1
|
Kim B, Jung J. Metabolomic Approach to Identify Potential Biomarkers in KRAS-Mutant Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:865. [PMID: 38672219 PMCID: PMC11048406 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by its high mortality rate and limited treatment options, often driven by oncogenic RAS mutations. In this study, we investigated the metabolomic profiles of pancreatic cancer cells based on their KRAS genetic status. Utilizing both KRAS-wildtype BxPC3 and KRAS-mutant PANC1 cell lines, we identified 195 metabolites differentially altered by KRAS status through untargeted metabolomics. Principal component analysis and hierarchical condition trees revealed distinct separation between KRAS-wildtype and KRAS-mutant cells. Metabolite set enrichment analysis highlighted significant pathways such as homocysteine degradation and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. Additionally, lipid enrichment analysis identified pathways including fatty acyl glycosides and sphingoid bases. Mapping of identified metabolites to KEGG pathways identified nine significant metabolic pathways associated with KRAS status, indicating diverse metabolic alterations in pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, we explored the impact of TRPML1 inhibition on the metabolomic profile of KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer cells. TRPML1 inhibition using ML-SI1 significantly altered the metabolomic profile, leading to distinct separation between vehicle-treated and ML-SI1-treated PANC1 cells. Metabolite set enrichment analysis revealed enriched pathways such as arginine and proline metabolism, and mapping to KEGG pathways identified 17 significant metabolic pathways associated with TRPML1 inhibition. Interestingly, some metabolites identified in PANC1 compared to BxPC3 were oppositely regulated by TRPML1 inhibition, suggesting their potential as biomarkers for KRAS-mutant cancer cells. Overall, our findings shed light on the distinct metabolite changes induced by both KRAS status and TRPML1 inhibition in pancreatic cancer cells, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for this deadly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jewon Jung
- Department of SmartBio, College of Life and Health Science, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu J, Wu XJ, Hassouna A, Wang KS, Li Y, Feng T, Zhao Y, Jin M, Zhang B, Ying T, Li J, Cheng L, Liu J, Huang Y. Gemcitabine‑fucoxanthin combination in human pancreatic cancer cells. Biomed Rep 2023; 19:46. [PMID: 37324167 PMCID: PMC10265583 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a chemotherapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer treatment. It has also been demonstrated to inhibit human pancreatic cancer cell lines, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the suppressive effect of fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid, in combination with gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer cells. MTT assays and cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry were performed to study the mechanism of action. The results revealed that combining a low dose of fucoxanthin with gemcitabine enhanced the cell viability of human embryonic kidney cells, 293, while a high dose of fucoxanthin enhanced the inhibitory effect of gemcitabine on the cell viability of this cell line. In addition, the enhanced effect of fucoxanthin on the inhibitory effect of gemcitabine on PANC-1 cells was significant (P<0.01). Fucoxanthin combined with gemcitabine also exerted significant enhancement of the anti-proliferation effect in MIA PaCa-2 cells in a concentration dependent manner (P<0.05), compared with gemcitabine treatment alone. In conclusion, fucoxanthin improved the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine on human pancreatic cancer cells at concentrations that were not cytotoxic to non-cancer cells. Thus, fucoxanthin has the potential to be used as an adjunct in pancreatic cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- College of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P.R. China
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, P.R. China
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Xiaowu Jenifer Wu
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Amira Hassouna
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11956, Egypt
| | - Kelvin Sheng Wang
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yan Li
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tao Feng
- College of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P.R. China
| | - Minfeng Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P.R. China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, P.R. China
| | - Lufeng Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Johnson Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yue Huang
- Shanghai Business School, Fengxian, Shanghai 201499, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karaselek MA, Kuccukturk S, Duran T, Kursunlu AN, Ozmen M, Bozdag C, Alkan S, Varman A, Yildirim MA, Kucukkartallar T, Vatansev C. Effective anticancer agents based-on two Pillar[5]arene derivatives for pancreas cancer cell lines: synthesis, apoptotic effect, caspase pathway. Invest New Drugs 2023; 41:202-209. [PMID: 36905565 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-023-01343-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the possible anticancer effects of two different pillar[5]arene derivatives (5Q-[P5] and 10Q-P[5]) on two different pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro. For this purpose, changes in the expression of major genes that play a role in apoptosis and caspase pathways were investigated. Panc-1 and BxPC-3 cell lines were used in the study and the cytotoxic dose of pillar[5]arenes was determined by the MTT method. Changes in gene expression after pillar[5]arenes treatment were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Apoptosis was studied by flow cytometry. As a result of analysis, it was determined that proapoptotic genes and genes involved in major caspase activation were upregulated and antiapoptotic genes were down-regulated in Panc-1 cell line treated with pillar[5]arenes. Flow cytometric apoptosis analysis also showed an increased apoptosis rate in this cell line. On the contrary, although MTT analysis showed cytotoxic effect in BxPC-3 cell line treated with two pillar[5]arene derivatives, the apoptosis pathway was not active. This suggested that it may activate different death pathways for BxPC-3 cell line. Thus, it was first determined that the pillar[5]arene derivatives reduced cancer cell proliferation on pancreatic cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ali Karaselek
- Meram Medicine Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42080, Türkiye
| | - Serkan Kuccukturk
- Medicine Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, 70100, Türkiye
| | - Tugce Duran
- Medicine Faculty, Department of Medical Genetic, KTO Karatay University, Konya, 42020, Türkiye
| | - Ahmed Nuri Kursunlu
- Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Selcuk University, Konya, 42250, Türkiye.
| | - Mustafa Ozmen
- Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Selcuk University, Konya, 42250, Türkiye
| | - Ceren Bozdag
- Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Selcuk University, Konya, 42250, Türkiye
| | - Selman Alkan
- Meram Medicine Faculty, Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42080, Türkiye
| | - Alper Varman
- Meram Medicine Faculty, Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42080, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Aykut Yildirim
- Meram Medicine Faculty, Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42080, Türkiye
| | - Tevfik Kucukkartallar
- Meram Medicine Faculty, Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42080, Türkiye
| | - Celalettin Vatansev
- Meram Medicine Faculty, Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42080, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qorri B, Mokhtari RB, Harless WW, Szewczuk MR. Next Generation of Cancer Drug Repurposing: Therapeutic Combination of Aspirin and Oseltamivir Phosphate Potentiates Gemcitabine to Disable Key Survival Pathways Critical for Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061374. [PMID: 35326525 PMCID: PMC8946854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Drug repurposing in combination with clinical standard chemotherapeutics opens a novel and promising clinical treatment approach for patients with pancreatic cancer. This report presents a novel therapeutic effect of the combination of aspirin and oseltamivir phosphate with chemotherapeutic gemcitabine as a treatment option for pancreatic cancer. The data suggest that targeting mammalian neuraminidase-1 on pancreatic cancer cells with these repurposed drugs is crucial for modulating cell proliferation, invasion, clonogenicity, and migration. These promising results warrant additional investigation to assess the potential of translating into the clinical setting to improve the cancer patient prognosis for an otherwise fatal disease. Abstract Resistance to chemotherapeutics and high metastatic rates contribute to the abysmal survival rate in patients with pancreatic cancer. An alternate approach for treating human pancreatic cancer involves repurposing the anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin (ASA), with oseltamivir phosphate (OP) in combination with the standard chemotherapeutic agent, gemcitabine (GEM). The question is whether treatment with ASA and OP can sensitize cancer cells to the cytotoxicity induced by GEM and limit the development of chemoresistance. To assess the key survival pathways critical for pancreatic cancer progression, we used the AlamarBlue cytotoxicity assay to determine the cell viability and combination index for the drug combinations, flow cytometric analysis of annexin V apoptosis assay to detect apoptotic and necrotic cells, fluorometric QCM™ chemotaxis migration assay to assess cellular migration, fluorometric extracellular matrix (ECM) cell adhesion array kit to assess the expression of the ECM proteins, scratch wound assay using the 96-well WoundMaker™, and the methylcellulose clonogenic assay to assess clonogenic potential. The combination of ASA and OP with GEM significantly upended MiaPaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell viability, clonogenic potential, expression of critical extracellular matrix proteins, migration, and promoted apoptosis. ASA in combination with OP significantly improves the effectiveness of GEM in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and disables key survival pathways critical to disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bessi Qorri
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (B.Q.); (R.B.M.)
