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Deroover K, Knight S, Burke PF, Bucher T. Why do experts disagree? The development of a taxonomy. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:224-246. [PMID: 35912942 DOI: 10.1177/09636625221110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
People are increasingly exposed to conflicting health information and must navigate this information to make numerous decisions, such as which foods to consume, a process many find difficult. Although some consumers attribute these disagreements to aspects related to uncertainty and complexity of research, many use a narrower set of credibility-based explanations. Experts' views on disagreements are underinvestigated and lack explicit identification and classification of the differences in causes for disagreement. Consequently, there is a gap in existing literature to understand the range of reasons for these contradictions. Combining the findings from a literature study and expert interviews, a taxonomy of disagreements was developed. It identifies 10 types of disagreement classified under three dimensions: informant-, information- and uncertainty-related causes for disagreement. The taxonomy may assist with adoption of more effective strategies to deal with conflicting information and contributes to research and practice of science communication in the context of disagreement.
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Rosen L, Kislev S, Bar-Zeev Y, Levine H. Historic tobacco legislation in Israel: a moment to celebrate. Isr J Health Policy Res 2020; 9:22. [PMID: 32366296 PMCID: PMC7199353 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-020-00384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Israel was once a leader in tobacco control, but fell behind other countries, particularly during the past decade, as smoking rates stagnated. TEXT: Landmark tobacco control legislation, which banned advertising (with the exception of the print press) and limited marketing, was passed in Israel on Dec. 31rst, 2018. The changes occurred following years of attempts which culminated in successful last-minute efforts to promote the legislation just before the early disbanding of the 20th Knesset (Israeli Parliament). Regulations concerning marketing and advertising were substantially strengthened to address all tobacco, nicotine and smoking products. Digital media was included for the first time. Electronic cigarettes, which were previously largely unregulated, now fall under existing tobacco legislation. The changes overcame intense opposition from the tobacco lobby, and occurred despite the fact that the basic elements for prevention policy postulated by the Richmond model were not in place. CONCLUSIONS This legislation represents an important and long-awaited change in Israeli tobacco control policy. Many deficiencies in existing tobacco control regulation were overcome, and some measures went beyond current international regulations. The cohesive partnership between legislators, public health organizations and professionals, advocacy groups, academia, and leading journalists was critical to this success. The progress was lauded by the World Health Organization with its highest award for tobacco control, which was presented to Smoke Free Israel. This case study provides important lessons for up-to-date tobacco control policy, in the age of rapid global changes in the tobacco, vaping and nicotine landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rosen
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, 69978, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
| | - S Kislev
- The National Initiative to Eradicate Smoking (Smoke-Free Israel), Ramat Raziel, Israel
| | - Y Bar-Zeev
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, P.O Box 12272, Kiryat Hadassah, Ein Kerem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - H Levine
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, P.O Box 12272, Kiryat Hadassah, Ein Kerem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
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Rosen L, Guttman N, Myers V, Brown N, Ram A, Hovell M, Breysse P, Rule A, Berkovitch M, Zucker D. Protecting Young Children From Tobacco Smoke Exposure: A Pilot Study of Project Zero Exposure. Pediatrics 2018; 141:S107-S117. [PMID: 29292311 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1026n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) harms children, who are often "captive smokers" in their own homes. Project Zero Exposure is a parent-oriented, theory-based intervention designed to reduce child TSE. This paper reports on findings from the pilot study, which was conducted in Israel from 2013 to 2014. METHODS The intervention consisted of motivational interviews, child biomarker and home air quality feedback, a Web site, a video, and self-help materials. The primary outcome was child TSE as measured by hair nicotine. Secondary outcome measures were air nicotine and particulate matter, parental reports of TSE, parental smoking behavior, and TSE child protection. A single-group pre- and posttest design was used. RESULTS Twenty-six of the 29 recruited families completed the study. The intervention was feasible to implement and acceptable to participants. Among the 17 children with reliable hair samples at baseline and follow-up, log hair nicotine dropped significantly after the intervention (P = .04), hair nicotine levels decreased in 64.7% of children, and reductions to levels of nonexposed children were observed in 35.3% of children. The number of cigarettes smoked by parents (P = .001) and parent-reported child TSE declined (P = .01). Logistical issues arose with measurement of all objective measures, including air nicotine, which did not decline; home air particulate matter; and hair nicotine. CONCLUSIONS A program based on motivational interviewing and demonstrating TSE and contamination to parents in a concrete and easily understandable way is a promising approach to protect children from TSE. Further research is needed to enhance current methods of measurement and assess promising interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rosen
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine,
| | - Nurit Guttman
- Department of Communications, Faculty of Social Sciences, and
| | - Vicki Myers
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine
| | - Nili Brown
