0.156 (Dht · AR), with grade of duration at P_eff (min·count) of 1.33x10⁵ (Dex/Cort) and 1.8–2.53x10⁵ (Dht/R1881) as compared to the (-) coupled (+) Δ C_microP_eff to 0.136 (Wnt5a, Esr2) with applied DES (1.86x10⁶). The subtype of trans-differentiated cell as a result of an applied toxin or toxicant is predictable by delta-C_micro determined by P_eff mapping. Study findings offer additional perspective on the basis for pressure regulated gene transcription by alterations in cell micro-compliance (Δ contraction-expansion, C_micro), and are applicable for the further predictive modeling of gene to gene transcription interactions, and small molecule modulation of cell effective pressure (P_eff) and its potential.

Expression of ADR-α1, 2 and ADR-β2 in cumulus cell culture of infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome and poor responder who are a candidate for IVF: the novel strategic role of clonidine in this expression

OBJECTIVE

Alpha and beta-adrenoceptors (ADR-α1, 2, and β2) play a regulatory role in the folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in the ovarian follicles. This study aimed to measure these adrenoceptors mRNA and its protein levels in cumulus cells (CCs) culture of poor ovarian reserve (POR) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) infertile women (IVF candidate) and the effect of clonidine treatment at CCs culture.

METHODS

This case/control study was conducted in 2017 includes a control (donation oocytes) and two studies (PCO and POR) groups. The ovulation induction drugs were prescribed in all groups. After the oocyte puncture, the follicular fluid was collected and CCs were isolated were cultured. RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized and designed the primer for the ADR-α1, 2 and ADR-β2 gene expression. The protein levels were investigated by Western Blot.

RESULTS

The results showed a high level of three adrenergic expressions in PCO women compared to the control group (p-value <.001), which can be reduced by clonidine. POR group showed a significant decrease in the gene expression of ADR-α1 (p-value = .004) and ADR-α2 (p-value = .003) compared to the control group and clonidine treatment had no effect.

CONCLUSION

The significant increase of three adrenoceptors gene expression and protein levels in CCs culture indicate to the hyperactivity of the ovarian sympathetic nervous system at the receptor levels in women with PCOS, and clonidine confirmed it by reducing this expression. In POR women, the reduction of ADR-α1, 2 expressions maybe lead to the aging process in the ovary.

Transcriptional Changes in the Ovaries of Perch from Chernobyl

Fish have been highly exposed to radiation in freshwater systems after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) accident in 1986 and in freshwater and marine systems after the more recent Fukushima NPP accident in 2011. In the years after the accident, the radioactivity levels rapidly declined due to radioactive decay and environmental processes, but chronic lower dose exposures persisted. To gain insights into the long-term effects of environmental low dose radiation on fish ovaries development, a high-throughput transcriptomic approach including a de novo assembly was applied to different gonad phenotypes of female perch: developed gonads from reference lakes, developed/irradiated from medium contaminated lake, and both developed/irradiated and undeveloped from more highly contaminated lakes. This is the most comprehensive analysis to date of the gene responses in wildlife reproductive system to radiation. Some gene responses that were modulated in irradiated gonads were found to be involved in biological processes including cell differentiation and proliferation (ggnb2, mod5, rergl), cytoskeleton organization (k1C18, mtpn), gonad development (nell2, tcp4), lipid metabolism (ldah, at11b, nltp), reproduction (cyb5, cyp17A, ovos), DNA damage repair (wdhd1, rad51, hus1), and epigenetic mechanisms (dmap1). Identification of these genes provides a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms underpinning the development of the gonad phenotypes of wild perch and how fish may respond to chronic exposure to radiation in their natural environment, though causal attribution of gene responses remains unclear in the undeveloped gonads.

Tamoxifen-induced alterations in the expression of selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -9, -10, and -13) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-2 and -3) in the chicken ovary

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of peptidases that disintegrate extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules associated with tissue remodeling, including reproductive tissues. Their actions are largely controlled by specific tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). The role and regulation of MMPs in the chicken ovary is largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of tamoxifen (TMX; estrogen receptor modulator) treatment on the expression of selected members of the MMP system in the laying hen ovary. The activity of MMP-2 and -9 was also examined. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses revealed changes in mRNA and/or protein expression of MMP-2, -9, -10, -13, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 in the following ovarian follicles after TMX treatment: white (WF), yellowish (YF), small yellow (SYF), and the largest yellow preovulatory (F3-F1). The response to TMX depended on the stage of follicle development and the layer of follicular wall. Moreover, ovarian regression following TMX treatment was accompanied by both an increase in total activity of MMP-2 in the theca layer of F3-F2 and granulosa layer of F2, and a decrease in total activity of MMP-2 in the WF, YF, and SYF, and MMP-9 in theca of F3-F1. In conclusion, the TMX-induced changes in MMP-2, -9, -10, and -13, and TIMP-2 and -3 mRNA expression, as well as MMP-2 and -9 activity, were dependent on tissue and the stage of follicular maturation. Our findings strongly suggests a role for estrogen in regulating the transcription, translation, and/or posttranslational activity of members of the MMP system. Further, these components may be involved in the orchestration of ECM turnover and cellular functions during ovary regression, which occur under conditions of reduced estrogenic activity.

