1
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Schartz ND, Liang HY, Carvalho K, Chu SH, Mendoza-Arvilla A, Petrisko TJ, Gomez-Arboledas A, Mortazavi A, Tenner AJ. C5aR1 antagonism suppresses inflammatory glial responses and alters cellular signaling in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7028. [PMID: 39147742 PMCID: PMC11327341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in older adults, and the need for effective, sustainable therapeutic targets is imperative. The complement pathway has been proposed as a therapeutic target. C5aR1 inhibition reduces plaque load, gliosis, and memory deficits in animal models, however, the cellular bases underlying this neuroprotection were unclear. Here, we show that the C5aR1 antagonist PMX205 improves outcomes in the Arctic48 mouse model of AD. A combination of single cell and single nucleus RNA-seq analysis of hippocampi derived from males and females identified neurotoxic disease-associated microglia clusters in Arctic mice that are C5aR1-dependent, while microglial genes associated with synapse organization and transmission and learning were overrepresented in PMX205-treated mice. PMX205 also reduced neurotoxic astrocyte gene expression, but clusters associated with protective responses to injury were unchanged. C5aR1 inhibition promoted mRNA-predicted signaling pathways between brain cell types associated with cell growth and repair, while suppressing inflammatory pathways. Finally, although hippocampal plaque load was unaffected, PMX205 prevented deficits in short-term memory in female Arctic mice. In conclusion, C5aR1 inhibition prevents cognitive loss, limits detrimental glial polarization while permitting neuroprotective responses, as well as leaving most protective functions of complement intact, making C5aR1 antagonism an attractive therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Schartz
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Y Liang
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Klebea Carvalho
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adrian Mendoza-Arvilla
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany J Petrisko
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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2
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Jiang Q, Wei Q, Zhang L, Yang T, Lin J, Xiao Y, Li C, Hou Y, Ou R, Liu K, Zhao B, Wu Y, Lai X, Shang H. Peripheral immunity relate to disease progression and prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2024; 25:465-474. [PMID: 38270154 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2024.2306969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Abnormalities in the peripheral immune system in ALS have been paid attention; however, the results of changes in peripheral immune parameters were inconsistent. METHODS A total of 1109 ALS patients were enrolled in the study. All patients received clinical evaluation and peripheral immune parameters measurement. The outcomes were analyzed by correlation analysis, multiple linear regression and cox survival analysis. RESULTS We found that ALS patients had significantly higher percentage of CD4+ T cells (39.3 vs. 37.1%, p < 0.001) and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (1.88 vs. 1.72, p = 0.011), significantly lower IgG (11.73 vs.12.82, p < 0.001) and IgA (2130.70 vs. 2284.8, p = 0.013) compared with the health controls. In the multivariate linear model, we found that each increase of 1.262, 0.278, and 4.44E-4 in ALSFRS-R scores were significantly associated with each increment of lymphocyte count, IgG, and IgA, respectively. However, each decrease of 0.341, 0.068, and 0.682 in ALSFRS-R score was associated with each increment in neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, respectively. Cox survival regression analysis showed that the death risk of ALS patients was related to the levels of C3 (HR 0.592, 95% CI 0.361-0.973). CONCLUSION We found that there were differences in peripheral immune parameters of ALS patients with the severity of the disease, especially neutrophil, lymphocyte, CD4+ T, and IgG; C3 is an independent predictor of survival in ALS patients. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms associated with altered immune parameters in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianmi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junyu Lin
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanbing Hou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruwei Ou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kuncheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaohui Lai
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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3
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Fogarty MJ, Drieberg-Thompson JR, Bellingham MC, Noakes PG. Timeline of hypoglossal motor neuron death and intrinsic tongue muscle denervation in high-copy number SOD1 G93A mice. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1422943. [PMID: 39119557 PMCID: PMC11306148 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1422943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) postmortem tissue and the SOD1 mouse model at mid-disease, death of hypoglossal motor neurons (XII MNs) is evident. These XII MNs innervate the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, and despite their importance in many oral and lingual motor behaviours that are affected by ALS (e.g., swallowing, speech, and respiratory functions), little is known about the timing and extent of tongue muscle denervation. Here in the well-characterised SOD1G93A (high-copy) mouse model, we evaluated XII MN numbers and intrinsic tongue muscle innervation using standard histopathological approaches, which included stereological evaluation of Nissl-stained brainstem, and the presynaptic and postsynaptic evaluation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), using synapsin, neurofilament, and α-bungarotoxin immunolabelling, at presymptomatic, onset, mid-disease, and endstage timepoints. We found that reduction in XII MN size at onset preceded reduced XII MN survival, while the denervation of tongue muscle did not appear until the endstage. Our study suggests that denervation-induced weakness may not be the most pertinent feature of orolingual deficits in ALS. Efforts to preserve oral and respiratory functions of XII MNs are incredibly important if we are to influence patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Fogarty
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- School of Biomedical Sciences, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter G. Noakes
- School of Biomedical Sciences, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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4
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Pandya VA, Patani R. The role of glial cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 176:381-450. [PMID: 38802179 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has traditionally been considered a neuron-centric disease. This view is now outdated, with increasing recognition of cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous contributions of central and peripheral nervous system glia to ALS pathomechanisms. With glial research rapidly accelerating, we comprehensively interrogate the roles of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells and satellite glia in nervous system physiology and ALS-associated pathology. Moreover, we highlight the inter-glial, glial-neuronal and inter-system polylogue which constitutes the healthy nervous system and destabilises in disease. We also propose classification based on function for complex glial reactive phenotypes and discuss the pre-requisite for integrative modelling to advance translation. Given the paucity of life-enhancing therapies currently available for ALS patients, we discuss the promising potential of harnessing glia in driving ALS therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virenkumar A Pandya
- University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom; The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Rickie Patani
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Fournier LA, Phadke RA, Salgado M, Brack A, Nocon JC, Bolshakova S, Grant JR, Padró Luna NM, Sen K, Cruz-Martín A. Overexpression of the schizophrenia risk gene C4 in PV cells drives sex-dependent behavioral deficits and circuit dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.27.575409. [PMID: 38328248 PMCID: PMC10849664 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.27.575409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV)-positive cells are key players in orchestrating pyramidal neuron activity, and their dysfunction is consistently observed in myriad brain diseases. To understand how immune complement dysregulation - a prevalent locus of brain disease etiology - in PV cells may drive disease pathogenesis, we have developed a transgenic mouse line that permits cell-type specific overexpression of the schizophrenia-associated complement component 4 (C4) gene. We found that overexpression of mouse C4 (mC4) in PV cells causes sex-specific behavioral alterations and concomitant deficits in synaptic connectivity and excitability of PV cells of the prefrontal cortex. Using a computational network, we demonstrated that these microcircuit deficits led to hyperactivity and disrupted neural communication. Finally, pan-neuronal overexpression of mC4 failed to evoke the same deficits in behavior as PV-specific mC4 overexpression, suggesting that C4 perturbations in fast-spiking neurons are more harmful to brain function than pan-neuronal alterations. Together, these results provide a causative link between C4 and the vulnerability of PV cells in brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Fournier
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rhushikesh A. Phadke
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Salgado
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alison Brack
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jian Carlo Nocon
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Hearing Research Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sonia Bolshakova
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Bioinformatics MS Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jaylyn R. Grant
- Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, United States
- The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Program, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Nicole M. Padró Luna
- The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Program, Boston University, Boston, United States
- Biology Department, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Kamal Sen
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Hearing Research Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alberto Cruz-Martín