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine
| | - Amit Ram
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine
| | - Mel Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Patrick Breysse
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,National Center for Environmental Health, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Ana Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mati Berkovitch
- Assaf Harofeh Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Zucker
- Department of Statistics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Walls H, Liverani M, Chheng K, Parkhurst J. The many meanings of evidence: a comparative analysis of the forms and roles of evidence within three health policy processes in Cambodia. Health Res Policy Syst 2017; 15:95. [PMID: 29126423 PMCID: PMC5681792 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-017-0260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discussions within the health community routinely emphasise the importance of evidence in informing policy formulation and implementation. Much of the support for the evidence-based policy movement draws from concern that policy decisions are often based on inadequate engagement with high-quality evidence. In many such discussions, evidence is treated as differing only in quality, and assumed to improve decisions if it can only be used more. In contrast, political science scholars have described this as an overly simplistic view of the policy-making process, noting that research 'use' can mean a variety of things and relies on nuanced aspects of political systems. An approach more in recognition of how policy-making systems operate in practice can be to consider how institutions and ideas influence which pieces of evidence appear to be relevant for, and are used within, different policy processes. METHODS Drawing on in-depth interviews undertaken in 2015-2016 with key health sector stakeholders in Cambodia, we investigate the evidence perceived to be relevant to policy decisions for three contrasting health policy examples, namely tobacco control, HIV/AIDS and performance-based salary incentives. These cases allow us to examine the ways that policy-relevant evidence may differ given the framing of the issue and the broader institutional context in which evidence is considered. RESULTS The three health issues show few similarities in how pieces of evidence were used in various aspects of policy-making, despite all being discussed within a broad policy environment in which evidence-based policy-making is rhetorically championed. Instead, we find that evidence use can be better understood by mapping how these health policy issues differ in terms of the issue characteristics, and also in terms of the stakeholders structurally established as having a dominant influence for each issue. Both of these have important implications for evidence use. Contrasting concerns of key stakeholders meant that evidence related to differing issues could be understood in terms of how it was relevant to policy. The stakeholders involved, however, could further be seen to possess differing logics about how to go about achieving their various outcomes - logics that could further help explain the differences seen in evidence utilisation. CONCLUSION A comparative approach reiterates that evidence is not a uniform concept for which more is obviously better, but rather illustrates how different constructions and pieces of evidence become relevant in relation to the features of specific health policy decisions. An institutional approach that considers the structural position of stakeholders with differing core goals or objectives, as well as their logics related to evidence utilisation, can further help to understand some of the complexities of evidence use in health policy-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Walls
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Marco Liverani
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Justin Parkhurst
- Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
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Joseph P, Leong D, McKee M, Anand SS, Schwalm JD, Teo K, Mente A, Yusuf S. Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 1: The Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Circ Res 2017; 121:677-694. [PMID: 28860318 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.308903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current global health policy goals include a 25% reduction in premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases by 2025. In this 2-part review, we provide an overview of the current epidemiological data on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), its risk factors, and describe strategies aimed at reducing its burden. In part 1, we examine the global epidemiology of cardiac conditions that have the greatest impact on CVD mortality; the predominant risk factors; and the impact of upstream, societal health determinants (eg, environmental factors, health policy, and health systems) on CVD. Although age-standardized mortality from CVD has decreased in many regions of the world, the absolute number of deaths continues to increase, with the majority now occurring in middle- and low-income countries. It is evident that multiple factors are causally related to CVD, including traditional individual level risk factors (mainly tobacco use, lipids, and elevated blood pressure) and societal level health determinants (eg, health systems, health policies, and barriers to CVD prevention and care). Both individual and societal risk factors vary considerably between different regions of the world and economic settings. However, reliable data to estimate CVD burden are lacking in many regions of the world, which hampers the establishment of nationwide prevention and management strategies. A 25% reduction in premature CVD mortality globally is feasible but will require better implementation of evidence-based policies (particularly tobacco control) and integrated health systems strategies that improve CVD prevention and management. In addition, there is a need for better health information to monitor progress and guide health policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Joseph
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (P.J., D.L., S.S.A., J.-D.S., K.T., A.M., S.Y.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (M.M.).