Tissue specific alpha-2-Macroglobulin (A2M) splice isoform diversity in Hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822)

The present study, for the first time, reported twelve A2M isoforms in Tenualosa ilisha, through SMRT sequencing. Hilsa shad, T. ilisha, an anadromous fish, faces environmental stresses and is thus prone to diseases. Here, expression profiles of different A2M isoforms in four tissues were studied in T. ilisha, for the tissue specific diversity of A2M. Large scale high quality full length transcripts (>0.99% accuracy) were obtained from liver, ovary, testes and gill transcriptomes, through Iso-sequencing on PacBio RSII. A total of 12 isoforms, with complete putatative proteins, were detected in three tissues (7 isoforms in liver, 4 in ovary and 1 in testes). Complete structure of A2M mRNA was predicted from these isoforms, containing 4680 bp sequence, 35 exons and 1508 amino acids. With Homo sapiens A2M as reference, six functional domains (A2M_N,A2M_N2, A2M, Thiol-ester_cl, Complement and Receptor domain), along with a bait region, were predicted in A2M consensus protein. A total of 35 splice sites were identified in T. ilisha A2M consensus transcript, with highest frequency (55.7%) of GT-AG splice sites, as compared to that of Homo sapiens. Liver showed longest isoform (X1) consisting of all domains, while smallest (X10) was found in ovary with one Receptor domain. Present study predicted five putative markers (I-212, I-269, A-472, S-567 and Y-906) for EUS disease resistance in A2M protein, which were present in MG2 domains (A2M_N and A2M_N2), by comparing with that of resistant and susceptible/unknown response species. These markers classified fishes into two groups, resistant and susceptible response. Potential markers, predicted in T. ilisha, placed it to be EUS susceptible category. Putative markers reported in A2M protein may serve as molecular markers in diagnosis of EUS disease resistance/susceptibility in fishes and may have a potential for inclusion in the marker panel for pilot studies. Further, challenging studies are required to confirm the role of particular A2M isoforms and markers identified in immune protection against EUS disease.

A complex of novel protease inhibitor, ovostatin homolog, with its cognate proteases in immature mice uterine luminal fluid

A predominant gelatinolytic enzyme with approximately 26 kDa was observed in gelatin zymogram of immature mice uterine luminal fluid (ULF). Size exclusion analysis revealed that the native size of this enzyme was close to that of human α₂-macroglobulin (α₂-MG), a 725 kDa protein. This large protease was isolated by a series of chromatographic steps on the Sephacryl S-400 and DEAE-Sepharose columns. The results from gelatin zymography and SDS-PAGE analysis supported that this large protease consists of gelatinolytic enzyme and a 360 kDa protein. Through tandem mass spectrometry analysis followed by MASCOT database search, the 360 kDa protein was identified as ovostatin homolog (accession: NP_001001179.2) assigned as a homolog of chicken ovostatin, a protease inhibitor. The co-fractionation analysis by gel filtration and mouse ovostatin homolog (mOH) co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the mOH formed a complex with three gelatinolytic enzymes in immature mice ULF. Substrate zymography analysis revealed that the mOH-associated gelatinolytic enzymes were suitable to digest type I collagen rather than type IV collagen. In addition, the refolded mOH-associated 26 kDa gelatinolytic enzyme displayed the type I collagen-digesting activity in the assay, but the other two enzymes did not have this function. RT-PCR analysis showed that mOH gene was abundantly expressed in brain, spinal cord, lung, uterus, and in 17-day embryo. Taken together, our data suggest that mOH/cognate protease system may play a potential role in regulation of tissue remodeling and fetal development.

Expression of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-2 and TIMP-3) in the chicken ovary in relation to follicle development and atresia

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of peptidases that possess the ability to break down extracellular matrix macromolecules associated with tissue turnover in various physiological and pathological conditions. Their activity is largely regulated by specific tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). Information concerning the role of MMPs in the chicken ovary is very limited. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression and localization of selected members of the MMP system in different compartments of the laying hen ovary and to investigate whether their expression changes at different stages of the ovulatory cycle. MMP-2 and -9 activity was also examined. Expression of MMP-2, -9 and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-2 and -3) in the ovarian follicles was examined 22 h and 3 h before F1 ovulation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot revealed differential mRNA and protein expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 in the ovarian follicles: white, yellowish, small yellow, the largest preovulatory (F3-F1), and white atretic. Within the ovary, the relative expression of MMP and TIMP mRNA depended on follicle development, the layer of follicular wall, and ovulation stage. The relatively higher expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA in the ovarian follicles 3 h compared to 22 h before ovulation was found. As follicle development progressed toward ovulation, elevated MMP-2 and -9 activity was noted. Atresia of white follicles was accompanied by an increase in gelatinase activities. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated tissue- and follicle-dependent immunoreactivity of the examined MMPs and TIMPs. In summary, the results show tissue- and stage of the ovulatory cycle-dependent differences in MMP and TIMP expression, as well as MMP-2 and -9 activity. Findings that suggest these molecules might significantly participate in the complex remodeling of extracellular matrix required for follicle development, ovulation, and atresia in the chicken ovary.

