Dietary total antioxidant capacity is inversely related to central adiposity as well as to metabolic and oxidative stress markers in healthy young adults

Postprandial Antioxidative Response to Ingestion of Formulated Date- and Fruit-Based Nutritional Bars by Healthy Individuals

Nutritional bars (NBs) are gaining popularity among healthy and athletic individuals, but postprandial antioxidative response has not been investigated. Therefore, the current study examined the postprandial alterations in total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the plasma of healthy individuals after the ingestion of 140 g (510 Kcal) from formulated date-based bars (DBBs) or fruit-based bars (FBBs). Firstly, the free and bound phenolic contents (PCs) were determined to be 10.15 and 12.98 and 6.19 and 3.57 mg GAE g-1, respectively. FBBs were significantly higher in free PC than DBBs, while DBBs were considerably higher in bound PC than FBBs. Secondly, twenty participants with age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and fat-free mass averages of 21.4 years, 170.0 cm, 66.3 kg, 22.9 kg m2, 14.5, and 29.2 kg, respectively, were subjected to metabolic experiments (ISRCTN19386758). Ingestion of 140 g of FBB or DBB resulted in 288.50 or 302.14 µg TPC mL-1 blood, respectively. Postprandial TPC content increased with time progression and peaked after 120 min. T-AOC contents averaged 22.63 and 23.61 U mL-1 before ingestion of FBBs or DBBs, respectively. The T-AOC content increased significantly 120 and 180 min after ingestion of DBBs, while no significant change was noted after consuming FBBs. A significant decrease in MDA content was observed 180 min after consuming DBBs, while no significant change was noted after consuming FBBs. SOD concentrations ranged from 193.99 to 201.07 U L-1 in FBBs and DBBs, respectively. No considerable response was noted up to 3 h after ingestion of FBBs. On the contrary, a significant response was found 120 min after consuming DBBs. Pearson's correlation coefficient indicated a highly significant positive correlation coefficient (p < 0.01) between T-AOC and either MDA or SOD, as well as between MDA and SOD. The principal component analysis demonstrated a strong and positive relationship between SOD and TPC at 60 and 120 min after DBB ingestion. In conclusion, the relative changes in postprandial responses in T-AOC and MDA did not significantly (p > 0.05) differ between DBBs and FBBs, except for TPC (p = 0.04, paired t-test) and SOD (p = 0.003, paired t-test). Further studies with an extended experimental time are needed to confirm the current findings.

Daily Cashew and Brazil Nut Consumption Modifies Intestinal Health in Overweight Women on Energy-Restricted Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Brazilian Nuts Study)

BACKGROUND

Increased intestinal permeability and dysbiosis are related to obesity. Nuts can provide nutrients and bioactive compounds that modulate gut microbiota and inflammation, enhancing the beneficial effects of weight loss.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effect of consuming cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale L.) and Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K) on intestinal permeability and microbiota, fecal SCFAs and pH, inflammation, and weight loss in energy restriction condition.

METHODS

In this 8-week randomized controlled trial, 40 women with overweight or obesity were assigned to energy-restricted groups (-500 kcal/d): control group (free of nuts) or Brazilian nuts group (BN: 30 g of cashew nuts and 15 g of Brazil nuts per day). Permeability was analyzed by the lactulose/mannitol test and the microbiota by sequencing the 16S gene in the V3-V4 regions. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, IL-17A) and C-reactive protein were analyzed.

RESULTS

In total, 25 women completed the intervention. Both groups lost weight without statistical differences. Lactulose excretion increased only in the control group (P < 0.05). The BN consumption increased fecal propionic acid and potentially beneficial bacteria, such as Ruminococcus, Roseburia, strains NK4A214 and UCG-002 from the Ruminococcaceae family, but also Lachnospiraceae family, Bacteroides, and Lachnoclostridium, when compared to the control group. Changes in intestinal permeability were correlated to a greater reduction in body fat (kg), and IL-8, and increases in Ruminococcus abundance.

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrate a positive impact of BN consumption within an energy-restricted context, linked to the augmentation of potentially beneficial bacteria and pathways associated with body fat reduction. Besides, BN consumption mitigated increased intestinal permeability, although its capacity to diminish permeability or enhance weight loss proved limited. This trial was registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials as ReBEC (ID: RBR-3ntxrm).

Composite dietary antioxidant index and sleep health: a new insight from cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Low-quality sleep and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can result in series of chronic diseases. Healthy diet has been considered as an effective and simple strategy to optimize sleep quality. However, current evidence on the correlation of dietary composite antioxidant intake with sleep health remained obscure.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To determine the relationship of composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) and sleep health.

METHODS

Cross-sectional analyses were based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008. Dietary consumption was assessed by trained staff using 24-h diet recall method and CDAI was calculated based on previous validated approach that included six antioxidants. Sleep-related outcomes were self-reported by a set of questionnaires and classified into OSA, day sleepiness, and insufficient sleep. Weighted logistic regression was conducted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regressions were also used to evaluate the dose-response of CDAI and three sleep-related outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 7274 subjects included (mean age: 46.97 years) were enrolled in our study, including 3658 were females (52.54%) and 3616 were males (47.46%). Of them, 70.6%, 29.51%, and 35.57% of the subjects reported that they had OSA, day sleepiness and insufficient sleep, respectively. Logistic regression showed the highest quartile of CDAI was inversely associated with the risk of OSA (OR: 0.69, 95%CI: 0.49-0.97), day sleepiness (OR: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.44-0.94) and insufficient sleep (OR: 0.68, 95%CI: 0.50-0.92) compared with the lowest quartile. RCS showed linear relationship of CDAI and insufficient sleep but non-linear relationship of CDAI with OSA and day sleepiness.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show that CDAI was non-linearly associated with lower risk of OSA and day sleepiness whereas a linear inverse association between CDAI and insufficient sleep was observed. These findings implicate that combined intake of antioxidants could be a promising and effective approach to optimize sleep quality for public.

Anthocyanin-enriched extract from Ribes nigrum inhibits triglyceride and cholesterol accumulation in adipocytes

Aim: Obesity is a chronic pathology of epidemic proportions. Mature adipocytes from a 3T3-L1 cell line were used as in vitro obesity model to test different bioactive compounds. We aim to evaluate cassis (Ribes nigrum) extract antioxidant activity and its antiadipogenic effect on mature adipocytes. Results: We produced an extract by using enzyme that combines cellulase and pectinase; we obtained high yield of the bioactive compound anthocyanin. Extract showed high antioxidant capacity. We conducted in vitro assays by adding the extract to adipocytes culture medium. Extract reduced intracellular levels of triglyceride by 62% and cholesterol by 32%. Conclusion: Enzymatic extract's high antioxidant activity was likely attributable to its high concentration of anthocyanin. This extract inhibits lipid accumulation in adipocytes.

Association between total dietary antioxidant capacity and food groups and incidence of depression in a cohort of Brazilian graduates (CUME Project)

This study aims to evaluate the association between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (dTAC) and Total Antioxidant Capacity of food groups (fgTAC) with the incidence of depression in Brazilian graduates participating in the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME Study). The sample consisted of 2572 participants without a medical diagnosis of depression at baseline who responded to at least one follow-up questionnaire from the CUME Project. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay was used to determine dTAC. Incidence of depression was estimated by self-reported medical diagnosis of depression during the years of cohort follow-up. Cox regression models were used to relate dTAC and fgTAC to the incidence of depression. The mean follow-up time was 2·96 (1·00) years, and 246 cases of depression were observed (32·3/1000 person-years). The mean dTAC was 11·03 (4·84) mmol/d. We found no associations between higher dTAC and lower risk of developing depression after adjusting for possible confounders. The incidence of depression was inversely associated with fgTAC of the beans and lentils group (hazard ratio (HR): 0·61; 95 % CI 0·41, 0·90). The fgTAC of the junk food group was positively associated with higher incidence of depression after all adjustments (HR: 1·57; 95 % CI 1·08, 2·26). Our findings do not support an association between dTAC and the incidence of depression in a highly educated Brazilian population. However, associations of fgTAC show the importance of analysing the food matrix in which these antioxidants are inserted. We highlight the need for more prospective studies with different nationalities to confirm these results.