| | - Reza Bayat Mokhtari
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (B.Q.); (R.B.M.)
| | - William W. Harless
- ENCYT Technologies Inc., Membertou, NS B1S 0H1, Canada
- Correspondence: (W.W.H.); (M.R.S.); Tel.: +1-902-574-3540 (W.W.H.); +1-613-533-2457 (M.R.S.); Fax: +1-613-533-6796 (M.R.S.)
| | - Myron R. Szewczuk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (B.Q.); (R.B.M.)
- Correspondence: (W.W.H.); (M.R.S.); Tel.: +1-902-574-3540 (W.W.H.); +1-613-533-2457 (M.R.S.); Fax: +1-613-533-6796 (M.R.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Manohar SM, Joshi KS. Promising Anticancer Activity of Multitarget Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors against Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2022; 15:1024-1033. [PMID: 35068399 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220124125809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and its incidence is steadily rising in developing nations. Cell cycle aberrations due to deregulation of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins are common events during colorectal carcinogenesis. Yet, efficacy of multitarget CDK inhibitors as therapeutic agents has not been much explored against CRC.
Objective:
The anticancer potential of multitarget CDK inhibitor riviciclib (also known as P276-00), was investigated against CRC cell lines of varied genetic background.
Method:
Cytotoxicity of riviciclib - potent CDK1, CDK4 and CDK9-specific inhibitor was evaluated in vitro. Further, its effect on clonogenic potential, cell cycle, apoptosis and transcription was tested using colony forming assay, flow cytometry and western blot analysis respectively. Also, efficacy of riviciclib in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents was assessed. Dependency of CRC cells on specific CDKs for their survival was confirmed using siRNA studies.
Results:
Riviciclib exerted significant cytotoxicity against CRC cells and inhibited their colony forming potential. It induced apoptosis along with inhibition of cell cycle CDKs and cyclins as well as transcriptional CDKs and cyclins. Moreover, dual combination of riviciclib with standard chemotherapeutic drugs exhibited synergism in CRC cells. siRNA studies indicated that CRC cells are dependent on specific CDKs for their survival which are targets of riviciclib.
Conclusion:
This study provides evidence that multitarget CDK inhibitors can serve as promising therapeutic agents against CRC alone or in combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal M. Manohar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia of School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India
| | - Kalpana S. Joshi
- Discovery Engine, Cipla R and D, Cipla Ltd., Vikhroli (West), Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qorri B, Harless W, Szewczuk MR. Novel Molecular Mechanism of Aspirin and Celecoxib Targeting Mammalian Neuraminidase-1 Impedes Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Axis and Induces Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:4149-4167. [PMID: 33116404 PMCID: PMC7550724 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s264122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and celecoxib have been used as potential anti-cancer therapies. Aspirin exerts its therapeutic effect in both cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent and -independent pathways to reduce tumor growth and disable tumorigenesis. Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, reduces factors that cause inflammation and pain. The question is whether aspirin and celecoxib have other molecular targets of equal or more therapeutic efficacy with significant anti-cancer preventive benefits. Aim Here, we propose that aspirin and celecoxib exert their anti-cancer effects by targeting and inhibiting mammalian neuraminidase-1 (Neu-1). Neu-1 has been reported to regulate the activation of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and TOLL-like receptors and their downstream signaling pathways. Neu-1 in complex with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been reported to be tethered to RTKs at the ectodomain. Materials and Methods The WST-1 cell viability assay, Caspase 3/7 assay, and Annexin V assay were used to evaluate the cell viability and detect apoptotic and necrotic cells following treatment in MiaPaCa-2, PANC-1 and the gemcitabine-resistant PANC-1 variant (PANC-1 GemR) cells. Microscopic imaging, lectin cytochemistry, and flow cytometry were used to detect levels of α-2,3 sialic acid. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated live cell sialidase assays and neuraminidase assays were used to detect Neu-1 activity. Immunocytochemistry was used to detect levels of EGFR and phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR) following treatment. Results For the first time, aspirin and celecoxib were shown to significantly inhibit Neu-1 sialidase activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner following stimulation with EGF. Aspirin blocked Neu-1 desialylation of α-2,3-sialic acid expression following 30 min stimulation with EGF. Aspirin and celecoxib significantly and dose-dependently inhibited isolated neuraminidase (Clostridium perfringens) activity on fluorogenic substrate 2ʹ-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (4-MUNANA). Aspirin inhibited phosphorylation of the EGFR in EGF-stimulated cells. Aspirin dose- and time-dependently induced CellEvent caspase-3/7+ cells as well as apoptosis and necrosis on PANC-1 cells. Conclusion These findings signify a novel multimodality mechanism(s) of action for aspirin and celecoxib, specifically targeting and inhibiting Neu-1 activity, regulating EGF-induced growth receptor activation and inducing apoptosis and necrosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Repurposing aspirin and celecoxib as anti-cancer agents may also upend other critical targets involved in multistage tumorigenesis regulated by mammalian neuraminidase-1. Significance These findings may be the missing link connecting the anti-cancer efficacy of NSAIDs to the role of glycosylation in inflammation and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bessi Qorri
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Myron R Szewczuk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ray B, Mehrotra R. Nucleic acid binding mechanism of flavone derivative, riviciclib: Structural analysis to unveil anticancer potential. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 211:111990. [PMID: 32858336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite burgeoned knowledge about the origin, growth, tissue interactions, and spread of cancer in recent years, the functional complexity and unique survival ability of cancer cells still make it difficult to target them. Riviciclib is a semi-synthetic derivative of rohitukine and possesses anticancer potential. Inhibition of nucleic acid activity in an uncontrolled dividing cell can form the basis for the development of new-age cancer therapeutics. The present study reports the molecular interaction between riviciclib and nucleic acid (DNA/tRNA) using spectroscopic and molecular docking studies in an attempt to comprehend its cellular toxicity as well as the nature and mode of binding between them. Vibrational spectroscopic results suggest that riviciclib intercalates DNA duplex and primarily binds with guanine, adenine, and thymine nucleobases. While in the case of riviciclib-tRNA complexation, riviciclib interacts mostly with uracil residues of the tRNA molecule. Besides nucleobases, riviciclib interacts with the sugar-phosphate backbone of both biomacromolecules. Conformationally, DNA alters from B-form to C-form, whereas tRNA shows no change in its native A-form. The order (104 M-1) of binding constant for riviciclib-nucleic acid complexation infer moderate to strong affinity of riviciclib with DNA and tRNA, respectively. Molecular docking explorations are further in corroboration with our spectroscopic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Ray
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ranjana Mehrotra
