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García M, Carrasco García A, Weigel W, Christ W, Lira-Junior R, Wirth L, Tauriainen J, Maleki K, Vanoni G, Vaheri A, Mäkelä S, Mustonen J, Nordgren J, Smed-Sörensen A, Strandin T, Mjösberg J, Klingström J. Innate lymphoid cells are activated in HFRS, and their function can be modulated by hantavirus-induced type I interferons. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012390. [PMID: 39038044 PMCID: PMC11293681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses cause the acute zoonotic diseases hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Infected patients show strong systemic inflammation and immune cell activation. NK cells are highly activated in HFRS, suggesting that also other innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) might be responding to infection. Here, we characterized peripheral ILC responses, and measured plasma levels of soluble factors and plasma viral load, in 17 Puumala virus (PUUV)-infected HFRS patients. This revealed an increased frequency of ILC2 in patients, in particular the ILC2 lineage-committed c-Kitlo ILC2 subset. Patients' ILCs showed an activated profile with increased proliferation and displayed altered expression of several homing markers. How ILCs are activated during viral infection is largely unknown. When analyzing PUUV-mediated activation of ILCs in vitro we observed that this was dependent on type I interferons, suggesting a role for type I interferons-produced in response to virus infection-in the activation of ILCs. Further, stimulation of naïve ILC2s with IFN-β affected ILC2 cytokine responses in vitro, causing decreased IL-5 and IL-13, and increased IL-10, CXCL10, and GM-CSF secretion. These results show that ILCs are activated in HFRS patients and suggest that the classical antiviral type I IFNs are involved in shaping ILC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina García
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Carrasco García
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Whitney Weigel
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wanda Christ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronaldo Lira-Junior
- Section of Oral Diagnostics and Surgery, Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenz Wirth
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Tauriainen
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kimia Maleki
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulia Vanoni
- Institut Curie, PSL University, Inserm, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Mäkelä
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Mustonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Strandin
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Zarate-Sanchez E, George SC, Moya ML, Robertson C. Vascular dysfunction in hemorrhagic viral fevers: opportunities for organotypic modeling. Biofabrication 2024; 16:032008. [PMID: 38749416 PMCID: PMC11151171 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad4c0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) cause severe or fatal infections in humans. Named after their common symptom hemorrhage, these viruses induce significant vascular dysfunction by affecting endothelial cells, altering immunity, and disrupting the clotting system. Despite advances in treatments, such as cytokine blocking therapies, disease modifying treatment for this class of pathogen remains elusive. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of these infections could provide new avenues to treatment. While animal models and traditional 2D cell cultures have contributed insight into the mechanisms by which these pathogens affect the vasculature, these models fall short in replicatingin vivohuman vascular dynamics. The emergence of microphysiological systems (MPSs) offers promising avenues for modeling these complex interactions. These MPS or 'organ-on-chip' models present opportunities to better mimic human vascular responses and thus aid in treatment development. In this review, we explore the impact of HFV on the vasculature by causing endothelial dysfunction, blood clotting irregularities, and immune dysregulation. We highlight how existing MPS have elucidated features of HFV pathogenesis as well as discuss existing knowledge gaps and the challenges in modeling these interactions using MPS. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of vascular dysfunction caused by HFV is crucial in developing therapies not only for these infections, but also for other vasculotropic conditions like sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Zarate-Sanchez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Monica L Moya
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Claire Robertson
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
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3
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Afzal S, Ali L, Batool A, Afzal M, Kanwal N, Hassan M, Safdar M, Ahmad A, Yang J. Hantavirus: an overview and advancements in therapeutic approaches for infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1233433. [PMID: 37901807 PMCID: PMC10601933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are a significant and emerging global public health threat, impacting more than 200,000 individuals worldwide each year. The single-stranded RNA viruses belong to the Hantaviridae family and are responsible for causing two acute febrile diseases in humans: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Currently, there are no licensed treatments or vaccines available globally for HTNV infection. Various candidate drugs have shown efficacy in increasing survival rates during the early stages of HTNV infection. Some of these drugs include lactoferrin, ribavirin, ETAR, favipiravir and vandetanib. Immunotherapy utilizing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) generated from Hantavirus convalescent patients show efficacy against HTNV. Monoclonal antibodies such as MIB22 and JL16 have demonstrated effectiveness in protecting against HTNV infection. The development of vaccines and antivirals, used independently and/or in combination, is critical for elucidating hantaviral infections and the impact on public health. RNA interference (RNAi) arised as an emerging antiviral therapy, is a highly specific degrades RNA, with post-transcriptional mechanism using eukaryotic cells platform. That has demonstrated efficacy against a wide range of viruses, both in vitro and in vivo. Recent antiviral methods involve using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and other, immune-based therapies to target specific gene segments (S, M, or L) of the Hantavirus. This therapeutic approach enhances viral RNA clearance through the RNA interference process in Vero E6 cells or human lung microvascular endothelial cells. However, the use of siRNAs faces challenges due to their low biological stability and limited in vivo targeting ability. Despite their successful inhibition of Hantavirus replication in host cells, their antiviral efficacy may be hindered. In the current review, we focus on advances in therapeutic strategies, as antiviral medications, immune-based therapies and vaccine candidates aimed at enhancing the body's ability to control the progression of Hantavirus infections, with the potential to reduce the risk of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Afzal
- CEMB, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Anum Batool
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Momina Afzal
- CEMB, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nida Kanwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Atif Ahmad
- CEMB, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jing Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
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4