Association between the Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES Data, 2013-2018

The relationship between composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) levels and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in postmenopausal women is unknown. In total, 3109 women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2018 were included in this cross-sectional study. We evaluated the association between CDAI levels and the risk of ASCVD by using three logistic regression models and restricted cubic splines. A stratified analysis and sensitivity analysis were also conducted. The restricted cubic splines exhibited an L-shaped dose-response association between CDAI levels and the ASCVD risk. Logistic regression analysis found that CDAI levels were negatively associated with the occurrence of ASCVD. The ORs associated with a per-SD increase in CDAI were 0.67 (95% CI: 0.51-0.88) for ASCVD risk. Similarly, women in the group with high CDAI levels were less likely to have ASCVD (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.50-0.98) compared to those in the group with low CDAI levels. When the CDAI levels were divided into quartiles, it was found that the ORs for ASCVD with CDAI levels in Q2 (-1.04-1.11), Q3 (1.11-3.72), and Q4 (3.72-43.87) were 0.63 (0.44, 0.90), 0.64 (0.42, 0.94), and 0.51 (0.27, 0.97), respectively, compared to those with CDAI levels in Q1 (-6.83--1.04). In addition, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and smoking behaviors acted as potential modifiers, and ORs were more significant in women aged 40-69 years, in individuals with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and in smokers (p for interaction <0.05). These findings may offer valuable insights into the role of CDAI levels in the development of ASCVD among postmenopausal women.

Associations between composite dietary antioxidant index and estimated 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk among U.S. adults

Background

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of death and disability both in U.S. and worldwide. Antioxidants have been proved critical in mitigating the development of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the associations between composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) and estimated 10-year ASCVD risk among U.S. adults.

Methods

Data extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. A total of 10,984 adults aged 18 years and above were included in this study. CDAI was calculated based on the dietary intake reported in their 24-h recall interviews. The estimated 10-year ASCVD risk was calculated via Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE).

Results

After adjusting potential confounders, it was indicated that CDAI score was negatively correlated with 10-year ASCVD risk (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.99). Stratify CDAI score by quartile, results showed that participants in the second, third, and fourth quartiles had lower ASCVD odds ratio (Q2: OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.69-1.09; Q3: OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62-0.98; Q4: OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.94) than those in the first quartile (Q1, lowest CDAI score group), which was confirmed by the trend test as well (p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses stratified by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and smoking status did not show significant effect modification.

Conclusion

Higher dietary antioxidants intake is associated with lower ASCVD risk among U.S. adults, for which policymakers and healthcare professionals may consider increasing the consumption of antioxidant-rich foods as a preventive strategy for ASCVD.

The effects of pomegranate peel added bread on anthropometric measurements, metabolic and oxidative parameters in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory properties of antioxidant-rich bread made by adding pomegranate peels and their effects on anthropometric measurements and metabolic and oxidative parameters of individuals with type 2 diabetes after consumption.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 22 individuals aged between 19 and 64 years who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for at least 5 years, used only metformin, did not lose more than 10% of their body weight in the last 6 months, and had a body mass index of ≥ 25.0 kg/m². While the study group (n = 11) consumed bread containing 500 mg pomegranate peel daily for 8 wk, the control group (n = 11) consumed standard bread. Anthropometric measurements and metabolic and oxidative parameters of individuals were evaluated at the beginning and end of the study.

RESULTS

Decreases were detected in the waist circumference, waist/hip and waist/height ratios, body fat percentages, blood pressure, and serum insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels in the individuals in the treatment group, compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Pomegranate peel consumption by individuals with type 2 diabetes may have positive effects on anthropometric measurements and glycemic and lipid parameters.

The Use of Infrared Spectroscopy for the Quantification of Bioactive Compounds in Food: A Review

Infrared spectroscopy (wavelengths ranging from 750-25,000 nm) offers a rapid means of assessing the chemical composition of a wide range of sample types, both for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Its use in the food industry has increased significantly over the past five decades and it is now an accepted analytical technique for the routine analysis of certain analytes. Furthermore, it is commonly used for routine screening and quality control purposes in numerous industry settings, albeit not typically for the analysis of bioactive compounds. Using the Scopus database, a systematic search of literature of the five years between 2016 and 2020 identified 45 studies using near-infrared and 17 studies using mid-infrared spectroscopy for the quantification of bioactive compounds in food products. The most common bioactive compounds assessed were polyphenols, anthocyanins, carotenoids and ascorbic acid. Numerous factors affect the accuracy of the developed model, including the analyte class and concentration, matrix type, instrument geometry, wavelength selection and spectral processing/pre-processing methods. Additionally, only a few studies were validated on independently sourced samples. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate some promise of infrared spectroscopy for the rapid estimation of a wide range of bioactive compounds in food matrices.

Organochlorine pesticides, oxidative stress biomarkers, and leukemia: a case-control study

Exposure to pesticides has been linked to an elevated risk of leukemia. The present research aimed to evaluate the relationship between organochlorine (OC) pesticides and biomarkers of oxidative stress in leukemia patients. This work was conducted on 109 patients with leukemia and 109 healthy controls. The serum concentrations of seven derivatives of OCs including alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, 2,4-DDT, 4,4-DDT, 2,4-DDE, and 4,4-DDE along with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), and catalase (CAT) activities as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO), protein carbonyl (PC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in all the subjects. Levels of OCs were remarkably higher in leukemia patients compared to the controls (p < 0.05). In addition, levels of SOD, AChE, GPx, PON-1, and TAC were remarkably lower in leukemia patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, MDA, NO, and PC concentrations were higher in leukemia patients than in the controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, the serum level of 4,4-DDE was negatively associated with GPx activity (p = 0.038). Our findings suggest that OCs may play a role in the development of leukemia by disrupting the oxidant/antioxidant balance.

The Total Dietary Antioxidant Capacity, Its Seasonal Variability, and Dietary Sources in Cardiovascular Patients

The favourable role of dietary antioxidants in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and protection from them is widely discussed, and total dietary antioxidant capacity (TAOX) is perceived as a diet-quality marker. Data concerning TAOX and its dietary sources related to seasonal variability are limited. We aimed to analyse the TAOXs, seasonal variability, and sources in the daily diets of CVD patients. A total of 143 subjects (82 men, 61 women) since CVD problems were studied. Seasonal recalls were collected regarding dietary sources of antioxidant compounds in spring, summer, autumn, and winter. A food frequency questionnaire was used. The total dietary antioxidant capacity (in μmolTE/day) was calculated for each season. The primary sources of antioxidants in cardiovascular patients' diets were drinks (33%), fruits (28%), vegetables (16%), and black tea (14%). The TAOXs of CVD patients' diets significantly depended on the season (p < 0.001) and were highest in the summer and lowest in the spring. This seasonal variation in consumption was noted. Our findings suggest that a diet characterised with a TAOX might be subjected to fluctuations between seasons. We suggest considering modifications in the dietary recommendations for cardiovascular patients with a low antioxidant capacity between seasons.

Dietary Antioxidant Capacity Indices are Negatively Correlated to LDL-Oxidation in Adults

INTRODUCTION

Former research studies have demonstrated controversial associations between dietary indices and oxidative stress biomarkers including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and malondialdehyde (MDA). So, in this cross-sectional study, we aimed to assess the association of dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC), oxidative balance score, and phytochemical index (PI) with ox-LDL/MDA in a healthy adult population of Shiraz, Iran.

METHODS

236 individuals participated in this cross-sectional study. DTAC, OBS, and PI were calculated using a 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which was previously validated in Iran. We measured ox-LDL and MDA in blood samples of the participants using commercially existing kits. Crude and adjusted models of linear regression were used to evaluate the relation of dietary indices with ox-LDL and MDA.

RESULTS

There was a significant association between ox-LDL and DTAC in both crude (β = -1.55; 95% CI: -2.53, -0.58; P-trend = 0.002) and adjusted (β = -1.65 95% CI: -2.66, -0.64; P-trend = 0.001) models. Also, a negative association was observed between ox-LDL and PI in the crude (β = -1.26 95% CI: -2.33, -0.29; P-trend = 0.01) and adjusted (β = -1.36 95% CI: -2.38, -0.34; P-trend = 0.01) models.

CONCLUSION

Results of this study showed that DTAC and PI were inversely associated with ox-LDL as markers of lipid peroxidation. But no correlations were seen between MDA and dietary antioxidant indices.