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Genge A, van den Berg LH, Frick G, Han S, Abikoff C, Simmons A, Lin Q, Patra K, Kupperman E, Berry JD. Efficacy and Safety of Ravulizumab, a Complement C5 Inhibitor, in Adults With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:1089-1097. [PMID: 37695623 PMCID: PMC10495927 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Importance Additional therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are urgently needed. Immune-mediated complement activation may be involved in ALS pathogenesis as evidenced by the upregulation of terminal components; thus, complement inhibition could potentially slow progression. Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the terminal complement C5 inhibitor ravulizumab in adults with ALS. Design, Setting, and Participants This double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational, randomized, phase 3 clinical trial was conducted from March 30, 2020, to October 17, 2021, in 81 ALS specialty centers across 17 countries. A preplanned, unmasked, nonbinding interim futility analysis was conducted when 33% of participants had completed week 26, wherein a conditional power of less than 10% would halt the trial. A total of 478 individuals were screened, and 96 were excluded. Inclusion criteria were weight of 40 kg or more, fulfillment of the El Escorial diagnostic criteria, and a minimal prestudy Revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) progression score of -0.3 points per month. Interventions Study treatment consisted of placebo or a weight-based dose of intravenous ravulizumab every 8 weeks until week 42. Participants could continue standard-of-care treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was change from baseline in ALSFRS-R score at week 50 based on the Combined Assessment of Function and Survival (CAFS). Results A total of 382 participants were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive ravulizumab (n = 255; mean [SD] age, 58.6 [10.6] years; 94 female [36.9%] and 161 male [63.1%]) or placebo (n = 127; mean [SD] age, 58.0 [11.0] years; 58 female [45.7%] and 69 male [54.3%]). The interim analysis showed that the observed mean change from baseline in ALSFRS-R at week 50 was -14.67 points (SE, 0.89 points; 95% CI, -16.42 to -12.91 points) for ravulizumab and -13.33 points (SE, 1.22 points; 95% CI, -15.72 to -10.93 points) for placebo, with no significant difference between the groups (mean [SE] difference, -1.34 [1.46] points; 95% CI, -4.21 to 1.53 points). Based on these data, the trial was terminated for futility. The primary analysis at week 50 showed no significant difference in CAFS between groups (mean [SE], 5.5 [10.8] points; 95% CI, -15.7 to 26.6 points; P = .61). Overall incidence rates for treatment-emergent adverse events were similar for ravulizumab (204 participants [80.0%]) and placebo (108 participants [85.0%]). Conclusions and Relevance This trial rapidly showed that terminal complement C5 inhibition with ravulizumab did not slow functional decline in participants with ALS and that the safety profiles of ravulizumab and placebo were similar. Highly effective, novel treatments are critically needed to slow functional decline and extend survival in patients with ALS. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04248465.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Glen Frick
- Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steve Han
- Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
- Now with Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Cori Abikoff
- Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
- Now with Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Adam Simmons
- Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
- Now with Alector, West Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Qun Lin
- Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kaushik Patra
- Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
- Now with Ultragenyx, Lexington, Massachusetts
| | - Erik Kupperman
- Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, Massachusetts
- Now with Viridian Therapeutics, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - James D. Berry
- Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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7
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Miao J, Chen L, Pan X, Li L, Zhao B, Lan J. Microglial Metabolic Reprogramming: Emerging Insights and Therapeutic Strategies in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3191-3210. [PMID: 37341833 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play a critical role in maintaining brain homeostasis. However, in neurodegenerative conditions, microglial cells undergo metabolic reprogramming in response to pathological stimuli, including Aβ plaques, Tau tangles, and α-synuclein aggregates. This metabolic shift is characterized by a transition from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis, increased glucose uptake, enhanced production of lactate, lipids, and succinate, and upregulation of glycolytic enzymes. These metabolic adaptations result in altered microglial functions, such as amplified inflammatory responses and diminished phagocytic capacity, which exacerbate neurodegeneration. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial metabolic reprogramming in neurodegenerative diseases and discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglial metabolism to mitigate neuroinflammation and promote brain health. Microglial Metabolic Reprogramming in Neurodegenerative Diseases This graphical abstract illustrates the metabolic shift in microglial cells in response to pathological stimuli and highlights potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglial metabolism for improved brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Miao
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojin Pan
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqing Li
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Beibei Zhao
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiao Lan
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Kioutchoukova IP, Foster D, Thakkar RN, Kurz HN, Lucke-Wold B. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Mechanisms to Current, Emerging, and Alternative Therapeutics. MED DISCOVERIES 2023; 2:1059. [PMID: 37799543 PMCID: PMC10552707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease affecting the motor neurons. Although the etiology remains unknown, mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 have been observed in patients with familial ALS, resulting in increased calcium in the cells and leading to cell death. Additionally, studies in patients with the C9orf72 repeat expansion have shown lower age of onset, cognitive and behavioral impairments, and reduced survival. Accumulation of TDP-43 in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells caused by the loss of UBQLN2 has been shown to lead to mitotoxicity and proteasomal overload. Early diagnosis of ALS is necessary for the optimization of care between a patient's neurologist and interdisciplinary team members to ensure the best outcomes possible. Proper management between physical therapy, occupation therapy, and pharmaceutical medications can improve ALS symptoms, achieving the highest quality of life possible for the patient. The current therapeutic medication recommended for ALS is Riluzole, but new therapies are emerging. This paper analyzes mechanisms of injury and progression of ALS along while analyzing current, emerging, and alternative therapeutics targeting ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devon Foster
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rajvi N Thakkar
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Hayley N Kurz
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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9
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Kook MG, Byun MR, Lee SM, Lee MH, Lee DH, Lee HB, Lee EJ, Baek K, Kim S, Kang KS, Choi JW. Anti-apoptotic Splicing Variant of AIMP2 Recover Mutant SOD1-Induced Neuronal Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:145-159. [PMID: 36242734 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although a couple of studies have reported that mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), one of the causative genes of familial amyotrophic lateral, interacts physically with lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KARS1) by a gain of function, there is limited evidence regarding the detailed mechanism about how the interaction leads to neuronal cell death. Our results indicated that the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multi-functional protein 2 (AIMP2) mediated cell death upon the interplay between mutant SOD1 and KARS1 in ALS. Binding of mutant SOD1 with KARS1 led to the release of AIMP2 from its original binding partner KARS1, and the free form of AIMP2 induced TRAF2 degradation followed by TNF-α-induced cell death. We also suggest a therapeutic application that overexpression of DX2, the exon 2-deleted antagonistic splicing variant of AIMP2 (AIMP2-DX2), reduced neuronal cell death in the ALS mouse model. Expression of DX2 suppressed TRAF2 degradation and TNF-α-induced cell death by competing mode of action against full-length AIMP2. Motor neuron differentiated form iPSC showed a resistance in neuronal cell death after DX2 administration. Further, intrathecal administration of DX2-coding adeno-associated virus (AAV) improved locomotive activity and survival in a mutant SOD1-induced ALS mouse model. Taken together, these results indicated that DX2 could prolong life span and delay the ALS symptoms through compensation in neuronal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Geun Kook
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Byun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedicinal and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Min Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hak Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Been Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Baek
- Department of Biomedicinal and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Generoath Ltd, Seoul, 04168, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research, College of Pharmacy and College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Woo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kubat Oktem E, Aydin B, Yazar M, Arga KY. Integrative Analysis of Motor Neuron and Microglial Transcriptomes from SOD1 G93A Mice Models Uncover Potential Drug Treatments for ALS. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2360-2376. [PMID: 36178612 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease of motor neurons that mainly affects the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Under disease conditions, microglia could possess two distinct profiles, M1 (toxic) and M2 (protective), with the M2 profile observed at disease onset. SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) gene mutations account for up to 20% of familial ALS cases. Comparative gene expression differences in M2-protective (early) stage SOD1G93A microglia and age-matched SOD1G93A motor neurons are poorly understood. We evaluated the differential gene expression profiles in SOD1G93A microglia and SOD1G93A motor neurons utilizing publicly available transcriptomics data and bioinformatics analyses, constructed biomolecular networks around them, and identified gene clusters as potential drug targets. Following a drug repositioning strategy, 5 small compounds (belinostat, auranofin, BRD-K78930611, AZD-8055, and COT-10b) were repositioned as potential ALS therapeutic candidates that mimic the protective state of microglia and reverse the toxic state of motor neurons. We anticipate that this study will provide new insights into the ALS pathophysiology linking the M2 state of microglia and drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kubat Oktem
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Kuzey Yerleşkesi H Blok, Ünalan Sk. D100 Karayolu Yanyol 34700, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Busra Aydin
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Metin Yazar
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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The Complement System in the Central Nervous System: From Neurodevelopment to Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020337. [PMID: 35204837 PMCID: PMC8869249 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the complement system to both innate and adaptive immunity through opsonization, cell lysis, and inflammatory activities are well known. In contrast, the role of complement in the central nervous system (CNS) which extends beyond immunity, is only beginning to be recognized as important to neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. In addition to protecting the brain against invasive pathogens, appropriate activation of the complement system is pivotal to the maintenance of normal brain function. Moreover, overactivation or dysregulation may cause synaptic dysfunction and promote excessive pro-inflammatory responses. Recent studies have provided insights into the various responses of complement components in different neurological diseases and the regulatory mechanisms involved in their pathophysiology, as well as a glimpse into targeting complement factors as a potential therapeutic modality. However, there remain significant knowledge gaps in the relationship between the complement system and different brain disorders. This review summarizes recent key findings regarding the role of different components of the complement system in health and pathology of the CNS and discusses the therapeutic potential of anti-complement strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.