| | - Darryl Leong
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (P.J., D.L., S.S.A., J.-D.S., K.T., A.M., S.Y.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (M.M.)
| | - Martin McKee
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (P.J., D.L., S.S.A., J.-D.S., K.T., A.M., S.Y.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (M.M.)
| | - Sonia S Anand
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (P.J., D.L., S.S.A., J.-D.S., K.T., A.M., S.Y.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (M.M.)
| | - Jon-David Schwalm
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (P.J., D.L., S.S.A., J.-D.S., K.T., A.M., S.Y.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (M.M.)
| | - Koon Teo
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (P.J., D.L., S.S.A., J.-D.S., K.T., A.M., S.Y.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (M.M.)
| | - Andrew Mente
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (P.J., D.L., S.S.A., J.-D.S., K.T., A.M., S.Y.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (M.M.)
| | - Salim Yusuf
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (P.J., D.L., S.S.A., J.-D.S., K.T., A.M., S.Y.); and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (M.M.)
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Chow CK, Corsi DJ, Gilmore AB, Kruger A, Igumbor E, Chifamba J, Yang W, Wei L, Iqbal R, Mony P, Gupta R, Vijayakumar K, Mohan V, Kumar R, Rahman O, Yusoff K, Ismail N, Zatonska K, Altuntas Y, Rosengren A, Bahonar A, Yusufali A, Dagenais G, Lear S, Diaz R, Avezum A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lanas F, Rangarajan S, Teo K, McKee M, Yusuf S. Tobacco control environment: cross-sectional survey of policy implementation, social unacceptability, knowledge of tobacco health harms and relationship to quit ratio in 17 low-income, middle-income and high-income countries. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013817. [PMID: 28363924 PMCID: PMC5387960 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines in a cross-sectional study 'the tobacco control environment' including tobacco policy implementation and its association with quit ratio. SETTING 545 communities from 17 high-income, upper-middle, low-middle and low-income countries (HIC, UMIC, LMIC, LIC) involved in the Environmental Profile of a Community's Health (EPOCH) study from 2009 to 2014. PARTICIPANTS Community audits and surveys of adults (35-70 years, n=12 953). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Summary scores of tobacco policy implementation (cost and availability of cigarettes, tobacco advertising, antismoking signage), social unacceptability and knowledge were associated with quit ratios (former vs ever smokers) using multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS Average tobacco control policy score was greater in communities from HIC. Overall 56.1% (306/545) of communities had >2 outlets selling cigarettes and in 28.6% (154/539) there was access to cheap cigarettes (<5cents/cigarette) (3.2% (3/93) in HIC, 0% UMIC, 52.6% (90/171) LMIC and 40.4% (61/151) in LIC). Effective bans (no tobacco advertisements) were in 63.0% (341/541) of communities (81.7% HIC, 52.8% UMIC, 65.1% LMIC and 57.6% LIC). In 70.4% (379/538) of communities, >80% of participants disapproved youth smoking (95.7% HIC, 57.6% UMIC, 76.3% LMIC and 58.9% LIC). The average knowledge score was >80% in 48.4% of communities (94.6% HIC, 53.6% UMIC, 31.8% LMIC and 35.1% LIC). Summary scores of policy implementation, social unacceptability and knowledge were positively and significantly associated with quit ratio and the associations varied by gender, for example, communities in the highest quintile of the combined scores had 5.0 times the quit ratio in men (Odds ratio (OR) 5·0, 95% CI 3.4 to 7.4) and 4.1 times the quit ratio in women (OR 4.1, 95% CI 2.4 to 7.1). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that more focus is needed on ensuring the tobacco control policy is actually implemented, particularly in LMICs. The gender-related differences in associations of policy, social unacceptability and knowledge suggest that different strategies to promoting quitting may need to be implemented in men compared to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara K Chow
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital and The George Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Population Health Research Institute(PHRI), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Corsi