Evaluation of the predictive value of different dietary antioxidant capacity assessment methods on healthy and unhealthy phenotype in overweight and obese women

Purpose

Predictive value of different dietary antioxidant capacity assessment methods on healthy and unhealthy phenotypes in overweight and obese women is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of different dietary antioxidant capacity assessment methods on healthy and unhealthy phenotypes in overweight and obese women.

Methods

A total of 290 overweight and obese women were included in this cross-sectional study. Food intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary antioxidant capacity was calculated using valid databases of antioxidant value. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method was used to evaluate the predictive value of antioxidant capacity indices, including dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP), and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC).

Results

The results showed that the highest area under the ROC curve for predicting metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) belongs to the TRAP method (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.53). In addition, this method had the highest AUC for predicting inflammatory marker of C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (AUC = 0.54) and the index of the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (AUC = 0.59). The highest AUC for triglyceride prediction was related to the DAQS method (AUC = 0.56). Moreover, a significant correlation of FRAP (r = -0.15, P = 0.02), TRAP (r = -0.19, P < 0.001), TEAC (r = -0.18, P< 0.001) with HOMA-IR was reached.

Conclusion

The findings of this study show that the best way to predict the status of MHO is TRAP method. This method is also the best predictor of hs-CRP and HOMA-IR. DAQS method is the best predictor for TG.

Dietary total antioxidant capacity is inversely associated with the odds of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in people with type-2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

This study was conducted to evaluate possible associations between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (DTAC) and odds of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We recruited two hundred people with T2DM, and evaluated their liver steatosis using Fibroscan. Dietary intakes of participants were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. DTAC was computed via ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP).

RESULTS

In the crude model, no statistically significant association was found between DTAC and the odds of NAFLD in people with diabetes. However, after adjustment for potential confounders including age, gender, diabetes duration, smoking status, physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, and energy, the most reduced adjusted OR was indicated for the third tertile vs. the first one (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.09-0.81, P = 0.02), meaning that diabetic patients in the third tertile of DTAC had 72% decreased risk of NAFLD in comparison to those in the first one. The relationship was remained significant after additional adjustment for HOMA-IR, HbA1c, serum Triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) levels (OR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.09-0.93, P = 0.03). Importantly, a dose-response pattern was demonstrated for DTAC and risk of NAFLD (P = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

Higher DTAC was related with a decreased risk of NAFLD in individuals with diabetes.

Do Intestinal Unicellular Parasites Have a Role in the Inflammatory and Redox Status among the Severely Obese?

The diagnosis of obesity comprises subjects with totally different phenotypes and metabolic profiles. Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress derived from the white adipose tissue are suggested as the link between this disease and the development of insulin resistance and metabolic comorbidities. The presence of unicellular eukaryotic parasites colonizing the human gut ecosystem is a common circumstance, and yet their influence on the inflammatory and redox status of the obese host has not been assessed. Herein, a set of inflammatory and redox biomarkers were assessed together with a parasitological analysis of 97 severely obese subjects. Information was also collected on insulin resistance and on the antioxidant composition of the diet. The global prevalence of intestinal unicellular parasites was 49.5%, with Blastocystis sp. the most prevalent protozoan found (42.3%). Colonized subjects displayed a higher total antioxidant capacity and a trend towards higher extracellular superoxide dismutase activity, regardless of their insulin resistance status, along with lower reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratios in plasma in the insulin-resistant subgroup. No changes in malondialdehyde levels, or in inflammatory cytokines in plasma, were found in regard to the colonization status. In conclusion, enteric eukaryotic unicellular parasites may play an important role in modulating the antioxidant defenses of an obese host, thus could have beneficial effects with respect to the development of systemic metabolic disorders.

Evaluation of The Antioxidant Capacity of Food Products: Methods, Applications and Limitations

Assays of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) are popular in the analysis of food products. This review presents the most popular assays of TAC and their limitations, databases of TAC of food products, their application in clinical studies, and the effect of processing on the TAC of food. The importance of sample preparation for TAC assays and striking effects of digestion in the gastrointestinal tract on the TAC of food are discussed. Critical opinions on the validity of food TAC assays are considered. It is concluded that TAC methods can be useful as screening assays for food quality control and as low-cost, high-throughput tools used to discover potential antioxidant sources and follow changes in the content of antioxidants during food processing. However, effects revealed by TAC assays should be followed and explained using more specific methods.

Postprandial changes of oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy individuals

Food consumption induces oxidative stress in humans, but the changes in oxidative stress levels after a regular meal are still unclear. We conducted an experimental study on 20 healthy volunteers (10 males, 10 females), who matched in age (±2 years). They were given a regular diet (total energy of 704 kcal, which contains 75 g of carbohydrates, 35 g of protein, and 29 g of lipids) at 11:30 a.m. after a fast of over 12 h. We collected 6-repeated measures of venous blood samples at 2-h intervals via heparin anticoagulant tubes immediately after the meal (indicated as “0” h) and up to 10 h post-consumption. Biomarkers included plasma fluorescent products, plasma malondialdehyde, plasma total antioxidant capacity, and plasma superoxide dismutase. FlOPs were measured at three excitation/emission wavelengths (FlOP_320, FlOP_360, and FlOP_400). The average age and BMI for the twenty participants were 22.70 ± 1.98 years and 20.67 ± 2.34 kg/m², respectively. Within 10 h after the meal, the overall trend of FlOPs were generally similar. There was no evidence of dose response for any of the three FlOPs (all P > 0.05). However, levels of MDA decreased with the time of fasting (P_linear and P_quadratic < 0.05), with the biggest decrease occurring between 0 and 2 h post-meal. The overall trend of T-AOC and SOD levels also decreased with fasting time (P_linear and P_quadratic < 0.05), though an increase was observed between 0 and 2 h following consumption. Levels of MDA, T-AOC, and SOD but not FlOPs, decreased with fasting time.

Dietary total antioxidant capacity in relation to metabolic health status in overweight and obese adolescents

Background

Although several studies evaluated the relationship between individual dietary antioxidants and metabolic health conditions, data on the association between dietary total antioxidant capacity and metabolic health among children and adolescents is limited. This study investigated the relationship between dietary total antioxidant capacity and metabolic health status in Iranian overweight/obese adolescents.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 overweight/obese adolescents. Dietary intakes were evaluated by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Ferric Reducing-Antioxidant Power (FRAP) was considered to indicate dietary total antioxidant capacity. Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure status were measured. Fasting blood samples were obtained to determine circulating insulin, glucose, and lipid profile. Two different methods (modified International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria and IDF criteria along with insulin resistance) were applied to classify participants as metabolically healthy obese (MHO) or metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO).

Results

According to IDF and IDF/HOMA definitions, a total of 79 (38.9%) and 67 (33.0%) adolescents were respectively defined as MUO. Considering IDF criteria, the highest tertile of FRAP was related to lower odds of being MUO in the maximally-adjusted model (OR: 0.40; 95%CI: 0.16–0.96), compared to the lowest tertile. However, based on the IDF/HOMA-IR criteria, no significant relation was found between FRAP and odds of MUO (OR: 0.49; 95%CI: 0.19–1.23) after considering all possible confounders.

Conclusions

Adolescents with higher intakes of dietary antioxidants have a lower possibility of being MUO based on IDF criteria. However, no substantial relation was found considering HOMA-IR/IDF definition. Further prospective cohort studies need to be done to confirm these findings.

Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity-A New Indicator of Healthy Diet Quality in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Polish Cross-Sectional Study

This study aimed to assess the relationship between the dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), as well as healthy diet quality, in a representative sample (n = 5690) of the whole Polish adult population (WOBASZ II study). Daily food consumption was estimated by the single 24 h dietary recall method. Antioxidant vitamins (C, E, and β-carotene) and minerals (Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu) from the diet and supplements were calculated using 5D Diet software, and dietary total polyphenol intake (DTPI) was determined using the Phenol-Explorer database and our database. Total diet quality was measured by the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) based on World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for the prevention of CVD. DTAC was calculated using the data on food consumption and the antioxidant potential of foods measured by the FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential) method. It was shown that higher DTAC was associated with a higher intake of polyphenols, antioxidant vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, a higher quartile of DTAC was associated with a reduced odds ratio for cardiovascular diseases in a Polish population, as well as with a higher HDI. Therefore, dietary recommendations for the prevention and therapy of CVDs should take into account a high DTAC. DTAC, measured by the FRAP method, can be considered an indicator of healthy diet quality.