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Elechalawar CK, Hossen MN, Shankarappa P, Peer CJ, Figg WD, Robertson JD, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Targeting Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Stellate Cells Using Designer Nanotherapeutics in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:991-1003. [PMID: 32103952 PMCID: PMC7025663 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s234112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cancer (PC) is characterized by a robust desmoplastic environment, which limits the uptake of the standard first-line chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine. Enhancing gemcitabine delivery to the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) is a major clinical challenge. Molecular crosstalk between pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) plays a critical role in desmoplastic reaction in PCs. Herein, we report the development of a targeted drug delivery system to inhibit the proliferation of PCCs and PSCs in vitro. Using gold nanoparticles as the delivery vehicle, the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab (C225/C) as a targeting agent, gemcitabine as drug and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a stealth molecule, we created a series of targeted drug delivery systems. METHODS Fabricated nanoconjugates were characterized by various physicochemical techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, HPLC and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Targeted gemcitabine delivery systems containing mPEG-SH having molecular weights of 550 Da or 1000 Da demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing the viability of both PCCs and PSCs as compared to their non-targeted counterparts. EGFR-targeted pathway was further validated by pre-treating cells with C225 followed by determining cellular viability. Taken together, in our current study we have developed a PEGylated targeted nanoconjugate ACG44P1000 that showed enhanced selectivity towards pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells, among others, for gemcitabine delivery. We will investigate the ability of these optimized conjugates to inhibit desmoplasia and tumor growth in vivo in our future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kumar Elechalawar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104, USA
| | - Md Nazir Hossen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104, USA
| | - Priya Shankarappa
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - Cody J Peer
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - William D Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - J David Robertson
- Department of Chemistry and University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hennig R, Albawardi A, Almarzooqi S, Haneefa S, Imbaraj E, Zaaba NE, Nemmar A, Subramanya S, Maruta H, Adrian TE. 1,2,3-Triazolyl ester of ketorolac (15K), a potent PAK1 blocker, inhibits both growth and metastasis of orthotopic human pancreatic cancer xenografts in mice. Drug Discov Ther 2019; 13:248-255. [PMID: 31656252 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2019.01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
More than 90% of human pancreatic cancers carry the oncogenic mutant of Ki-RAS and their growth depends on its downstream kinase PAK1, mainly because PAK1 blocks the apoptosis of cancer cells selectively. We developed a highly cell-permeable PAK1-blocker called 15K from an old pain-killer (ketorolac), that is shown here to inhibit the growth of three pancreatic cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging 41-88 nM in vitro. The anti-cancer effect of 15K was further investigated in an orthotopic xenograft model with gemcitabine (GEM)-resistant human pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1 and BxPC-3) expressing luciferase in athymic mice. During 4 weeks, 15K blocks total burden (growth) of both AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 tumors (measured as radians/sec) with the IC50 below daily dose of 0.1 mg/kg, i.p. In a similar manner 15K reduced both their invasion and metastases as well, while it had no effect on either body weight or hematological parameters even at 5 mg/kg/day. To the best of our knowledge, 15K is so far the most potent among synthetic PAK1-blockers in vivo, and could be potentially useful for therapy of GEM-resistant cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Hennig
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Freudenstadt University Hospital, Freudenstadt, Germany
| | - Alia Albawardi
- Department of Pathology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Saeeda Almarzooqi
- Department of Pathology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Shoja Haneefa
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Edward Imbaraj
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Nur Elena Zaaba
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | | | | | - Thomas E Adrian
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.,Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bakke J, Wright WC, Zamora AE, Oladimeji P, Crawford JC, Brewer CT, Autry RJ, Evans WE, Thomas PG, Chen T. Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals PSMA6 to be an essential gene in pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:253. [PMID: 30898113 PMCID: PMC6429770 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its relatively low incidence, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths because of the aggressive growth/metastasis of the tumor, the lack of early symptoms, and the poor treatment options. Basic research to identify potential therapeutic targets for PDAC is greatly needed. METHODS We used a negative-selection genome-wide CRISPR screen to identify essential genes in the PANC-1 human pancreatic carcinoma cell line. We validated the top hits with follow-up siRNA screens, using the HPNE, HPAF-II, AsPC-1, and Mia PaCa-2 cell lines. RESULTS The PSMA6 gene was an identified candidate hit after the CRISPR screen, siRNA validation screen, and siRNA deconvolution screen. Spheroid formation assays and flow cytometry analysis showed that PSMA6 is critical for survival in many pancreatic ductal carcinoma cell models. Lastly, as PSMA6 protein is a proteosomal subunit of the 20S core complex, we showed that bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, was especially toxic in PANC-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Further study of PSMA6 and the proteasome subunit that it encodes, along with other hits identified in our CRISPR screens, may provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bakke
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - William C Wright
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anthony E Zamora
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Oladimeji
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Christopher T Brewer
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert J Autry
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - William E Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheng J, Okolotowicz KJ, Ryan D, Mose E, Lowy AM, Cashman JR. Inhibition of invasive pancreatic cancer: restoring cell apoptosis by activating mitochondrial p53. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:390-405. [PMID: 30906636 PMCID: PMC6405982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), constitutes >90% of pancreatic cancers (PC) and is one of the most aggressive human tumors. Standard chemotherapies for PDAC (e.g., gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, etc.) has proven to be largely ineffective. Herein, we report a novel molecule (i.e., compound 1) that potently inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of PDAC cells. As we observed in other cancer types (i.e., colorectal, breast cancer), the effect of 1 against PDAC cells is also related to microtubule destabilization and DNA damage checkpoint activation. However, in PDAC cells, the inhibitory effect of 1 was mainly controlled by mitochondrial p53-dependent apoptosis. Compound 1 worked with cells of different p53 mutant status and affected p53 activation/phosphorylation not simply by stabilizing p53 protein but through antagonizing anti-apoptotic effects of Bcl-xL and restoring p53 to activate mitochondrial-apoptotic pathways (i.e., cytochrome c release, caspase activation and PARP cleavage). Compound 1 was more efficient than a typical PDAC combination therapy (i.e., gemcitabine with paclitaxel) and showed synergism in inhibiting PDAC cell proliferation with gemcitabine (or gemcitabine with paclitaxel). This synergism varied between different types of PDAC cells and was partially controlled by the phosphorylation of p53 on Serine15 (phospho-Ser15-p53). In vivo studies in an orthotopic syngeneic murine model showed that 1 (20 mg/kg/day, 28 days, i.p.) inhibited tumor growth by 65% compared to vehicle-treated mice. No apparent acute or chronic toxicity was observed. Thus, compound 1 utilizes a distinct mechanism of action to inhibit PC growth in vitro and in vivo and is a novel anti-PDAC compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiongjia Cheng
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute and ChemRegen, Inc.San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Karl J Okolotowicz
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute and ChemRegen, Inc.San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Daniel Ryan
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute and ChemRegen, Inc.San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Evangeline Mose
