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Yonamine CY, Michalani MLE, Moreira RJ, Machado UF. Glucose Transport and Utilization in the Hippocampus: From Neurophysiology to Diabetes-Related Development of Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16480. [PMID: 38003671 PMCID: PMC10671460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of diabetes with cognitive dysfunction has at least 60 years of history, which started with the observation that children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), who had recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia and consequently low glucose supply to the brain, showed a deficit of cognitive capacity. Later, the growing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and dementia in aged populations revealed their high association, in which a reduced neuronal glucose supply has also been considered as a key mechanism, despite hyperglycemia. Here, we discuss the role of glucose in neuronal functioning/preservation, and how peripheral blood glucose accesses the neuronal intracellular compartment, including the exquisite glucose flux across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the complex network of glucose transporters, in dementia-related areas such as the hippocampus. In addition, insulin resistance-induced abnormalities in the hippocampus of obese/T2D patients, such as inflammatory stress, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial stress, increased generation of advanced glycated end products and BBB dysfunction, as well as their association with dementia/Alzheimer's disease, are addressed. Finally, we discuss how these abnormalities are accompained by the reduction in the expression and translocation of the high capacity insulin-sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4 in hippocampal neurons, which leads to neurocytoglycopenia and eventually to cognitive dysfunction. This knowledge should further encourage investigations into the beneficial effects of promising therapeutic approaches which could improve central insulin sensitivity and GLUT4 expression, to fight diabetes-related cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Yogi Yonamine
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Maria Luiza Estimo Michalani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.L.E.M.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Rafael Junges Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.L.E.M.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Ubiratan Fabres Machado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.L.E.M.); (R.J.M.)
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Zhang XW, Zhu XX, Tang DS, Lu JH. Targeting autophagy in Alzheimer's disease: Animal models and mechanisms. Zool Res 2023; 44:1132-1145. [PMID: 37963840 PMCID: PMC10802106 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to cognitive impairment and memory loss. Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD through the regulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau metabolism, and that autophagy dysfunction exacerbates amyloidosis and tau pathology. Therefore, targeting autophagy may be an effective approach for the treatment of AD. Animal models are considered useful tools for investigating the pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of diseases. This review aims to summarize the pathological alterations in autophagy in representative AD animal models and to present recent studies on newly discovered autophagy-stimulating interventions in animal AD models. Finally, the opportunities, difficulties, and future directions of autophagy targeting in AD therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 99078, China
| | - Xiang-Xing Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528225, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528225, China. E-mail:
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 99078, China. E-mail:
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Michetti F, Clementi ME, Di Liddo R, Valeriani F, Ria F, Rende M, Di Sante G, Romano Spica V. The S100B Protein: A Multifaceted Pathogenic Factor More Than a Biomarker. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119605. [PMID: 37298554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein mainly concentrated in astrocytes in the nervous system. Its levels in biological fluids are recognized as a reliable biomarker of active neural distress, and more recently, mounting evidence points to S100B as a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern molecule, which, at high concentration, triggers tissue reactions to damage. S100B levels and/or distribution in the nervous tissue of patients and/or experimental models of different neural disorders, for which the protein is used as a biomarker, are directly related to the progress of the disease. In addition, in experimental models of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic and vascular acute neural injury, epilepsy, and inflammatory bowel disease, alteration of S100B levels correlates with the occurrence of clinical and/or toxic parameters. In general, overexpression/administration of S100B worsens the clinical presentation, whereas deletion/inactivation of the protein contributes to the amelioration of the symptoms. Thus, the S100B protein may be proposed as a common pathogenic factor in different disorders, sharing different symptoms and etiologies but appearing to share some common pathogenic processes reasonably attributable to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy
- Genes, Via Venti Settembre 118, 00187 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Valeriani
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy
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4
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Intracellular DAMPs in Neurodegeneration and Their Role in Clinical Therapeutics. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3600-3616. [PMID: 36859688 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the major implication of neurodegeneration. This is a complex process which initiates from the cellular injury triggering the innate immune system which gives rise to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which are also recognized as endogenous danger indicators. These originate from various compartments of the cell under pathological stimulus. These are very popular candidates having their origin in the intracellular compartments and organelles of the cell and may have their site of action itself in the intracellular or at the extracellular spaces. Under the influence of the pathological stimuli, they interact with the pattern-recognition receptor to initiate their pro-inflammatory cascade followed by the cytokine release. This provides a good opportunity for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions creating better conditions for repair and reversal. Since the major contributors arise from the intracellular compartment, in this review, we have attempted to focus on the DAMP molecules arising from the intracellular compartments and their specific roles in the neurodegenerative events explaining their downstream mediators and signaling. Moreover, we have tried to cover the latest interventions in terms of DAMPs as clinical biomarkers which can assist in detecting the disease and also target it to reduce the innate-immune activation response which can help in reducing the sterile neuroinflammation having an integral role in the neurodegenerative processes.