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital and The George Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna B Gilmore
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Annamarie Kruger
- Faculty of Health Science North, West University Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ehimario Igumbor
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Jephat Chifamba
- Physiology Department, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Wang Yang
- National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wei
- National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular Institute & Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Sciences and Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Prem Mony
- Division of Epidemiology & Population Health, St John's Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Krishnapillai Vijayakumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College, Karakonam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - V Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- PGIMER School of Public Health, Chandigarh, India
| | - Omar Rahman
- Independent University, Bangladesh Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khalid Yusoff
- Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia UCSI University, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Noorhassim Ismail
- Department of Community Health, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Katarzyna Zatonska
- Department of Social Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yuksel Altuntas
- Sisli Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmad Bahonar
- Hypertension Research Center Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Gilles Dagenais
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec, Université laval,Quebec, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Scott Lear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rafael Diaz
- Estudios Clinicos Latinoamerica ECLA, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alvaro Avezum
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Koon Teo
- Population Health Research Institute(PHRI), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin McKee
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute(PHRI), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Samaha HL, Correa-Fernández V, Lam C, Wilson WT, Kyburz B, Stacey T, Williams T, Reitzel LR. Addressing Tobacco Use Among Consumers and Staff at Behavioral Health Treatment Facilities Through Comprehensive Workplace Programming. Health Promot Pract 2017. [PMID: 28629277 DOI: 10.1177/1524839917696713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States; cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use. Smoking has become increasingly concentrated among individuals with behavioral health needs (e.g., persistent mental illness) and has led to increased morbidity and mortality in this group relative to the general population. Comprehensive tobacco-free workplace programs are effective in reducing tobacco use and cigarette smoke exposure among behavioral health consumers and the individuals who serve them. Taking Texas Tobacco-Free (TTTF) represents an academic-community partnership formed to address tobacco use among consumers and employees at behavioral health clinics across Texas via the dissemination of an evidence-based, multicomponent tobacco-free workplace program. Program components of TTTF include tobacco-free campus policy implementation and enforcement, staff education about tobacco use hazards, provider training to regularly screen for and address tobacco dependence via intervention, and community outreach. These components, the nature of the academic-community partnership, the process of behavioral health facility involvement and engagement, and the benefits and challenges of implementation from the perspectives of the project team and participating clinic leaders are described. This information can guide similar academic and community partnerships and inform the implementation of other statewide tobacco-free workplace programming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cho Lam
- 2 Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Bryce Kyburz
- 3 Austin Travis County Integral Care, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tim Stacey