Association of dietary and plasma carotenoids with urinary F2-isoprostanes

PURPOSE

Carotenoids may protect against chronic diseases including cancer and cardiometabolic disease by mitigating oxidative stress and/or inflammation. We cross-sectionally evaluated associations between carotenoids and biomarkers of oxidative stress or inflammation.

METHODS

From 2003 to 2009, the Sister Study enrolled 50,884 breast cancer-free US women aged 35-74. Post-menopausal participants (n = 512) were randomly sampled to measure carotenoids and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Dietary carotenoid consumption was assessed using a validated 110-item Block 1998 food frequency questionnaire; use of β-carotene-containing supplements was also assessed. Plasma carotenoids were quantified, adjusting for batch. Urinary markers of lipid peroxidation, 8-iso-prostaglandin F_2α (8-iso-PGF_2α) and its metabolite (8-iso-PGF_2α-M) were also measured. Since the biomarker 8-iso-PGF_2α can reflect both oxidative stress and inflammation, we used a modeled 8-iso-PGF_2α to prostaglandin F_2α ratio approach to distinguish effects reflecting oxidative stress versus inflammation. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the associations of dietary and plasma carotenoids with the estimated biomarker concentrations.

RESULTS

Total plasma carotenoids were inversely associated with 8-iso-PGF_2α-M concentrations (P for trend across quartiles = 0.009). Inverse trends associations were also seen for α-carotene and β-carotene. In contrast, lutein/zeaxanthin showed associations with both 8-iso-PGF_2α and 8-iso-PGF_2α-M concentrations. The inverse association for total carotenoids appeared to be specific for oxidative stress (chemical 8-iso-PGF_2α; P_{highest vs. lowest quartile} = 0.04 and P for trend across quartiles = 0.02). The pattern was similar for α-carotene. However, lutein/zeaxanthin tended to have a stronger association with enzymatic 8-iso-PGF_2α, suggesting an additional anti-inflammatory effect. Supplemental β-carotene was inversely associated with both 8-iso-PGF_2α and 8-iso-PGF_2α-M concentrations, as well as with both chemical and enzymatic 8-iso-PGF_2α. Dietary carotenoids were not associated with either biomarker.

CONCLUSION

Plasma carotenoids and supplemental β-carotene were associated with lower concentrations of 8-iso-PGF_2α metabolite. Plasma carotenoids associations may reflect antioxidant effects.

Interaction between Apo A-II -265T > C polymorphism and dietary total antioxidant capacity on some oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

This work aims to examine the interaction between apo A2 (Apo A-II) -265T > C SNP and dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) on inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present cross-sectional study included 180 patients (35-65 years) with identified Apo A-II genotype. Dietary intakes were assessed by a FFQ. DTAC was computed using the international databases. IL-18 (IL18), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), pentraxin (PTX3), serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and 8-isoprostaneF2α (PGF2α) markers were obtained according to standard protocols. General linear model was used to evaluate the interaction. The interaction of gene and DTAC (P_FRAP = 0·039 and P_ORAC = 0·042) on PGF2α level was significant after adjusting for confounders. A significant interaction was observed on IL18 level (P_ORAC = 0·018 and P_FRAP = 0·048) and SOD (P_TEAC = 0·037) in obese patients. Among patients whose DTAC was higher than the median intake, the levels of hs-CRP and PGF2α were significantly higher only in individuals with CC genotype. Serum TAC (P_FRAP = 0·030, P_ORAC = 0·049) and SOD were significantly lower in the CC genotype. There was a favourable relationship between the high-DTAC and SOD (obese: P_TEAC = 0·034, non-obese: P_FRAP = 0·001, P_TRAP < 0·0001, P_TEAC = 0·003 and P_ORAC = 0·001) and PGF2α (non-obese: P_ORAC = 0·024) in T-allele carriers. The rs5082 SNP interacts with DTAC to influence several cardiometabolic risk factors. Also, we found dietary recommendations for antioxidant-rich foods intake might be useful in the prevention of diabetes complications in the T carrier more effectively than the CC genotype. Future large studies are required to confirm these results.

Interplay between fatty acid desaturase2 (FADS2) rs174583 genetic variant and dietary antioxidant capacity: cardio-metabolic risk factors in obese individuals

OBJECTIVE

Polymorphisms of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster have been associated with obesity and its-related consequences. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate whether the adherence to dietary non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC), reflecting the antioxidant potential of the whole diet, modifies the association of FADS2 rs174583 polymorphism with cardio-metabolic risk factors in obese adults.

METHODS

The present study included 347 healthy obese adults (aged 20-50 years). Dietary NEAC was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire with 147 items and estimated through total radical-trapping antioxidant parameters (TRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) with the use of published databases. FADS2 rs174583 polymorphism was characterized using PCR-RFLP. ANCOVA multivariate interaction model was used to analyze gene-diet interactions.

RESULTS

after adjustment for the confounding variables (age, physical activity, SES and WC), this study showed significant interactions between rs174583 polymorphism and adherence to dietary ORAC on the serum cholesterol (P _Interaction = 0.029), LDL-C (P _Interaction = 0.025) and HDL-C levels (P _Interaction = 0.049) among the male group; minor allele carriers who had the highest adherence to the NEAC (ORAC) showed a better metabolic profile (lower TG and LDL-C and higher HDL-C) (P < 0.05). Among women, the dietary ORAC-rs174583 interactions were statistically significant for the serum insulin concentration (P _Interaction = 0.020), QUICKI (P _Interaction = 0.023) and HOMA-IR (P _Interaction = 0.017); the highest QUICKI and the lowest HOMA-IR and serum insulin levels were observed in the CC homozygote carriers with the moderate compliance with the dietary ORAC (P < 0.05). In addition, the dietary TRAP modified the association between FADS2 variant and change in LDL-C levels (P _Interaction = 0.037); the homozygous wild-type (CC) women who placed in the top tertile of TRAP had significantly the lowest LDL-C levels than those in the second tertile (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

These data indicate that the FADS2 rs174583 polymorphism interacts with the dietary NEAC to influence cardio-metabolic risk factors in obese subjects. Replication in prospective cohort studies among other populations is required to confirm the results of our study.

The Association Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Some Serum Oxidative Stress Markers in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Case- Control

PURPOSE

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the serum oxidative stress markers in patients with NAFLD.

METHODS

In this case-control study, 121 patients with NAFLD and 119 healthy subjects were frequency-matched on gender. DII scores were calculated by using a 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Blood samples were collected to measure serum oxidative markers. Linear regression and odds ratio (OR) were also used in this study.

RESULTS

The mean ± standard deviation of age for case and control group was 38.04 ± 6.7 and 35.6 ± 10.2, respectively. The gender ratio (female to male) for the case and control group was 1:1.42 and 1:1.38, respectively. The mean of the DII in the patient group was significantly higher than the healthy group, (P-values < 0.01). There was a significant negative relationship between TAC and DII (B = -2.63 (95%CI: -4.59, -0.68) and there was also a positive relationship between Malondialdehyde (MDA) and DII (B = 0.15 (95%CI: 0.02, 0.28) in the healthy group, but they were not significant in the case group. After multivariate adjustment, subjects in the most pro-inflammatory DII group had 73 times higher odds of NAFLD compared to subjects in tertile 1 (OR = 72.9; 95%CI (14.3-371.9)).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest a direct association between the pro inflammatory properties of diet in patient and healthy group, but no relationship between TAC, MDA, and DII in the case group.

Higher dietary total antioxidant capacity is inversely associated with Helicobacter pylori infection among adults: A case-control study

INTRODUCTION

Antioxidants appear to hinder the actions of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). The aim of this research was to evaluate the association between dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and H. pylori infection.

METHODS

A case-control study was carried out among 200 patients with  H. pylori infection and 402 healthy subjects (18-55 years). Dietary data were collected using a validated 168-item quantitative food frequency questionnaire. DTAC was calculated based on the oxygen radical absorbance capacity of each food (except for coffee) reported by the US Department of Agriculture.