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Koehler FC, Di Cristanziano V, Späth MR, Hoyer-Allo KJR, Wanken M, Müller RU, Burst V. OUP accepted manuscript. Clin Kidney J 2022; 15:1231-1252. [PMID: 35756741 PMCID: PMC9217627 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantavirus-induced diseases are emerging zoonoses with endemic appearances and frequent outbreaks in different parts of the world. In humans, hantaviral pathology is characterized by the disruption of the endothelial cell barrier followed by increased capillary permeability, thrombocytopenia due to platelet activation/depletion and an overactive immune response. Genetic vulnerability due to certain human leukocyte antigen haplotypes is associated with disease severity. Typically, two different hantavirus-caused clinical syndromes have been reported: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). The primarily affected vascular beds differ in these two entities: renal medullary capillaries in HFRS caused by Old World hantaviruses and pulmonary capillaries in HCPS caused by New World hantaviruses. Disease severity in HFRS ranges from mild, e.g. Puumala virus-associated nephropathia epidemica, to moderate, e.g. Hantaan or Dobrava virus infections. HCPS leads to a severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with high mortality rates. Due to novel insights into organ tropism, hantavirus-associated pathophysiology and overlapping clinical features, HFRS and HCPS are believed to be interconnected syndromes frequently involving the kidneys. As there are no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines approved in Europe or the USA, only preventive measures and public awareness may minimize the risk of hantavirus infection. Treatment remains primarily supportive and, depending on disease severity, more invasive measures (e.g., renal replacement therapy, mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix C Koehler
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin R Späth
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - K Johanna R Hoyer-Allo
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Wanken
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Villalba N, Baby S, Yuan SY. The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Double-Edged Sword in Microvascular Homeostasis and Pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:711003. [PMID: 34336864 PMCID: PMC8316827 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.711003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Expressed on the endothelial cell (EC) surface of blood vessels, the glycocalyx (GCX), a mixture of carbohydrates attached to proteins, regulates the access of cells and molecules in the blood to the endothelium. Besides protecting endothelial barrier integrity, the dynamic microstructure of the GCX confers remarkable functions including mechanotransduction and control of vascular tone. Recently, a novel perspective has emerged supporting the pleiotropic roles of the endothelial GCX (eGCX) in cardiovascular health and disease. Because eGCX degradation occurs in certain pathological states, the circulating levels of eGCX degradation products have been recognized to have diagnostic or prognostic values. Beyond their biomarker roles, certain eGCX fragments serve as pathogenic factors in disease progression. Pharmacological interventions that attenuate eGCX degradation or restore its integrity have been sought. This review provides our current understanding of eGCX structure and function across the microvasculature in different organs. We also discuss disease or injury states, such as infection, sepsis and trauma, where eGCX dysfunction contributes to severe inflammatory vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Villalba
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sheon Baby
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Saavedra F, Díaz FE, Retamal‐Díaz A, Covián C, González PA, Kalergis AM. Immune response during hantavirus diseases: implications for immunotherapies and vaccine design. Immunology 2021; 163:262-277. [PMID: 33638192 PMCID: PMC8207335 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses, previously named hantaviruses, cause two emerging zoonotic diseases: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Overall, over 200 000 cases are registered every year worldwide, with a fatality rate ranging between 0·1% and 15% for HFRS and between 20% and 40% for HCPS. No specific treatment or vaccines have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat or prevent hantavirus-caused syndromes. Currently, little is known about the mechanisms at the basis of hantavirus-induced disease. However, it has been hypothesized that an excessive inflammatory response plays an essential role in the course of the disease. Furthermore, the contributions of the cellular immune response to either viral clearance or pathology have not been fully elucidated. This article discusses recent findings relative to the immune responses elicited to hantaviruses in subjects suffering HFRS or HCPS, highlighting the similarities and differences between these two clinical diseases. Also, we summarize the most recent data about the cellular immune response that could be important for designing new vaccines to prevent this global public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farides Saavedra
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Fabián E. Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Angello Retamal‐Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Camila Covián
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de EndocrinologíaFacultad de MedicinaEscuela de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
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7
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Raftery MJ, Lalwani P, Lütteke N, Kobak L, Giese T, Ulrich RG, Radosa L, Krüger DH, Schönrich G. Replication in the Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) as a Determinant of Hantavirus Pathogenicity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:281. [PMID: 32596167 PMCID: PMC7304325 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of different virus families including Hantaviridae cause viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). The decisive determinants of hantavirus-associated pathogenicity are still enigmatic. Pathogenic hantavirus species, such as Puumala virus (PUUV), Hantaan virus (HTNV), Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV), and Sin Nombre virus (SNV), are associated with significant case fatality rates. In contrast, Tula virus (TULV) only sporadically causes mild disease in immunocompetent humans and Prospect Hill virus (PHV) so far has not been associated with any symptoms. They are thus defined here as low pathogenic/apathogenic hantavirus species. We found that productive infection of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), such as monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), correlated well with the pathogenicity of hantavirus species tested. HTNV (intermediate case fatality rates) replicated more efficiently than PUUV (low case fatality rates) in myeloid cells, whereas low pathogenic/apathogenic hantavirus species did not produce any detectable virus titers. Analysis of PHPUV, a reassortant hantavirus derived from a pathogenic (PUUV) and an apathogenic (PHV) hantavirus species, indicated that the viral glycoproteins are not decisive for replication in MPS cells. Moreover, blocking acidification of endosomes with chloroquine decreased the number of TULV genomes in myeloid cells suggesting a post-entry block for low pathogenic/apathogenic hantavirus species in myeloid cells. Intriguingly, pathogenic but not low pathogenic/apathogenic hantavirus species induced conversion of monocytes into inflammatory DCs. The proinflammatory programming of MPS cells by pathogenic hantavirus species required integrin signaling and viral replication. Our findings indicate that the capacity to replicate in MPS cells is a prominent feature of hantaviral pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pritesh Lalwani
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Lütteke
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lidija Kobak
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Lukas Radosa