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Chu C, Zhong R, Cai M, Li N, Lin W. Elevated Blood S100B Levels in Patients With Migraine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:914051. [PMID: 35911929 PMCID: PMC9329586 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.914051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, a growing number of researches indicate that S100B may act in migraine, but the relationship between S100B and migraine remains controversial. Therefore, the current study aimed to perform a meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize S100B levels in migraine patients. Methods We used Stata 12.0 software to summarize eligible studies from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases. We applied standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) to appraise the association between S100B and migraine. Results The combined results of nine case-control studies indicated that compared with healthy controls, overall migraine patients had significantly increased S100B levels in peripheral blood (SMD = 0.688, 95%CI: 0.341–1.036, P < 0.001). The S100B levels in migraineurs during ictal periods (SMD =1.123, 95%CI: 0.409–1.836, P = 0.002) and interictal periods (SMD = 0.487, 95%CI: 0313–0.661, P < 0.001), aura (SMD = 0.999, 95%CI: 0.598–1.400, P < 0.001) and without aura (SMD = 0.534, 95%CI: 0.286–0.783, P < 0.001) were significantly higher than those in the controls. The subgroup analyses by age, country, migraine assessment, and assay method of S100B also illustrated a statistically obvious association between S100B levels and migraine, indicating that age may be the most important source of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis showed that no individual study has a significant influence on the overall association between S100B and migraine. Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrates that the level of S100B in peripheral blood of patients with migraine was significantly increased. Migraine may be associated with pathological reactions involving S100B, which is instrumental for the clinical diagnosis of migraine and therapy that considers S100B as a potential target.
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MacQuiddy B, Moreno J, Frank J, McGrath S. Survey of risk factors and frequency of clinical signs observed with feline cognitive dysfunction syndrome. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e131-e137. [PMID: 35536055 PMCID: PMC11104230 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221095680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to distribute a survey to cat owners to identify common clinical signs of feline cognitive dysfunction (FCD) and to evaluate for potential risk factors. METHODS A questionnaire was developed and adapted based on previously validated canine cognitive dysfunction questionnaires. This questionnaire was distributed to 4342 cat owners who had presented to Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 2015 and 2020. Cats aged ⩾8 years with signs of cognitive dysfunction and no underlying medical conditions were classified as the FCD-positive group. Cats aged ⩾8 years with no signs of cognitive dysfunction were classified as the FCD-negative control group. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to determine associations between categorical variables and a P value <0.05 was considered indicative of evidence of association. RESULTS A total of 615 completed survey responses were recorded, which was a response rate of 14.2%. Among those, 80 (13%) cats were identified as the FCD-positive group and 114 (18.5%) were identified as the FCD-negative control group. The most common clinical sign in the FCD-positive group was inappropriate vocalization (32/80, 40.0%). The only variable determined to have an association with the FCD group (positive or negative), with a P value of 0.033, was the environmental setting. Cats living in a rural environment (FCD-positive or -negative) had the largest contribution to the χ2 statistic. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE The observed number of FCD-positive cats living in a rural community was less than the expected value based on the χ2 tests. This is suggestive of an association between living in a rural environment and a reduced chance of cognitive dysfunction. There are many factors such as air pollution, social interactions and environmental enrichment that need to be studied further to determine how they relate to FCD as this could not be concluded from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany MacQuiddy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julie Moreno
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jade Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie McGrath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Barros C, Barateiro A, Neto A, Soromenho B, Bastos AP, Mateus JM, Xapelli S, Sebastião AM, Brites D, Graça L, Fernandes A. S100B inhibition protects from chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac076. [PMID: 35620168 PMCID: PMC9128388 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Studies have correlated excessive S100B, a small inflammatory molecule, with demyelination and associated inflammatory processes occurring in multiple sclerosis. The relevance of S100B in multiple sclerosis pathology brought an emerging curiosity highlighting its use as a potential therapeutic target to reduce damage during the multiple sclerosis course, namely during inflammatory relapses. We examined the relevance of S100B and further investigated the potential of S100B-neutralizing small molecule pentamidine in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. S100B depletion had beneficial pathological outcomes and, based on promising results of a variety of S100B-blockade strategies in an ex vivo demyelinating model we choose pentamidine to assay its role in the in vivo experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We report that pentamidine prevents more aggressive clinical symptoms and improves recovery of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Blockade of S100B by pentamidine protects against oligodendrogenesis impairment and neuroinflammation by reducing astrocyte reactivity and microglia pro-inflammatory phenotype. Pentamidine also increased regulatory T cell density in the spinal cord suggesting an additional immunomodulatory action. These results showed the relevance of S100B as a main driver of neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and identified an uncharacterized mode of action of pentamidine, strengthening the possibility to use this drug as an anti-inflammatory and remyelinating therapy for progressive multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Barros
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Barateiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Neto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Soromenho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Afonso P Bastos
- Instituto de Medicine Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- CIISA – Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana M Mateus
- Instituto de Medicine Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Medicine Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Medicine Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Graça
- Instituto de Medicine Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-083 Lisbon, Portugal
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Michetti F, Di Sante G, Clementi ME, Sampaolese B, Casalbore P, Volonté C, Romano Spica V, Parnigotto PP, Di Liddo R, Amadio S, Ria F. Growing role of S100B protein as a putative therapeutic target for neurological- and nonneurological-disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:446-458. [PMID: 33971224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein mainly expressed by astrocytes, but also localized in other definite neural and extra-neural cell types. While its presence in biological fluids is widely recognized as a reliable biomarker of active injury, growing evidence now indicates that high levels of S100B are suggestive of pathogenic processes in different neural, but also extra-neural, disorders. Indeed, modulation of S100B levels correlates with the occurrence of clinical and/or toxic parameters in experimental models of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, acute neural injury, inflammatory bowel disease, uveal and retinal disorders, obesity, diabetes and cancer, thus directly linking the levels of S100B to pathogenic mechanisms. In general, deletion/inactivation of the protein causes the improvement of the disease, whereas its over-expression/administration induces a worse clinical presentation. This scenario reasonably proposes S100B as a common therapeutic target for several different disorders, also offering new clues to individuate possible unexpected connections among these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Sampaolese
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Casalbore
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, IASI-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, IASI-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Parnigotto
- Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (T.E.S.) Onlus, Padua, Italy.