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12
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Adjuvant Lineage-Negative Cell Therapy as a Potential Silencer of the Complement-Mediated Immune System in ALS Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225251. [PMID: 34830531 PMCID: PMC8624979 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ALS remains a fatal, neurodegenerative motor neuron disease. Numerous studies seem to confirm that innate immune system is involved in the pathophysiology of ALS. Hence, the assessment of the complement system and attempts to modify its activity remain the target of medical intervention in ALS. In the present study, three intrathecal administrations of autologous bone marrow-derived lineage-negative (Lin–) cells were performed every 6 weeks in 20 sporadic ALS patients. The concentrations of various complement components in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma at different time points after cell injection were quantified using a Luminex multiplex. The results of the complement system were correlated with the level of leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, fibrinogen and CRP in the peripheral blood and the functional status of ALS patients using Norris and ALS-FRSr scales. The study showed a statistically significant decrease in plasma C3b concentration in all 7th days after cell application. In parallel, a peak decrease in neutrophil count and CRP level was observed on days 5–7, with a simultaneous maximum clinical improvement on days 7–28 of each Lin– cell administration. Adjuvant Lin– cell therapy appears to have the silencing potential on the complement-mediated immune system and thus suppress pro-inflammatory reactions responsible for neurodegeneration. However, further in-depth studies are necessary to address this issue.
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13
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Lee JD, Woodruff TM. The emerging role of complement in neuromuscular disorders. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:817-828. [PMID: 34705082 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complement cascade is a key arm of the immune system that protects the host from exogenous and endogenous toxic stimuli through its ability to potently regulate inflammation, phagocytosis, and cell lysis. Due to recent clinical trial successes and drug approvals for complement inhibitors, there is a resurgence in targeting complement as a therapeutic approach to prevent ongoing tissue destruction in several diseases. In particular, neuromuscular diseases are undergoing a recent focus, with demonstrated links between complement activation and disease pathology. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of complement activation and its role during the initiation and progression of neuromuscular disorders including myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We will review the preclinical and clinical evidence for complement in these diseases, with an emphasis on the complement-targeting drugs in clinical trials for these indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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14
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The complement cascade in the regulation of neuroinflammation, nociceptive sensitization, and pain. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101085. [PMID: 34411562 PMCID: PMC8446806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement cascade is a key component of the innate immune system that is rapidly recruited through a cascade of enzymatic reactions to enable the recognition and clearance of pathogens and promote tissue repair. Despite its well-understood role in immunology, recent studies have highlighted new and unexpected roles of the complement cascade in neuroimmune interaction and in the regulation of neuronal processes during development, aging, and in disease states. Complement signaling is particularly important in directing neuronal responses to tissue injury, neurotrauma, and nerve lesions. Under physiological conditions, complement-dependent changes in neuronal excitability, synaptic strength, and neurite remodeling promote nerve regeneration, tissue repair, and healing. However, in a variety of pathologies, dysregulation of the complement cascade leads to chronic inflammation, persistent pain, and neural dysfunction. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of the multifaceted cross-communication that takes place between the complement system and neurons. In particular, we focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which complement signaling regulates neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity in the nociceptive pathways involved in pain processing in both health and disease. Finally, we discuss the future of this rapidly growing field and what we believe to be the significant knowledge gaps that need to be addressed.
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15
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De Marchi F, Munitic I, Amedei A, Berry JD, Feldman EL, Aronica E, Nardo G, Van Weehaeghe D, Niccolai E, Prtenjaca N, Sakowski SA, Bendotti C, Mazzini L. Interplay between immunity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Clinical impact. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:958-978. [PMID: 34153344 PMCID: PMC8428677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating and rapidly fatal neurodegenerative disease. Despite decades of research and many new insights into disease biology over the 150 years since the disease was first described, causative pathogenic mechanisms in ALS remain poorly understood, especially in sporadic cases. Our understanding of the role of the immune system in ALS pathophysiology, however, is rapidly expanding. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the recent advances regarding the immune system involvement in ALS, with particular attention to clinical translation. We focus on the potential pathophysiologic mechanism of the immune system in ALS, discussing local and systemic factors (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and microbiota) that influence ALS onset and progression in animal models and people. We also explore the potential of Positron Emission Tomography to detect neuroinflammation in vivo, and discuss ongoing clinical trials of therapies targeting the immune system. With validation in human patients, new evidence in this emerging field will serve to identify novel therapeutic targets and provide realistic hope for personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola De Marchi
- Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James D Berry
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 165 Cambridge Street, Suite 600, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Nardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milanm, 20156, Italy
| | - Donatienne Van Weehaeghe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nikolina Prtenjaca
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stacey A Sakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milanm, 20156, Italy
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, Novara, 28100, Italy.
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16
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McDonald TS, Kumar V, Fung JN, Woodruff TM, Lee JD. Glucose clearance and uptake is increased in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis through an insulin-independent mechanism. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21707. [PMID: 34118098 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002450r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disturbances are associated with the progression of the neurodegenerative disorder, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the molecular events that drive energy imbalances in ALS are not completely understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate deficits in energy homeostasis in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. SOD1G93A mice and their wild-type littermates underwent indirect calorimetry and intraperitoneal glucose/insulin tolerance tests at both the onset and mid-symptomatic stages of the disease. Glucose uptake and the plasma glucoregulatory hormone profiles were analyzed. Pancreatic islet cell mass and function were assessed by measuring hormone concentrations and secretion in isolated islets, and pancreatic α- and β-cell immunoreactive areas. Finally, we profiled liver glycogen metabolism by measuring glucagon concentrations and liver metabolic gene expressions. We identified that mid-symptomatic SOD1G93A mice have increased oxygen consumption and faster exogenous glucose uptake, despite presenting with normal insulin tolerance. The capacity for pancreatic islets to secrete insulin appears intact, however, islet cell insulin concentrations and β-cell mass were reduced. Fasting glucose homeostasis was also disturbed, along with increased liver glycogen stores, despite elevated circulating glucagon, suggesting that glucagon signaling is impaired. Metabolic gene expression profiling of livers indicated that glucose cannot be utilized efficiently in SOD1G93A mice. Overall, we demonstrate that glucose homeostasis and uptake are altered in SOD1G93A mice, which is linked to an increase in insulin-independent glucose uptake, and a loss of β-cells, insulin production, and glucagon sensitivity. This suggests that the hormonal regulation of glucose concentrations may contribute to the progression of disease in this ALS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya S McDonald
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny N Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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17
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Wang M, Liu Z, Du J, Yuan Y, Jiao B, Zhang X, Hou X, Shen L, Guo J, Jiang H, Xia K, Tang J, Zhang R, Tang B, Wang J. Evaluation of Peripheral Immune Activation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:628710. [PMID: 34248812 PMCID: PMC8264193 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.628710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed that immunity plays an important role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression. However, the results regarding the serum levels of immunoglobulin and complement are inconsistent in patients with ALS. Although immune dysfunctions have also been reported in patients with other neurodegenerative diseases, few studies have explored whether immune dysfunction in ALS is similar to that in other neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we performed this study to address these gaps. In the present study, serum levels of immunoglobulin and complement were measured in 245 patients with ALS, 65 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA), 60 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 82 healthy controls (HCs). Multiple comparisons revealed that no significant differences existed between patients with ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases in immunoglobulin and complement levels. Meta-analysis based on data from our cohort and eight published articles was performed to evaluate the serum immunoglobulin and complement between patients with ALS and HCs. The pooled results showed that patients with ALS had higher C4 levels than HCs. In addition, we found that the IgG levels were lower in early-onset ALS patients than in late-onset ALS patients and HCs, and the correlations between age at onset of ALS and IgG or IgA levels were significant positive. In conclusion, our data supplement existing literature on understanding the role of peripheral immunity in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanchun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuewei Zhang
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianguang Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruxu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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18
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Kjældgaard AL, Pilely K, Olsen KS, Øberg Lauritsen A, Wørlich Pedersen S, Svenstrup K, Karlsborg M, Thagesen H, Blaabjerg M, Theódórsdóttir Á, Gundtoft Elmo E, Torvin Møller A, Pedersen NA, Kirkegaard N, Møller K, Garred P. Complement Profiles in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1043-1053. [PMID: 33790619 PMCID: PMC8005270 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s298307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complement system has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive motor neuron disease. In the present study, we compared levels of selected complement markers to clinical outcome in ALS patients. Methods This observational, explorative cohort study included 92 ALS patients, 61 neurological controls (NCs) admitted for suspected aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, and 96 neurologically healthy controls (NHCs). Peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were obtained for the measurement of ficolin-1, −2, and −3; collectin-11, MBL, MASP-3, MAP-1, C4, C3, PTX-3, and complement activation products C4c, C3bc, and sC5b-9. We recorded clinical outcomes of ALS patients for 24 to 48 months after inclusion in order to analyse the effects of the complement markers on survival time. Results Compared with both control groups, ALS patients exhibited increased collectin-11, C4 and sC5b-9 in plasma, as well as increased ficolin-3 in CSF. Ficolin-2 was significantly decreased in plasma of the ALS patients compared with NHCs, but not with NCs. The concentration of collectin-11, C3 and C3bc correlated negatively with the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R). No association was found between levels of complement markers and survival as estimated by hazard ratios. Conclusion ALS patients exhibit aberrant expression of selected mediators of the lectin complement pathway as well as increased activation of the terminal complement pathway, corroborating the notion that the complement system might be involved in the pathophysiology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lene Kjældgaard