RESULTS

Compared with participants in the lowest tertile of DTAC, those in the highest tertile had a significantly lower odds ratio (OR) in the crude model (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.14-0.61; p for trend = 0.001), model 1 (adjustment for age and sex) (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.24-0.58; p for trend < 0.001), and model 2 (adjustment for model 1 plus body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, smoking, dietary intake of energy and fat) (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.10-0.40; p for trend ≤ 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

A high DTAC is associated with a reduced risk of H. pylori infection in adults. Further studies are mandatory to elucidate the mechanisms and a dose-effect relationship.

Organochlorine pesticides, oxidative stress biomarkers, and leukemia: a case-control study

Exposure to pesticides has been linked to an elevated risk of leukemia. The present research aimed to evaluate the relationship between organochlorine (OC) pesticides and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with leukemia. This work was conducted on 109 patients with leukemia and 109 healthy controls. The serum concentrations of seven derivatives of OCs including alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, 2,4-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 4,4-DDT, 2,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and 4,4-DDE along with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), and catalase (CAT) activities as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO), protein carbonyl (PC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in all the subjects. Levels of OCs were remarkably higher in patients with leukemia compared with the controls (p<0.05). In addition, levels of SOD, AChE, GPx, PON1, and TAC were remarkably lower in patients with leukemia compared with controls (p<0.05). In contrast, MDA, NO, and PC concentrations were higher in patients with leukemia than in the controls (p<0.05). Moreover, the serum level of 4,4-DDE was negatively associated with GPx activity (p=0.038). Our findings suggest that OCs may play a role in the development of leukemia by disrupting the oxidant/antioxidant balance.

The relationship of dietary total antioxidant capacity with sarcopenia and cardiometabolic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes patients

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) with sarcopenia and metabolic biomarkers in people with type 2 diabetes in the Kurdish race.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, data of 189 type 2 diabetic patients (35–65 years old) from RaNCD cohort study were evaluated. DTAC, fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, body composition, muscle strength, and sarcopenia were assessed. t and χ² tests to compare the variables between sarcopenic and non‐sarcopenic patients and one‐way analysis of variance to compare the variables in DTAC tertiles were used. The relationship between DTAC and different variables was evaluated using multiple logistic regression model.

Results

The mean age and body mass index were 49.7 ± 8.7 years and 27.1 ± 3.9 kg/m². Body mass index, waist circumference, and hip circumference were significantly different between diabetic patients with and without sarcopenia (p < 0.05). In crude (p = 0.010) and adjusted (p = 0.035) models, there was a significant relationship between DTAC and fasting blood sugar. Also, the relationship between DTAC with waist (p = 0.019) and hip (β = −4.25, p = 0.026) circumference was significant. Sarcopenia was significantly lower in the third tertile in comparison with the first tertile of DTAC (p = 0.016). 

Conclusion

Diet with higher DTAC can be associated with lower fasting blood sugar, abdominal obesity and sarcopenia in type 2 diabetic patients. However, further studies are required to confirm these relationships.

Dietary Antioxidant Capacity Promotes a Protective Effect against Exacerbated Oxidative Stress in Women Undergoing Adjuvant Treatment for Breast Cancer in a Prospective Study

Breast cancer (Bca) is the most common type of cancer among women worldwide, and oxidative stress caused by adjuvant treatment may be decreased by antioxidant intake. The aim of this study is to investigate the associations between Dietary antioxidant Capacity (DaC) and oxidation and antioxidant biomarkers in women undergoing adjuvant treatment (AT) for Bca. This prospective study had a sample of 70 women (52.2 ± 10.7 y). DaC (mmol/g) was calculated using nutritional data obtained from a Food Frequency Questionnaire, and blood was collected to measure the oxidation and antioxidant biomarkers at baseline (T0), and after AT (T1). Carbonylated protein levels were inversely associated with DaC at T1 (p = 0.004); women showed an increased risk of having increment on lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decrement on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reduced glutathione after AT, in response to lowered DaC (p < 0.05). Carbonylated proteins, TBARS and FRAP levels remained stable between the periods for women at the 3rd DaC tertile at T1, differentiating them from those at the 1st tertile, who showed negative changes in these biomarkers (p < 0.04). DaC may be beneficial for women undergoing AT for Bca, since it promoted a reduction in oxidative stress.

The Association of Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity with Inflammatory Biomarkers and Anthropometric Indices in Patients Who Candidate for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: a Cross-sectional Study

Antioxidant compounds can attenuate inflammation and delay degenerative processes especially in the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to determine the relationship between dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and serum biomarkers in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. In this cross-sectional study, 146 patients who had referred to Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah were recruited and demographic, anthropometric, physical activity and dietary data were collected. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum levels of lipid profile, inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]-17, intercellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules [ICAM, VCAM]), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were also measured. A regression model adjusted for confounding variables presented that the coefficients of ICAM and VCAM (ng/dL) in the third tertile of DTAC were lower than those in the first tertile (β = -417.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -509.9 to -324.5, p < 0.001; β = -293.2, 95% CI = -334.3, -252.1, p < 0.001, respectively). The β of serum TAC (ng/dL) in the third tertile was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.77, 0.95, p < 0.001) higher than that in the first tertile. DTAC had no statistically significant relationship with lipid profile, FBG, and IL-17 levels, and anthropometric indices. In this study DTAC was associated with increased serum TAC and decreased cell adhesion molecules. Therefore, diet antioxidants may be beneficial in attenuating of inflammation in coronary artery diseases.

Association of dietary total antioxidant capacity with depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders: A systematic review of observational studies

BACKGROUND AND AIM

We aimed to systematically review observational studies that evaluated the potential association of the dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) with common mental disorders (depression and anxiety) and sleep disorders.

METHODS

Studies with an observational design that evaluated the association between the dTAC and common mental disorders and sleep disorders were identified using the PubMed and Scopus databases. The meta-analysis guideline of observational studies in epidemiology and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis were used to conduct and report the data of this systematic review.

RESULTS

Of the 439 records, seven studies were included in this review. There was a sample variation of 41-3297 participants. We highlight that five of the studies analyzed were conducted in the Iranian population. Four studies analyzed only women, and three studies were conducted with postmenopausal or climacteric women. Four cross-sectional studies showed inverse associations between the dTAC and depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders in Iranians.

CONCLUSION

The consumption of a diet rich in antioxidants, characterized by high dTAC scores, seems to be inversely associated with depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. However, further studies with different populations and designs are necessary for a better understand this relationship.

RELEVANCE TO PATIENTS

This review assesses the association of the dTAC with common mental disorders (depression and anxiety) with sleep disorders. This will help guide further studies on the relationship between diet and mental disorders and sleep disorders. Knowledge about these relationships is essential for the creation of non-pharmacological practices for the prevention of these disorders.

Glutathione system activity in the blood of overweight postmenopausal women

One of the important components of the antioxidant defense system is the glutathione system, the activity of which, when overweight, changes direction depending on gender and ethnicity. The results of studies involving overweight menopausal women are mixed. The study involved 61 postmenopausal women, who, after clinical and anamnestic examination, were divided into 2 groups: control (BMI = 19-24.9 kg / m2) and overweight group (BMI = 25-29.9 kg/m2). The use of hormone replacement therapy; the use of antioxidant drugs; diseases of endocrine genesis; exacerbation of chronic diseases; premature early menopause; surgical menopause was the exclusion criteria for women from the study. The lipid profile parameters with the calculation of the atherogenic coefficient; reduced and oxidized glutathione levels with the calculation of their ratio, the glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities were determined in the blood. Overweight women showed an increase in the triacylglycerols (p = 0.041) and cholesterol in very low density lipoproteins levels (p = 0.044). When assessing the glutathione system activity in women of the main group, compared with the control, an increase in the glutathione-S-transferase (p = 0.023) and glutathione reductase (p = 0.022) activities was noted, however, the reduced and oxidized glutathione levels, as well as their ratio did not differ from the control values. The results obtained indicate the activation of the glutathione system enzymatic link in response to changes in lipid status in postmenopausal women with overweight.