- 3 Austin Travis County Integral Care, Austin, TX, USA
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Levy D, Abrams DB, Levy J, Rosen L. Complying with the framework convention for tobacco control: an application of the Abridged SimSmoke model to Israel. Isr J Health Policy Res 2016; 5:41. [PMID: 27651891 PMCID: PMC5024508 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-016-0101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC) established the MPOWER policy package to provide practical country-level guidance on implementing effective policies to reduce smoking rates. The Abridged SimSmoke tobacco control policy simulation model is applied to Israel to estimate the effects on reducing smoking-attributable mortality resulting from full implementation of MPOWER policies. METHODS Smoking prevalence from the 2014 Israel National Health Interview Survey 3 and population data from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics were used to calculate the number of current smokers. The status of current Israeli policy was determined using information from MPOWER 2015 and from local sources. Based on existing knowledge that between 50 % and 65 % of smokers will die prematurely from smoking, the model is used to determine mortality reductions among current smokers from full implementation of MPOWER policies. RESULTS We estimate that between 547 and 711 thousand smokers of the current 1.1 million Israeli smokers will prematurely die due smoking. Within 40 years, complete implementation of MPOWER policies is projected to reduce smoking prevalence among current smokers by 34% and avert between 187 and 243 thousand deaths. Taxes, smoke-free air laws, marketing restrictions and media campaigns each reduce smoking by about 5 % within 5 years. Improved cessation treatment and health warnings each have smaller effects in the next five years, but their effects grow rapidly over time. CONCLUSIONS Israel Abridged SimSmoke shows that complete implementation of the MPOWER strategies has the potential to substantially reduce smoking prevalence, and avert premature deaths due to smoking. Additional benefits are also expected from reduced morbidity, reduced initiation among nonsmokers, and reduction in exposure of nonsmokers to tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Levy
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - David B Abrams
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA ; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Laura Rosen
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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Feasibility of Measuring Tobacco Smoke Air Pollution in Homes: Report from a Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15129-42. [PMID: 26633440 PMCID: PMC4690906 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121214970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke air pollution (TSAP) measurement may persuade parents to adopt smoke-free homes and thereby reduce harm to children from tobacco smoke in the home. In a pilot study involving 29 smoking families, a Sidepak was used to continuously monitor home PM(2.5) during an 8-h period, Sidepak and/or Dylos monitors provided real-time feedback, and passive nicotine monitors were used to measure home air nicotine for one week. Feedback was provided to participants in the context of motivational interviews. Home PM(2.5) levels recorded by continuous monitoring were not well-accepted by participants because of the noise level. Also, graphs from continuous monitoring showed unexplained peaks, often associated with sources unrelated to indoor smoking, such as cooking, construction, or outdoor sources. This hampered delivery of a persuasive message about the relationship between home smoking and TSAP. By contrast, immediate real-time PM(2.5) feedback (with Sidepak or Dylos monitor) was feasible and provided unambiguous information; the Dylos had the additional advantages of being more economical and quieter. Air nicotine sampling was complicated by the time-lag for feedback and questions regarding shelf-life. Improvement in the science of TSAP measurement in the home environment is needed to encourage and help maintain smoke-free homes and protect vulnerable children. Recent advances in the use of mobile devices for real-time feedback are promising and warrant further development, as do accurate methods for real-time air nicotine air monitoring.