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Diagnostic Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neuroanaesthesiology Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Diagnostic Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Øberg Lauritsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kirsten Svenstrup
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Karlsborg
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Thagesen
- Department of Neurology, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Morten Blaabjerg
- Department of Neurology, Roskilde University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Niels Kirkegaard
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Private Hospital Gildhøj, Brondby, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Diagnostic Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Yuan J, Du Z, Wu Z, Yang Y, Cheng X, Liu X, Jia J. A Novel Diagnostic Predictive Model for Idiopathic Short Stature in Children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:721812. [PMID: 34603204 PMCID: PMC8485046 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.721812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Idiopathic short stature (ISS), an endocrine-related disease, is difficult to diagnose. Previous studies have shown that many children with some inflammation-related diseases often have short stature, but whether inflammation is the underlying mechanism of ISS has not been studied. Here, we attempt to explore the role of inflammation in the occurrence and development of ISS and to demonstrate an available clinical diagnostic model of ISS. METHODS Frozen serum samples were collected from ISS patients (n = 4) and control individuals (n = 4). Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) combined with LC-MS/MS analysis were applied to quantitative proteomics analysis. To assess clusters of potentially interacting proteins, functional enrichment (GO and KEGG) and protein-protein interaction network analyses were performed, and the crucial proteins were detected by Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE). Furthermore, serum levels of two selected proteins were measured by ELISA between ISS patients (n = 80) and controls (n = 80). In addition, experiments in vitro were used to further explore the effects of crucial proteins on endochondral ossification. RESULTS A total of 437 proteins were quantified, and 84 DEPs (60 upregulated and 24 downregulated) were identified between patients with ISS and controls. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the DEPs were primarily enriched in blood microparticle, acute inflammatory response, protein activation cascade, collagen-containing extracellular matrix, platelet degranulation, etc. According to the results of top 10 fold change DEPs and MCODE analysis, C1QA and C1QB were selected to further experiment. The expression levels of C1QA and C1QB were validated in serum samples. Based on the logistic regression analysis and ROC curve analysis, we constructed a novel diagnostic model by serum levels of C1QA and C1QB with a specificity of 91.2% and a sensitivity of 75% (AUC = 0.900, p <0.001). Finally, the western blotting analysis confirmed the expression levels of OCN, OPN, RUNX2, and Collagen X were downregulated in chondrocytes, and the outcome of Collagen II was upregulated. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to demonstrate the significant role of inflammation in the development of ISS. In addition, we identify C1QA and C1QB as novel serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi Du
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiwen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanqin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xigao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xijuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Xijuan Liu, ; Jingyu Jia,
| | - Jingyu Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Xijuan Liu, ; Jingyu Jia,
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20
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Schartz ND, Tenner AJ. The good, the bad, and the opportunities of the complement system in neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:354. [PMID: 33239010 PMCID: PMC7690210 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement cascade is a critical effector mechanism of the innate immune system that contributes to the rapid clearance of pathogens and dead or dying cells, as well as contributing to the extent and limit of the inflammatory immune response. In addition, some of the early components of this cascade have been clearly shown to play a beneficial role in synapse elimination during the development of the nervous system, although excessive complement-mediated synaptic pruning in the adult or injured brain may be detrimental in multiple neurogenerative disorders. While many of these later studies have been in mouse models, observations consistent with this notion have been reported in human postmortem examination of brain tissue. Increasing awareness of distinct roles of C1q, the initial recognition component of the classical complement pathway, that are independent of the rest of the complement cascade, as well as the relationship with other signaling pathways of inflammation (in the periphery as well as the central nervous system), highlights the need for a thorough understanding of these molecular entities and pathways to facilitate successful therapeutic design, including target identification, disease stage for treatment, and delivery in specific neurologic disorders. Here, we review the evidence for both beneficial and detrimental effects of complement components and activation products in multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Evidence for requisite co-factors for the diverse consequences are reviewed, as well as the recent studies that support the possibility of successful pharmacological approaches to suppress excessive and detrimental complement-mediated chronic inflammation, while preserving beneficial effects of complement components, to slow the progression of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. Schartz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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21
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Propson NE, Gedam M, Zheng H. Complement in Neurologic Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2020; 16:277-298. [PMID: 33234021 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-031620-113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Classic innate immune signaling pathways provide most of the immune response in the brain. This response activates many of the canonical signaling mechanisms identified in peripheral immune cells, despite their relative absence in this immune-privileged tissue. Studies over the past decade have strongly linked complement protein production and activation to age-related functional changes and neurodegeneration. The reactivation of the complement signaling pathway in aging and disease has opened new avenues for understanding brain aging and neurological disease pathogenesis and has implicated cell types such as astrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes, neurons, and even peripheral immune cells in these processes. In this review, we aim to unravel the past decade of research related to complement activation and its numerous consequences in aging and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Propson
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Manasee Gedam
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
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22
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Fogarty MJ, Mu EWH, Lavidis NA, Noakes PG, Bellingham MC. Size‐dependent dendritic maladaptations of hypoglossal motor neurons in SOD1
G93A
mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1562-1581. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Fogarty
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Erica W. H. Mu
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| | - Nickolas A. Lavidis
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| | - Peter G. Noakes
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| | - Mark C. Bellingham
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
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23
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Vukojicic A, Delestrée N, Fletcher EV, Pagiazitis JG, Sankaranarayanan S, Yednock TA, Barres BA, Mentis GZ. The Classical Complement Pathway Mediates Microglia-Dependent Remodeling of Spinal Motor Circuits during Development and in SMA. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3087-3100.e7. [PMID: 31801075 PMCID: PMC6937140 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement is an essential behavior requiring the assembly and refinement of spinal motor circuits. However, the mechanisms responsible for circuit refinement and synapse maintenance are poorly understood. Similarly, the molecular mechanisms by which gene mutations cause dysfunction and elimination of synapses in neurodegenerative diseases that occur during development are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the complement protein C1q is required for the refinement of sensory-motor circuits during normal development, as well as for synaptic dysfunction and elimination in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). C1q tags vulnerable SMA synapses, which triggers activation of the classical complement pathway leading to microglia-mediated elimination. Pharmacological inhibition of C1q or depletion of microglia rescues the number and function of synapses, conferring significant behavioral benefit in SMA mice. Thus, the classical complement pathway plays critical roles in the refinement of developing motor circuits, while its aberrant activation contributes to motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Vukojicic
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nicolas Delestrée
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Emily V Fletcher
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John G Pagiazitis
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Ted A Yednock
- Annexon Biosciences, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - George Z Mentis
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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24
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Steyn FJ, Li R, Kirk SE, Tefera TW, Xie TY, Tracey TJ, Kelk D, Wimberger E, Garton FC, Roberts L, Chapman SE, Coombes JS, Leevy WM, Ferri A, Valle C, René F, Loeffler JP, McCombe PA, Henderson RD, Ngo ST. Altered skeletal muscle glucose-fatty acid flux in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa154. [PMID: 33241210 PMCID: PMC7677608 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, yet an increasing number of studies in both mouse models and patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis suggest that altered metabolic homeostasis is also a feature of disease. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that modulation of energy balance can be beneficial in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the capacity to target specific metabolic pathways or mechanisms requires detailed understanding of metabolic dysregulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, using the superoxide dismutase 1, glycine to alanine substitution at amino acid 93 (SOD1G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we demonstrate that an increase in whole-body metabolism occurs at a time when glycolytic muscle exhibits an increased dependence on fatty acid oxidation. Using myotubes derived from muscle of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, we also show that increased dependence on fatty acid oxidation is associated with increased whole-body energy expenditure. In the present study, increased fatty acid oxidation was associated with slower disease progression. However, within the patient cohort, there was considerable heterogeneity in whole-body metabolism and fuel oxidation profiles. Thus, future studies that decipher specific metabolic changes at an individual patient level are essential for the development of treatments that aim to target metabolic pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J Steyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia.,Wesley Medical Research, Level 8 East Wing, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower 4066, Australia
| | - Rui Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Siobhan E Kirk
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Tesfaye W Tefera
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Teresa Y Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy J Tracey
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Dean Kelk
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Elyse Wimberger
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Fleur C Garton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Llion Roberts
- School of Human Movements and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Sarah E Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movements and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - W Matthew Leevy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Alberto Ferri
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Valle
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Rome, Italy
| | - Frédérique René
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Loeffler
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia.,Wesley Medical Research, Level 8 East Wing, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower 4066, Australia
| | - Robert D Henderson