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. Dendritic Cells (DCs) as "Fire Accelerants" of Hantaviral Pathogenesis. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090849. [PMID: 31540199 PMCID: PMC6783833 DOI: 10.3390/v11090849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are widespread zoonotic pathogens found around the globe. Depending on their geographical location, hantaviruses can cause two human syndromes, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). HPS and HFRS have many commonalities amongst which excessive activation of immune cells is a prominent feature. Hantaviruses replicate in endothelial cells (ECs), the major battlefield of hantavirus-induced pathogenesis, without causing cytopathic effects. This indicates that a misdirected response of human immune cells to hantaviruses is causing damage. As dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate antiviral immune responses, they are in the focus of research analysing hantavirus-induced immunopathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the interplay between hantaviruses and DCs and the immunological consequences thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Kletenkov K, Martynova E, Davidyuk Y, Kabwe E, Shamsutdinov A, Garanina E, Shakirova V, Khaertynova I, Anokhin V, Tarlinton R, Rizvanov A, Khaiboullina S, Morzunov S. Δ ccr5 Genotype Is Associated with Mild Form of Nephropathia Epidemica. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070675. [PMID: 31340562 PMCID: PMC6669606 DOI: 10.3390/v11070675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephropathia Epidemica (NE), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and linked to hantavirus infection, is endemic in the Republic of Tatarstan. Several genetic markers of HFRS severity have been identified previously, including human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complexes and nucleotide polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) gene. Still, our understanding of the genetic markers of NE severity remains incomplete. The frequency of the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) gene wild type and gene with 32-base-pair deletion (Δ32CCR5) genotypes in 98 NE samples and 592 controls was analyzed using PCR. Along with the serum levels of 94 analytes, a lack of differences in the CCR5 genotype distribution between NE cases and the general population suggests that the CCR5 genotype does not affect susceptibility to hantavirus infection. However, in NE cases, significant variation in the serum levels of the host matrix metalloproteases between functional CCR5 homozygous and Δ32CCR5 heterozygous patients was detected. Also, the oliguric phase was longer, while thrombocyte counts were lower in functional CCR5 homozygous as compared to heterozygous NE cases. Our data, for the first time, presents the potential role of the CCR5 receptor genotype in NE pathogenesis. Our data suggests that NE pathogenesis in functional CCR5 homozygous and heterozygous NE patients differs, where homozygous cases may have more disintegration of the extracellular matrix and potentially more severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Kletenkov
- Openlab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian
| | - Ekaterina Martynova
- Openlab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian
| | - Yuriy Davidyuk
- Openlab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian
| | - Emmanuel Kabwe
- Openlab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian
| | - Anton Shamsutdinov
- Openlab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian
| | - Ekaterina Garanina
- Openlab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian
| | - Venera Shakirova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan 420012, the Republic of Tatarstan, Russian
| | - Ilsiyar Khaertynova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan 420012, the Republic of Tatarstan, Russian
| | - Vladimir Anokhin
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian
| | - Rachael Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Openlab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Openlab "Gene and Cell Technologies", Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sergey Morzunov
- Department of Pathology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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10
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Rivas AL, Hoogesteijn AL, Antoniades A, Tomazou M, Buranda T, Perkins DJ, Fair JM, Durvasula R, Fasina FO, Tegos GP, van Regenmortel MHV. Assessing the Dynamics and Complexity of Disease Pathogenicity Using 4-Dimensional Immunological Data. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1258. [PMID: 31249569 PMCID: PMC6582751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating disease pathogenesis and personalized prognostics are major biomedical needs. Because patients sharing the same diagnosis can experience different outcomes, such as survival or death, physicians need new personalized tools, including those that rapidly differentiate several inflammatory phases. To address these topics, a pattern recognition-based method (PRM) that follows an inverse problem approach was designed to assess, in <10 min, eight concepts: synergy, pleiotropy, complexity, dynamics, ambiguity, circularity, personalized outcomes, and explanatory prognostics (pathogenesis). By creating thousands of secondary combinations derived from blood leukocyte data, the PRM measures synergic, pleiotropic, complex and dynamic data interactions, which provide personalized prognostics while some undesirable features-such as false results and the ambiguity associated with data circularity-are prevented. Here, this method is compared to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and evaluated with data collected from hantavirus-infected humans and birds that appeared to be healthy. When human data were examined, the PRM predicted 96.9 % of all surviving patients while PCA did not distinguish outcomes. Demonstrating applications in personalized prognosis, eight PRM data structures sufficed to identify all but one of the survivors. Dynamic data patterns also distinguished survivors from non-survivors, as well as one subset of non-survivors, which exhibited chronic inflammation. When the PRM explored avian data, it differentiated immune profiles consistent with no, early, or late inflammation. Yet, PCA did not recognize patterns in avian data. Findings support the notion that immune responses, while variable, are rather deterministic: a low number of complex and dynamic data combinations may be enough to, rapidly, unmask conditions that are neither directly observable nor reliably forecasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L. Rivas
- School of Medicine, Center for Global Health-Division of Infectious Diseases, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- *Correspondence: Ariel L. Rivas
| | - Almira L. Hoogesteijn
- Human Ecology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mérida, Mexico
| | | | | | - Tione Buranda
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Douglas J. Perkins
- School of Medicine, Center for Global Health-Division of Infectious Diseases, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jeanne M. Fair
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Ravi Durvasula
- Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Marc H. V. van Regenmortel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Biotechnology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Raftery MJ, Abdelaziz MO, Hofmann J, Schönrich G. Hantavirus-Driven PD-L1/PD-L2 Upregulation: An Imperfect Viral Immune Evasion Mechanism. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2560. [PMID: 30559738 PMCID: PMC6287426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses often subvert antiviral immune responses by taking advantage of inhibitory immune signaling. We investigated if hantaviruses use this strategy. Hantaviruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) which is associated with strong immune activation resulting in vigorous CD8+ T cell responses. Surprisingly, we observed that hantaviruses strongly upregulate PD-L1 and PD-L2, the ligands of checkpoint inhibitor programmed death-1 (PD-1). We detected high amounts of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) and soluble PD-L2 (sPD-L2) in sera from hantavirus-infected patients. In addition, we observed hantavirus-induced PD-L1 upregulation in mice with a humanized immune system. The two major target cells of hantaviruses, endothelial cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells, strongly increased PD-L1 and PD-L2 surface expression upon hantavirus infection in vitro. As an underlying mechanism, we found increased transcript levels whereas membrane trafficking of PD-L1 was not affected. Further analysis revealed that hantavirus-associated inflammatory signals and hantaviral nucleocapsid (N) protein enhance PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression. Cell numbers were strongly reduced when hantavirus-infected endothelial cells were mixed with T cells in the presence of an exogenous proliferation signal compared to uninfected cells. This is compatible with the concept that virus-induced PD-L1 and PD-L2 upregulation contributes to viral immune escape. Intriguingly, however, we observed hantavirus-induced CD8+ T cell bystander activation despite strongly upregulated PD-L1 and PD-L2. This result indicates that hantavirus-induced CD8+ T cell bystander activation bypasses checkpoint inhibition allowing an early antiviral immune response upon virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Raftery