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Rosen LJ, Tillinger E, Guttman N, Rosenblat S, Zucker DM, Stillman F, Myers V. Parental receptivity to child biomarker testing for tobacco smoke exposure: A qualitative study. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2015; 98:1439-45. [PMID: 26160037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Widespread tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) of children suggests that parents may be unaware of their children's exposure. Biomarkers demonstrate exposure and may motivate behavior change, but their acceptability is not well understood. METHODS Sixty-five in-depth interviews were conducted with parents of young children, in smoking families in central Israel. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Consent to testing was associated with desire for information, for reassurance or to motivate change, and with concerns for long-term health, taking responsibility for one's child, and trust in research. Opposition to testing was associated with preference to avoid knowledge, reluctance to cause short-term discomfort, perceived powerlessness, and mistrust of research. Most parents expressed willingness to allow measurement by urine (83%), hair (88%), or saliva (93%), but not blood samples (43%); and believed that test results could motivate behavior change. CONCLUSIONS Parents were receptive to non-invasive child biomarker testing. Biomarker information could help persuade parents who smoke that their children need protection. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Biomarker testing of children in smoking families is an acceptable and promising tool for education, counseling, and motivation of parents to protect their children from TSE. Additionally, biomarker testing allows objective assessment of population-level child TSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Rosen
- Dept. of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Efrat Tillinger
- Dept. of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Dept. of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nurit Guttman
- Dept. of Communications, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shira Rosenblat
- Dept. of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Dept. of Communications, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David M Zucker
- Dept. of Statistics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Frances Stillman
- Dept. of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Vicki Myers
- Dept. of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Manzoli L, Boccia S. Electronic cigarettes: scarce data and divergent legislations. The need for evidence-based health policies and research funding. Eur J Public Health 2015; 26:370-1. [PMID: 26428479 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lamberto Manzoli
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy Regional Healthcare Agency of Abruzzo, Pescara, Italy
| | - Stefania Boccia
- Section of Hygiene, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Roma, Italy
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Global prevention and control of NCDs: Limitations of the standard approach. J Public Health Policy 2015; 36:408-25. [PMID: 26377446 DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The five-target '25 × 25' strategy for tackling the emerging global epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) focuses on four diseases (CVD, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease), four risk factors (tobacco, diet and physical activity, dietary salt, and alcohol), and one cardiovascular preventive drug treatment. The goal is to decrease mortality from NCDs by 25 per cent by the year 2025. The 'standard approach' to the '25 × 25' strategy has the benefit of simplicity, but also has major weaknesses. These include lack of recognition of: (i) the fundamental drivers of the NCD epidemic; (ii) the 'missing NCDs', which are major causes of morbidity; (iii) the 'missing causes' and the 'causes of the causes'; and (iv) the role of health care and the need for integration of interventions.
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Rosen LJ, Peled-Raz M. Tobacco policy in Israel: 1948-2014 and beyond. Isr J Health Policy Res 2015; 4:12. [PMID: 25937898 PMCID: PMC4416305 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-015-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco is the only consumer product known to kill half of its users, and is a significant cause of death and disability to exposed nonsmokers. This presents a unique conundrum for modern democracies, which emphasize personal liberty, yet are obligated to protect citizens. In Israel, the death toll in 2014 from smoking is expected to reach 8000 deaths; nearly a fifth of the population smokes, and over two-thirds of the population are exposed to tobacco smoke. AIM This paper provides an overview of tobacco policy in Israel since the inception of the State, presents the development of the National Tobacco Control Plan, and recommends future actions. METHODS Sources for this article included the Knesset (Israeli Parliament) and Ministry of Health websites, Health Minister Reports to the Knesset on Smoking, and the scientific literature. RESULTS Israel has an impressive record on tobacco control policy, beginning with taxation in 1952, landmark smoke-free air and marketing legislation in the early 1980's, tax increases and expansions of smoke-free air and marketing legislation in the ensuing years, and the addition of subsidized smoking cessation technologies in 2010. Until 2011, actions were taken by various organizations without formal coordination; since the passage of the National Tobacco Control Plan in 2011, the Ministry of Health has held responsibility for coordinating tobacco control, with an action plan. The plan has been partially implemented. Smoke-free air laws were expanded, but enforcement is poor. Passage of critical marketing and advertising restrictions is stalled. Requested funds for tobacco control did not materialize. RECOMMENDATIONS In order to prevent hundreds of thousands of preventable premature deaths in the coming decades, Israel should considerably strengthen tobacco control policies to include: guaranteed funding for tobacco control; strong curbs on advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco and smoking products; public education; law enforcement; protection of children from exposure to tobacco; regulation of electronic cigarettes and other alternative harm-reducing products; tobacco control research; and systematic monitoring of, and periodic updates to, the National Tobacco Control Plan. Israel should also begin discussions of Endgame scenarios, and consider abolition of tobacco, as it continues its progress towards making smoking history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Rosen