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (T.E.S.) Onlus, Padua, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Susanna Amadio
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Peak SL, Gracia L, Lora G, Jinwal UK. Hsp90-interacting Co-chaperones and their Family Proteins in Tau Regulation: Introducing a Novel Role for Cdc37L1. Neuroscience 2020; 453:312-323. [PMID: 33246057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that serves as a promoter of microtubule assembly and stability in neuron cells. In a collective group of neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies, tau processing is altered as a result of gene mutations and post-translational modifications. In particular, in Alzheimer's disease (AD) or AD-like conditions, tau becomes hyperphosphorylated and forms toxic aggregates inside the cell. The chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) plays an important role in the proper folding, degradation, and recycling of tau proteins and tau kinases. Hsp90 has many co-chaperones that aid in tau processing. In particular, a few of these co-chaperones, such as FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 51, protein phosphatase (PP) 5, cell division cycle 37 (Cdc37), and S100A1 have family members that are reported to affect Hsp90-mediated tau processing in either a similar or an opposite manner. Here, we provide a holistic review of these selected co-chaperones and their family proteins and introduce a novel Hsp90-binding Cdc37 relative, Cdc37-like-1 (Cdc37L1 or L1) in tau regulation. Overall, the proteins discussed here highlight the importance of studying family proteins in order to fully understand the mechanism of tau pathogenesis and to establish drug targets for the treatment of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Peak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Liam Gracia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, 308 Research Dr, Durham NC 27710, NC, USA
| | - Gabriella Lora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Umesh K Jinwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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10
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Bjorkli C, Sandvig A, Sandvig I. Bridging the Gap Between Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease, Model Systems, and Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:272. [PMID: 32982716 PMCID: PMC7492751 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of two proteins in fibrillar form: amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau. Despite decades of intensive research, we cannot yet pinpoint the exact cause of the disease or unequivocally determine the exact mechanism(s) underlying its progression. This confounds early diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, which can reveal ongoing biochemical changes in the brain, can help monitor developing AD pathology prior to clinical diagnosis. Here we review preclinical and clinical investigations of commonly used biomarkers in animals and patients with AD, which can bridge translation from model systems into the clinic. The core AD biomarkers have been found to translate well across species, whereas biomarkers of neuroinflammation translate to a lesser extent. Nevertheless, there is no absolute equivalence between biomarkers in human AD patients and those examined in preclinical models in terms of revealing key pathological hallmarks of the disease. In this review, we provide an overview of current but also novel AD biomarkers and how they relate to key constituents of the pathological cascade, highlighting confounding factors and pitfalls in interpretation, and also provide recommendations for standardized procedures during sample collection to enhance the translational validity of preclinical AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Bjorkli
- Sandvig Group, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Axel Sandvig
- Sandvig Group, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Institute of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neuro, Head, and Neck, University Hospital of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Sandvig
- Sandvig Group, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Sreejit G, Flynn MC, Patil M, Krishnamurthy P, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. S100 family proteins in inflammation and beyond. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 98:173-231. [PMID: 32564786 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The S100 family proteins possess a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions. They interact with multiple receptors and signal transducers to regulate pathways that govern inflammation, cell differentiation, proliferation, energy metabolism, apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, cell cytoskeleton and microbial resistance. S100 proteins are also emerging as novel diagnostic markers for identifying and monitoring various diseases. Strategies aimed at targeting S100-mediated signaling pathways hold a great potential in developing novel therapeutics for multiple diseases. In this chapter, we aim to summarize the current knowledge about the role of S100 family proteins in health and disease with a major focus on their role in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle C Flynn
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mallikarjun Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Hagmeyer S, Romão MA, Cristóvão JS, Vilella A, Zoli M, Gomes CM, Grabrucker AM. Distribution and Relative Abundance of S100 Proteins in the Brain of the APP23 Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:640. [PMID: 31281238 PMCID: PMC6596341 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence links proteins of the S100 family to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). S100 proteins are EF-hand calcium-binding proteins with intra- and extracellular functions related to regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and trace metal homeostasis, and are important modulators of inflammatory responses. For example, S100A6, S100A8, and S100B expression levels were found increased in inflammatory diseases, but also neurodegenerative disorders, and S100A8/A9 complexes may provide a mechanistic link between amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque formation and neuroinflammation. On the other hand, S100B, a proinflammatory protein that is chronically up-regulated in AD and whose elevation precedes plaque formation, was recently shown to suppress Aβ aggregation. Here, we report expression