Domestic Fowl Breed Variation in Egg White Protein Expression: Application of Proteomics and Transcriptomics

Avian egg white is essential for protecting and nourishing bird embryos during their development. Being produced in the female magnum, variability in hen oviduct gene expression may affect egg white composition in domestic chickens. Since traditional poultry breeds may represent a source of variation, in the present study we describe the egg white proteome (mass spectrometry) and corresponding magnum transcriptome (high-throughput sequencing) for 20 hens from five domestic fowl breeds (large breeds: Araucana, Czech golden pencilled, Minorca; and small breeds: Booted bantam, Rosecomb bantam). In total, we identified 189 egg white proteins and 16391 magnum-expressed genes. The majority of egg white protein content comprised proteins with an antimicrobial function. Despite general similarity, Between-class Principal Component Analysis revealed significant breed-specific variability in protein abundances, differentiating especially small and large breeds. Though we found strong association between magnum mRNA expression and egg white protein abundance across genes, coinertia analysis revealed no transcriptome/proteome costructure at the individual level. Our study is the first to show variation in protein abundances in egg white across chicken breeds with potential effects on egg quality, biosafety, and chick development. The observed interindividual variation probably results from post-transcriptional regulation creating a discrepancy between proteomic and transcriptomic data.

Estrogen Promotes Mandibular Condylar Fibrocartilage Chondrogenesis and Inhibits Degeneration via Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Female Mice

Temporomandibular joint degenerative disease (TMJ-DD) is a chronic form of TMJ disorder that specifically afflicts people over the age of 40 and targets women at a higher rate than men. Prevalence of TMJ-DD in this population suggests that estrogen loss plays a role in the disease pathogenesis. Thus, the goal of the present study was to determine the role of estrogen on chondrogenesis and homeostasis via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) during growth and maturity of the joint. Young and mature WT and ERαKO female mice were subjected to ovariectomy procedures and then given placebo or estradiol treatment. The effect of estrogen via ERα on fibrocartilage morphology, matrix production, and protease activity was assessed. In the young mice, estrogen via ERα promoted mandibular condylar fibrocartilage chondrogenesis partly by inhibiting the canonical Wnt signaling pathway through upregulation of sclerostin (Sost). In the mature mice, protease activity was partly inhibited with estrogen treatment via the upregulation and activity of protease inhibitor 15 (Pi15) and alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2m). The results from this work provide a mechanistic understanding of estradiol on TMJ growth and homeostasis and can be utilized for development of therapeutic targets to promote regeneration and inhibit degeneration of the mandibular condylar fibrocartilage.

The PeptideAtlas of the Domestic Laying Hen

Proteomics-based biological research is greatly expanded by high-quality mass spectrometry studies, which are themselves enabled by access to quality mass spectrometry resources, such as high-quality curated proteome data repositories. We present a PeptideAtlas for the domestic chicken, containing an extensive and robust collection of chicken tissue and plasma samples with substantial value for the chicken proteomics community for protein validation and design of downstream targeted proteome quantitation. The chicken PeptideAtlas contains 6646 canonical proteins at a protein FDR of 1.3%, derived from ∼100 000 peptides at a peptide level FDR of 0.1%. The rich collection of readily accessible data is easily mined for the purposes of data validation and experimental planning, particularly in the realm of developing proteome quantitation workflows. Herein we demonstrate the use of the atlas to mine information on common chicken acute-phase proteins and biomarkers for cancer detection research, as well as their localization and polymorphisms. This wealth of information will support future proteome-based research using this highly important agricultural organism in pursuit of both chicken and human health outcomes.

Hen egg white ovomacroglobulin promotes fibroblast migration via mediating cell adhesion and cytoskeleton

BACKGROUND

Hen egg white ovomacroglobulin (OVM) possesses a variety of bioactivities and could potentially be used as a pharmaceutical agent. It has been reported that OVM is involved in wound healing and cancer pathological processes, and previous results suggest that OVM plays a potential role in cell proliferation and migration; however, this has not yet been proven. In the present study, the effects of OVM on fibroblast proliferation and migration were evaluated.

RESULTS

Results of cell counting, cell viability, and cell cycle indicated that proliferation of fibroblasts was not altered by OVM treatment. However, scratch assays showed that OVM could promote the migration of 3 T6 mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human skin fibroblasts (HSF). Also, the adhesion of HSF to the collagen matrix was also enhanced by OVM treatment. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis showed that β1 -integrin, β-tubulin, and β-actin were up-regulated while E-cadherin was down-regulated in OVM-treated HSF cells. The effect of OVM was silenced after forming a complex with trypsin, suggesting that the protease inhibitory ability of OVM is important for its effect on cell migration.