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia.,Wesley Medical Research, Level 8 East Wing, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower 4066, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia.,Wesley Medical Research, Level 8 East Wing, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower 4066, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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25
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Béland LC, Markovinovic A, Jakovac H, De Marchi F, Bilic E, Mazzini L, Kriz J, Munitic I. Immunity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: blurred lines between excessive inflammation and inefficient immune responses. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa124. [PMID: 33134918 PMCID: PMC7585698 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite wide genetic, environmental and clinical heterogeneity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a rapidly fatal neurodegenerative disease targeting motoneurons, neuroinflammation is a common finding. It is marked by local glial activation, T cell infiltration and systemic immune system activation. The immune system has a prominent role in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases, hence some of them, including some types of cancer, are successfully targeted by immunotherapeutic approaches. However, various anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive therapies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have failed. This prompted increased scrutiny over the immune-mediated processes underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Perhaps the biggest conundrum is that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis exhibits features of three otherwise distinct immune dysfunctions-excessive inflammation, autoimmunity and inefficient immune responses. Epidemiological and genome-wide association studies show only minimal overlap between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and autoimmune diseases, so excessive inflammation is usually thought to be secondary to protein aggregation, mitochondrial damage or other stresses. In contrast, several recently characterized amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked mutations, including those in TBK1, OPTN, CYLD and C9orf72, could lead to inefficient immune responses and/or damage pile-up, suggesting that an innate immunodeficiency may also be a trigger and/or modifier of this disease. In such cases, non-selective immunosuppression would further restrict neuroprotective immune responses. Here we discuss multiple layers of immune-mediated neuroprotection and neurotoxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Particular focus is placed on individual patient mutations that directly or indirectly affect the immune system, and the mechanisms by which these mutations influence disease progression. The topic of immunity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is timely and relevant, because it is one of the few common and potentially malleable denominators in this heterogenous disease. Importantly, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression has recently been intricately linked to patient T cell and monocyte profiles, as well as polymorphisms in cytokine and chemokine receptors. For this reason, precise patient stratification based on immunophenotyping will be crucial for efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Markovinovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- ENCALS Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Jakovac
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Fabiola De Marchi
- Department of Neurology, ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, “Maggiore della Carità” Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ervina Bilic
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- ENCALS Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- Department of Neurology, ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, “Maggiore della Carità” Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Jasna Kriz
- CERVO Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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26
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Kumar V, Lee JD, Coulson EJ, Woodruff TM. A validated quantitative method for the assessment of neuroprotective barrier impairment in neurodegenerative disease models. J Neurochem 2020; 158:807-817. [PMID: 32628780 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) are highly specialized structures that limit molecule entry from the blood and maintain homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS). BBB and BSCB breakdown are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Given the key role of neuroprotective barrier impairment in neurodegeneration, it is important to identify an effective quantitative method to assess barrier integrity in animal models. In this study, we developed and validated a quantitative method for assessing BBB and BSCB integrity using sodium fluorescein, a compound that outperformed other fluorescent dyes. We demonstrated using this method that multiple CNS regions progressively increase in permeability in models of Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, whereas biphasic disruption occurred in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with disease progression. Collectively, we report a quantitative fluorometric marker with validated reproducible experimental methods that allows the effective assessment of BBB and BSCB integrity in animal models. This method could be useful to further the understanding of the contribution of these neuroprotective barriers to neurodegeneration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Coulson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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27
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Lee JD, McDonald TS, Fung JNT, Woodruff TM. Absence of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product (RAGE) Reduces Inflammation and Extends Survival in the hSOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4143-4155. [PMID: 32676989 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and rapidly progressing motor neuron degenerative disease that is without effective treatment. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a major component of the innate immune system that has been implicated in ALS pathogenesis. However, the contribution of RAGE signalling to the neuroinflammation that underlies ALS neurodegeneration remains unknown. The present study therefore generated SOD1G93A mice lacking RAGE and compared them with SOD1G93A transgenic ALS mice in respect to disease progression (i.e. body weight, survival and muscle strength), neuroinflammation and denervation markers in the spinal cord and tibialis anterior muscle. We found that complete absence of RAGE signalling exerted a protective effect on SOD1G93A pathology, slowing disease progression and significantly extending survival by ~ 3 weeks and improving motor function (rotarod and grip strength). This was associated with reduced microgliosis, cytokines, innate immune factors (complement, TLRs, inflammasomes), and oxidative stress in the spinal cord, and a reduction of denervation markers in the tibialis anterior muscle. We also documented that RAGE mRNA expression was significantly increased in the spinal cord and muscles of preclinical SOD1 and TDP43 models of ALS, supporting a widespread involvement for RAGE in ALS pathology. In summary, our results indicate that RAGE signalling drives neuroinflammation and contributes to neurodegeneration in ALS and highlights RAGE as a potential immune therapeutic target for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Tanya S McDonald
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jenny N T Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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28
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Dhankhar J, Agrawal N, Shrivastava A. An interplay between immune response and neurodegenerative disease progression: An assessment using Drosophila as a model. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577302. [PMID: 32683186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, the slow and progressive loss of neurons in the central nervous system has become a major challenge to public health worldwide particularly with elderly people. Until recently, the brain and immune system were studied exclusively, independent of each other representing two distinct systems. Recent studies ensue crosstalk between these two systems to maintain homeostasis. Though the progressive loss of specific neuronal subsets is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease, emerging evidences indicate that immune response also plays a critical role in disease progression. Due to conservation of mechanisms that govern neural development and innate immune activation in flies and humans, and availability of powerful genetic tools, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the best model organisms to investigate the immune response in neurodegenerative disease. Owing to significant homology between human and Drosophila immune system and recent reports on interplay between immune system and neurodegenerative disease progression, the main focus of the review is to develop a comprehensive understanding of how neuro-immune interactions contribute to neurodegeneration using Drosophila as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Namita Agrawal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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29
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McCombe PA, Lee JD, Woodruff TM, Henderson RD. The Peripheral Immune System and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:279. [PMID: 32373052 PMCID: PMC7186478 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease that is defined by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, associated with accumulation of protein aggregates in cells. There is also pathology in extra-motor areas of the brain, Possible causes of cell death include failure to deal with the aggregated proteins, glutamate toxicity and mitochondrial failure. ALS also involves abnormalities of metabolism and the immune system, including neuroinflammation in the brain and spinal cord. Strikingly, there are also abnormalities of the peripheral immune system, with alterations of T lymphocytes, monocytes, complement and cytokines in the peripheral blood of patients with ALS. The precise contribution of the peripheral immune system in ALS pathogenesis is an active area of research. Although some trials of immunomodulatory agents have been negative, there is strong preclinical evidence of benefit from immune modulation and further trials are currently underway. Here, we review the emerging evidence implicating peripheral immune alterations contributing to ALS, and their potential as future therapeutic targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John D. Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent M. Woodruff
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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30
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McDonald TS, McCombe PA, Woodruff TM, Lee JD. The potential interplay between energy metabolism and innate complement activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:7225-7233. [PMID: 32307753 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and rapidly progressing motor neuron disease without effective treatment. Although the precise mechanisms leading to ALS are yet to be determined, there is now increasing evidence implicating the defective energy metabolism and components of the innate immune complement system in the onset and progression of its motor phenotypes. This review will survey the mechanisms by which the energy metabolism and the complement system are altered during the disease progression of ALS and how it can contribute to disease. Furthermore, it will also examine how complement activation can modify the energy metabolism in metabolic disorders, in order to highlight how the complement system and energy metabolism may be linked in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya S McDonald
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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31
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Gois AM, Mendonça DMF, Freire MAM, Santos JR. IN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS OF AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS: AN UPDATED OVERVIEW. Brain Res Bull 2020; 159:32-43. [PMID: 32247802 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN). Disease affects people all over the world and is more prevalent in men. Patients with ALS develop extensive muscle wasting, paralysis and ultimately death, with a median survival of usually fewer than five years after disease onset. ALS may be sporadic (sALS, 90%) or familial (fALS, 10%). The large majority of fALS cases are associated with genetic alterations, which are mainly related to the genes SOD1, TDP-43, FUS, and C9ORF72. In vitro and in vivo models have helped elucidate ALS etiology and pathogenesis, as well as its molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms. Many studies in cell cultures and animal models, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, zebrafish, rodents, and non-human primates have been performed to clarify the relationship of these genes to ALS disease. However, there are inherent limitations to consider when using experimental models. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the most used in vitro and in vivo studies that have contributed to a better understanding of the different ALS pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auderlan M Gois
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - Deise M F Mendonça
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M Freire
- Postgraduation Program in Health and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Jose R Santos
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil.