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California at San Diego, Moores Cancer CenterLa Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew M Lowy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California at San Diego, Moores Cancer CenterLa Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute and ChemRegen, Inc.San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Borie C, Mondal S, Arif T, Briand M, Lingua H, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Stocker P, Barbarat B, Robert V, Nicoletti C, Olive D, Maresca M, Nechab M. Enediynes bearing polyfluoroaryl sulfoxide as new antiproliferative agents with dual targeting of microtubules and DNA. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:306-313. [PMID: 29471119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of enediynes possessing pentafluorophenylsulfoxide have been developed. The innovative compounds possess antiproliferative activity against a broad panel of human cancer cells originating from breast, blood, lung, kidney, colon, prostate, pancreas or skin with IC50 ranging from 0.6 to 3.4 μM. The antiproliferative activity of enediynes in darkness is associated to their ability to compromise microtubule network. In addition, exposure to UV leads to double-stranded DNA cleavage caused by the newly synthesized molecules reducing further their IC50 in nanomolar range against human tumor cells, including chemo-resistant pancreatic cancer cells. Taken together, the examined data demonstrate that enediynes possessing pentafluorosulfoxide are promising molecules in the cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Borie
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390 Marseille, France
| | - Shovan Mondal
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390 Marseille, France; Department of Chemistry, Syamsundar College, Shyamsundar 713424, West Bengal, India
| | - Tanzeel Arif
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390 Marseille, France
| | - Manon Briand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390 Marseille, France
| | - Hugo Lingua
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Stocker
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390 Marseille, France
| | - Bernadette Barbarat
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM) UMR-INSERM1068-IBiSA Cancer Immunomonitoring Platform, Inserm, U1068, France; Institut Paoli Calmettes, 27, Boulevard Lei Roure, BP30059, 13273, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Viviane Robert
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, F-13397, Marseille, France
| | - Cendrine Nicoletti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, F-13397, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM) UMR-INSERM1068-IBiSA Cancer Immunomonitoring Platform, Inserm, U1068, France; Institut Paoli Calmettes, 27, Boulevard Lei Roure, BP30059, 13273, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Marc Maresca
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, F-13397, Marseille, France.
| | - Malek Nechab
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390 Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bharate SB, Kumar V, Jain SK, Mintoo MJ, Guru SK, Nuthakki VK, Sharma M, Bharate SS, Gandhi SG, Mondhe DM, Bhushan S, Vishwakarma RA. Discovery and Preclinical Development of IIIM-290, an Orally Active Potent Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1664-1687. [PMID: 29370702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rohitukine (1), a chromone alkaloid isolated from Indian medicinal plant Dysoxylum binectariferum, has inspired the discovery of flavopiridol and riviciclib, both of which are bioavailable only via intravenous route. With the objective to address the oral bioavailability issue of this scaffold, four series of rohitukine derivatives were prepared and screened for Cdk inhibition and cellular antiproliferative activity. The 2,6-dichloro-styryl derivative IIIM-290 (11d) showed strong inhibition of Cdk-9/T1 (IC50 1.9 nM) kinase and Molt-4/MIAPaCa-2 cell growth (GI50 < 1.0 μM) and was found to be highly selective for cancer cells over normal fibroblast cells. It inhibited the cell growth of MIAPaCa-2 cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis. It achieved 71% oral bioavailability with in vivo efficacy in pancreatic, colon, and leukemia xenografts at 50 mg/kg, po. It did not have CYP/efflux-pump liability, was not mutagenic/genotoxic or cardiotoxic, and was metabolically stable. The preclinical data presented herein indicates the potential of 11d for advancement in clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Preformulation Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Shreyans K Jain
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Mubashir J Mintoo
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Santosh K Guru
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Vijay K Nuthakki
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Preformulation Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Dilip M Mondhe
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Indian Pharmacopeia Commission , Sec-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Implication of 4E-BP1 protein dephosphorylation and accumulation in pancreatic cancer cell death induced by combined gemcitabine and TRAIL. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:3204. [PMID: 29233971 PMCID: PMC5870593 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer cells show varying sensitivity to the anticancer effects of gemcitabine. However, as a chemotherapeutic agent, gemcitabine can cause intolerably high levels of toxicity and patients often develop resistance to the beneficial effects of this drug. Combination studies show that use of gemcitabine with the pro-apoptotic cytokine TRAIL can enhance the inhibition of survival and induction of apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. Additionally, following combination treatment there is a dramatic increase in the level of the hypophosphorylated form of the tumour suppressor protein 4E-BP1. This is associated with inhibition of mTOR activity, resulting from caspase-mediated cleavage of the Raptor and Rictor components of mTOR. Use of the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK indicates that the increase in level of 4E-BP1 is also caspase-mediated. ShRNA-silencing of 4E-BP1 expression renders cells more resistant to cell death induced by the combination treatment. Since the levels of 4E-BP1 are relatively low in untreated pancreatic cancer cells these results suggest that combined therapy with gemcitabine and TRAIL could improve the responsiveness of tumours to treatment by elevating the expression of 4E-BP1.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jin X, Pan Y, Wang L, Ma T, Zhang L, Tang AH, Billadeau DD, Wu H, Huang H. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase Inhibits ERK Activation and Bypasses Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer by Blocking IQGAP1-MAPK Interaction. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4328-4341. [PMID: 28720574 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the MAPK pathway correlates with progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression. IQ motif containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) is a MAPK scaffold that directly regulates the activation of RAF, MEK, and ERK. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1), a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis, is transcriptionally downregulated in various cancers, including PDAC. Here, we demonstrate that FBP1 acts as a negative modulator of the IQGAP1-MAPK signaling axis in PDAC cells. FBP1 binding to the WW domain of IQGAP1 impeded IQGAP1-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2) in a manner independent of FBP1 enzymatic activity. Conversely, decreased FBP1 expression induced pERK1/2 levels in PDAC cell lines and correlated with increased pERK1/2 levels in patient specimens. Treatment with gemcitabine caused undesirable activation of ERK1/2 in PDAC cells, but cotreatment with the FBP1-derived small peptide inhibitor FBP1 E4 overcame gemcitabine-induced ERK activation, thereby increasing the anticancer efficacy of gemcitabine in PDAC. These findings identify a primary mechanism of resistance of PDAC to standard therapy and suggest that the FBP1-IQGAP1-ERK1/2 signaling axis can be targeted for effective treatment of PDAC. Cancer Res; 77(16); 4328-41. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yunqian Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Liguo Wang
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amy H Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia.,Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfork, Virginia