CONCLUSION

These results suggested that promotion of OVM on cell migration was achieved by enhancing cell adhesion to extracellular matrix, reducing intercellular aggregation, and strengthening cytoskeleton. The finding of the promotion effect of OVM on cell migration is important for understanding its role in wound healing and cancer pathological processes. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -7, -9) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-2, -3) in the chicken oviduct regression and recrudescence

This study was undertaken to examine mRNA and protein expression, localization of selected MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), and the activity of MMPs in all segments of the chicken oviduct (infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland, vagina) during a pause in egg laying induced by food deprivation. Control chickens (n = 18) were fed ad libitum, while experimental birds (n = 18) were fasted for 5 days, followed by being fed every other day, and then fed daily from day 10 onwards. Chickens were decapitated on day 6 (when the oviduct was regressed), day 13 (during oviduct recrudescence), and days 17-20 (oviduct rejuvenation) of the experiment. A pause in laying occurred between days 6 and 13 and resumption of laying before days 17-20. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot revealed different expression of MMP-2, -7, -9 and TIMP-2 and -3 on mRNA and protein levels, respectively, as well as activity of MMP-2 and -9 by activity assay in the oviduct parts. Immunohistochemistry showed cell- and tissue-dependent localization of the examined members of the MMP system. Regression of the oviduct was accompanied predominantly by an increase in the relative expression of MMP-2, -7 and -9, and TIMP-2 and -3 mRNAs. The protein expression levels and localization of MMPs and TIMPs did not show pronounced changes during the examined period. During oviduct regression and recrudescence, elevated activity of MMP-2 and -9 was found. In summary, the results showing the stage of reproductive cycle-dependent changes as well as cell- and tissue-dependent differences in the expression of selected MMPs and TIMPs, and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 point to the significance that these molecules might be the local regulators of remodeling and functions of the hen oviduct.

Expression and localization of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -7, -9) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-2, -3) in the chicken oviduct during maturation

Although participation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in reproductive tract remodeling has been strongly suggested in mammalian species, the role of MMPs in the avian oviduct has received little attention. To gain a better understanding of the potential role of the MMP system in avian oviduct development, mRNA and protein expression, localization of selected MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), and gelatinolytic activity in the oviduct of growing chickens were examined. The oviducts were collected from Hy-Line Brown hens before (10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks of age) and after (week 17) the onset of egg laying. The MMP-2, -7, -9 and TIMP-2 and -3 genes were found to be differentially expressed in all examined oviductal sections: the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus and shell gland on both mRNA (by real time polymerase chain reaction) and protein (by western blotting and immunohistochemistry) levels. In the course of oviduct development, the relative expression of all genes decreased in most sections. Protein level of MMP-9 was diminished, while MMP-7 and TIMP-3 were elevated in the oviduct of growing birds. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 protein levels remained constant, with a slight increase in MMP-2 concentration just before reaching maturity. The relative activity of MMP-2 and -9 (assessed by gelatin zymography) was higher (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) in immature birds compared with adults. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated cell- and tissue-specific localization of MMPs and TIMPs in the wall of the chicken oviduct. We concluded that changes in the expression of examined MMPs and their inhibitors, as well as alterations in MMP activity occurring simultaneously with changes in the morphology of the chicken oviduct, suggest the involvement of the MMP system in the proper development and functioning of this organ. Mechanisms regulating the expression and activity of MMPs require further clarification.

In-depth LC-MS/MS analysis of the chicken ovarian cancer proteome reveals conserved and novel differentially regulated proteins in humans

Ovarian cancer (OVC) remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy in the world due to the combined lack of early-stage diagnostics and effective therapeutic strategies. The development and application of advanced proteomics technology and new experimental models has created unique opportunities for translational studies. In this study, we investigated the ovarian cancer proteome of the chicken, an emerging experimental model of OVC that develops ovarian tumors spontaneously. Matched plasma, ovary, and oviduct tissue biospecimens derived from healthy, early-stage OVC, and late-stage OVC birds were quantitatively characterized by label-free proteomics. Over 2600 proteins were identified in this study, 348 of which were differentially expressed by more than twofold (p ≤ 0.05) in early- and late-stage ovarian tumor tissue specimens relative to healthy ovarian tissues. Several of the 348 proteins are known to be differentially regulated in human cancers including B2M, CLDN3, EPCAM, PIGR, S100A6, S100A9, S100A11, and TPD52. Of particular interest was ovostatin 2 (OVOS2), a novel 165-kDa protease inhibitor found to be strongly upregulated in chicken ovarian tumors (p = 0.0005) and matched plasma (p = 0.003). Indeed, RT-quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that OVOS2 mRNA and protein were also upregulated in multiple human OVC cell lines compared to normal ovarian epithelia (NOE) cells and immunohistochemical staining confirmed overexpression of OVOS2 in primary human ovarian cancers relative to non-cancerous tissues. Collectively, these data provide the first evidence for involvement of OVOS2 in the pathogenesis of both chicken and human ovarian cancer.

Diethylstilbestrol regulates expression of avian apolipoprotein D during regression and recrudescence of the oviduct and epithelial-derived ovarian carcinogenesis