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32
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Lee JD, Coulthard LG, Woodruff TM. Complement dysregulation in the central nervous system during development and disease. Semin Immunol 2019; 45:101340. [PMID: 31708347 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complement cascade is an important arm of the immune system that plays a key role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from infection. Recently, it has also become clear that complement proteins have fundamental roles in the developing and aging CNS that are distinct from their roles in immunity. During neurodevelopment, complement signalling is involved in diverse processes including neural tube closure, neural progenitor proliferation and differentiation, neuronal migration, and synaptic pruning. In acute neurotrauma and ischamic brain injury, complement drives inflammation and neuronal death, but also neuroprotection and regeneration. In diseases of the aging CNS including dementias and motor neuron disease, chronic complement activation is associated with glial activation, and synapse and neuron loss. Proper regulation of complement is thus essential to allow for an appropriately developed CNS and prevention of excessive damage following neurotrauma or during neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence for functional roles of complement in brain formation, and its dysregulation during acute and chronic disease. We also provide working models for how complement can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism, and either protect, or propagate neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Liam G Coulthard
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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33
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Deora V, Lee JD, Albornoz EA, McAlary L, Jagaraj CJ, Robertson AAB, Atkin JD, Cooper MA, Schroder K, Yerbury JJ, Gordon R, Woodruff TM. The microglial NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis proteins. Glia 2019; 68:407-421. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Deora
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - John D. Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Eduardo A. Albornoz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Luke McAlary
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Institute University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Cyril J. Jagaraj
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for MND Research Macquarie University New South Wales Australia
| | - Avril A. B. Robertson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Julie D. Atkin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for MND Research Macquarie University New South Wales Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Justin J. Yerbury
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Institute University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Richard Gordon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Trent M. Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
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Fogarty MJ, Mu EWH, Lavidis NA, Noakes PG, Bellingham MC. Size-Dependent Vulnerability of Lumbar Motor Neuron Dendritic Degeneration in SOD1 G93A Mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1455-1471. [PMID: 31509351 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The motor neuron (MN) soma surface area is correlated with motor unit type. Larger MNs innervate fast fatigue-intermediate (FInt) or fast-fatiguable (FF) muscle fibers in type FInt and FF motor units, respectively. Smaller MNs innervate slow-twitch fatigue-resistant (S) or fast fatigue-resistant (FR) muscle fibers in type S and FR motor units, respectively. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), FInt and FF motor units are more vulnerable, with denervation and MN death occurring for these units before the more resilient S and FR units. Abnormal MN dendritic arbors have been observed in ALS in humans and rodent models. We used a Golgi-Cox impregnation protocol to examine soma size-dependent changes in the dendritic morphology of lumbar MNs in SOD1G93A mice, a model of ALS, at pre-symptomatic, onset and mid-disease stages. In wildtype control mice, the relationship between MN soma surface area and dendritic length or dendritic spine number was highly linear (i.e., increased MN soma size correlated with increased dendritic length and spines). By contrast, in SOD1G93A mice, this linear relationship was lost and dendritic length reduction and spine loss were observed in larger MNs, from pre-symptomatic stages onward. These changes correlated with the neuromotor symptoms of ALS in rodent models. At presymptomatic ages, changes were restricted to the larger MNs, likely to comprise vulnerable FInt and FF motor units. Our results suggest morphological changes of MN dendrites and dendritic spines are likely to contribute ALS pathogenesis, not compensate for it. Anat Rec, 303:1455-1471, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Erica W H Mu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nickolas A Lavidis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter G Noakes
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark C Bellingham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Tefera TW, Borges K. Neuronal glucose metabolism is impaired while astrocytic TCA cycling is unaffected at symptomatic stages in the hSOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1710-1724. [PMID: 29553298 PMCID: PMC6727138 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18764775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although alterations in energy metabolism are known in ALS, the specific mechanisms leading to energy deficit are not understood. We measured metabolite levels derived from injected [1-13C]glucose and [1,2-13C]acetate (i.p.) in cerebral cortex and spinal cord extracts of wild type and hSOD1G93A mice at onset and mid disease stages using high-pressure liquid chromatography, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Levels of spinal and cortical CNS total lactate, [3-13C]lactate, total alanine and [3-13C]alanine, but not cortical glucose and [1-13C]glucose, were reduced mostly at mid stage indicating impaired glycolysis. The [1-13C]glucose-derived [4-13C]glutamate, [4-13C]glutamine and [2-13C]GABA amounts were diminished at mid stage in cortex and both time points in spinal cord, suggesting decreased [3-13C]pyruvate entry into the TCA cycle. Lack of changes in [1,2-13C]acetate-derived [4,5-13C]glutamate, [4,5-13C]glutamine and [1,2-13C]GABA levels indicate unchanged astrocytic 13C-acetate metabolism. Reduced levels of leucine, isoleucine and valine in CNS suggest compensatory breakdown to refill TCA cycle intermediate levels. Unlabelled, [2-13C] and [4-13C]GABA concentrations were decreased in spinal cord indicating that impaired glucose metabolism contributes to hyperexcitability and supporting the use of treatments which increase GABA amounts. In conclusion, CNS glucose metabolism is compromised, while astrocytic TCA cycling appears to be normal in the hSOD1G93A mouse model at symptomatic disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye W Tefera
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Parker SE, Hanton AM, Stefanou SN, Noakes PG, Woodruff TM, Lee JD. Revisiting the role of the innate immune complement system in ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:223-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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McCombe PA, Henderson RD, Lee A, Lee JD, Woodruff TM, Restuadi R, McRae A, Wray NR, Ngo S, Steyn FJ. Gut microbiota in ALS: possible role in pathogenesis? Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:785-805. [PMID: 31122082 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1623026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The gut microbiota has important roles in maintaining human health. The microbiota and its metabolic byproducts could play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Areas covered: The authors evaluate the methods of assessing the gut microbiota, and also review how the gut microbiota affects the various physiological functions of the gut. The authors then consider how gut dysbiosis could theoretically affect the pathogenesis of ALS. They present the current evidence regarding the composition of the gut microbiota in ALS and in rodent models of ALS. Finally, the authors review therapies that could improve gut dysbiosis in the context of ALS. Expert opinion: Currently reported studies suggest some instances of gut dysbiosis in ALS patients and mouse models; however, these studies are limited, and more information with well-controlled larger datasets is required to make a definitive judgment about the role of the gut microbiota in ALS pathogenesis. Overall this is an emerging field that is worthy of further investigation. The authors advocate for larger studies using modern metagenomic techniques to address the current knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,Wesley Medical Research, Level 8 East Wing, The Wesley Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Robert D Henderson
- Wesley Medical Research, Level 8 East Wing, The Wesley Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Aven Lee
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Restuadi Restuadi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Allan McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Shyuan Ngo
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,Wesley Medical Research, Level 8 East Wing, The Wesley Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,Wesley Medical Research, Level 8 East Wing, The Wesley Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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Carpanini SM, Torvell M, Morgan BP. Therapeutic Inhibition of the Complement System in Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:362. [PMID: 30886620 PMCID: PMC6409326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays critical roles in development, homeostasis, and regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) throughout life; however, complement dysregulation in the CNS can lead to damage and disease. Complement proteins, regulators, and receptors are widely expressed throughout the CNS and, in many cases, are upregulated in disease. Genetic and epidemiological studies, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma biomarker measurements and pathological analysis of post-mortem tissues have all implicated complement in multiple CNS diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), neurotrauma, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Given this body of evidence implicating complement in diverse brain diseases, manipulating complement in the brain is an attractive prospect; however, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), critical to protect the brain from potentially harmful agents in the circulation, is also impermeable to current complement-targeting therapeutics, making drug design much more challenging. For example, antibody therapeutics administered systemically are essentially excluded from the brain. Recent protocols have utilized "Trojan horse" techniques to transport therapeutics across the BBB or used osmotic shock or ultrasound to temporarily disrupt the BBB. Most research to date exploring the impact of complement inhibition on CNS diseases has been in animal models, and some of these studies have generated convincing data; for example, in models of MS, NMO, and stroke. There have been a few recent clinical trials of available anti-complement drugs in CNS diseases associated with BBB impairment, for example the use of the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) eculizumab in NMO, but for most CNS diseases there have been no human trials of anti-complement therapies. Here we will review the evidence implicating complement in diverse CNS disorders, from acute, such as traumatic brain or spine injury, to chronic, including demyelinating, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss the particular problems of drug access into the CNS and explore ways in which anti-complement therapies might be tailored for CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Carpanini
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Torvell