Interaction between dietary total antioxidant capacity and BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on lipid profiles and atherogenic indices among diabetic patients

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) belongs to the "neurotrophin" family of growth factors, and it has recently been associated to cardiovascular disease (CVD). We anticipated that BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms may alter CVD risk markers such as serum lipid profile differences, and interaction with total antioxidant capacity of diet (DTAC) could alter these clinical parameters. This cross-sectional study consisted of 667 diabetic patients (39.7% male and 60.3% female). DTAC was calculated by international databases. Biochemical markers including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-reactive protein (CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), isoprostaneF2α (PGF2α). interleukin 18 (IL18), leptin and ghrelin were measured by standard protocol. Atherogenic indices (AIP, AC, CR-I, CR-II) were calculated. Genotyping of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms was conducted by the real-time PCR-RFLP method. The gene-diet interactions were evaluated using a generalized linear mode (GLMs). Carriers of the Val/Met genotype who were in the higher median intake of FRAP had lower HDL (P:0.04) and higher TG (P:0.005), AIP (P:0.02) and AC (P:0.02) index compared to Val/Val genotypes with lower median intake. Moreover, diabetic patients with Val/Met genotype who consumed higher ORAC intake had increased odds for anthropometric indices (BMI (P:0.01) and WC (P:0.03)), lipid profiles (TG) (P:0.01), and atherogenic index (AIP) (P:0.02), also decreased odds for HDL (P:0.03) concentration compared to reference group whit lower ORAC intake. Individuals with Val/Met genotype who consumed higher TRAP intake had increased odds for WC (P:0.04), TC (P:0.001), TG (P < 0.001), AIP (P < 0.001) and AC (P < 0.001). Finally, Val/Met patients with a higher median intake of TEAC had higher TG (P:0.02), AIP (P:0.009) and AC (P:0.03) compared to the reference group whit lower TEAC intake. Our study showed that Val/Met genotype had also the highest lipid profile and atherogenic indices even in the highest adherence to DTAC. While it seems that the presence of the Val/Val wild-type and BDNF Met/Met homozygotes in diabetic patients with a high DTAC is a protective factor.

Influence of dietary total antioxidant capacity on the association between smoking and hypertension in Brazilian graduates (CUME project)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Hypertension (HTN) is a chronic non-communicable disease influenced by non-modifiable risk factors, such as sex and age, as well as modifiable risk factors such as lifestyle, including diet and smoking. Moreover, diet quality among smokers is worse than that of non-smokers, mainly in terms of antioxidant content. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate whether dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) influences the association between smoking and HTN.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This cross-sectional study included 4303 graduates (69.35% women) from the Cohort of Minas Gerais Universities (CUME) project. An online food frequency questionnaire was administered to participants, and dTAC was estimated using the ferric reducing antioxidant power method. In the questionnaires, individuals reported smoking status, systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, previous HTN diagnosis, and use of antihypertensive drugs. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval between smoking and HTN, stratified by the median dTAC. Current and former smokers had higher dTAC values despite their lower fruit intake. Moreover, coffee was the main contributor to dTAC among them. Smoking was associated with a higher likelihood of HTN, mainly among individuals with a higher dTAC. However, after exclusion of coffee antioxidant capacity, there was an association between only smoking and HTN in individuals with lower dTAC.

CONCLUSIONS

The controversial association between higher dTAC and HTN can result from high coffee intake. Higher dTAC without coffee intake may mitigate the association between smoking and HTN in this population.

The effect of dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and Caveolin-1 gene variant interaction on cardiovascular risk factors among overweight and obese women: A cross-sectional investigation

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have shown that the Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) gene variant may be associated with Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Moreover, dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) has been shown to potentially elicit favorable effects on CVD risk. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effect of DTAC and CAV-1 interaction on CVD risk factors.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study consisted of 352 women, with overweight and/or obesity, aged 18-48years from Iran. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), with 147 items, was used to assess dietary intake. The CAV-1 rs 3807992 and anthropometric data were measured by the PCR-RFLP method and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), respectively. Serum profiles were measured by standard protocols. Participants were also divided into two groups based on DTAC score and rs3807992 genotype.

RESULTS

The mean age of the participants was 37.34 ± 9.11 and 36.01 ± 9.12 years for homozygous (GG) and minor allele carriers (AG + AA) respectively.The mean ± SD of insulin, total cholesterol (TC),high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and TG of participants were 1.21 ± 0.23, 185.3 ± 35.77, 46.58 ± 10.86, 95.3 ± 24.12 and 118.1 ± 58.88, respectively. There was a significant difference between genotypes for physical activity (P = 0.05), HDL (P < 0.001), insulin (P = 0.04), CRI-I (TC/HDL-C) (P = 0.01), and CRI-II (LDL-C/HDL-C) (P = 0.04). Our findings also showed, after controlling for confounding factors, significant interactions between DTAC score and the A allele carrier group on TC (Pinteraction = 0.001), LDL (Pinteraction = 0.001), insulin (Pinteraction = 0.08), HOMA-IR (Pinteraction = 0.03), AC ((TC - HDL - C)/HDL - C) (Pinteraction = 0.001), and CHOLINDEX (LDL-C-HDL-C) (Pinteraction = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study indicate that high DTAC intake may modify the odds of risk factors for CVD in AA and AG genotypes of rs 3807992. These results highlight that diet, gene variants, and their interaction, should be considered in CVD risk assessment.

Association between Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score and Anthropometric Measurements in Children and Adolescents: The Weight Disorders Survey of the CASPIAN-IV Study

BACKGROUND

Limited experience exists on the relationship between anthropometric measures and dietary antioxidant intake in the pediatric age group. We aimed to investigate the association of dietary antioxidants intake and anthropometric measurement in children and adolescents.

METHODS

This nationwide study was conducted in 4270 children and adolescents, aged 6-18 years. Demographic and anthropometric data were assessed. Children and adolescents were classified as underweight, healthy weight or overweight/obese based on body mass index percentiles. Dietary intake was obtained by a 168-item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire. Energy and nutrients intake was estimated using the Nutritionist IV software. Dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS) was calculated based on the daily dietary intake of selenium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E compared with daily recommended intake.

RESULTS

After adjustment for age, gender, living area (rural or urban), energy intake and physical activity level, DAQS was positively associated with waist circumference (WC), hip circumference and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in under-weight children and adolescents (B = 1.614, 1.634 and 0.01, respectively; all ps < 0.05). Increased DAQS was significantly associated with higher WC and WHtR in normal-weight children and adolescents (B = 0.536 and 0.003, respectively; all ps <0.05).

CONCLUSION

Dietary intakes of some antioxidants were higher in children and adolescents with excess weight. DAQS was correlated with some anthropometric measurements in under-weight and normal-weight subjects. It can provide a novel approach to assess the role of antioxidant intake on health promotion and diet-based therapies in under-weight and normal-weight children and adolescents.

Association of dietary total antioxidant capacity with anthropometric indicators, C-reactive protein, and clinical outcomes in hospitalized oncologic patients

OBJECTIVE

Many studies have shown an inverse association between higher dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and chronic non-communicable diseases, including cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the DTAC with anthropometric and biochemical indicators and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with cancer.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was carried out with 196 hospitalized patients diagnosed with cancer. The DTAC, determined by the ferric-reducing antioxidant power method, was calculated using a validated standard spreadsheet. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the association, identifying anthropometric indicators that were associated with DTAC and the variables of interest. P < 0.05 was statistically significant.

RESULTS

The individuals included in the last tertile of DTAC presented lower occurrences of death (P = 0.032), constipation (P = 0.010), dysphagia (P = 0.010), painful swallowing and chewing (P = 0.019), and dehydration (P = 0.032) than individuals in the first tertile. The C-reactive protein values were significantly lower (P = 0.010) and handgrip strength values were higher (P = 0.037) in individuals in the third tertile than in the other participants.

CONCLUSIONS

DTAC was associated with a better prognosis of hospitalized cancer patients, considering signs and symptoms of nutritional impact, as well as the inflammatory state of the patients. These factors may influence the length of hospital stay and mortality. The findings of this research provide important information for a preventive and nutritional management perspective in this population.