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammed O Abdelaziz
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Expression of CD206 and CD163 on intermediate CD14 ++CD16 + monocytes are increased in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and are correlated with disease severity. Virus Res 2018; 253:92-102. [PMID: 29857122 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hantaan virus infection causes lethal hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. Little is known about how monocytes contribute to HFRS pathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate changes in various monocyte subsets in HFRS patients. METHODS A total of 41 HFRS patients and 17 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched healthy control subjects were included in this study. Numbers/percentages of various monocyte subsets were quantitatively determined using flow cytometry. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were detected using a cytometric bead array (CBA). RESULTS CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocytes were significantly higher in HFRS patients compared to healthy controls (P < 0.01), especially during the acute phase. The expression of both CD163 and CD206 on CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocytes were increased during the acute phase of HFRS (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) when comparing the convalescent phase and healthy controls. Furthermore, the numbers of CD14++CD16+ monocytes during the acute phase, and the percentages of CD14++CD16+CD163+ monocytes in patients with severe/critical HFRS were much higher compared to patients with mild/moderate HFRS. This also positively correlated with increased levels of white blood cells (WBC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (Cr). However, the percentages of CD14++CD16+CD206+monocytes were higher in mild/moderate HFRS than in severe/critical HFRS, and they negatively correlated with platelets (PLT) and Cr. CONCLUSIONS Higher frequency of the CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocytes and increased expression of CD163+ and CD206+ markers on CD14++CD16+ monocytes were detected in patients with HFRS. The changes in the frequency of CD14++CD16+ monocytes and expression of CD163 and CD206 markers on CD14++CD16+ monocytes positively correlated with the severity of HFRS.
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13
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Shamseddin A, Crauste C, Durand E, Villeneuve P, Dubois G, Durand T, Vercauteren J, Veas F. Resveratrol formulated with a natural deep eutectic solvent inhibits active matrix metalloprotease-9 in hormetic conditions. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aly Shamseddin
- Molecular Comparative Immuno-Physiopathology Lab (LIPMC); French Research Institute for Development (IRD); UMR-Ministry of Defense; Faculty of Pharmacy; Montpellier University; Montpellier France
| | - Céline Crauste
- Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Faculty of Pharmacy; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy; Montpellier University; Montpellier France
| | - Erwann Durand
- International French Center for Agronomy Research (CIRAD); UMR-IATE; Montpellier France
| | - Pierre Villeneuve
- International French Center for Agronomy Research (CIRAD); UMR-IATE; Montpellier France
| | - Gregor Dubois
- Molecular Comparative Immuno-Physiopathology Lab (LIPMC); French Research Institute for Development (IRD); UMR-Ministry of Defense; Faculty of Pharmacy; Montpellier University; Montpellier France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Faculty of Pharmacy; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy; Montpellier University; Montpellier France
| | - Joseph Vercauteren
- Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247 CNRS-UM-ENSCM; Faculty of Pharmacy; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy; Montpellier University; Montpellier France
| | - Francisco Veas
- Molecular Comparative Immuno-Physiopathology Lab (LIPMC); French Research Institute for Development (IRD); UMR-Ministry of Defense; Faculty of Pharmacy; Montpellier University; Montpellier France
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Dong S, Wang P, Zhao P, Chen M. Direct Loading of iTEP-Delivered CTL Epitope onto MHC Class I Complexes on the Dendritic Cell Surface. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3312-3321. [PMID: 28789525 PMCID: PMC5630454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune responses are the primary defense mechanism against cancer and infection. CTL epitope peptides have been used as vaccines to boost CTL responses; however, the efficacy of these peptides is suboptimal. Under current vaccine formulation and delivery strategies, these vaccines are delivered into and processed inside antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). However, the intracellular process is not efficient, which at least partially contributes to the suboptimal efficacy of the vaccines. Thus, we hypothesized that directly loading epitopes onto MHC class I complexes (MHC-Is) on the DC surface would significantly improve the efficacy of the epitopes because the direct loading bypasses inefficient intra-DC vaccine processing. To test the hypothesis, we designed an immune-tolerant elastin-like polypeptide (iTEP)-delivered CTL vaccine containing a metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)-sensitive peptide and an CTL epitope peptide. We found that the epitope was released from this MMP-sensitive vaccine through cleavage by DC-secreted MMP-9 outside of the DCs. The released epitopes were directly loaded onto MHC-Is on the DC surface. Ultimately, the MMP-sensitive vaccine strikingly increased epitope presentation by DCs by 7-fold and enhanced the epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell response by as high as 9.6-fold compared to the vaccine that was uncleavable by MMP. In summary, this novel direct-loading strategy drastically boosted vaccine efficacy. This study offered a new avenue to enhance CTL vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/enzymology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Elastin/chemistry
- Elastin/genetics
- Elastin/immunology
- Enzyme Assays
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/immunology
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A
| | - Mingnan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. Exploring the Immunopathogenesis of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever in Mice with a Humanized Immune System. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1202. [PMID: 29018450 PMCID: PMC5622932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) as a disease entity was first codified in the 1930s by soviet scientists investigating patients suffering from hantavirus infection. The group of hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) has since expanded to include members from at least four different virus families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae, all enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. After infection, the natural hosts of HFVs do not develop symptoms, whereas humans can be severely affected. This observation and other evidence from experimental data suggest that the human immune system plays a crucial role in VHF pathogenesis. For this reason mice with a human immune system, referred to here as humanized mice (humice), are valuable tools that provide insight into disease mechanisms and allow for preclinical testing of novel vaccinations approaches as well as antiviral agents. In this article, we review the impact of humice in VHF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Angulo J, Martínez-Valdebenito C, Marco C, Galeno H, Villagra E, Vera L, Lagos N, Becerra N, Mora J, Bermúdez A, Díaz J, Ferrés M, López-Lastra M. Serum levels of interleukin-6 are linked to the severity of the disease caused by Andes Virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005757. [PMID: 28708900 PMCID: PMC5529019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) is the etiological agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in Chile. In this study, we evaluated the profile of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-21, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-6 in serum samples of ANDV-infected patients at the time of hospitalization. The mean levels of circulating cytokines were determined by a Bead-Based Multiplex assay coupled with Luminex detection technology, in order to compare 43 serum samples of healthy controls and 43 samples of ANDV-infected patients that had been categorized according to the severity of disease. When compared to the controls, no significant differences in IL-1β concentration were observed in ANDV-infected patients (p = 0.9672), whereas levels of IL-12p70 and IL-21 were significantly lower in infected cases (p = <0.0001). Significantly elevated levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-6 were detected in ANDV-infected individuals (p = <0.0001, 0.0036, <0.0001, <0.0001, respectively). Notably, IL-6 levels were significantly higher (40-fold) in the 22 patients with severe symptoms compared to the 21 individuals with mild symptoms (p = <0.0001). Using multivariate regression models, we show that IL-6 levels has a crude OR of 14.4 (CI: 3.3–63.1). In conclusion, the serum level of IL-6 is a significant predictor of the severity of the clinical outcome of ANDV-induced disease. Andes virus (ANDV) causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) that is characterized by the development of vascular leakage syndrome, eventually leading to massive pulmonary edema, shock and, in many cases, death. To date, no FDA-approved immunotherapeutics, specific antivirals, or vaccines are available for use against HCPS. Patient survival rates hinge largely on early virus diagnosis, hospital admission and aggressive pulmonary and hemodynamic support in an intensive care unit. Individual host factors associated with the outcome of an ANDV infection are poorly known, and such knowledge could allow the disease progression of hospitalized patients to be predicted, resulting in individualized treatment. In this study, we show that serum levels of IL-6 at the time of hospitalization in ANDV-infected patients are associated with the severity of the clinical outcome of ANDV-induced disease. Therefore, these finding suggest that determining IL-6 levels at the time of admission to the hospital could be useful to predict the progression of ANDV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenniffer Angulo
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia (IMII), Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Martínez-Valdebenito
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Marco
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Galeno
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eliecer Villagra
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Vera
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Lagos
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Becerra
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Judith Mora
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Bermúdez
- Departamento de Asuntos Científicos, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janepsy Díaz
- Departamento de Asuntos Científicos, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Ferrés
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo López-Lastra
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia (IMII), Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ermonval M, Baychelier F, Tordo N. What Do We Know about How Hantaviruses Interact with Their Different Hosts? Viruses 2016; 8:v8080223. [PMID: 27529272 PMCID: PMC4997585 DOI: 10.3390/v8080223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses, like other members of the Bunyaviridae family, are emerging viruses that are able to cause hemorrhagic fevers. Occasional transmission to humans is due to inhalation of contaminated aerosolized excreta from infected rodents. Hantaviruses are asymptomatic in their rodent or insectivore natural hosts with which they have co-evolved for millions of years. In contrast, hantaviruses cause different pathologies in humans with varying mortality rates, depending on the hantavirus species and its geographic origin. Cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) have been reported in Europe and Asia, while hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndromes (HCPS) are observed in the Americas. In some cases, diseases caused by Old World hantaviruses exhibit HCPS-like symptoms. Although the etiologic agents of HFRS were identified in the early 1980s, the way hantaviruses interact with their different hosts still remains elusive. What are the entry receptors? How do hantaviruses propagate in the organism and how do they cope with the immune system? This review summarizes recent data documenting interactions established by pathogenic and nonpathogenic hantaviruses with their natural or human hosts that could highlight their different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Ermonval
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Florence Baychelier
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Noël Tordo
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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18
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Witkowski PT, Bourquain D, Bankov K, Auste B, Dabrowski PW, Nitsche A, Krüger DH, Schaade L. Infection of human airway epithelial cells by different subtypes of Dobrava-Belgrade virus reveals gene expression patterns corresponding to their virulence potential. Virology 2016; 493:189-201. [PMID: 27058765 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV) is a pathogen causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Europe. Virulence and case fatality rate are associated with virus genotype; however the reasons for these differences are not well understood. In this work we present virus-specific effects on the gene expression profiles of human lung epithelial cells (A549) infected with different genotypes of DOBV (Dobrava, Kurkino, and Sochi), as well as the low-virulent Tula virus (TULV). The data was collected by whole-genome gene expression microarrays and confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Despite their close genetic relationship, the expression profiles induced by infection with different hantaviruses are significantly varying. Major differences were observed in regulation of immune response genes, which were especially induced by highly virulent DOBV genotypes Dobrava and Sochi in contrast to less virulent DOBV-Kurkino and TULV. This work gives first insights into the differences of virus - host interactions of DOBV on genotype level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Witkowski
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité Medical School, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Katrin Bankov
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brita Auste
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité Medical School, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité Medical School, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Schaade