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Lee JD, Liu N, Levin SC, Ottosson L, Andersson U, Harris HE, Woodruff TM. Therapeutic blockade of HMGB1 reduces early motor deficits, but not survival in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:45. [PMID: 30782181 PMCID: PMC6380064 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease without effective treatment. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and the toll-like receptor (TLR) system are major components of the innate immune system, which have been implicated in ALS pathology. Extracellularly released high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a pleiotropic danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), and is an endogenous ligand for both RAGE and TLR4. Methods The present study examined the effect of HMGB1 inhibition on disease progression in the preclinical SOD1G93A transgenic mouse model of ALS using a potent anti-HMGB1 antibody (2G7), which targets the extracellular DAMP form of HMGB1. Results We found that chronic intraperitoneal dosing of the anti-HMGB1 antibody to SOD1G93A mice transiently improved hind-limb grip strength early in the disease, but did not extend survival. Anti-HMGB1 treatment also reduced tumour necrosis factor α and complement C5a receptor 1 gene expression in the spinal cord, but did not affect overall glial activation. Conclusions In summary, our results indicate that therapeutic targeting of an extracellular DAMP, HMGB1, improves early motor dysfunction, but overall has limited efficacy in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Ning Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Samantha C Levin
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lars Ottosson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andersson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena E Harris
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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40
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Zhao J, Cooper LT, Boyd AW, Bartlett PF. Decreased signalling of EphA4 improves functional performance and motor neuron survival in the SOD1 G93A ALS mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11393. [PMID: 30061574 PMCID: PMC6065374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an untreatable, progressive, neurodegenerative disease specifically affecting motor neurons. Recently, the tyrosine kinase receptor EphA4 was directly implicated in ALS disease progression. We report that a long-lived mutated form of the EphA4 antagonist EphA4-Fc (mutEphA4-Fc), which blocks EphA4 binding to its ligands and inhibits its function, significantly improved functional performance in SOD1G93A ALS model mice, as assessed by rotarod and hind-limb grip strength tests. Further, heterozygous motor neuron-specific EphA4 gene deletion in SOD1G93A mice promoted significant improvement in functional performance during the disease course and a delay in disease onset relative to control mice. Importantly, mice in the heterozygous deletion group showed significantly improved survival of motor neurons and architecture of endplates of neuromuscular junctions compared with control and homozygous EphA4-deletion groups. Our novel results show that EphA4 signalling directly regulates motor neuron survival and that mutEphA4-Fc is a promising therapeutic candidate to slow disease progression in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - L T Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A W Boyd
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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41
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Tenner AJ, Stevens B, Woodruff TM. New tricks for an ancient system: Physiological and pathological roles of complement in the CNS. Mol Immunol 2018; 102:3-13. [PMID: 29958698 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the mechanisms underlying the functions of the complement system in the central nervous system (CNS) and systemically, namely opsonization, chemotaxis, membrane lysis, and regulation of inflammation are the same, the plethora of functions that complement orchestrates in the central nervous system (CNS) is complex. Strictly controlled expression of complement effector molecules, regulators and receptors across the gamut of life stages (embryogenesis, development and maturation, aging and disease) dictate fascinating contributions for this ancient system. Furthermore, it is becoming apparent that complement functions differ widely across distinct brain regions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the newly identified roles for complement in the brain, including its roles in CNS development and function, during aging and in the processes of neurodegeneration. The diversity and selectively of beneficial and detrimental activities of complement, while challenging, should lead to precision targeting of specific components to provide disease modifying treatments for devastating psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders that are still without effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Tenner
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Kjældgaard AL, Pilely K, Olsen KS, Pedersen SW, Lauritsen AØ, Møller K, Garred P. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The complement and inflammatory hypothesis. Mol Immunol 2018; 102:14-25. [PMID: 29933890 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, neurodegenerative motor neuron disease. The aetiology of ALS remains an enigma which hinders the design of an effective treatment to prevent, postpone, or reverse the pathophysiological changes occurring during the aggressive progression of this disease. During the last decade, basic research within the innate immune system, and in particular the complement system, has revealed new, important roles of the innate immune system during development, homeostasis, and ageing within as well as outside the central nervous system. Several lines of evidence indicate that aberrant activation of the complement system locally in the central nervous system as well as systemically may be involved in the pathophysiology of ALS. This exciting new knowledge could point towards the innate immune system as a potential target of medical intervention in ALS. Recently, the historic perception of ALS as a central neurodegenerative disease has been challenged due to the significant amount of evidence of a dying-back mechanism causing the selective destruction of the motor neurons, indicating that disease onset occurs outside the borders of the blood-brain-barrier. This review addresses the function of the innate immune system during ALS. We emphasize the role of the complement system and specifically suggest the involvement of ficolin-3 from the lectin pathway in the pathophysiology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lene Kjældgaard
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Diagnostic Centre, Section 7631; Department of Neuroanaesthesiology.
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Diagnostic Centre, Section 7631
| | | | - Stephen Wørlich Pedersen
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Diagnostic Centre, Section 7631
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Driven to decay: Excitability and synaptic abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:318-333. [PMID: 29870780 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron (MN) disease and is clinically characterised by the death of corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs), spinal and brainstem MNs and the degeneration of the corticospinal tract. Degeneration of CSMNs and MNs leads inexorably to muscle wastage and weakness, progressing to eventual death within 3-5 years of diagnosis. The CSMNs, located within layer V of the primary motor cortex, project axons constituting the corticospinal tract, forming synaptic connections with brainstem and spinal cord interneurons and MNs. Clinical ALS may be divided into familial (∼10% of cases) or sporadic (∼90% of cases), based on apparent random incidence. The emergence of transgenic murine models, expressing different ALS-associated mutations has accelerated our understanding of ALS pathogenesis, although precise mechanisms remain elusive. Multiple avenues of investigation suggest that cortical electrical abnormalities have pre-eminence in the pathophysiology of ALS. In addition, glutamate-mediated functional and structural alterations in both CSMNs and MNs are present in both sporadic and familial forms of ALS. This review aims to promulgate debate in the field with regard to the common aetiology of sporadic and familial ALS. A specific focus on a nexus point in ALS pathogenesis, namely, the synaptic and intrinsic hyperexcitability of CSMNs and MNs and alterations to their structure are comprehensively detailed. The association of extramotor dysfunction with neuronal structural/functional alterations will be discussed. Finally, the implications of the latest research on the dying-forward and dying-back controversy are considered.
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44
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Lee JD, Levin SC, Willis EF, Li R, Woodruff TM, Noakes PG. Complement components are upregulated and correlate with disease progression in the TDP-43 Q331K mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:171. [PMID: 29859100 PMCID: PMC5984816 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Components of the innate immune complement system have been implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) specifically using hSOD1 transgenic animals; however, a comprehensive examination of complement expression in other transgenic ALS models has not been performed. This study therefore aimed to determine the expression of several key complement components and regulators in the lumbar spinal cord and tibialis anterior muscle of TDP-43Q331K mice during different disease ages. METHODS Non-transgenic, TDP-43WT and TDP-43Q331K mice were examined at three different ages of disease progression. Expression of complement components and their regulators were examined using real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Localisation of terminal complement component receptor C5aR1 within the lumbar spinal cord was also investigated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Altered levels of several major complement factors, including C5a, in the spinal cord and tibialis anterior muscle of TDP-43Q331K mice were observed as disease progressed, suggesting overall increased complement activation in TDP-43Q331K mice. C5aR1 increased during disease progression, with immuno-localisation demonstrating expression on motor neurons and expression on microglia surrounding the regions of motor neuron death. There was a strong negative linear relationship between spinal cord C1qB, C3 and C5aR1 mRNA levels with hind-limb grip strength. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that similar to SOD1 transgenic animals, local complement activation and increased expression of C5aR1 may contribute to motor neuron death and neuromuscular junction denervation in the TDP-43Q331K mouse ALS model. This further validates C5aR1 as a potential therapeutic target for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, the University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia
| | - Samantha C. Levin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Emily F. Willis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Rui Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Trent M. Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Peter G. Noakes
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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45
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Rudzki L, Szulc A. "Immune Gate" of Psychopathology-The Role of Gut Derived Immune Activation in Major Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:205. [PMID: 29896124 PMCID: PMC5987016 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and brain functions has recently become a topic of growing interest in psychiatric research. These multidirectional interactions take place in the so-called gut-brain axis or more precisely, the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The GI tract is the largest immune organ in the human body and is also the largest surface of contact with the external environment. Its functions and permeability are highly influenced by psychological stress, which are often a precipitating factor in the first episode, reoccurrence and/or deterioration of symptoms of psychiatric disorders. In recent literature there is growing evidence that increased intestinal permeability with subsequent immune activation has a major role in the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders. Numerous parameters measured in this context seem to be aftermaths of those mechanisms, yet at the same time they may be contributing factors for immune mediated psychopathology. For example, immune activation related to gut-derived bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or various food antigens and exorphins were reported in major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, alcoholism and autism. In this review the authors will summarize the evidence and roles of such parameters and their assessment in major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Rudzki