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Heshui Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota. .,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Loc WS, Linton SS, Wilczynski ZR, Matters GL, McGovern CO, Abraham T, Fox T, Gigliotti CM, Tang X, Tabakovic A, Martin JA, Clawson GA, Smith JP, Butler PJ, Kester M, Adair JH. Effective encapsulation and biological activity of phosphorylated chemotherapeutics in calcium phosphosilicate nanoparticles for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2313-2324. [PMID: 28673852 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistant cancers like pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are difficult to treat, and nanoparticle drug delivery systems can overcome some of the limitations of conventional systemic chemotherapy. In this study, we demonstrate that FdUMP and dFdCMP, the bioactive, phosphorylated metabolites of the chemotherapy drugs 5-FU and gemcitabine, can be encapsulated into calcium phosphosilicate nanoparticles (CPSNPs). The non-phosphorylated drug analogs were not well encapsulated by CPSNPs, suggesting the phosphate modification is essential for effective encapsulation. In vitro proliferation assays, cell cycle analyses and/or thymidylate synthase inhibition assays verified that CPSNP-encapsulated phospho-drugs retained biological activity. Analysis of orthotopic tumors from mice treated systemically with tumor-targeted FdUMP-CPSNPs confirmed the in vivo up take of these particles by PDAC tumor cells and release of active drug cargos intracellularly. These findings demonstrate a novel methodology to efficiently encapsulate chemotherapeutic agents into the CPSNPs and to effectively deliver them to pancreatic tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Welley S Loc
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Samuel S Linton
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zachary R Wilczynski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gail L Matters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Christopher O McGovern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Abraham
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences and the Microscopy Imaging Facility, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christopher M Gigliotti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Amra Tabakovic
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jo Ann Martin
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gary A Clawson
- Department of Pathology and Gittlen Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jill P Smith
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter J Butler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mark Kester
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James H Adair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering/Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lu M, Wang YK, Zhao J, Lu H, Stenzel MH, Xiao P. PEG Grafted-Nanodiamonds for the Delivery of Gemcitabine. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:2023-2029. [PMID: 27813236 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carboxyl end-functionalized poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] [P(PEGMEMA)] and its block copolymer with gemcitabine substituted poly(N-hydroxysuccinimide methacrylate) [PGem-block-P(PEGMEMA)] are synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Then, two polymers are grafted onto the surface of amine-functionalized nanodiamonds to obtain [P(PEGMEMA)]-grafted nanodiamonds (ND-PEG) and [PGem-block-P(PEGMEMA)]-grafted nanodiamonds (ND-PF). Gemcitabine is physically absorbed to ND-PEG to produce ND-PEG (Gem). Two polymer-grafted nanodiamonds (i.e., with physically absorbed gemcitabine ND-PEG (Gem) and with chemically conjugated gemcitabine ND-PF) are characterized using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and thermogravimetric analysis. The drug release, cytotoxicity (to seed human pancreatic carcinoma AsPC-1 cells), and cellular uptake of ND-PEG (Gem) and ND-PF are also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yu-Kai Wang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jiacheng Zhao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Pu Xiao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A dynamic in vivo-like organotypic blood-brain barrier model to probe metastatic brain tumors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36670. [PMID: 27830712 PMCID: PMC5103210 DOI: 10.1038/srep36670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the uptake of many neuro-therapeutic molecules, presenting a formidable hurdle to drug development in brain diseases. We proposed a new and dynamic in vivo-like three-dimensional microfluidic system that replicates the key structural, functional and mechanical properties of the blood-brain barrier in vivo. Multiple factors in this system work synergistically to accentuate BBB-specific attributes-permitting the analysis of complex organ-level responses in both normal and pathological microenvironments in brain tumors. The complex BBB microenvironment is reproduced in this system via physical cell-cell interaction, vascular mechanical cues and cell migration. This model possesses the unique capability to examine brain metastasis of human lung, breast and melanoma cells and their therapeutic responses to chemotherapy. The results suggest that the interactions between cancer cells and astrocytes in BBB microenvironment might affect the ability of malignant brain tumors to traverse between brain and vascular compartments. Furthermore, quantification of spatially resolved barrier functions exists within a single assay, providing a versatile and valuable platform for pharmaceutical development, drug testing and neuroscientific research.
Collapse
|
19
|
D'Aronzo M, Vinciguerra M, Mazza T, Panebianco C, Saracino C, Pereira SP, Graziano P, Pazienza V. Fasting cycles potentiate the efficacy of gemcitabine treatment in in vitro and in vivo pancreatic cancer models. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18545-57. [PMID: 26176887 PMCID: PMC4621909 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aims Pancreatic cancer (PC) is ranked as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite recent advances in treatment options, a modest impact on the outcome of the disease is observed so far. Short-term fasting cycles have been shown to potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapy against glioma. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of fasting cycles on the efficacy of gemcitabine, a standard treatment for PC patients, in vitro and in an in vivo pancreatic cancer mouse xenograft model. Materials and Methods BxPC-3, MiaPaca-2 and Panc-1 cells were cultured in standard and fasting mimicking culturing condition to evaluate the effects of gemcitabine. Pancreatic cancer xenograft mice were subjected to 24h starvation prior to gemcitabine injection to assess the tumor volume and weight as compared to mice fed ad libitum. Results Fasted pancreatic cancer cells showed increased levels of equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT1), the transporter of gemcitabine across the cell membrane, and decreased ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) levels as compared to those cultured in standard medium. Gemcitabine was more effective in inducing cell death on fasted cells as compared to controls. Consistently, xenograft pancreatic cancer mice subjected to fasting cycles prior to gemcitabine injection displayed a decrease of more than 40% in tumor growth. Conclusion Fasting cycles enhance gemcitabine effect in vitro and in the in vivo PC xenograft mouse model. These results suggest that restrictive dietary interventions could enhance the efficacy of existing cancer treatments in pancreatic cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina D'Aronzo
- Gastroenterology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Gastroenterology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.,Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Bioinformatics Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", Istituto Mendel, Italy
| | - Concetta Panebianco
- Gastroenterology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Chiara Saracino
- Gastroenterology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Graziano