Apolipoprotein D (APOD) is a glycoprotein which is widely expressed in mammalian tissues. It is structurally and functionally similar to the lipocalins which are multiple lipid-binding proteins that transport hydrophobic ligands and other small hydrophobic molecules, including cholesterol and several steroid hormones. Although multiple functions for APOD in various tissues have been reported, its expression, biological function, and hormonal regulation in the female reproductive system are not known. Thus, in this study, we focused on correlations between APOD and estrogen during development, differentiation, regression, and regeneration of the oviduct in chickens and in the development of ovarian carcinogenesis in laying hens. Results of the present study indicated that APOD messenger RNA (mRNA) expression increased (P < 0.001) in the luminal and glandular (GE) epithelia of the chicken oviduct in response to diethylstilbestrol (a nonsteroidal synthetic estrogen). In addition, the expression of APOD mRNA and protein decreased (P < 0.001) as the oviduct regressed during induced molting, and gradually increased (P < 0.001) with abundant expression in GE of the oviduct during recrudescence after molting. Furthermore, APOD mRNA and protein were predominantly localized in GE of cancerous, but not normal ovaries from laying hens. Collectively, results of the present study suggest that APOD is a novel estrogen-stimulated gene in the chicken oviduct which likely regulates growth, differentiation, and remodeling of the oviduct during oviposition cycles. Moreover, up-regulated expression of APOD in epithelial cell-derived ovarian cancerous tissue suggests that it could be a candidate biomarker for early detection and treatment of ovarian cancer in laying hens and in women.

The chicken model of spontaneous ovarian cancer

The chicken is a unique experimental model for studying the spontaneous onset and progression of ovarian cancer (OVC). The prevalence of OVC in chickens can range from 5 to 35% depending on age, genetic strain, reproductive history, and diet. Furthermore, the chicken presents epidemiological, morphological, and molecular traits that are similar to human OVC making it a relevant experimental model for translation research. Similarities to humans include associated increased risk of OVC with the number of ovulations, common histopathological subtypes including high-grade serous, and molecular-level markers or pathways such as CA-125 expression and p53 mutation frequency.  Collectively, the similarities between chicken and human OVC combined with a tightly controlled genetic background and predictable onset window provides an outstanding experimental model for studying the early events and progression of spontaneous OVC tumors under controlled environmental conditions. This review will cover the existing literature on OVC in the chicken and highlight potential opportunities for further exploitation (e.g. biomarkers, prevention, treatment, and genomics).

Differential expression of vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1: hormonal regulation of expression in the oviduct and in ovarian carcinomas from laying hens

Vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1 (VMO1), a basic protein present in the outer layer of the vitelline membrane of eggs, plays essential roles in separating the yolk from the egg white and preventing infection from bacteria by forming a barrier of fibrous layers in avian eggs. Although VMO1 is expressed in the oviduct of hens, little is known about endocrine regulation of transcription of VMO1 in the oviduct and its expression in cancerous ovaries of laying hens. Results of present study indicated that expression of VMO1 mRNA increased in the chick oviduct in response to diethylstilbestrol (DES, a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen). VMO1 mRNA and protein were particularly abundant in the glandular epithelium (GE) and luminal epithelium (LE) of the magnum of the oviducts of chicks treated with DES. Also, during the regression and recrudescence phases of the oviduct during induced molting with zinc feeding, VMO1 expression decreased as the oviduct regressed and increased with remodeling and recrudescence of the oviduct in laying hens. In addition, changes in relative expression of specific microRNAs (miR-1623, miR-1552-3p, miR-1573, miR-22-3p, miR-124a and miR-1764) regulating VMO1 gene were detected in the oviducts during the molting period. Moreover, abundant expression of VMO1 was found in GE of cancerous, but not normal ovaries of laying hens. Results of the present study suggest that VMO1 is regulated by estrogen and target microRNAs in the chicken oviduct and that it is a potential diagnostic marker of ovarian cancer in laying hens.

Avian SERPINB12 expression in the avian oviduct is regulated by estrogen and up-regulated in epithelial cell-derived ovarian carcinomas of laying hens

Serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) are involved in a variety of biological processes such as blood clotting, angiogenesis, immune system, and embryogenesis. Although, of these, SERPINB12 is identified as the latest member of clade B in humans, little is known of it in chickens. Thus, in this study, we investigated SERPINB12 expression profiles in various tissues of chickens and focused on effects of steroid hormone regulation of its expression. In the chicken oviduct, SERPINB12 mRNA and protein are abundant in the luminal (LE) and glandular (GE) epithelia of the magnum in response to endogenous or exogenous estrogen. Furthermore, SERPINB12 mRNA and protein increase significantly in GE of cancerous ovaries of laying hens with epithelia-derived ovarian cancer. Collectively, these results indicate that SERPINB12 is a novel estrogen-stimulated gene that is up-regulated by estrogen in epithelial cells of the chicken oviduct and that it is a potential biomarker for early detection of ovarian carcinomas in laying hens and women.

Pivotal roles for hormonally regulated expression of the HEP21 gene in the reproductive tract of chickens for oviduct development and in ovarian carcinogenesis

Hen egg protein (HEP21) is a 21-kDa secreted protein and has a single copy of the Ly6/uPAR domain. Although HEP21 is expressed primarily in the chicken oviduct, its biological function(s) in the reproductive system of chickens is not known. Thus, in the present study, we investigated expression patterns of HEP21 with respect to hormonal regulation, oviduct development, changes in expression in laying hens undergoing induced molting, and in the development of ovarian carcinogenesis in laying hens. Results of present study indicated that HEP21 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression increased (P < 0.001) in the chicken oviduct in response to estrogen. In situ hybridization analyses revealed expression of HEP21 mRNA predominantly in glandular (GE) and luminal epithelia of the magnum of the chicken oviduct in response to estrogen. The expression of HEP21 mRNA decreased (P < 0.001) as the oviduct regressed during induced molting and increased (P < 0.001) with recrudescence of the oviduct following molting. HEP21 mRNA was most abundant in GE of the oviduct during recrudescence, but not during oviduct regression following induced molting. Moreover, we found abundant expression of HEP21 in GE of cancerous ovaries, but not in normal ovaries of hens. Collectively, results of present study suggest that HEP21 is an estrogen-responsive gene in the oviduct of hens that likely regulates development of the chicken oviduct, and egg production and formation. Furthermore, there is increased expression of HEP21 in epithelial-derived ovarian cancer suggesting that HEP21 could be used for diagnosis and monitoring carcinogenesis in laying hens and in women.