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
- Three Towns Resource Centre, Saltcoats, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Szulc
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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46
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Kumar V, Lee JD, Clark RJ, Woodruff TM. Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS assay for pharmacokinetic studies of complement C5a receptor antagonists PMX53 and PMX205 in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8101. [PMID: 29802264 PMCID: PMC5970165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PMX53 and PMX205 are cyclic hexapeptide inhibitors of complement C5a receptors (C5aR1), that are widely used to study C5aR1 pathobiology in mouse models of disease. Despite their widespread use, limited information regarding their pharmacokinetics have been reported. Here, a bioanalytical method for the quantitative determination of PMX53 and PMX205 in plasma, brain and spinal cord of mice was developed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. The LC-MS/MS method was validated in all three matrices according to regulatory guidelines and successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of PMX53 and PMX205 in C57BL/6 J mice following intravenous administration. The developed method was highly sensitive and sufficiently accurate with a lower limit of quantification within the range of 3-6 ng/ml in extracted plasma samples and 3-6 ng/g in processed tissue samples, which outperforms previously published LC-MS/MS methods. The results thus support the suitability, reliability, reproducibility and sensitivity of this validated technique. This method can therefore be applied to perform a complete pre-clinical investigation of PMX53 and PMX205 pharmacokinetics in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Richard J Clark
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Sun K, Li X, Chen X, Bai Y, Zhou G, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Lamb B, Hamilton TA, Lin CY, Lee YS, Herjan T. Neuron-Specific HuR-Deficient Mice Spontaneously Develop Motor Neuron Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:157-166. [PMID: 29760195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human Ag R (HuR) is an RNA binding protein in the ELAVL protein family. To study the neuron-specific function of HuR, we generated inducible, neuron-specific HuR-deficient mice of both sexes. After tamoxifen-induced deletion of HuR, these mice developed a phenotype consisting of poor balance, decreased movement, and decreased strength. They performed significantly worse on the rotarod test compared with littermate control mice, indicating coordination deficiency. Using the grip-strength test, it was also determined that the forelimbs of neuron-specific HuR-deficient mice were much weaker than littermate control mice. Immunostaining of the brain and cervical spinal cord showed that HuR-deficient neurons had increased levels of cleaved caspase-3, a hallmark of cell apoptosis. Caspase-3 cleavage was especially strong in pyramidal neurons and α motor neurons of HuR-deficient mice. Genome-wide microarray and real-time PCR analysis further indicated that HuR deficiency in neurons resulted in altered expression of genes in the brain involved in cell growth, including trichoplein keratin filament-binding protein, Cdkn2c, G-protein signaling modulator 2, immediate early response 2, superoxide dismutase 1, and Bcl2. The additional enriched Gene Ontology terms in the brain tissues of neuron-specific HuR-deficient mice were largely related to inflammation, including IFN-induced genes and complement components. Importantly, some of these HuR-regulated genes were also significantly altered in the brain and spinal cord of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, neuronal HuR deficiency resulted in the redistribution of TDP43 to cytosolic granules, which has been linked to motor neuron disease. Taken together, we propose that this neuron-specific HuR-deficient mouse strain can potentially be used as a motor neuron disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gao Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Bruce Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 46202; and
| | | | - Ching-Yi Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Yu-Shang Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Tomasz Herjan
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195;
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48
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Xia Z, Cholewa JM, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Shang H, Jiang H, Su Q, Zanchi NE. A potential strategy for counteracting age-related sarcopenia: preliminary evidence of combined exercise training and leucine supplementation. Food Funct 2018; 8:4528-4538. [PMID: 29099523 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated the positive effects of concurrent/combined aerobic and resistance exercise or leucine supplementation on skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and hypertrophy in aging organisms. However, the effects of a multimodal intervention which combines both aerobic and resistance exercise and leucine supplementation has not been fully elucidated. Eighteen month old and 2 month old C57BL/6 mice were assigned to aging control (AC, n = 8), aging and multimodal intervention (AMI, n = 8) and young control (YC, n = 8). Mice in the YC and AC groups were fed an alanine-rich diet (3.4%), and mice in the AMI group received an isonitrogenous leucine-supplemented (5%) diet in combination with combined aerobic (30 minutes swimming) and resistance exercise training (incremental jumping submersed in water with overload corresponding to 40%-50% body weight) for a total of 4 weeks. The gastrocnemius muscles were dissected for western blotting detection (signaling proteins involved in MPS) and the ex vivo determination of protein synthesis and protein content. The muscle strength of the hind limbs was measured pre-experiment and repeated once per week on Sunday for 4 weeks. Mice in the AC and AMI groups showed lower ex vivo protein synthesis, protein content, expression of signaling proteins involved in MPS, maximal grip strength but higher plasma cortisol compared with the YC group post intervention. When compared to AC mice, the multimodal treatment led to lower activity of Sestrin2, higher expression of PI3K III and the phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K and 4E-BP1, as well as higher plasma leucine, wet gastrocnemius muscle weight and muscle weight to body weight ratio. Furthermore, the multimodal intervention induced more pronounced anabolic response such as higher ex vivo protein synthesis rate, total protein content, and myofibrillar fractions in gastrocnemius muscle, and greater maximum grip strength. The present research shows that a multimodal intervention including combined both aerobic and resistance exercise training and 5% leucine supplementation has the potential to maintain skeletal muscle protein synthesis and attenuate losses in muscular strength during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xia
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
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49
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Safety and Feasibility of Lin- Cells Administration to ALS Patients: A Novel View on Humoral Factors and miRNA Profiles. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051312. [PMID: 29702606 PMCID: PMC5983708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are still limited. Great hopes, however, are placed in growth factors that show neuroprotective abilities (e.g., nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) and in the immune modulating features, in particular, the anti-inflammatory effects. In our study we aimed to investigate whether a bone marrow-derived lineage-negative (Lin-) cells population, after autologous application into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is able to produce noticeable concentrations of trophic factors and inflammatory-related proteins and thus influence the clinical course of ALS. To our knowledge, the evaluation of Lin- cells transplantation for ALS treatment has not been previously reported. Early hematopoietic Lin- cells were isolated from twelve ALS patients’ bone marrow, and later, the suspension of cells was administered into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture. Concentrations of selected proteins in the CSF and plasma were quantified by multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassays at different timepoints post-transplantation. We also chose microRNAs (miRNAs) related to muscle biology (miRNA-1, miRNA-133a, and miRNA-206) and angiogenesis and inflammation (miRNA-155 and miRNA-378) and tested, for the first time, their expression profiles in the CSF and plasma of ALS patients after Lin- cells transplantation. The injection of bone marrow cells resulted in decreased concentration of selected inflammatory proteins (C3) after Lin- cells injection, particularly in patients who had a better clinical outcome. Moreover, several analyzed miRNAs have changed expression levels in the CSF and plasma of ALS patients subsequent to Lin- cells administration. Interestingly, the expression of miR-206 increased in ALS patients, while miR-378 decreased both in the CSF and plasma one month after the cells’ injection. We propose that autologous lineage-negative early hematopoietic cells injected intrathecally may be a safe and feasible source of material for transplantations to the central nervous system (CNS) environment aimed at anti-inflammatory support provision for ALS adjuvant treatment strategies. Further research is needed to evaluate whether the observed effects could significantly influence the ALS progression.
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Brancia C, Noli B, Boido M, Pilleri R, Boi A, Puddu R, Marrosu F, Vercelli A, Bongioanni P, Ferri GL, Cocco C. TLQP Peptides in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Possible Blood Biomarkers with a Neuroprotective Role. Neuroscience 2018; 380:152-163. [PMID: 29588252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While the VGF-derived TLQP peptides have been shown to prevent neuronal apoptosis, and to act on synaptic strengthening, their involvement in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) remains unclarified. We studied human ALS patients' plasma (taken at early to late disease stages) and primary fibroblast cultures (patients vs controls), in parallel with SOD1-G93A transgenic mice (taken at pre-, early- and late symptomatic stages) and the mouse motor neuron cell line (NSC-34) treated with Sodium Arsenite (SA) to induce oxidative stress. TLQP peptides were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in parallel with gel chromatography characterization, while their localization was studied by immunohistochemistry. In controls, TLQP peptides, including forms compatible with TLQP-21 and 62, were revealed in plasma and spinal cord motor neurons, as well as in fibroblasts and NSC-34 cells. TLQP peptides were reduced in ALS patients' plasma starting in the early disease stage (14% of controls) and remaining so at the late stage (16% of controls). In mice, a comparable pattern of reduction was shown (vs wild type), in both plasma and spinal cord already in the pre-symptomatic phase (about 26% and 70%, respectively). Similarly, the levels of TLQP peptides were reduced in ALS fibroblasts (31% of controls) and in the NSC-34 treated with Sodium Arsenite (53% of decrease), however, the exogeneous TLQP-21 improved cell viability (SA-treated cells with TLQP-21, vs SA-treated cells only: about 83% vs. 75%). Hence, TLQP peptides, reduced upon oxidative stress, are suggested as blood biomarkers, while TLQP-21 exerts a neuroprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Brancia
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Barbara Noli
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Marina Boido
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Dept. Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Pilleri
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Andrea Boi
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Roberta Puddu
- Dept. Neurology, Azienda Universitario Ospedaliera di Cagliari & University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Marrosu
- Dept. Neurology, Azienda Universitario Ospedaliera di Cagliari & University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Dept. Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Bongioanni
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Dept. Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gian-Luca Ferri
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Cristina Cocco
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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