- Pathology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Gastroenterology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Blokzijl A, Zieba A, Hust M, Schirrmann T, Helmsing S, Grannas K, Hertz E, Moren A, Chen L, Söderberg O, Moustakas A, Dübel S, Landegren U. Single Chain Antibodies as Tools to Study transforming growth factor-β-Regulated SMAD Proteins in Proximity Ligation-Based Pharmacological Screens. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1848-56. [PMID: 26929218 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.055756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular heterogeneity seen in tumors, with subpopulations of cells capable of resisting different treatments, renders single-treatment regimens generally ineffective. Accordingly, there is a great need to increase the repertoire of drug treatments from which combinations may be selected to efficiently target sets of pathological processes, while suppressing the emergence of resistance mutations. In this regard, members of the TGF-β signaling pathway may furnish new, valuable therapeutic targets. In the present work, we developed in situ proximity ligation assays (isPLA) to monitor the state of the TGF-β signaling pathway. Moreover, we extended the range of suitable affinity reagents for this analysis by developing a set of in-vitro-derived human antibody fragments (single chain fragment variable, scFv) that bind SMAD2 (Mothers against decapentaplegic 2), 3, 4, and 7 using phage display. These four proteins are all intracellular mediators of TGF-β signaling. We also developed an scFv specific for SMAD3 phosphorylated in the linker domain 3 (p179 SMAD3). This phosphorylation has been shown to inactivate the tumor suppressor function of SMAD3. The single chain affinity reagents developed in the study were fused tocrystallizable antibody fragments (Fc-portions) and expressed as dimeric IgG-like molecules having Fc domains (Yumabs), and we show that they represent valuable reagents for isPLA.Using these novel assays, we demonstrate that p179 SMAD3 forms a complex with SMAD4 at increased frequency during division and that pharmacological inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)(1) reduces the levels of p179SMAD3 in tumor cells. We further show that the p179SMAD3-SMAD4 complex is bound for degradation by the proteasome. Finally, we developed a chemical screening strategy for compounds that reduce the levels of p179SMAD3 in tumor cells with isPLA as a read-out, using the p179SMAD3 scFv SH544-IIC4. The screen identified two kinase inhibitors, known inhibitors of the insulin receptor, which decreased levels of p179SMAD3/SMAD4 complexes, thereby demonstrating the suitability of the recombinant affinity reagents applied in isPLA in screening for inhibitors of cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andries Blokzijl
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden; **YUMAB GmbH, Rebenring 33 Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Agata Zieba
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden;
| | - Michael Hust
- ‖Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biotechnology, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- ‖Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biotechnology, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig 38106, Germany; **YUMAB GmbH, Rebenring 33 Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Saskia Helmsing
- ‖Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biotechnology, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Karin Grannas
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Ellen Hertz
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Anita Moren
- §Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 24, Sweden
| | - Lei Chen
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Ola Söderberg
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- §Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 24, Sweden, ¶Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Stefan Dübel
- ‖Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biotechnology, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Ulf Landegren
- From the ‡Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
LeJeune TM, Tsui HY, Parsons LB, Miller GE, Whitted C, Lynch KE, Ramsauer RE, Patel JU, Wyatt JE, Street DS, Adams CB, McPherson B, Tsui HM, Evans JA, Livesay C, Torrenegra RD, Palau VE. Mechanism of Action of Two Flavone Isomers Targeting Cancer Cells with Varying Cell Differentiation Status. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142928. [PMID: 26606169 PMCID: PMC4659548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis can be triggered in two different ways, through the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway. The intrinsic pathway is mediated by the mitochondria via the release of cytochrome C while the extrinsic pathway is prompted by death receptor signals and bypasses the mitochondria. These two pathways are closely related to cell proliferation and survival signaling cascades, which thereby constitute possible targets for cancer therapy. In previous studies we introduced two plant derived isomeric flavonoids, flavone A and flavone B which induce apoptosis in highly tumorigenic cancer cells of the breast, colon, pancreas, and the prostate. Flavone A displayed potent cytotoxic activity against more differentiated carcinomas of the colon (CaCo-2) and the pancreas (Panc28), whereas flavone B cytotoxic action is observed on poorly differentiated carcinomas of the colon (HCT 116) and pancreas (MIA PaCa). Apoptosis is induced by flavone A in better differentiated colon cancer CaCo-2 and pancreatic cancer Panc 28 cells via the intrinsic pathway by the inhibition of the activated forms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and pS6, and subsequent loss of phosphorylation of Bcl-2 associated death promoter (BAD) protein, while apoptosis is triggered by flavone B in poorly differentiated colon cancer HCT 116 and MIA PaCa pancreatic cancer cells through the extrinsic pathway with the concomitant upregulation of the phosphorylated forms of ERK and c-JUN at serine 73. These changes in protein levels ultimately lead to activation of apoptosis, without the involvement of AKT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. LeJeune
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Hei Yin Tsui
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Laura B. Parsons
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Gerald E. Miller
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Crystal Whitted
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Kayla E. Lynch
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Ramsauer
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Jasmine U. Patel
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Jarrett E. Wyatt
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Doris S. Street
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Carolyn B. Adams
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Brian McPherson
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Hei Man Tsui
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Evans
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | - Christopher Livesay
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
| | | | - Victoria E. Palau
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Interactions of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors AT-7519, flavopiridol and SNS-032 with ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC1 transporters and their potential to overcome multidrug resistance in vitro. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 76:105-16. [PMID: 25986678 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play an important role in multidrug resistance (MDR) toward anticancer drugs. Here, we evaluated interactions of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKi) AT-7519, flavopiridol and SNS-032 with the following ABC transporters in vitro: P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (ABCC1). METHODS Inhibitory potency of studied CDKi to the transporters was evaluated by accumulation assays using fluorescent substrates and MDCKII cells overexpressing human ABCB1, ABCG2 or ABCC1. Resistance of transporter-expressing cells to the CDKi was evaluated by XTT proliferation assay. Observed interactions of CDKi were verified by ATPase assay in ABC transporter-expressing Sf9 membrane vesicles. Combination index analysis was additionally performed in ABC transporter-expressing cancer cell lines, HepG2 and T47D. RESULTS Flavopiridol showed a significant inhibitory potency toward ABCG2 and ABCC1. SNS-032 also decreased ABCG2-mediated efflux, while AT-7519 failed to inhibit ABCB1, ABCG2 or ABCC1. Both flavopiridol and SNS-032 showed synergistic antiproliferative effects in combination with relevant ABC transporter substrates such as daunorubicin and topotecan in cancer cells. ABCB1 was found to confer significant resistance to AT-7519 and SNS-032, but not to flavopiridol. In contrast, ABCG2 and ABCC1 conferred resistance to flavopiridol, but not to AT-7519 and SNS-032. CONCLUSION Our data provide detailed information on interactions of flavopiridol, SNS-032 and AT-7519 with ABC transporters, which may help elucidate the pharmacokinetic behavior and toxicity of these compounds. Moreover, we show the ability of flavopiridol and SNS-032, but not AT-7519, to overcome ABC transporter-mediated MDR.