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Becker BF, Jacob M, Leipert S, Salmon AHJ, Chappell D. Degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx in clinical settings: searching for the sheddases. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:389-402. [PMID: 25778676 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx has a profound influence at the vascular wall on the transmission of shear stress, on the maintenance of a selective permeability barrier and a low hydraulic conductivity, and on attenuating firm adhesion of blood leukocytes and platelets. Major constituents of the glycocalyx, including syndecans, heparan sulphates and hyaluronan, are shed from the endothelial surface under various acute and chronic clinical conditions, the best characterized being ischaemia and hypoxia, sepsis and inflammation, atherosclerosis, diabetes, renal disease and haemorrhagic viral infections. Damage has also been detected by in vivo microscopic techniques. Matrix metalloproteases may shed syndecans and heparanase, released from activated mast cells, cleaves heparan sulphates from core proteins. According to new data, not only hyaluronidase but also the serine proteases thrombin, elastase, proteinase 3 and plasminogen, as well as cathepsin B lead to loss of hyaluronan from the endothelial surface layer, suggesting a wide array of potentially destructive conditions. Appropriately, pharmacological agents such as inhibitors of inflammation, antithrombin and inhibitors of metalloproteases display potential to attenuate shedding of the glycocalyx in various experimental models. Also, plasma components, especially albumin, stabilize the glycocalyx and contribute to the endothelial surface layer. Though symptoms of the above listed diseases and conditions correlate with sequelae expected from disturbance of the endothelial glycocalyx (oedema, inflammation, leukocyte and platelet adhesion, low reflow), therapeutic studies to prove a causal connection have yet to be designed. With respect to studies on humans, some clinical evidence exists for benefits from application of sulodexide, a preparation delivering precursors of the glycocalyx constituent heparan sulphate. At present, the simplest option for protecting the glycocalyx seems to be to ensure an adequate level of albumin. However, also in this case, definite proof of causality needs to be delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard F Becker
- Walter-Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Jacob
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital St Elisabeth, Straubing, Germany
| | - Stephanie Leipert
- Walter-Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew H J Salmon
- Bristol Renal, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Daniel Chappell
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
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Schönrich G, Krüger DH, Raftery MJ. Hantavirus-induced disruption of the endothelial barrier: neutrophils are on the payroll. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:222. [PMID: 25859243 PMCID: PMC4373389 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fever caused by hantaviruses is an emerging infectious disease for which suitable treatments are not available. In order to improve this situation a better understanding of hantaviral pathogenesis is urgently required. Hantaviruses infect endothelial cell layers in vitro without causing any cytopathogenic effect and without increasing permeability. This implies that the mechanisms underlying vascular hyperpermeability in hantavirus-associated disease are more complex and that immune mechanisms play an important role. In this review we highlight the latest developments in hantavirus-induced immunopathogenesis. A possible contribution of neutrophils has been neglected so far. For this reason, we place special emphasis on the pathogenic role of neutrophils in disrupting the endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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21
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Hantaan virus can infect human keratinocytes and activate an interferon response through the nuclear translocation of IRF-3. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 29:146-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Raftery MJ, Lalwani P, Krautkrӓmer E, Peters T, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Krüger R, Hofmann J, Seeger K, Krüger DH, Schönrich G. β2 integrin mediates hantavirus-induced release of neutrophil extracellular traps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1485-97. [PMID: 24889201 PMCID: PMC4076588 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
β2 Integrin–mediated systemic release of neutrophil extracellular traps is a novel mechanism of immunopathology associated with hantavirus infection. Rodent-borne hantaviruses are emerging human pathogens that cause severe human disease. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood, as hantaviruses replicate in endothelial and epithelial cells without causing any cytopathic effect. We demonstrate that hantaviruses strongly stimulated neutrophils to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Hantavirus infection induced high systemic levels of circulating NETs in patients and this systemic NET overflow was accompanied by production of autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. Analysis of the responsible mechanism using neutrophils from β2 null mice identified β2 integrin receptors as a master switch for NET induction. Further experiments suggested that β2 integrin receptors such as complement receptor 3 (CR3) and 4 (CR4) may act as novel hantavirus entry receptors. Using adenoviruses, we confirmed that viral interaction with β2 integrin induced strong NET formation. Collectively, β2 integrin–mediated systemic NET overflow is a novel viral mechanism of immunopathology that may be responsible for characteristic aspects of hantavirus-associated disease such as kidney and lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pritesh Lalwani
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Krautkrӓmer
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Peters
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Renate Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany Division of Virology, Labor Berlin Charité-Vivantes GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Seeger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Connolly-Andersen AM, Thunberg T, Ahlm C. Endothelial activation and repair during hantavirus infection: association with disease outcome. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu027. [PMID: 25734100 PMCID: PMC4324194 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Endothelial activation and dysfunction play a central role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and viral hemorrhagic fevers. Hantaviral disease is a viral hemorrhagic fever and is characterized by capillary dysfunction, although the underlying mechanisms for hantaviral disease are not fully elucidated. Methods. The temporal course of endothelial activation and repair were analyzed during Puumala hantavirus infection and associated with disease outcome and a marker for hypoxia, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1). The following endothelial activation markers were studied: endothelial glycocalyx degradation (syndecan-1) and leukocyte adhesion molecules (soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and endothelial selectin). Cytokines associated with vascular repair were also analyzed (vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin, angiopoietin, and stromal cell-derived factor 1). Results. Most of the markers we studied were highest during the earliest phase of hantaviral disease and associated with clinical and laboratory surrogate markers for disease outcome. In particular, the marker for glycocalyx degradation, syndecan-1, was significantly associated with levels of thrombocytes, albumin, IGFBP-1, decreased blood pressure, and disease severity. Conclusions. Hantaviral disease outcome was associated with endothelial dysfunction. Consequently, the endothelium warrants further investigation when designing future medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Therese Thunberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Microbiology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Microbiology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
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24
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Srikiatkhachorn A, Spiropoulou CF. Vascular events in viral hemorrhagic fevers: a comparative study of dengue and hantaviruses. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 355:621-33. [PMID: 24623445 PMCID: PMC3972431 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic diseases are a group of systemic viral infections with worldwide distribution and are significant causes of global mortality and morbidity. The hallmarks of viral hemorrhagic fevers are plasma leakage, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy and hemorrhagic manifestations. The molecular mechanisms leading to plasma leakage in viral hemorrhagic fevers are not well understood. A common theme has emerged in which a complex interplay between pathogens, host immune response, and endothelial cells leads to the activation of endothelial cells and perturbation of barrier integrity. In this article, two clinically distinct viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by dengue viruses and hantaviruses are discussed to highlight their similarities and differences that may provide insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA,