Identification of novel regulatory genes in development of the avian reproductive tracts

The chicken reproductive system is unique in maintaining its functions including production of eggs or sperm, fertilization of the egg by sperm maintained in sperm nests, production of hormones regulating its growth, development and function, and reproduction. Development of the reproductive organs is a highly regulated process that results in differentiation and proliferation of germ cells in response to predominant regulatory factors such as hormones and transcription factors. However, only a few genes are known to determine morphogenesis of the chicken reproductive tract and their mechanisms are unknown. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the expression patterns of four genes including SNCA, TOM1L1, TTR and ZEB1 in the gonads at embryonic days 14 and 18, and in immature (12-week-old) and mature (50-week-old) chickens, as well as the reproductive tract including ovary, oviduct and testes of the respective sexes by qRT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence analyses. The expression of SNCA, TOM1L1 and ZEB1 genes was higher in immature and mature female reproductive tracts than expression of TTR. In addition, different temporal and spatial patterns of expression of the four genes were observed during maturation of testis in chickens. Specifically, SNCA, TOM1L1 and TTR were highly expressed in testes of 12-week-old chickens. Moreover, several chicken specific microRNAs (miRs) were demonstrated to affect expression of target gene mRNAs by directly binding to the 3′-UTR of their target genes through actions at the post-transcriptional level as follows: miR-153 and miR-1643 for SNCA; miR-1680* for TTR; and miR-200b and miR-1786 for ZEB1. These results suggest that four-selected genes play an important role in development of the male and female reproductive tract in chickens and expression of most candidate genes is regulated at the post-transcriptional level through specific microRNAs.

Hormonal regulation of beta-catenin during development of the avian oviduct and its expression in epithelial cell-derived ovarian carcinogenesis

Beta-catenin (CTNNB1) is a dual function molecule that acts as a key component of the cadherin complex and WNT signaling pathway. It has a crucial role in embryogenesis, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and progression of metastasis. Recently, it has been suggested that the CTNNB1 complex is a major regulator of development of the mouse oviduct and uterus. However, little is known about the CTNNB1 gene in chickens. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the CTNNB1 gene in the chicken reproductive tract and hormonal control of its expression in the chicken oviduct. CTNNB1 was localized specifically to the luminal and glandular epithelium of the four segments of chicken oviduct and DES (diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen) increased its expression primarily in LE of the magnum. In addition, CTNNB1 mRNA and protein were expressed abundantly in glandular epithelium of endometrioid-type ovarian carcinoma, but not in normal ovaries. Moreover, CTNNB1 expression was post-transcriptionally regulated via its 3'-UTR by binding with target miRNAs including miR-217, miR-1467, miR-1623 and miR-1697. Collectively, these results indicate that CTNNB1 is a novel gene regulated by estrogen in epithelial cells of the chicken oviduct and that it is also abundantly expressed in epithelial cells of endometrioid-type ovarian carcinoma suggesting that it could be used as a marker for diagnosis of ovarian cancer in laying hens and women.

Immuno-spin trapping of heme-induced protein radicals: Implications for heme oxygenase-1 induction and heme degradation

Heme, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, can act as a peroxidase. Intravascular hemolysis results in a massive release of heme into the plasma in several pathophysiological conditions such as hemolytic anemia, malaria, and sickle cell disease. Heme is known to induce heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) expression, and the extent of induction depends on the ratio of albumin to heme in plasma. HO-1 degrades heme and ultimately generates the antioxidant bilirubin. Heme also causes oxidative stress in cells, but whether it causes protein-radical formation has not yet been studied. In the literature, two purposes for the degradation of heme by HO-1 are discussed. One is the production of the antioxidant bilirubin and the other is the prevention of heme-dependent adverse effects. Here we have investigated heme-induced protein-radical formation, which might have pathophysiological consequences, and have used immuno-spin trapping to establish the formation of heme-induced protein radicals in two systems: human serum albumin (HSA)/H2O2 and human plasma/H2O2.We found that excess heme catalyzed the formation of HSA radicals in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. When heme and hydrogen peroxide were added to human plasma, heme was found to oxidize proteins, primarily and predominantly HSA; however, when HSA-depleted plasma was used, heme triggered the oxidation of several other proteins, including transferrin. Thus, HSA in plasma protected other proteins from heme/H2O2-induced oxidation. The antioxidants ascorbate and uric acid significantly attenuated protein-radical formation induced by heme/H2O2; however, bilirubin did not confer significant protection. Based on these findings, we conclude that heme is degraded by HO-1 because it is a catalyst of protein-radical formation and not merely to produce the relatively inefficient antioxidant bilirubin.