Collapse
|
23
|
A phase II, single-arm, open-label, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of P276-00, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 15:392-7. [PMID: 25816934 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overexpression of cyclin D1 is a hallmark feature of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Many of the oncogenic effects of cyclin D1 are mediated through cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). P276-00 is a potent small molecule inhibitor of CDK4-D1, CDK1-B, and CDK9-T, with promising activity in preclinical models. In phase I studies of P276-00 in patients with refractory solid neoplasms, it was well-tolerated with a mild trend toward single-agent efficacy. PATIENTS AND METHODS A phase II study of P276-00 was conducted in patients with relapsed or refractory MCL at the recommended dose of 185 mg/m(2)/day from days 1 to 5 of a 21-day cycle. Thirteen patients were enrolled in the present study. RESULTS Of the 13 patients, 11 experienced disease progression, 1 patient was withdrawn because of an adverse event (AE), and 1 patient died. Also, 11 patients (84.6%) experienced a treatment-emergent AE deemed related to P276-00. Of the 13 patients, 9 (69.2%) received ≥ 2 cycles of treatment, which was the predefined threshold to be evaluable for efficacy. Treatment was discontinued early in 2 patients because of AEs (1 of which was attributed to P276-00 administration) and in 2 patients because of disease progression. Finally, 2 patients experienced stable disease for an estimated median duration of 60.5 days (range, 58-63 days). The estimated median time to progression for the predefined efficacy population was 43 days (range, 38-58 days). CONCLUSION Given the results observed in the present study, if evaluation of CDK inhibition in MCL continues, it should be considered earlier in the disease course or as a part of combination strategies for relapsed or refractory disease.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim Y, Han D, Min H, Jin J, Yi EC, Kim Y. Comparative proteomic profiling of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Mol Cells 2014; 37:888-98. [PMID: 25518923 PMCID: PMC4275706 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal cancers and is associated with limited diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Currently, gemcitabine is the only effective drug and represents the preferred first-line treatment for chemotherapy. However, a high level of intrinsic or acquired resistance of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine can contribute to the failure of gemcitabine treatment. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms for gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer, we performed label-free quantification of protein expression in intrinsic gemcitabine-resistant and - sensitive human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines using our improved proteomic strategy, combined with filter-aided sample preparation, single-shot liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, enhanced spectral counting, and a statistical method based on a power law global error model. We identified 1931 proteins and quantified 787 differentially expressed proteins in the BxPC3, PANC-1, and HPDE cell lines. Bioinformatics analysis identified 15 epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and 13 EMT-related proteins that were closely associated with drug resistance were differentially expressed. Interestingly, 8 of these proteins were involved in glutathione and cysteine/methionine metabolism. These results suggest that proteins related to the EMT and glutathione metabolism play important roles in the development of intrinsic gemcitabine resistance by pancreatic cancer cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yikwon Kim
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
| | - Jonghwa Jin
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
| | - Eugene C. Yi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Endogenous lung surfactant inspired pH responsive nanovesicle aerosols: pulmonary compatible and site-specific drug delivery in lung metastases. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7085. [PMID: 25403950 PMCID: PMC4235800 DOI: 10.1038/srep07085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns related to pulmonary toxicity and non-specificity of nanoparticles have limited their clinical applications for aerosol delivery of chemotherapeutics in lung cancer. We hypothesized that pulmonary surfactant mimetic nanoparticles that offer pH responsive release specifically in tumor may be a possible solution to overcome these issues. We therefore developed lung surfactant mimetic and pH responsive lipid nanovesicles for aerosol delivery of paclitaxel in metastatic lung cancer. 100-200 nm sized nanovesicles showed improved fusogenicity and cytosolic drug release, specifically with cancer cells, thereby resulting in improved cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in B16F10 murine melanoma cells and cytocompatibility with normal lung fibroblasts (MRC 5). The nanovesicles showed airway patency similar to that of endogenous pulmonary surfactant and did not elicit inflammatory response in alveolar macrophages. Their aerosol administration while significantly improving the biodistribution of paclitaxel in comparison to Taxol (i.v.), also showed significantly higher metastastes inhibition (~75%) in comparison to that of i.v. Taxol and i.v. Abraxane. No signs of interstitial pulmonary fiborisis, chronic inflammation and any other pulmonary toxicity were observed with nanovesicle formulation. Overall, these nanovesicles may be a potential platform to efficiently deliver hydrophobic drugs as aerosol in metastatic lung cancer and other lung diseases, without causing pulmonary toxicity.
Collapse
|
26
|
Tavano F, Fontana A, Pellegrini F, Burbaci FP, Rappa F, Cappello F, Copetti M, Maiello E, Lombardi L, Graziano P, Vinciguerra M, di Mola FF, di Sebastiano P, Andriulli A, Pazienza V. Modeling interactions between Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter-1 and other factors involved in the response to gemcitabine treatment to predict clinical outcomes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients. J Transl Med 2014; 12:248. [PMID: 25199538 PMCID: PMC4172900 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive malignancy, characterized by largely unsatisfactory responses to the currently available therapeutic strategies. In this study we evaluated the expression of genes involved in gemcitabine uptake in a selected cohort of patients with PDAC, with well-defined clinical-pathological features. Methods mRNA levels of hENT1, CHOP, MRP1 and DCK were evaluated by means of qRT-PCR in matched pairs of tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples collected from PDAC patients treated with gemcitabine after surgical tumor resection. To detect possible interaction between gene expression levels and to identify subgroups of patients at different mortality/progression risk, the RECursive Partitioning and Amalgamation (RECPAM) method was used. Results RECPAM analysis showed that DCK and CHOP were most relevant variables for the identification of patients with different mortality risk, while hENT1 and CHOP were able to identify subgroups of patients with different disease progression risk. Conclusion: hENT1, CHOP, MRP1 and DCK appear correlated to PDAC, and this interaction might influence disease behavior.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kasloff SB, Pizzuto MS, Silic-Benussi M, Pavone S, Ciminale V, Capua I. Oncolytic activity of avian influenza virus in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines. J Virol 2014; 88:9321-34. [PMID: 24899201 PMCID: PMC4136238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00929-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the most lethal form of human cancer, with dismal survival rates due to late-stage diagnoses and a lack of efficacious therapies. Building on the observation that avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) have a tropism for the pancreas in vivo, the present study was aimed at testing the efficacy of IAVs as oncolytic agents for killing human PDA cell lines. Receptor characterization confirmed that human PDA cell lines express the alpha-2,3- and the alpha-2,6-linked glycan receptor for avian and human IAVs, respectively. PDA cell lines were sensitive to infection by human and avian IAV isolates, which is consistent with this finding. Growth kinetic experiments showed preferential virus replication in PDA cells over that in a nontransformed pancreatic ductal cell line. Finally, at early time points posttreatment, infection with IAVs caused higher levels of apoptosis in PDA cells than gemcitabine and cisplatin, which are the cornerstone of current therapies for PDA. In the BxPC-3 PDA cell line, apoptosis resulted from the engagement of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Importantly, IAVs did not induce apoptosis in nontransformed pancreatic ductal HPDE6 cells. Using a model based on the growth of a PDA cell line as a xenograft in SCID mice, we also show that a slightly pathogenic avian IAV significantly inhibited tumor growth following intratumoral injection. Taken together, these results are the first to suggest that IAVs may hold promise as future agents of oncolytic virotherapy against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. IMPORTANCE Despite intensive studies aimed at designing new therapeutic approaches, PDA still retains the most dismal prognosis among human cancers. In the present study, we provide the first evidence indicating that avian IAVs of low pathogenicity display a tropism for human PDA cells, resulting in viral RNA replication and a potent induction of apoptosis in vitro and antitumor effects in vivo. These results suggest that slightly pathogenic IAVs may prove to be effective for oncolytic virotherapy of PDA and provide grounds for further studies to develop specific and targeted viruses, with the aim of testing their efficacy in clinical contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Kasloff