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25
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Abstract
ABSTRACT: Hantaviruses productively infect endothelial cells in their rodent reservoirs and humans, but the infection only causes disease in humans – hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Despite the enormous progress that has been made in understanding the pathogenesis and immune responses of hantavirus infection, there is a large gap in our molecular-based knowledge of hantaviral proteins in their structures, functions and the mechanisms that facilitate their entry, replication and assembly. Importantly, we know little about the specific viral determinants and viral protein–host interactions that drive differences noted in immune responses between the reservoir and humans. This review discusses our current understanding and future work needed for unraveling the biology of these viruses in their reservoirs and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C McAllister
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, KY, USA
| | - Colleen B Jonsson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, KY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology & Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Clinical & Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Avenue, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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26
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Spiropoulou CF, Srikiatkhachorn A. The role of endothelial activation in dengue hemorrhagic fever and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Virulence 2013; 4:525-36. [PMID: 23841977 PMCID: PMC5359750 DOI: 10.4161/viru.25569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of the endothelium barrier and vascular leakage play a central role in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever viruses. This can be caused either directly by the viral infection and damage of the vascular endothelium, or indirectly by a dysregulated immune response resulting in an excessive activation of the endothelium. This article briefly reviews our knowledge of the importance of the disruption of the vascular endothelial barrier in two severe disease syndromes, dengue hemorrhagic fever and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Both viruses cause changes in vascular permeability without damaging the endothelium. Here we focus on our understanding of the virus interaction with the endothelium, the role of the endothelium in the induced pathogenesis, and the possible mechanisms by which each virus causes vascular leakage. Understanding the dynamics between viral infection and the dysregulation of the endothelial cell barrier will help us to define potential therapeutic targets for reducing disease severity.
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27
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Rosendahl A, Bergmann S, Hammerschmidt S, Goldmann O, Medina E. Lung dendritic cells facilitate extrapulmonary bacterial dissemination during pneumococcal pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:21. [PMID: 23802100 PMCID: PMC3689026 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia worldwide. Given the critical role of dendritic cells (DCs) in regulating and modulating the immune response to pathogens, we investigated here the role of DCs in S. pneumoniae lung infections. Using a well-established transgenic mouse line which allows the conditional transient depletion of DCs, we showed that ablation of DCs resulted in enhanced resistance to intranasal challenge with S. pneumoniae. DCs-depleted mice exhibited delayed bacterial systemic dissemination, significantly reduced bacterial loads in the infected organs and lower levels of serum inflammatory mediators than non-depleted animals. The increased resistance of DCs-depleted mice to S. pneumoniae was associated with a better capacity to restrict pneumococci extrapulmonary dissemination. Furthermore, we demonstrated that S. pneumoniae disseminated from the lungs into the regional lymph nodes in a cell-independent manner and that this direct way of dissemination was much more efficient in the presence of DCs. We also provide evidence that S. pneumoniae induces expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in cultured bone marrow-derived DCs. MMP-9 is a protease involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins and is critical for DC trafficking across extracellular matrix and basement membranes during the migration from the periphery to the lymph nodes. MMP-9 was also significantly up-regulated in the lungs of mice after intranasal infection with S. pneumoniae. Notably, the expression levels of MMP-9 in the infected lungs were significantly decreased after depletion of DCs suggesting the involvement of DCs in MMP-9 production during pneumococcal pneumonia. Thus, we propose that S. pneumoniae can exploit the DC-derived proteolysis to open tissue barriers thereby facilitating its own dissemination from the local site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alva Rosendahl
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Department of Medical Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Simone Bergmann
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Cellular Infection Biology, Technische UniversitätBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz University of GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Department of Medical Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Department of Medical Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweig, Germany
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28
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Seoul virus-infected rat lung endothelial cells and alveolar macrophages differ in their ability to support virus replication and induce regulatory T cell phenotypes. J Virol 2012; 86:11845-55. [PMID: 22915818 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01233-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses cause a persistent infection in reservoir hosts that is attributed to the upregulation of regulatory responses and downregulation of proinflammatory responses. To determine whether rat alveolar macrophages (AMs) and lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMVECs) support Seoul virus (SEOV) replication and contribute to the induction of an environment that polarizes CD4(+) T cell differentiation toward a regulatory T (Treg) cell phenotype, cultured primary rat AMs and LMVECs were mock infected or infected with SEOV and analyzed for viral replication, cytokine and chemokine responses, and expression of cell surface markers that are related to T cell activation. Allogeneic CD4(+) T cells were cocultured with SEOV-infected or mock-infected AMs or LMVECs and analyzed for helper T cell (i.e., Treg, Th17, Th1, and Th2) marker expression and Treg cell frequency. SEOV RNA and infectious particles in culture media were detected in both cell types, but at higher levels in LMVECs than in AMs postinfection. Expression of Ifnβ, Ccl5, and Cxcl10 and surface major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) and MHC-I was not altered by SEOV infection in either cell type. SEOV infection significantly increased Tgfβ mRNA in AMs and the amount of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) in LMVECs. SEOV-infected LMVECs, but not AMs, induced a significant increase in Foxp3 expression and Treg cell frequency in allogeneic CD4(+) T cells, which was virus replication and cell contact dependent. These data suggest that in addition to supporting viral replication, AMs and LMVECs play distinct roles in hantavirus persistence by creating a regulatory environment through increased Tgfβ, PD-L1, and Treg cell activity.