of S100A6 and S100B in astrocytes and less so in neurons, and low level of expression of S100A8 in both neurons and glial cells in vitro. In vivo, S100A8 expression is almost absent in the brain of aged wildtype mice, while S100A6 and S100B are expressed in all brain regions and most prominently in the cortex and cerebellum. S100B seems to be enriched in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. In contrast, in the brain of APP23 mice, a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease, S100B, S100A6, and S100A8 show co-localization with Aβ plaques, compatible with astrocyte activation, and the expression level of S100A8 is increased in neural cells. While S100A6 and S100B are enriched in the periphery of plaques where less fibrillar Aβ is found, S100A8 is more intense within the center of the inclusion. In vitro assays show that, similarly to S100B, S100A6, and S100A8 also delay Aβ aggregation suggesting a regulatory action over protein aggregation. We posit that elevated expression levels and overlapping spatial distribution of brain S100 proteins and plaques translates functional relationships between these inflammatory mediators and AD pathophysiology processes that uncover important molecular mechanisms linking the aggregation and neuroinflammation cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hagmeyer
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mariana A. Romão
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Cristóvão
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonietta Vilella
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cláudio M. Gomes
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreas M. Grabrucker
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Cristóvão JS, Gomes CM. S100 Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:463. [PMID: 31156365 PMCID: PMC6532343 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
S100 proteins are calcium-binding proteins that regulate several processes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) but whose contribution and direct involvement in disease pathophysiology remains to be fully established. Due to neuroinflammation in AD patients, the levels of several S100 proteins are increased in the brain and some S100s play roles related to the processing of the amyloid precursor protein, regulation of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) levels and Tau phosphorylation. S100 proteins are found associated with protein inclusions, either within plaques or as isolated S100-positive puncta, which suggests an active role in the formation of amyloid aggregates. Indeed, interactions between S100 proteins and aggregating Aβ indicate regulatory roles over the aggregation process, which may either delay or aggravate aggregation, depending on disease stage and relative S100 and Aβ levels. Additionally, S100s are also known to influence AD-related signaling pathways and levels of other cytokines. Recent evidence also suggests that metal-ligation by S100 proteins influences trace metal homeostasis in the brain, particularly of zinc, which is also a major deregulated process in AD. Altogether, this evidence strongly suggests a role of S100 proteins as key players in several AD-linked physiopathological processes, which we discuss in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana S. Cristóvão
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M. Gomes
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Michetti F, D'Ambrosi N, Toesca A, Puglisi MA, Serrano A, Marchese E, Corvino V, Geloso MC. The S100B story: from biomarker to active factor in neural injury. J Neurochem 2018; 148:168-187. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele; Milan Italy
| | - Nadia D'Ambrosi
- Department of Biology; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Amelia Toesca
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | | | - Alessia Serrano
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Elisa Marchese
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Valentina Corvino
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Geloso
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
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15
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Cristóvão JS, Morris VK, Cardoso I, Leal SS, Martínez J, Botelho HM, Göbl C, David R, Kierdorf K, Alemi M, Madl T, Fritz G, Reif B, Gomes CM. The neuronal S100B protein is a calcium-tuned suppressor of amyloid-β aggregation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaaq1702. [PMID: 29963623 PMCID: PMC6025902 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation and neuroinflammation are consistent features in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and strong candidates for the initiation of neurodegeneration. S100B is one of the most abundant proinflammatory proteins that is chronically up-regulated in AD and is found associated with senile plaques. This recognized biomarker for brain distress may, thus, play roles in amyloid aggregation which remain to be determined. We report a novel role for the neuronal S100B protein as suppressor of Aβ42 aggregation and toxicity. We determined the structural details of the interaction between monomeric Aβ42 and S100B, which is favored by calcium binding to S100B, possibly involving conformational switching of disordered Aβ42 into an α-helical conformer, which locks aggregation. From nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, we show that this dynamic interaction occurs at a promiscuous peptide-binding region within the interfacial cleft of the S100B homodimer. This physical interaction is coupled to a functional role in the inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation and toxicity and is tuned by calcium binding to S100B. S100B delays the onset of Aβ42 aggregation by interacting with Aβ42 monomers inhibiting primary nucleation, and the calcium-bound state substantially affects secondary nucleation by inhibiting fibril surface-catalyzed reactions through S100B binding to growing Aβ42 oligomers and fibrils. S100B protects cells from Aβ42-mediated toxicity, rescuing cell viability and decreasing apoptosis induced by Aβ42 in cell cultures. Together, our findings suggest that molecular targeting of S100B could be translated into development of novel approaches to ameliorate AD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana S. Cristóvão
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa K. Morris
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia S. Leal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Javier Martínez
