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Lu TL, He CS, Suzuki K, Lu CC, Wang CY, Fang SH. Concurrent Ingestion of Alkaline Water and L-Glutamine Enhanced Salivary α-Amylase Activity and Testosterone Concentration in Boxing Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:454. [PMID: 38337738 PMCID: PMC10857026 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Athletes often take sport supplements to reduce fatigue and immune disturbances during or after training. This study evaluated the acute effects of concurrent ingestion of alkaline water and L-glutamine on the salivary immunity and hormone responses of boxers after training. Twelve male boxing athletes were recruited in this study. During regular training, the participants were randomly divided into three groups and asked to consume 400 mL of alkaline water (Group A), 0.15 g/kg body weight of L-glutamine with 400 mL of water (Group G), and 0.15 g/kg of L-glutamine with 400 mL of alkaline water (Group A+G) at the same time each day for three consecutive weeks. Before and immediately after the training, saliva, heart rates, and the rate of perceived exertion were investigated. The activity of α-amylase and concentrations of lactoferrin, immunoglobulin A (IgA), testosterone, and cortisol in saliva were measured. The results showed that the ratio of α-amylase activity/total protein (TP) significantly increased after training in Group A+G but not in Group A or G, whereas the ratios of lactoferrin/TP and IgA/TP were unaffected in all three groups. The concentrations of salivary testosterone after training increased significantly in Group A+G but not in Group A or G, whereas the salivary cortisol concentrations were unaltered in all groups. In conclusion, concurrent ingestion of 400 mL of alkaline water and 0.15 g/kg of L-glutamine before training enhanced the salivary α-amylase activity and testosterone concentration of boxers, which would be beneficial for post-exercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Lin Lu
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan; (T.-L.L.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Cheng-Shiun He
- Department of Athletic Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong 621301, Taiwan;
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan;
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan; (T.-L.L.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Chung-Yuan Wang
- Department of Combat Sports, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Hua Fang
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan; (T.-L.L.); (C.-C.L.)
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Palkowitz AL, Tuna T, Kaufmann R, Buhl EM, Wolfart S, Fischer H. Functionalization of a zirconia surface by covalently immobilized fibronectin and its effects on resistance to thermal, acid, and mechanical exposure. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35390. [PMID: 38356151 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Silane chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for surface modification, offering a versatile means to enhance the properties of various substrates, such as dental implant abutment materials. In this study, we investigated the stability of the 3-aminopropyldiisopropylethoxysilane (APDS) layer on yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP) surfaces after mechanical, acid, and thermal treatment in order to simulate fluctuations within the oral cavity. To accomplish that, the viability of human gingival fibroblasts on APDS-modified surfaces after applied treatment strategies was assessed by live/dead staining. Moreover, the hydrolysis stability and enzymatic degradation resistance of crosslinked fibronectin to the APDS layer was examined by immunostaining and western blot. The results revealed that the applied modifications were not affected by the different treatment conditions and could withstand the fluctuations in the oral cavity. Furthermore, crosslinked fibronectin on silanized Y-TZP was stable against hydrolysis over 21 days and enzymatic degradation. We thus can conclude that the proposed functionalization method has high potential to tolerate harmful effects within the oral cavity and remains unchanged on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena L Palkowitz
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Taskin Tuna
- Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Kaufmann
- DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wolfart
- Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Abdelrahman HH, Ammar N, Hassan MG, Essam W, Amer H. Erosive tooth wear and salivary parameters among competitive swimmers and non-swimmers in Egypt: a cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:7777-7785. [PMID: 37924355 PMCID: PMC10713671 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Competitive swimmers spend considerable time practicing their sport. Prolonged exposure to chlorinated water can alter salivary parameters and might compromise oral health. This study aimed to determine erosive tooth wear status and its related risk factors among competitive swimmers as compared to non-swimmers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study consisting of 180 athletes (90 competitive swimmers versus 90 competitive rowers "non-swimmers") was conducted. Participants were interviewed on the common erosion risk factors. The Basic Erosive Wear Examination system was used to assess the status of erosive tooth wear. Stimulated saliva sample was collected before and after a training session and pool pH was evaluated using pH strips for 7 days. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of dental erosion was significantly higher among competitive swimmers (60%) with higher BEWE scores compared to non-swimmers (25.6%). The salivary flow rate was reduced significantly after training sessions in both groups while salivary pH increased among swimmers. Evaluation of pool water revealed a continuous reduction in the pH level, reaching a very acidic pH level of 3.24. CONCLUSION Erosive tooth wear is more prevalent among competitive swimmers. Years of practice and regular consumption of acidic drinks increase the odds of developing erosive lesions. A high incidence of erosive lesions may be attributed to a reduction in swimming pool pH level. Salivary parameters showed variations between groups after training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hams H Abdelrahman
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Champollion St., Azarita, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.