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29
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Steukers L, Glorieux S, Vandekerckhove AP, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ. Diverse microbial interactions with the basement membrane barrier. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:147-55. [PMID: 22300759 PMCID: PMC7127156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
During primary contact with susceptible hosts, microorganisms face an array of barriers that thwart their invasion process. Passage through the basement membrane (BM), a 50-100-nm-thick crucial barrier underlying epithelia and endothelia, is a prerequisite for successful host invasion. Such passage allows pathogens to reach nerve endings or blood vessels in the stroma and to facilitate spread to internal organs. During evolution, several pathogens have developed different mechanisms to cross this dense matrix of sheet-like proteins. To breach the BM, some microorganisms have developed independent mechanisms, others hijack host cells that are able to transverse the BM (e.g. leukocytes and dendritic cells) and oncogenic microorganisms might even trigger metastatic processes in epithelial cells to penetrate the underlying BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennert Steukers
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Abstract
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by hantaviruses in the Americas presents as a broad clinical spectrum ranging from brief febrile prodrome with only thrombocytopenia to rapidly progressive fulminant pulmonary edema and shock. This vascular leak syndrome confined almost exclusively to the lung is initiated by the noncytolytic infection of capillary endothelial cells. A number of pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed, including immune cell-mediated injury, cytokine-mediated injury and enhanced VEGF responses from intercellular junctions resulting from highly specific virus–integrin interactions. This review examines evidence for each of these potential mechanisms, with relevant references to its sister syndrome, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, in Eurasia. Any mechanism or combination of mechanisms must be able to explain the massive pulmonary capillary leak at the severe extreme of the spectrum, a disease manifestation without parallel in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Koster
- Division of Applied Science, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Erich Mackow
- Department Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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31
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The Andes hantavirus NSs protein is expressed from the viral small mRNA by a leaky scanning mechanism. J Virol 2011; 86:2176-87. [PMID: 22156529 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06223-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The small mRNA (SmRNA) of all Bunyaviridae encodes the nucleocapsid (N) protein. In 4 out of 5 genera in the Bunyaviridae, the smRNA encodes an additional nonstructural protein denominated NSs. In this study, we show that Andes hantavirus (ANDV) SmRNA encodes an NSs protein. Data show that the NSs protein is expressed in the context of an ANDV infection. Additionally, our results suggest that translation initiation from the NSs initiation codon is mediated by ribosomal subunits that have bypassed the upstream N protein initiation codon through a leaky scanning mechanism.
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32
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Macneil A, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Virus Res 2011; 162:138-47. [PMID: 21945215 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe disease characterized by a rapid onset of pulmonary edema followed by respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock. The HPS associated viruses are members of the genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae. Hantaviruses have a worldwide distribution and are broadly split into the New World hantaviruses, which includes those causing HPS, and the Old World hantaviruses [including the prototype Hantaan virus (HTNV)], which are associated with a different disease, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and Andes virus (ANDV) are the most common causes of HPS in North and South America, respectively. Case fatality of HPS is approximately 40%. Pathogenic New World hantaviruses infect the lung microvascular endothelium without causing any virus induced cytopathic effect. However, virus infection results in microvascular leakage, which is the hallmark of HPS. This article briefly reviews the knowledge on HPS-associated hantaviruses accumulated since their discovery, less than 20 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Macneil
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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T cells are not required for pathogenesis in the Syrian hamster model of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. J Virol 2011; 85:9929-44. [PMID: 21775442 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05356-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) is associated with a lethal vascular leak syndrome in humans termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). In hamsters, ANDV causes a respiratory distress syndrome closely resembling human HPS. The mechanism for the massive vascular leakage associated with HPS is poorly understood; however, T cell immunopathology has been implicated on the basis of circumstantial and corollary evidence. Here, we show that following ANDV challenge, hamster T cell activation corresponds with the onset of disease. However, treatment with cyclophosphamide or specific T cell depletion does not impact the course of disease or alter the number of surviving animals, despite significant reductions in T cell number. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that T cells are not required for hantavirus pathogenesis in the hamster model of human HPS. Depletion of T cells from Syrian hamsters did not significantly influence early events in disease progression. Moreover, these data argue for a mechanism of hantavirus-induced vascular permeability that does not involve T cell immunopathology.
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