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo M. Botelho
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christoph Göbl
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo David
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mobina Alemi
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tobias Madl
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fritz
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Reif
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cláudio M. Gomes
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Lee HJ, Savelieff MG, Kang J, Brophy MB, Nakashige TG, Lee SJC, Nolan EM, Lim MH. Calprotectin influences the aggregation of metal-free and metal-bound amyloid-β by direct interaction. Metallomics 2018; 10:1116-1127. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00091c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CP-Ser [S100A8(C42S)/S100A9(C3S) oligomer] interacts with metal-free and metal-bound Aβ40 peptides and modulates their aggregation in the absence and presence of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | | | - Juhye Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | | | - Shin Jung C. Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 44919
- Republic of Korea
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
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17
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Donato R, Sorci G, Giambanco I. S100A6 protein: functional roles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2749-2760. [PMID: 28417162 PMCID: PMC11107720 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
S100A6 protein belongs to the A group of the S100 protein family of Ca2+-binding proteins. It is expressed in a limited number of cell types in adult normal tissues and in several tumor cell types. As an intracellular protein, S100A6 has been implicated in the regulation of several cellular functions, such as proliferation, apoptosis, the cytoskeleton dynamics, and the cellular response to different stress factors. S100A6 can be secreted/released by certain cell types which points to extracellular effects of the protein. RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) and integrin β1 transduce some extracellular S100A6's effects. Dosage of serum S100A6 might aid in diagnosis in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia (Interuniversity Institute for Myology), Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia (Interuniversity Institute for Myology), Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ileana Giambanco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
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18
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Cao Z, Wang F, Xiu C, Zhang J, Li Y. Hypericum perforatum extract attenuates behavioral, biochemical, and neurochemical abnormalities in Aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer’s disease rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:931-937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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19
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The Astrocytic S100B Protein with Its Receptor RAGE Is Aberrantly Expressed in SOD1 G93A Models, and Its Inhibition Decreases the Expression of Proinflammatory Genes. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:1626204. [PMID: 28713206 PMCID: PMC5496121 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1626204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the major players in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis, and astrocytes are significantly involved in this process. The astrocytic protein S100B can be released in pathological states activating the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Different indications point to an aberrant expression of S100B and RAGE in ALS. In this work, we observed that S100B and RAGE are progressively and selectively upregulated in astrocytes of diseased rats with a tissue-specific timing pattern, correlated to the level of neurodegeneration. The expression of the full-length and soluble RAGE isoforms could also be linked to the degree of tissue damage. The mere presence of mutant SOD1 is able to increase the intracellular levels and release S100B from astrocytes, suggesting the possibility that an increased astrocytic S100B expression might be an early occurring event in the disease. Finally, our findings indicate that the protein may exert a proinflammatory role in ALS, since its inhibition in astrocytes derived from SOD1G93A mice limits the expression of reactivity-linked/proinflammatory genes. Thus, our results propose the S100B-RAGE axis as an effective contributor to the pathogenesis of the disease, suggesting its blockade as a rational target for a therapeutic intervention in ALS.
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20
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Molecular basis for the interaction between stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1) and S100A1. Biochem J 2017; 474:1853-1866. [PMID: 28408431 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20161055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1) is a cellular co-chaperone, which regulates heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and Hsp90 activity during client protein folding. Members of the S100 family of dimeric calcium-binding proteins have been found to inhibit Hsp association with STIP1 through binding of STIP1 tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains, possibly regulating the chaperone cycle. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of S100A1 binding to STIP1. We show that three S100A1 dimers associate with one molecule of STIP1 in a calcium-dependent manner. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that individual STIP1 TPR domains, TPR1, TPR2A and TPR2B, bind a single S100A1 dimer with significantly different affinities and that the TPR2B domain possesses the highest affinity for S100A1. S100A1 bound each TPR domain through a common binding interface composed of α-helices III and IV of each S100A1 subunit, which is only accessible following a large conformational change in S100A1 upon calcium binding. The TPR2B-binding site for S100A1 was predominately mapped to the C-terminal α-helix of TPR2B, where it is inserted into the hydrophobic cleft of an S100A1 dimer, suggesting a novel binding mechanism. Our data present the structural basis behind STIP1 and S100A1 complex formation, and provide novel insights into TPR module-containing proteins and S100 family member complexes.