| | - Nour Ammar
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Champollion St., Azarita, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed G Hassan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wafaa Essam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Champollion St., Azarita, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Hala Amer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Champollion St., Azarita, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
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Rivera-Chacon R, Ricci S, Petri RM, Haselmann A, Reisinger N, Zebeli Q, Castillo-Lopez E. Effect of Duration of High-Grain Feeding on Chewing, Feeding Behavior, and Salivary Composition in Cows with or without a Phytogenic Feed Supplement. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12152001. [PMID: 35953990 PMCID: PMC9367443 DOI: 10.3390/ani12152001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Switching diets from forage to a high-grain (HG) diet increases the risk of rumen fermentation disorders in cattle. However, the effects of the duration of the HG feeding, after the diet switch, on animal behavior and health have received considerably less attention. This experiment primarily aimed to assess the effects of the duration of an HG diet on the chewing, eating, and lying behavior and salivation dynamics in a control group (CON) and a group of cows receiving a phytogenic feed supplement (TRT) at 0.04% (DM basis), which included L-menthol, thymol, eugenol, mint oil, and cloves powder. The experiment was a crossover design with nine non-lactating cows, and two experimental periods with an intermediate washout of four weeks. In each period, the cows were first fed a forage diet for a week to collect baseline measurements representing week 0; then, the diet was switched over a week to HG (65% concentrate), which was fed for four continuous weeks (week 1, week 2, week 3, and week 4 on an HG diet, respectively). The cows were divided in two groups of four and five animals and were randomly allocated to CON or TRT. The data analysis revealed that at the start of the HG feeding, the dry matter intake and the cows’ number of lying bouts increased, but the eating time, rumination time, and meal frequency decreased, resulting in a greater eating rate. We also found that an advanced duration on an HG diet further decreased the rumination time, total chewing time, chewing index, and sorting in favor of short feed particles, with the lowest values in week 4. The feed bolus size increased but feed the ensalivation decreased in week 4 compared to week 0. The dietary switch increased salivary lysozyme activity, and the advanced duration on the HG diet increased salivary pH, but salivary phosphate decreased in weeks 1 and 2 on the HG diet. Supplementation with TRT increased sorting in favor of physically effective NDF (peNDF) in week 2 and increased salivary pH in week 4 on an HG diet. Overall, the negative effects of the HG diet in cattle are more pronounced during the initial stage of the HG feeding. However, several detrimental effects were exacerbated with the cows’ advanced duration on feed, with host adaptive changes still observed after 3 and 4 weeks following the diet switch. The TRT mitigated some of the negative effects through the temporal improvement of the salivary properties and the intake of peNDF, which are known to modulate rumen fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Rivera-Chacon
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Ricci
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renée M. Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Haselmann
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Reisinger
- BIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ezequias Castillo-Lopez
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Burleigh MC, Sculthorpe N, Henriquez FL, Easton C. Nitrate-rich beetroot juice offsets salivary acidity following carbohydrate ingestion before and after endurance exercise in healthy male runners. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243755. [PMID: 33320868 PMCID: PMC7737958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been recent calls for strategies to improve oral health in athletes. High carbohydrate diets, exercise induced dehydration and transient perturbations to immune function combine to increase oral disease risk in this group. We tested whether a single dose of nitrate (NO3-) would offset the reduction in salivary pH following carbohydrate ingestion before and after an exercise bout designed to cause mild dehydration. Eleven trained male runners ( V˙O2max 53 ± 9 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, age 30 ± 7 years) completed a randomised placebo-controlled study comprising four experimental trials. Participants ingested the following fluids one hour before each trial: (a) 140 ml of water (negative-control), (b) 140 ml of water (positive-control), (c) 140 ml of NO3- rich beetroot juice (~12.4 mmol NO3-) (NO3- trial) or (d) 140 ml NO3- depleted beetroot juice (placebo-trial). During the negative-control trial, participants ingested 795 ml of water in three equal aliquots: before, during, and after 90 min of submaximal running. In the other trials they received 795 ml of carbohydrate supplements in the same fashion. Venous blood was collected before and after the exercise bout and saliva was sampled before and repeatedly over the 20 min following carbohydrate or water ingestion. As expected, nitrite (NO2-) and NO3- were higher in plasma and saliva during the NO3- trial than all other trials (all P<0.001). Compared to the negative-control, salivary-pH was significantly reduced following the ingestion of carbohydrate in the positive-control and placebo trials (both P <0.05). Salivary-pH was similar between the negative-control and NO3- trials before and after exercise despite ingestion of carbohydrate in the NO3- trial (both P≥0.221). Ingesting NO3- attenuates the expected reduction in salivary-pH following carbohydrate supplements and exercise-induced dehydration. NO3- should be considered by athletes as a novel nutritional strategy to reduce the risk of developing acidity related oral health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia C. Burleigh
- Institute of Clinical Health and Exercise Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Health and Exercise Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Fiona L. Henriquez
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute of Clinical Health and Exercise Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
- * E-mail:
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Conzelmann C, Groß R, Zou M, Krüger F, Görgens A, Gustafsson MO, El Andaloussi S, Münch J, Müller JA. Salivary extracellular vesicles inhibit Zika virus but not SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1808281. [PMID: 32939236 PMCID: PMC7480612 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1808281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is mainly transmitted via mosquitos, but human-to-human transmissions also occur. The virus is shed into various body fluids including saliva, which represents a possible source of viral transmission. Thus, we here explored whether human saliva affects ZIKV infectivity. We found that physiological concentrations of pooled saliva dose-dependently inhibit ZIKV infection of monkey and human cells by preventing viral attachment to target cells. The anti-ZIKV activity in saliva could not be abrogated by boiling, suggesting the antiviral factor is not a protein. Instead, we found that purified extracellular vesicles (EVs) from saliva inhibit ZIKV infection. Salivary EVs (saEVs) express typical EV markers such as tetraspanins CD9, CD63 and CD81 and prevent ZIKV attachment to and infection of target cells at concentrations that are naturally present in saliva. The anti-ZIKV activity of saliva is conserved but the magnitude of inhibition varies between individual donors. In contrast to ZIKV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), predominantly spreading via respiratory droplets, is not affected by saliva or saEVs. Our findings provide a plausible explanation for why ZIKV transmission via saliva, i.e. by deep kissing have not been recorded and establish a novel oral innate immune defence mechanism against some viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Conzelmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Min Zou
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Franziska Krüger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A. Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Abstract
Saliva, as the first body fluid encountering with the exogenous materials, has good correlation with blood and plays an important role in bioanalysis. However, saliva has not been studied as much as the other biological fluids mainly due to restricted access to its large volumes. In recent years, there is a growing interest for saliva analysis owing to the emergence of miniaturized sample preparation methods. The purpose of this paper is to review all microextraction methods and their principles of operation. In the following, we examine the methods used to analyze saliva up to now and discuss the potential of the other microextraction methods for saliva analysis to encourage research groups for more focus on this important subject area.
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Tanabe-Ikegawa M, Takahashi T, Churei H, Mitsuyama A, Ueno T. Interactive effect of rehydration with diluted sports drink and water gargling on salivary flow, pH, and buffering capacity during ergometer exercise in young adult volunteers. J Oral Sci 2018; 60:269-277. [PMID: 29925711 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of rehydration with diluted sports drink and water gargling on salivary flow, pH and buffering capacity during exercise. Nineteen participants performed a 30-min bicycle ergometer exercise at 80% of maximal heart rate while consuming a sports drink, followed by gargling with water, or no gargling, immediately after the exercise (Exp. 1). The same experiment was then conducted on 9 participants who drank 1.5-fold diluted sports drink (Exp. 2-A) and 10 who drank 2-fold diluted sports drink (Exp. 2-B). Paraffin-stimulated whole saliva samples were collected for 3 min before, during and after exercise, and salivary parameters were examined using a hand-held pH meter. Statistical significance was assessed using multi-factor ANOVA and Turkey-Kramer test (P < 0.05). The decrease in salivary pH was significantly suppressed after water gargling in Exp. 1 (P < 0.01) and Exp. 2-A (P < 0.001). Dilution of the sports drink had an interactive effect with water gargling in Exp. 2-B (P < 0.01). These results suggest that gargling with water suppresses the decrease of salivary pH resulting from sports drink rehydration during ergometer exercise, but that this effect may be lost if athletes consume sports drink that has been diluted 2-fold with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Tanabe-Ikegawa
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Oral Implantology, Division of Dental Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University
| | - Hiroshi Churei
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | | | - Toshiaki Ueno
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Antunes LS, Veiga L, Nery VS, Nery CC, Antunes LA. Sports drink consumption and dental erosion among amateur runners. J Oral Sci 2017; 59:639-643. [PMID: 29279574 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence and potential risk factors for dental erosion in amateur athletes at running events. After a sample calculation, 108 runners from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were selected and examined for dental wear by a single trained and calibrated evaluator (kappa = 1.00). To identify risk factors, the runners were interviewed by using a standardized, semi-structured questionnaire. The average (SD) age of the runners was 34.2 (11.45), and the prevalence of dental erosion was 19.4%. Gastroesophageal reflux, running frequency per week, and time expended during competition were associated with dental erosion (P < 0.05). The association between use of isotonic drinks and dental erosion was not significant (P > 0.05). In conclusion, dental erosion was not associated with use of isotonic drinks. However, frequency of exercise per week and gastroesophageal reflux were risk factors for dental erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo S Antunes
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University
| | - Lais Veiga
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University
| | | | - Caio C Nery
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University
| | - Lívia A Antunes
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University
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Lloyd JD, Nakamura WS, Maeda Y, Takeda T, Leesungbok R, Lazarchik D, Dorney B, Gonda T, Nakajima K, Yasui T, Iwata Y, Suzuki H, Tsukimura N, Churei H, Kwon KR, Choy MM, Rock JB. Mouthguards and their use in sports: Report of the 1st International Sports Dentistry Workshop, 2016. Dent Traumatol 2017; 33:421-426. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomotaka Takeda
- Tokyo Dental College Department of Oral Health & Clinical Science Division of Sports Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
| | | | | | - Brett Dorney
- Faculty of Dentistry; Sydney University; Sydney Australia
| | - Tomoya Gonda
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Tokyo Dental College Department of Oral Health & Clinical Science Division of Sports Dentistry; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Iwata
- Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Chiba Japan
| | | | | | - Kung-Rock Kwon
- Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry; Seoul South Korea
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