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Peled-Raz
- International Center for Health, Law and Ethics and School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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McKee M, Haines A, Ebrahim S, Lamptey P, Barreto ML, Matheson D, Walls HL, Foliaki S, Miranda JJ, Chimeddamba O, Garcia-Marcos L, Vineis P, Pearce N. Towards a comprehensive global approach to prevention and control of NCDs. Global Health 2014; 10:74. [PMID: 25348262 PMCID: PMC4215019 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-014-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "25×25" strategy to tackle the global challenge of non-communicable diseases takes a traditional approach, concentrating on a few diseases and their immediate risk factors. DISCUSSION We propose elements of a comprehensive strategy to address NCDs that takes account of the evolving social, economic, environmental and health care contexts, while developing mechanisms to respond effectively to local patterns of disease. Principles that underpin the comprehensive strategy include: (a) a balance between measures that address health at the individual and population level; (b) the need to identify evidence-based feasible and effective approaches tailored to low and middle income countries rather than exporting questionable strategies developed in high income countries; (c) developing primary health care as a universal framework to support prevention and treatment; (d) ensuring the ability to respond in real time to the complex adaptive behaviours of the global food, tobacco, alcohol and transport industries; (e) integrating evidence-based, cost-effective, and affordable approaches within the post-2015 sustainable development agenda; (f) determination of a set of priorities based on the NCD burden within each country, taking account of what it can afford, including the level of available development assistance; and (g) change from a universal "one-size fits all" approach of relatively simple prevention oriented approaches to more comprehensive multi-sectoral and development-oriented approaches which address both health systems and the determinants of NCD risk factors. SUMMARY The 25×25 is approach is absolutely necessary but insufficient to tackle the the NCD disease burden of mortality and morbidity. A more comprehensive approach is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin McKee
- />European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition (ECOHOST), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1H 9SH UK
| | - Andy Haines
- />Departments of Social and Environmental Health Research and of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shah Ebrahim
- />Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Peter Lamptey
- />Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mauricio L Barreto
- />Instituto de Saude Coletiva, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Don Matheson
- />Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen L Walls
- />Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- />Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, London, UK
- />National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sunia Foliaki
- />Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J Jaime Miranda
- />CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, and School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Oyun Chimeddamba
- />Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (SPHPM), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luis Garcia-Marcos
- />Respiratory and Allergy Units, Arrixaca University Children’s Hospital, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca Research Institute, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paolo Vineis
- />MRC-PHE Center for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Neil Pearce
- />Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- />Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, London, UK
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Rosen LJ, Rier DA, Connolly G, Oren A, Landau C, Schwartz R. Do health policy advisors know what the public wants? An empirical comparison of how health policy advisors assess public preferences regarding smoke-free air, and what the public actually prefers. Isr J Health Policy Res 2013; 2:20. [PMID: 23692687 PMCID: PMC3665467 DOI: 10.1186/2045-4015-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health policy-making, a complex, multi-factorial process, requires balancing conflicting values. A salient issue is public support for policies; however, one reason for limited impact of public opinion may be misperceptions of policy makers regarding public opinion. For example, empirical research is scarce on perceptions of policy makers regarding public opinion on smoke-free public spaces. METHODS Public desire for smoke-free air was compared with health policy advisor (HPA) perception of these desires. Two representative studies were conducted: one with the public (N = 505), and the other with a representative sample of members of Israel's health-targeting