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21
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Créau N, Cabet E, Daubigney F, Souchet B, Bennaï S, Delabar J. Specific age-related molecular alterations in the cerebellum of Down syndrome mouse models. Brain Res 2016; 1646:342-353. [PMID: 27297494 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome, or trisomy 21, has been modeled with various trisomic and transgenic mice to help understand the consequences of an altered gene dosage in brain development and function. Though Down syndrome has been associated with premature aging, little is known about the molecular and cellular alterations that target brain function. To help identify alterations at specific ages, we analyzed the cerebellum of Ts1Cje mice, trisomic for 77 HSA21 orthologs, at three ages-young (4 months), middle-age (12 months), and old (17 months)-compared to age-matched controls. Quantification of neuronal and glial markers (n=11) revealed increases in GFAP, with an age effect, and S100B, with age and genotype effects. The genotype effect on S100B with age was unexpected as Ts1Cje has only two copies of the S100b gene. Interestingly, the different increase in GFAP observed between Ts1Cje (trisomic segment includes Pcp4 gene) and controls was magnified in TgPCP4 mice (1 extra copy of the human PCP4 gene) at the same age. S100B increase was not found in the TgPCP4 confirming a difference of regulation with aging for GFAP and S100B and excluding the calcium signaling regulator, Pcp4, as a potential candidate for increase of S100B in the Ts1Cje. To understand these differences, comparison of GFAP and S100B immunostainings at young and middle-age were performed. Immunohistochemical detection of differences in GFAP and S100B localization with aging implicate S100B+ oligodendrocytes as a new phenotypic target in this specific aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Créau
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Eva Cabet
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Daubigney
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Souchet
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Soumia Bennaï
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean Delabar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France
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22
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Kabadi SV, Stoica BA, Zimmer DB, Afanador L, Duffy KB, Loane DJ, Faden AI. S100B inhibition reduces behavioral and pathologic changes in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:2010-20. [PMID: 26154869 PMCID: PMC4671122 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognized to contribute to chronic tissue loss and neurologic dysfunction. Circulating levels of S100B increase after TBI and have been used as a biomarker. S100B is produced by activated astrocytes and can promote microglial activation; signaling by S100B through interaction with the multiligand advanced glycation end product-specific receptor (AGER) has been implicated in brain injury and microglial activation during chronic neurodegeneration. We examined the effects of S100B inhibition in a controlled cortical impact model, using S100B knockout mice or administration of neutralizing S100B antibody. Both interventions significantly reduced TBI-induced lesion volume, improved retention memory function, and attenuated microglial activation. The neutralizing antibody also significantly reduced sensorimotor deficits and improved neuronal survival in the cortex. However, S100B did not alter microglial activation in BV2 cells or primary microglial cultures stimulated by lipopolysaccharide or interferon gamma. Further, proximity ligation assays did not support direct interaction in the brain between S100B and AGER following TBI. Future studies are needed to elucidate specific pathways underlying S100B-mediated neuroinflammatory actions after TBI. Our results strongly implicate S100B in TBI-induced neuroinflammation, cell loss, and neurologic dysfunction, thereby indicating that it is a potential therapeutic target for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti V Kabadi
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Danna B Zimmer
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauriaselle Afanador
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara B Duffy
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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23
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DAMPs and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:17-28. [PMID: 25462192 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The concept of neuroinflammation has come a full circle; from being initially regarded as a controversial viewpoint to its present day acceptance as an integral component of neurodegenerative processes. A closer look at the etiopathogenesis of many neurodegenerative conditions will reveal a patho-symbiotic relationship between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, where the two liaise with each other to form a self-sustaining vicious cycle that facilitates neuronal demise. Here, we focus on damage associated molecular patterns or DAMPs as a potentially important nexus in the context of this lethal neuroinflammation-neurodegeneration alliance. Since their nomenclature as "DAMPs" about a decade ago, these endogenous moieties have consistently been reported as novel players in sterile (non-infective) inflammation. However, their roles in inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS), especially during chronic neurodegenerative disorders are still being actively researched. The aim of this review is to first provide a general overview of the neuroimmune response in the CNS within the purview of DAMPs, its receptors and downstream signaling. This is then followed by discussions on some of the DAMP-mediated neuroinflammatory responses involved in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Along the way, we also highlighted some important gaps in our existing knowledge regarding the role of DAMPs in neurodegeneration, the clarification of which we believe would aid in the prospects of developing treatment or screening strategies directed at these molecules.