Avian WNT4 in the female reproductive tracts: potential role of oviduct development and ovarian carcinogenesis

The wingless-type MMTV integration site family of proteins (WNTs) is highly conserved secreted lipid-modified signaling molecules that play a variety of pivotal roles in developmental events such as embryogenesis, tissue homeostasis and cell polarity. Although, of these proteins, WNT4 is known to be involved in genital development in fetuses of mammalian species, its role is unknown in avian species. Therefore, in this study, we investigated expression profiles, as well as hormonal and post-transcriptional regulation of WNT4 expression in the reproductive tract of female chickens. Results of this study demonstrated that WNT4 is most abundant in the stromal and luminal epithelial cells of the isthmus and shell gland of the oviduct, respectively. WNT4 is also most abundant in the glandular epithelium of the shell gland of the oviduct of laying hens at 3 h post-ovulation during the laying cycle. In addition, treatment of young chicks with diethylstilbestrol (DES, a synthetic estrogen agonist) stimulated WNT4 only in the glandular epithelial cells of the isthmus and shell gland of the oviduct. Moreover, results of our study demonstrated that miR-1786 influences WNT4 expression via specific binding sites in its 3'-UTR. On the other hand, our results also indicate that WNT4 is expressed predominantly in the glandular epithelium of cancerous ovaries, but not in normal ovaries of hens. Collectively, these results indicate cell-specific expression of WNT4 in the reproductive tract of chickens and that it likely has crucial roles in development and function of oviduct as well as initiation of ovarian carcinogenesis in laying hens.

α-2-Macroglobulin: a physiological guardian

Alpha macroglobulins are large glycoproteins which are present in the body fluids of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2 M), a key member of alpha macroglobulin superfamily, is a high-molecular weight homotetrameric glycoprotein. α2 M has many diversified and complex functions, but it is primarily known by its ability to inhibit a broad spectrum of proteases without the direct blockage of the protease active site. α2 M is also known to be involved in the regulation, transport, and a host of other functions. For example, apart from inhibiting proteinases, it regulates binding of transferrin to its surface receptor, binds defensin and myelin basic protein, etc., binds several important cytokines, including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and modify their biological activity. α2 M also binds a number of hormones and regulates their activity. α2 M is said to protect the body against various infections, and hence, can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of a number of diseases. However, this multipurpose antiproteinse is not "fail safe" and could be damaged by reactive species generated endogenously or exogenously, leading to various pathophysiological conditions.

Multi-peptide nLC-PC-IDMS-SRM-based assay for the quantification of biomarkers in the chicken ovarian cancer model

A novel form of ovomacroglobulin/ovostatin (OVOS2) predicted from EST data was previously identified in the chicken ovarian cancer model using a mass spectrometry-based shotgun label-free proteomics strategy. The quantitative label-free data from plasma showed a significant increase over time with the spontaneous onset and progression of ovarian cancer making it a potential protein biomarker for further study. Two other proteins of interest identified from this initial study included vitellogenin-1 (Vit-1), a lipid-transport protein tied to egg production, and transthyretin (TTR), a retinol binding transport protein currently used in the clinical management of ovarian cancer. A multiplexed protein cleavage isotope dilution mass spectrometry (PC-IDMS) assay was developed to quantify OVOS2, Vit-1, and TTR by selected reaction monitoring (SRM). A total of 6 stable isotope labeled (SIL) peptide standards were used in the assay with three tryptic peptides from OVOS2, one for Vit-1, and two for TTR. The assay was developed for use with un-depleted raw plasma combined with the filter assisted sample preparation (FASP) method and its use was also demonstrated for matched ovary tissue samples. The PC-IDMS data for the two TTR peptides did not correlate with each other with more than a 10-fold difference in concentration for all 5 time points measured. The PC-IDMS data from the longitudinal plasma samples correlated well for OVOS2 and Vit-1 whereas TTR was inconclusive. Interestingly, the absolute amount for one of the OVOS2 SIL peptides was 2-fold less compared with the other two SIL peptides. These data illustrate the successes and challenges of qualifying quantitative levels of proteins from an in-gel digestion sample preparation followed by LC-MS/MS (GeLC) label-free discovery-based approach to a targeted SRM-based quantitative assay in plasma and tissues.

Expression and regulation of beta-defensin 11 in the oviduct in response to estrogen and in ovarian tumors of chickens

Avian beta-defensins (AvBDs), also known as gallinacins, are small cationic peptides having three cysteine disulfide bonds between their cysteine residues. They play essential roles in the innate immune system as well as stimulate proliferation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Although we found the avian homolog of human beta-defensin 11 to be highly expressed in chicks treated with the diethylstilbestrol (DES, a synthetic estrogen agonist), little is known about the hormonal and transcriptional regulation of AvBD-11 in the chicken oviduct and its expression in cancerous ovaries of chickens. Results of this study of young chicks revealed that DES induced AvBD-11 mRNA and protein in the oviduct, specifically luminal and glandular epithelial cells. In addition, microRNA-1615 was discovered to influence AvBD-11 expression via its 3'-UTR which suggests post-transcriptional regulation of AvBD-11 expression in chickens. Furthermore, we compared the expression patterns of the AvBD-11 gene in normal and cancerous ovaries from laying hens which are models for human epithelial ovarian cancer. Our results demonstrated that AvBD-11 is most abundant in the glandular epithelium of endometrioid-type ovarian tumors, but not normal ovaries of laying hens. Collectively, these results suggest that AvBD-11 is an estrogen-induced gene during oviduct development and that it may be used as a biomarker for diagnosis of ovarian cancer and for monitoring effects of therapeutics on progression of ovarian carcinogenesis.