initiative, Healthy Israel 2020 (N = 34), in December 2010. Corresponding questions regarding desire for smoke-free areas were asked. Possible smoke-free areas included: 100% smoke-free bars and pubs; entrances to health facilities; railway platforms; cars with children; college campuses; outdoor areas (e.g., pools and beaches); and common areas of multi-dweller apartment buildings. A 1-7 Likert scale was used for each measure, and responses were averaged into a single primary outcome, DESIRE. Our primary endpoint was the comparison between public preferences and HPA assessment of those preferences. In a secondary analysis, we compared personal preferences of the public with personal preferences of the HPAs for smoke-free air. RESULTS HPAs underestimated public desire for smoke-free air (Public: Mean: 5.06, 95% CI:[4.94, 5.17]; HPA: Mean: 4.06, 95% CI:[3.61, 4.52]: p < .0001). Differences at the p = .05 level were found between HPA assessment and public preference for the following areas: 100% smoke-free bars and pubs; entrances to healthcare facilities; train platforms; cars carrying children; and common areas of multi-dweller apartment buildings. In our secondary comparison, HPAs more strongly preferred smoke-free areas than did the public (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Health policy advisors underestimate public desire for smoke-free air. Better grasp of public opinion by policy makers may lead to stronger legislation. Monitoring policy-maker assessment of public opinion may shed light on incongruities between policy making and public opinion. Further, awareness of policy-maker misperceptions may encourage policy-makers to demand more accurate information before making policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Rosen
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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Pelletier D, Corsi A, Hoey L, Faillace S, Houston R. The Program Assessment Guide: an approach for structuring contextual knowledge and experience to improve the design, delivery, and effectiveness of nutrition interventions. J Nutr 2011; 141:2084-91. [PMID: 21956957 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.134916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As evidence from small-scale trials has accumulated concerning the efficacy of low-cost interventions to address undernutrition, the design, implementation, and strengthening of large-scale programs to deliver these interventions has become a high priority. This scaling up process involves a large number of technical, logistical, administrative, political, and social considerations and little research exists on how to address these in a systematic way. This paper introduces the Program Assessment Guide (PAG), a set of analysis and decision tools that seeks to fill this gap, and reports on its application in Kyrgyzstan and Bolivia. The PAG places a special focus on eliciting and systematizing contextual knowledge and experience through a structured, participatory workshop and is grounded in theory, principles, and experience from program planning, management, change management, and intervention planning. When applied in Kyrgyzstan and Bolivia, the PAG was successful in helping workshop participants identify key implementation bottlenecks, questionable assumptions in the program theory, and feasible ways to address some of the shortcomings. These experiences also identified the need for a number of modifications to the PAG related to the workshop design itself, the preparations prior to the workshop, and follow-up after the workshop. The PAG represents one approach for strengthening decisions related to the design and large-scale implementation of interventions. The development and full-scale testing of alternative methods such as these for strengthening program analysis and decision making is an important and intellectually challenging subject for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pelletier
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Hanney SR, González-Block MA. Yes, research can inform health policy; but can we bridge the 'Do-Knowing It's Been Done' gap? Health Res Policy Syst 2011; 9:23. [PMID: 21679397 PMCID: PMC3142246 DOI: 10.1186/1478-4505-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hanney
- Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK.
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'Balancing acts': the politics and processes of smokefree area policymaking in a small state. Health Policy 2010; 101:79-86. [PMID: 20855126 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the influences on contemporary smokefree area policy development in New Zealand. METHOD Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 62 New Zealand politicians and senior officials. They were asked about their views of possible interventions to reduce smoking around children, and how to achieve progress on smokefree homes, cars and public places. Transcribed data were analysed for themes, some of which were determined by the questions asked, and some emerged from the dynamic nature of the interviews. RESULTS Policymaking for smokefree areas was seen by participants as a complex, highly politicised activity, concerned with balancing a number of factors including evidence, personal experience, concern for smokers, and the desire for public support for policy. The majority of participants were cautious about making substantive policy moves on smokefree places because of their perception of the issue as highly controversial, their wish to avoid public resistance and their desire for community engagement. Preference was shown for a policy approach based on persuasion rather than legislation, as a means to make progress on smokefree cars and outdoor spaces. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the need for good communication of the acceptability and benefits of legislative smokefree changes to both the political and public arena.
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