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Abstract
In humans, the S100 protein family is composed of 21 members that exhibit a high degree of structural similarity, but are not functionally interchangeable. This family of proteins modulates cellular responses by functioning both as intracellular Ca(2+) sensors and as extracellular factors. Dysregulated expression of multiple members of the S100 family is a common feature of human cancers, with each type of cancer showing a unique S100 protein profile or signature. Emerging in vivo evidence indicates that the biology of most S100 proteins is complex and multifactorial, and that these proteins actively contribute to tumorigenic processes such as cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis and immune evasion. Drug discovery efforts have identified leads for inhibiting several S100 family members, and two of the identified inhibitors have progressed to clinical trials in patients with cancer. This Review highlights new findings regarding the role of S100 family members in cancer diagnosis and treatment, the contribution of S100 signalling to tumour biology, and the discovery and development of S100 inhibitors for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R. Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - David J. Weber
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland 20102, USA
| | - Danna B. Zimmer
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland 20102, USA
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Bresnick AR, Weber DJ, Zimmer DB. S100 proteins in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2015. [PMID: 25614008 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3893.s100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the S100 protein family is composed of 21 members that exhibit a high degree of structural similarity, but are not functionally interchangeable. This family of proteins modulates cellular responses by functioning both as intracellular Ca(2+) sensors and as extracellular factors. Dysregulated expression of multiple members of the S100 family is a common feature of human cancers, with each type of cancer showing a unique S100 protein profile or signature. Emerging in vivo evidence indicates that the biology of most S100 proteins is complex and multifactorial, and that these proteins actively contribute to tumorigenic processes such as cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis and immune evasion. Drug discovery efforts have identified leads for inhibiting several S100 family members, and two of the identified inhibitors have progressed to clinical trials in patients with cancer. This Review highlights new findings regarding the role of S100 family members in cancer diagnosis and treatment, the contribution of S100 signalling to tumour biology, and the discovery and development of S100 inhibitors for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - David J Weber
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland 20102, USA
| | - Danna B Zimmer
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland 20102, USA
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Afanador L, Roltsch EA, Holcomb L, Campbell KS, Keeling DA, Zhang Y, Zimmer DB. The Ca2+ sensor S100A1 modulates neuroinflammation, histopathology and Akt activity in the PSAPP Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Cell Calcium 2014; 56:68-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kim HJ, Chang KA, Ha TY, Kim J, Ha S, Shin KY, Moon C, Nacken W, Kim HS, Suh YH. S100A9 knockout decreases the memory impairment and neuropathology in crossbreed mice of Tg2576 and S100A9 knockout mice model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88924. [PMID: 24586443 PMCID: PMC3934881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study presented evidence that the inflammation-related S100A9 gene is significantly upregulated in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal models and human AD patients. In addition, experiments have shown that knockdown of S100A9 expression improves cognition function in AD model mice (Tg2576), and these animals exhibit reduced amyloid plaque burden. In this study, we established a new transgenic animal model of AD by crossbreeding the Tg2576 mouse with the S100A9 knockout (KO) mouse. We observed that S100A9KO/Tg2576 (KO/Tg) mice displayed an increased spatial reference memory in the Morris water maze task and Y-maze task as well as decreased amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) neuropathology because of reduced levels of Aβ, C-terminal fragments of amyloid precursor protein (APP-CT) and phosphorylated tau and increased expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and also decreased expression of inflammatory IL-6 and tumor neurosis factor (TNF)-α when compared with age-matched S100A9WT/Tg2576 (WT/Tg) mice. Overall, these results suggest that S100A9 is responsible for the neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits in Tg2576 mice. The mechanism of S100A9 is able to coincide with the inflammatory process. These findings indicate that knockout of S100A9 is a potential target for the pharmacological therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, MRC, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, MRC, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeonga Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, MRC, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungji Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, MRC, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wolfgang Nacken
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hye-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, MRC, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, MRC, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
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Perez-Gonzalez R, Pascual C, Antequera D, Bolos M, Redondo M, Perez DI, Pérez-Grijalba V, Krzyzanowska A, Sarasa M, Gil C, Ferrer I, Martinez A, Carro E. Phosphodiesterase 7 inhibitor reduced cognitive impairment and pathological hallmarks in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2133-45. [PMID: 23582662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and inflammation are pathological hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) regulates the inflammatory response through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling cascade, and thus plays a central role in AD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an inhibitor of PDE7, named S14, in a mouse model of AD. We report that APP/Ps1 mice treated daily for 4 weeks with S14 show: (1) significant attenuation in behavioral impairment; (2) decreased brain Aβ deposition; (3) enhanced astrocyte-mediated Aβ degradation; and (4) decreased tau phosphorylation. These effects are mediated via the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein signaling pathway, and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3. Our data support the use of PDE7 inhibitors, and specifically S14, as effective therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Perez-Gonzalez
- Neuroscience Group, Instituto de Investigacion Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