Higher dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) reduces the risk of cardio-metabolic risk factors among adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Numerous studies have revealed the protective role of dietary antioxidants against hypertension and diabetes. In the current systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated the possible role of dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) against metabolic parameters in the adult population. Methods: A literature search of authentic electronic resources including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Cochrane had been performed to retrieve the qualified observational studies that reported the mean plus/minus the SD for the parameter in subjects of the highest versus lowest dietary TAC categories up to July 2020. Results: Totally, the number of included studies was 13 for fasting blood sugar (FBS), 12 for systolic blood pressure (SBP), and 12 for diastolic blood pressure (DBP), with the participants' number of 26349. The results of the current study showed that being at highest category of TAC significantly reduces serum FBS (WMD: -2.381; CI: -3.445, -1.316; P<0.001), SBP (WMD: -1.080; CI: -1.458, -0.701; P<0.001) and DBP (WMD: -0.854; CI: -1.655, -0.052; P<0.001), while no significant difference in the serum insulin, HOMA-IR values, prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T₂DM) (P=0.37) and hypertension (HTN) (P=0.09) was observed. Subgroup analysis revealed the geographical location, dietary assessment tool, sample size, and gender as possible sources of heterogeneity. Conclusion: Higher intake of dietary TAC was associated with reduced SBP, DBP, and FBS in the current observational studies of this meta-analysis. These findings further confirm the clinical importance of dietary antioxidants in the prevention of different metabolic disorders.

Anthropometric and Biochemical Measures in Bariatric Surgery Candidates: What Is the Role of Inflammatory Potential of Diet?

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to assess dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC), dietary phytochemical intake (PI), and dietary inflammatory index (DII) in patients with morbid obesity who are candidates of bariatric surgery and their association with anthropometric and biochemical parameters.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

One hundred seventy patients with morbid obesity who were referred to surgery clinic of Firoozgar Hospital were enrolled in the study. Ideal body weight and adjusted ideal body weight were calculated. The dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrics and biochemical parameters were assessed. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

The strongest correlations of DII with dietary intakes and anthropometric and biochemical biomarkers were found for iron (p<0.0001). Significant association was also observed for ferritin (p=0.02) and transferrin (p=0.02). In terms of PI, The strongest associations were also found for iron (p<0.0001). Additionally, the value of body mass index (BMI) showed significant correlation with PI (p=0.04). The correlations of dietary total antioxidant indices with dietary intakes and anthropometric and biochemical biomarkers were assessed. Non-significant correlation was found between fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), vitamin B12, and vitamin D3 with ORAC index. Significant strong correlation showed for the value of iron in both ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) indices (p<0.0001).

CONCLUSION

We find statistical significance correlation for dietary PI and BMI. The inflammatory and antioxidant properties of diet were not related to biochemical markers associated with obesity. Graphical abstract.

Interaction between Apo A-II -265T>C polymorphism and dietary total antioxidant capacity on some anthropometric indices and serum lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The present study aimed to investigate the interaction of Apo A-II polymorphism and dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) with lipid profile and anthropometric markers in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) that are at risk for atherosclerosis. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 778 patients with T2DM (35–65 years). Dietary intakes were assessed by a 147-item food frequency questionnaire. DTAC was computed using international databases. Participants were categorised into two groups based on rs5082 genotypes. The gene–diet interaction was analysed by an ANCOVA multivariate interaction model. Total cholesterol, TC; triacylglycerol, TG; high- and low-density lipoprotein, HDL and LDL; TC–HDL ratio; waist circumference, WC and body mass index, BMI were obtained according to standard protocols. Overall, the frequency of CC homozygous was 12⋅1 % among study participants. We found that a significant interaction between rs5082 variants and DTAC on mean WC (P_TEAC = 0⋅044), TC concentration (P_FRAP = 0⋅049 and P_TEAC = 0⋅031) and TC/HDL (P_FRAP = 0⋅031 and P_TRAP = 0⋅040). Among patients whose DTAC was higher than the median intake, the mean of weight, WC and TC/HDL were significantly higher only in individuals with CC genotype. Also, the high DTAC was associated with a lower TC concentration only in T-allele carriers (P_FRAP = 0⋅042). We found that adherence to a diet with high total antioxidant capacity can improve the complications of diabetes and atherosclerosis in the T carrier genotype more effectively than the CC genotype. These results could indicate the anti-atherogenic properties of Apo A-II. However, further studies are needed to shed light on this issue.

Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Its Association with Renal Function and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults: a Report from a Developing Country

While evidence exists for an association between the dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC), mortality, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases, data about DTAC and renal function, and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are scarce. This study aimed to determine the associations between DTAC, renal function, and progression of CKD in older adults. The present cross-sectional study consisted of 226 older adults aged ≥ 60 years old from five districts of Tehran, Iran. DTAC was estimated using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method. Dietary intake, socio-demographic data, medical history, and anthropometric measurements were collected using a validated questionnaire. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was assessed from serum creatinine. Albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated by dividing albumin concentration by creatinine concentration and reported as mg/g. The DTAC ranged from 112.8 to 2,553.9. Analyses indicated that DTAC was not associated with eGFR (p = 0.35) and ACR (p = 0.91) even after controlling for confounding variables. Additionally, in logistic regression, no association between eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (p = 0.32) and ACR ≥ 30 mg/g (p = 0.32) with DTAC was observed, which was independent of confounding variables. We observed that more compliance with DTAC is not associated with renal function and CKD progression. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings of the present study in larger samples on different populations.

Associations between dietary total antioxidant capacity and odds of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adults: a case-control study

The relationships between the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the diet and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have not previously been assessed. The aim of this study was to assess relationships between DTAC and odds of NAFLD in a case–control study. This case–control study was carried out in 158 patients with NAFLD and 357 healthy individuals aged 18–55 years. Dietary data were collected using validated 168-item quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Triacylglycerols (TAGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and fasting blood glucose (FBS) concentrations were assessed using enzymatic methods and commercial kits. The DTAC was calculated based on the oxygen radical absorbance capacity of each food reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The mean ± sd (standard deviation) for age and body mass index (BMI) of the study participants were 43⋅9 years ±5⋅9 and had 30⋅5 kg/m² ±2⋅6. The NAFLD patients included higher BMI and female proportion, compared with the control group. The NAFLD patients included higher smoking rates, biochemical parameters (TG, TC, LDL-C and FBS) and DTAC scores, compared with control groups (P-value < 0⋅05). However, patients with NAFLD had lower HDL levels and physical activities, compared with the control group. The highest tertile of DTAC showed lower odds of NAFLD, compared with the lowest tertile. This association was significant after adjustment for potential confounders (OR, 0⋅19; 95 % CI, 0⋅9–0⋅34; P for trend 0⋅001). Findings suggest that the promotion of naturally increased antioxidant capacities may help prevent odds of NAFLD.

Twenty-five years of total antioxidant capacity measurement of foods and biological fluids: merits and limitations

This review summarises 25 years of investigations on antioxidants research in foods and biological fluids and critically analyses the merits and limitations of using the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measurement in the metabolomic era. An enormous bulk of knowledge was produced regarding the antioxidant capacity of foods and large TAC databases were developed. A direct link between a food TAC value and any health benefit is erroneous and has led to several cases of consumer deception. However, the striking epidemiological evidence associating a high dietary TAC with some disease prevention and the availability of well-constructed TAC databases deserve attention and must be taken into account to establish the usefulness of measuring TAC in both foods and biological samples. The in vivo TAC measurement, usually performed in plasma, is influenced by many external factors, such as dietary habits, as well as environmental and behavioural factors, which are integrated towards homeostatic control by fine physiological mechanisms with high inter-individual variability. Therefore, plasma TAC cannot be considered as a unique biomarker of individual antioxidant status. However, the combined evaluation of plasma TAC with known markers of disease, individual metabolism, inflammation and genetics, as well as with markers of gut microbiota composition and activity, may lead to the identification of populations that are more responsive to food/diet TAC. In this framework, the appropriate use of TAC measurement both in food and in vivo can still provide support for the interpretation of complex phenomena and be a tool for sample screening when making a quick decision toward in-depth research investigations. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study

Background

Elevated oxidative stress status has been reported among pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In diabetic condition, glucose and lipid peroxidation, and alteration in antioxidant defense lead to increased free radicals. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and GDM.

Methods

This hospital-based case-control study was conducted in 463 pregnant women (healthy, n = 263; GDM, n = 200). Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and biochemical analyses were measured. Dietary intake was assessed by the average of three 24-hour dietary intake records. DTAC was calculated by three indices: ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between DTAC and GDM risk in crude and adjusted models.