Distinct expression pattern and post-transcriptional regulation of cell cycle genes in the glandular epithelia of avian ovarian carcinomas

The cell cycle system is controlled in a timely manner by three groups of cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. Abnormal alterations of cell cycle regulatory mechanisms are a common feature of many diseases including numerous tumor types such as ovarian cancer. Although a variety of cell cycle regulatory genes are well known in mammalian species including human and mice, they are not well studied in avian species, especially in laying hens which are recognized as an excellent animal model for research relevant to human ovarian carcinogenesis. Therefore, in the present study, we focused on comparative expression and regulation of expression of candidate genes which might be involved in the cell cycle program in surface epithelial ovarian cancer in laying hens. Our current results indicate that expression levels of cell cycle gene transcripts are greater in cancerous as compared to normal ovaries. In particular, cyclin A2 (CCNA2), CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CCNE2, cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), CDK3, CDK5, cyclin dependent kinases inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) and CDKN1B were upregulated predominantly in the glandular epithelia of cancerous ovaries from laying hens. Further, several microRNAs (miRs), specifically miR-1798, miR-1699, miR-223 and miR-1744 were discovered to influence expression of CCND1, CCNE2, CDK1, and CDK3 mRNAs, respectively, via their 3′-UTR which suggests that post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression influences their expression in laying hens. Moreover, miR-1626 influenced CDKN1A expression and miR-222, miR-1787 and miR-1812 regulated CDKN1B expression via their 3′-UTR regions. Collectively, results of the present study demonstrate increased expression of cell cycle-related genes in cancerous ovaries of laying hens and indicate that expression of these genes is post-transcriptionally regulated by specific microRNAs.

Genetic network and gene set enrichment analysis to identify biomarkers related to cigarette smoking and lung cancer

OBJECTIVES

Cigarette smoking is the most demonstrated risk factor for the development of lung cancer, while the related genetic mechanisms are still unclear.

METHODS

The preprocessed microarray expression dataset was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Samples were classified according to the disease state, stage and smoking state. A new computational strategy was applied for the identification and biological interpretation of new candidate genes in lung cancer and smoking by coupling a network-based approach with gene set enrichment analysis.

MEASUREMENTS

Network analysis was performed by pair-wise comparison according to the disease states (tumor or normal), smoking states (current smokers or nonsmokers or former smokers), or the disease stage (stages I-IV). The most activated metabolic pathways were identified by gene set enrichment analysis.

RESULTS

Panels of top ranked gene candidates in smoking or cancer development were identified, including genes involved in cell proliferation and drug metabolism like cytochrome P450 and WW domain containing transcription regulator 1. Semaphorin 5A and protein phosphatase 1F are the common genes represented as major hubs in both the smoking and cancer related network. Six pathways, e.g. cell cycle, DNA replication, RNA transport, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, vascular smooth muscle contraction and endocytosis were commonly involved in smoking and lung cancer when comparing the top ten selected pathways.

CONCLUSION

New approach of bioinformatics for biomarker identification and validation can probe into deep genetic relationships between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Our studies indicate that disease-specific network biomarkers, interaction between genes/proteins, or cross-talking of pathways provide more specific values for the development of precision therapies for lung.

Chicken pleiotrophin: regulation of tissue specific expression by estrogen in the oviduct and distinct expression pattern in the ovarian carcinomas

Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a developmentally-regulated growth factor which is widely distributed in various tissues and also detected in many kinds of carcinomas. However, little is known about the PTN gene in chickens. In the present study, we found chicken PTN to be highly conserved with respect to mammalian PTN genes (91–92.6%) and its mRNA was most abundant in brain, heart and oviduct. This study focused on the PTN gene in the oviduct where it was detected in the glandular (GE) and luminal (LE) epithelial cells. Treatment of young chicks with diethylstilbesterol induced PTN mRNA and protein in GE and LE, but not in other cell types of the oviduct. Further, several microRNAs, specifically miR-499 and miR-1709 were discovered to influence PTN expression via its 3′-UTR which suggests that post-transcriptional regulation influences PTN expression in chickens. We also compared expression patterns and CpG methylation status of the PTN gene in normal and cancerous ovaries from chickens. Our results indicated that PTN is most abundant in the GE of adenocarcinoma of cancerous, but not normal ovaries of hens. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that 30- and 40% of −1311 and −1339 CpG sites are demethylated in ovarian cancer cells, respectively. Collectively, these results indicate that chicken PTN is a novel estrogen-induced gene expressed mainly in the oviductal epithelia implicating PTN regulation of oviduct development and egg formation, and also suggest that PTN is a biomarker for epithelial ovarian carcinoma that could be used for diagnosis and monitoring effects of therapies for the disease.