S100 proteins are markers for numerous cancers, and in many cases high S100 protein levels are a prognostic indicator for poor survival. One such case is S100B, which is overproduced in a very large percentage of malignant melanoma cases. Elevated S100B protein was more recently validated to have causative effects towards cancer progression via down-regulating the tumor suppressor protein, p53. Towards eliminating this problem in melanoma, targeting S100B with small molecule inhibitors was initiated. This work relies on numerous chemical biology technologies including structural biology, computer-aided drug design, compound screening, and medicinal chemistry approaches. Another important component of drug development is the ability to test compounds and various molecular scaffolds for their efficacy in vivo. This chapter briefly describes the development of S100B inhibitors, termed SBiXs, for melanoma therapy with a focus on the inclusion of in vivo screening at an early stage in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna B Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Zaheer S, Thangavel R, Wu Y, Khan MM, Kempuraj D, Zaheer A. Enhanced expression of glia maturation factor correlates with glial activation in the brain of triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:218-25. [PMID: 23086473 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that glia maturation factor (GMF), a brain specific protein, isolated, sequenced and cloned in our laboratory, induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the central nervous system. We also reported that the up-regulation of GMF in astrocytes leads to the destruction of neurons suggesting a novel pathway of GMF-mediated cytotoxicity of brain cells, and implicated its involvement in the pathogenesis of inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we examined the expressions of GMF in triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) mice. Our results show a 13-fold up-regulation of GMF and 8-12-fold up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10/IP-10) mRNA as determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in the brain of 3xTg-AD mice as compared to non-transgenic (Non-Tg) mice. In conclusion, the increase in GMF and cytokine/chemokine expression was correlated with reactive glial fibrillary acidic protein positive astrocytes and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive microglia in 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Botelho HM, Leal SS, Cardoso I, Yanamandra K, Morozova-Roche LA, Fritz G, Gomes CM. S100A6 amyloid fibril formation is calcium-modulated and enhances superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) aggregation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42233-42. [PMID: 23076148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.396416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A6 is a small EF-hand calcium- and zinc-binding protein involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and cytoskeletal dynamics. It is overexpressed in neurodegenerative disorders and a proposed marker for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Following recent reports of amyloid formation by S100 proteins, we investigated the aggregation properties of S100A6. Computational analysis using aggregation predictors Waltz and Zyggregator revealed increased propensity within S100A6 helices H(I) and H(IV). Subsequent analysis of Thioflavin-T binding kinetics under acidic conditions elicited a very fast process with no lag phase and extensive formation of aggregates and stacked fibrils as observed by electron microscopy. Ca(2+) exerted an inhibitory effect on the aggregation kinetics, which could be reverted upon chelation. An FT-IR investigation of the early conformational changes occurring under these conditions showed that Ca(2+) promotes anti-parallel β-sheet conformations that repress fibrillation. At pH 7, Ca(2+) rendered the fibril formation kinetics slower: time-resolved imaging showed that fibril formation is highly suppressed, with aggregates forming instead. In the absence of metals an extensive network of fibrils is formed. S100A6 oligomers, but not fibrils, were found to be cytotoxic, decreasing cell viability by up to 40%. This effect was not observed when the aggregates were formed in the presence of Ca(2+). Interestingly, native S1006 seeds SOD1 aggregation, shortening its nucleation process. This suggests a cross-talk between these two proteins involved in ALS. Overall, these results put forward novel roles for S100 proteins, whose metal-modulated aggregation propensity may be a key aspect in their physiology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M Botelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Hearst SM, Walker LR, Shao Q, Lopez M, Raucher D, Vig PJS. The design and delivery of a thermally responsive peptide to inhibit S100B-mediated neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2011; 197:369-80. [PMID: 21958864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
S100B, a glial-secreted protein, is believed to play a major role in neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, traumatic brain injury, and spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1). SCA1 is a trinucleotide repeat disorder in which the expanded polyglutamine mutation in the protein ataxin-1 primarily targets Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Currently, the exact mechanism of S100B-mediated Purkinje cell damage in SCA1 is not clear. However, here we show that S100B may act via the activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) signaling pathway, resulting in oxidative stress-mediated injury to mutant ataxin-1-expressing neurons. To combat S100B-mediated neurodegeneration, we have designed a selective thermally responsive S100B inhibitory peptide, Synb1-ELP-TRTK. Our therapeutic polypeptide was developed using three key elements: (1) the elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), a thermally responsive polypeptide, (2) the TRTK12 peptide, a known S100B inhibitory peptide, and (3) a cell-penetrating peptide, Synb1, to enhance intracellular delivery. Binding studies revealed that our peptide, Synb1-ELP-TRTK, interacts with its molecular target S100B and maintains a high S100B binding affinity as comparable with the TRTK12 peptide alone. In addition, in vitro studies revealed that Synb1-ELP-TRTK treatment reduces S100B uptake in SHSY5Y cells. Furthermore, the Synb1-ELP-TRTK peptide decreased S100B-induced oxidative damage to mutant ataxin-1-expressing neurons. To test the delivery capabilities of ELP-based therapeutic peptides to the cerebellum, we treated mice with fluorescently labeled Synb1-ELP and observed that thermal targeting enhanced peptide delivery to the cerebellum. Here, we have laid the framework for thermal-based therapeutic targeting to regions of the brain, particularly the cerebellum. Overall, our data suggest that thermal targeting of ELP-based therapeutic peptides to the cerebellum is a novel treatment strategy for cerebellar neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hearst
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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