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Matteo S Pizzuto
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy Imperial College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Micol Silic-Benussi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Pavone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Capua
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kudgus RA, Walden CA, McGovern RM, Reid JM, Robertson JD, Mukherjee P. Tuning pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of a targeted drug delivery system through incorporation of a passive targeting component. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5669. [PMID: 25011609 PMCID: PMC4092331 DOI: 10.1038/srep05669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Major challenges in the development of drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been the short half-life, poor bioavailability, insufficient accumulation and penetration of the DDSs into the tumor tissue. Understanding the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of the DDS is essential to overcome these challenges. Herein we investigate how surface chemistry affects the PK profile and organ distribution of a gold nanoparticle-based DDS containing both a passive and active targeting moiety via two common routes of administration: intravenous and intraperitoneal injections. Using LC/MS/MS, ELISA and INAA we report the half-life, peak plasma concentrations, area under the curve, ability to cross the peritoneal barrier and biodistribution of the nanoconjugates. The results highlight the design criteria for fine-tuning the PK parameters of a targeted drug delivery system that exploits the benefits of both active and passive targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Kudgus
- Department of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chad A. Walden
- Department of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Renee M. McGovern
- Department of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Reid
- Department of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - J. David Robertson
- Department of Chemistry and University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology and Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shirsath N, Rathos M, Chaudhari U, Sivaramakrishnan H, Joshi K. Potentiation of anticancer effect of valproic acid, an antiepileptic agent with histone deacetylase inhibitory activity, by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor P276-00 in human non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines. Lung Cancer 2013; 82:214-21. [PMID: 24051085 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P276-00 is a novel cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor is in Phase II clinical trials. Valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic agent has been associated with anticancer activity, through the inhibition of histone deacetylase I. Here we investigate the effect of the combination of VPA and P276-00, in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell growth inhibition was studied using the Propidium iodide (PI) assay. Cell cycle analysis and recovery were detected by flow cytometry. The expression levels of various proteins were detected by western blot. Inhibition of colony formation in H460 was checked in vitro. In vivo efficacy was studied in H460 xenograft model. RESULTS The combination of P276-00 and VPA showed synergistic effect on p53+ and p53- NSCLC cell lines in antiproliferative assay at both constant and non-constant ratio with marked decrease in colony forming potential. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed a significant time dependent increase in apoptosis with 64% apoptotic population at 96 h compared to VPA (1%) and P276-00 (28%) alone (p < 0.0001). Incubation of the cells after treatment, in fresh medium without drugs, led to the recovery of cells treated with P276-00 alone but not the cells treated with the combination of both the drugs. The combination treatment up-regulated tumor suppressor proteins like p53, p21 and p27 along with down-regulation of proliferation and survival proteins viz. cyclin D1 and Bcl-2. This was also associated with the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and significant accumulation of hyperacetylated histones in the combination treatment. Interestingly, VPA in combination with P276-00 was much more effective as an antitumor agent than alone, in the H460 xenograft tumor model in SCID mice. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the combination of HDAC inhibitor VPA with CDK inhibitor P276-00 is promising novel molecularly targeted therapeutic approach for NSCLC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Shirsath
- Department of Pharmacology, Piramal Life Sciences, Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Goregaon (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Donohue E, Thomas A, Maurer N, Manisali I, Zeisser-Labouebe M, Zisman N, Anderson HJ, Ng SSW, Webb M, Bally M, Roberge M. The autophagy inhibitor verteporfin moderately enhances the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma model. J Cancer 2013; 4:585-96. [PMID: 24069069 PMCID: PMC3781989 DOI: 10.7150/jca.7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly resistant to chemotherapy. It has been described as requiring elevated autophagy for growth and inhibiting autophagy has been proposed as a treatment strategy. To date, all preclinical reports and clinical trials investigating pharmacological inhibition of autophagy have used chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, which interfere with lysosomal function and block autophagy at a late stage. Verteporfin is a newly discovered autophagy inhibitor that blocks autophagy at an early stage by inhibiting autophagosome formation. Here we report that PDAC cell lines show variable sensitivity to verteporfin in vitro, suggesting cell-line specific autophagy dependence. Using image-based and molecular analyses, we show that verteporfin inhibits autophagy stimulated by gemcitabine, the current standard treatment for PDAC. Pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies in a BxPC-3 xenograft mouse model demonstrated that verteporfin accumulated in tumors at autophagy-inhibiting levels and inhibited autophagy in vivo, but did not reduce tumor volume or increase survival as a single agent. In combination with gemcitabine verteporfin moderately reduced tumor growth and enhanced survival compared to gemcitabine alone. While our results do not uphold the premise that autophagy inhibition might be widely effective against PDAC as a single-modality treatment, they do support autophagy inhibition as an approach to sensitize PDAC to gemcitabine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Donohue
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kudgus RA, Szabolcs A, Khan JA, Walden CA, Reid JM, Robertson JD, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Inhibiting the growth of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo through targeted treatment with designer gold nanotherapeutics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57522. [PMID: 23483913 PMCID: PMC3590245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest of all human malignancies with limited options for therapy. Here, we report the development of an optimized targeted drug delivery system to inhibit advanced stage pancreatic tumor growth in an orthotopic mouse model. Method/Principal Findings Targeting specificity in vitro was confirmed by preincubation of the pancreatic cancer cells with C225 as well as Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR - nucleoside transporter (NT) inhibitor). Upon nanoconjugation functional activity of gemcitabine was retained as tested using a thymidine incorporation assay. Significant stability of the nanoconjugates was maintained, with only 12% release of gemcitabine over a 24-hour period in mouse plasma. Finally, an in vivo study demonstrated the inhibition of tumor growth through targeted delivery of a low dose of gemcitabine in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer, mimicking an advanced stage of the disease. Conclusion We demonstrated in this study that the gold nanoparticle-based therapeutic containing gemcitabine inhibited tumor growth in an advanced stage of the disease in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. Future work would focus on understanding the pharmacokinetics and combining active targeting with passive targeting to further improve the therapeutic efficacy and increase survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Kudgus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Annamaria Szabolcs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jameel Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chad A. Walden
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Reid
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - J. David Robertson
- Department of Chemistry and University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|