Results

The mean age and BMI were 28.33 ± 6.23 years and 29.67 ± 4.73 kg/m², respectively. Total energy, protein, and selenium intakes were significantly higher in cases than controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, intakes of carbohydrate, vitamins C, B6, and A, manganese, fruits, fruit juices, vegetables, legumes, and FRAP were significantly lower in cases than controls (P < 0.05). The risk of gestational diabetes mellitus was 85% lower among those in the highest tertile of FRAP (OR: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.08-0.29). There was no significant association between the risk of GDM and TRAP (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 0.94-2.79) as well as TEAC (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 0.89-2.72).

Conclusion

Pregnant women who were in the highest tertile of FRAP were at lower risk of GDM. However, larger prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC), general and central obesity indices and serum lipids among adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: In the present meta-analysis, we aimed to summarize the relationship between dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC), general and central obesity indices and lipid profile in adult population. Methods: The electronic databases of Web of Sciences, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane library were searched for relevant studies from inception to October 2019. The effect size was indicated as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by using random effects model. The I² index and Cochran's Q-test were used for evaluating heterogeneity. Results: From 2,469 studies identified, thirty-four studies (nineteen cross-sectional studies, thirteen cohort studies, two case-control studies) were included in the meta-analysis. According to our results, higher categories of TAC were associated with significantly lower serum triglyceride concentartions (TG; WMD: -7.58; CI: -11.42, -3.75; P < 0.001) and waist circumference (WC; WMD: -1.17; 95% CI: -1.47, -0.87; P < 0.001); while no significant change in body mass index (BMI; WMD: -0.17; 95% CI: -0.35, 0.01; P = 0.12), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; WMD: 0.61; 95% CI: -0.16, 1.40; P = 0.12), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; WMD: 1.34; 95% CI: -0.61, 3.30; P = 0.17) and total cholesterol (TC; WMD: 1.19; 95% CI: -1.46, 3.855; P = 0.37) was reported. Conclusion: Higher dietary TAC was related to reduced prevalence of central obesity, reduced WC and TG concentrations in the current meta-analysis. Moreover, subgroup analysis showed that TAC measurement index, geographical area, dietary assessment tool, health status and gender were potential sources of heterogeneity.

Total Dietary Antioxidant Capacity and Longitudinal Trajectories of Body Composition

Although there is some evidence that total dietary antioxidant capacity (TDAC) is inversely associated with the presence of obesity, no longitudinal studies have been performed investigating the effect of TDAC on comprehensive measures of body composition over time. In this study, we included 4595 middle-aged and elderly participants from the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort. We estimated TDAC among these individuals by calculating a ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) score based on data from food-frequency questionnaires. Body composition was assessed by means of dual X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and every subsequent 3–5 years. From these data, we calculated fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), android-to-gynoid fat ratio (AGR), body fat percentage (BF%) and body mass index (BMI). We also assessed hand grip strength at two time points and prevalence of sarcopenia at one time point in a subset of participants. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models or multinomial logistic regression models with multivariable adjustment. We found that higher FRAP score was associated with higher FFMI (0.091 kg/m² per standard deviation (SD) higher FRAP score, 95% CI 0.031; 0.150), lower AGR (−0.028, 95% CI −0.053; −0.003), higher BMI (0.115, 95% CI 0.020; 0.209) and lower BF% (−0.223, 95% CI −0.383; −0.064) across follow-up after multivariable adjustment. FRAP score was not associated with hand grip strength or sarcopenia. Additional adjustment for adherence to dietary guidelines and exclusion of individuals with comorbid disease at baseline did not change our results. In conclusion, dietary intake of antioxidants may positively affect the amount of lean mass and overall body composition among the middle-aged and elderly.

The interaction between dietary Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC) with variants of Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) 18q21.23-rs17782313 locus on hypothalamic hormones and cardio-metabolic risk factors in obese individuals from Iran

Background: In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the interaction between dietary Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC) and rs17782313 polymorphism on hypothalamic hormones and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Methods: A total of 287 subjects (aged 20-50 years, 147 males and 140 females) enrolled in the cross-sectional study. Dietary NEAC was assessed using databases of NEAC measurements compiled from outcomes for three different analyses: oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP), and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) and genotyping for the near MC4R rs17782313 was carried out by Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragments length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results: The significant interactions were found between adherence to the dietary NEAC and MC4R rs17782313 in relation to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), insulin and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (P _Interaction = 0.03, 0.01, 0.04, 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). In homozygous subjects for the minor allele, the serum insulin level and QUICKI in participants with the highest adherence to TRAP were significantly higher than those with the lowest adherence (p < 0.001). There was a significant inverse association between high ORAC score and risk of metabolic syndrome even after adjusting for potential confounders (OR: 0.33; 95%CI:0.13-0.81) and also a significant inverse association between high NEAC (ORAC, FRAP and TRAP assays) score and high triglyceride (TG) level was found in obese adults. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study found for the first time that the NEAC significantly interacts with the rs17782313 genotypes to influence several metabolic risk factors in obesity.

Plasma antioxidants and oxidative stress status in obese women: correlation with cardiopulmonary response

INTRODUCTION

A high body fat coupled with low cardiopulmonary fitness and an increase in oxidative stress has been connoted as contributing factors in developing cardiovascular comorbidities. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between antioxidants and oxidative stress status with cardiopulmonary responses in women of different body mass index (BMI).

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Eighty female adults were recruited and divided into three groups; normal weight (n = 23), overweight (n = 28) and obese (n = 29), according to their BMI. Blood samples were obtained prior to cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Plasma samples were separated by centrifugation and analysed for enzymatic antioxidant activity including catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Non-enzymatic antioxidant activities were assessed using 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays. To evaluate the oxidative stress status of subjects, levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, the by-product of lipid peroxidation, were measured. Cardiopulmonary responses were analysed using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) which involved 15 various parameters such as peak oxygen consumption, metabolic equivalents and respiratory exchange ratio.

RESULTS

The obese group had significantly lower ABTS radical scavenging and FRAP activities than the normal weight group. A higher catalase activity was observed in the obese group than the normal weight group. Spearman's correlation showed an inverse relationship between catalase and peak oxygen consumption, while partial correlation analysis showed inverse correlations between superoxide dismutase and respiratory frequency, ABTS activity and oxygen pulse, and between ABTS activity and cardiac output.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate a lower cardiovascular fitness and antioxidant capacity in obese women; the higher catalase activity may be a compensatory mechanism. The negative correlations found between these two parameters may indicate the potential effect of antioxidants on the cardiopulmonary system and deserve further analysis in a larger population. Nevertheless, this study provides the basis for future studies to further explore the relationships between redox status and cardiopulmonary responses. This can potentially be used to predict future risk of developing diseases associated with oxidative stress, especially pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases.

Anorexic and metabolic effect of jojoba: potential treatment against metabolic syndrome and hepatic complications

Background

Evaluation of the action of various traditional plants to treat metabolic syndrome are strongly studied. In our study, we investigated the effect of the Tunisian jojoba seed on a metabolic syndrome induced in rat by the High Fat diet and High Fructose (HFHF) and its renal and hepatic complications.

Methods

The rats were fed with HFHF or Normal Diet (ND) for a period of 8 weeks. After that, a switch from HFHF to ND or Normal Diet Jojoba (NDJ),(jojoba diet approach) or High Fat and High Fructose and Jojoba diet (HFHFJ) (nutraceutical approach) has been done. Metabolic disorder was evaluated by measuring the fasting body weight, glycemia and C-peptide and leptin. Oxidative stress parameters like ThioBarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAOC) were analyzed in the plasma and renal and hepatic function were determined by the measure of creatinine and alanine transferase (ALT) respectively. Histological analysis was performed on the liver, kidney and pancreas.

Results

HFHF diet exhibited characteristics of metabolic syndrome presented by insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, fat mass with hepatic steatosis and renal disorder. HFHF diet was associated with oxidative stress (OS) presented by an increase in TBARS and a decrease in TAOC. Adding jojoba seeds to HFHF rat group diet induced a decrease in body weight, fat mass (58 and 41%), insulin resistance (59 and 56%), oxidative stress (60 and 41%), liver steatosis (from a score = 3 to a score = 0) and renal complications (25 and 42%). This effect was emphasized with diet approach.

Conclusion

The results demonstrated the beneficial effect of jojoba against metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress, suggesting that jojoba could be used in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome.

Graphical abstract