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Zhu E, Mathew D, Jee HJ, Sun M, Liu W, Zhang Q, Wang J. AMPAkines have site-specific analgesic effects in the cortex. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069231214677. [PMID: 37921508 PMCID: PMC10860473 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231214677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Different brain areas have distinct roles in the processing and regulation of pain and thus may form specific pharmacological targets. Prior research has shown that AMPAkines, a class of drugs that increase glutamate signaling, can enhance descending inhibition from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens. On the other hand, activation of neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is known to produce the aversive component of pain. The impact of AMPAkines on ACC, however, is not known. We found that direct delivery of CX516, a well-known AMPAkine, into the ACC had no effect on the aversive response to pain in rats. Furthermore, AMPAkines did not modulate the nociceptive response of ACC neurons. In contrast, AMPAkine delivery into the prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex (PL) reduced pain aversion. These results indicate that the analgesic effects of AMPAkines in the cortex are likely mediated by the PFC but not the ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Interdisciplinary Pain Research Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dave Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Jee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Interdisciplinary Pain Research Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mengqi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weizhuo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qiaosheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Interdisciplinary Pain Research Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Interdisciplinary Pain Research Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Ca 2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors Contribute to Changed Dorsal Horn Neuronal Firing and Inflammatory Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032341. [PMID: 36768663 PMCID: PMC9916706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsal horn (DH) neurons of the spinal cord play a critical role in nociceptive input integration and processing in the central nervous system. Engaged neuronal classes and cell-specific excitability shape nociceptive computation within the DH. The DH hyperexcitability (central sensitisation) has been considered a fundamental mechanism in mediating nociceptive hypersensitivity, with the proven role of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (AMPARs). However, whether and how the DH hyperexcitability relates to changes in action potential (AP) parameters in DH neurons and if Ca2+-permeable AMPARs contribute to these changes remain unknown. We examined the cell-class heterogeneity of APs generated by DH neurons in inflammatory pain conditions to address these. Inflammatory-induced peripheral hypersensitivity increased DH neuronal excitability. We found changes in the AP threshold and amplitude but not kinetics (spike waveform) in DH neurons generating sustained or initial bursts of firing patterns. In contrast, there were no changes in AP parameters in the DH neurons displaying a single spike firing pattern. Genetic knockdown of the molecular mechanism responsible for the upregulation of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs allowed the recovery of cell-specific AP changes in peripheral inflammation. Selective inhibition of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs in the spinal cord alleviated nociceptive hypersensitivity, both thermal and mechanical modalities, in animals with peripheral inflammation. Thus, Ca2+-permeable AMPARs contribute to shaping APs in DH neurons and nociceptive hypersensitivity. This may represent a neuropathological mechanism in the DH circuits, leading to aberrant signal transfer to other nociceptive pathways.
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3
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Lin YL, Liao JW, Wang S, Sridharan B, Lee HJ, Li A, Chang KM, Wu CY, Huang S, Chang KT, Agrawal DC, Chen CJ, Lee MJ. Andrographolide Relieves Post-Operative Wound Pain but Affects Local Angiogenesis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121586. [PMID: 36559037 PMCID: PMC9785486 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide (Andro), the major constituent of Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthaceae), is was known to reduces inflammatory reaction. In the current study, the ability of Andro to reduce pain sensation in a rat post-operative wound model was explored. The hind paws of 18 Sprague-Dawley rats (SD) bearing post-operative wounds received the following three treatments: Saline, Andro via direct injection into the paw (Andro-injected) and Tablet containing Andro + poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (Andro-tablet). Von Frey tests assessed mechanical allodynia at 1, 3, 5 h and 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-days post-operation. Behavioral analyses were performed to measure reaction threshold and reaction frequencies. Immunoreactivity of p-ERK and GluR1 was examined in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Histopathological and immunostaining studies were conducted on paw epidermis to observe the gross morphology and angiogenesis. The threshold for inducing allodynia increased and the reaction frequency reduced in the Andro-injected group compared to the saline-group, at 3 h post-surgery and the effect lasted between 3-4 days. The threshold for inducing pain and reaction frequency for the Andro-tablet group did not differ from the saline-treated group. The levels of p-ERK and GluR1 in the dorsal horn were reduced after Andro treatment. No significant difference in wound healing index was observed between saline and Andro-injected groups, but CD-31 staining showed less angiogenesis in the Andro-injected group. Andro significantly reduced mechanical allodynia compared to saline treatment, both in shorter and longer time frames. Furthermore, Andro influenced the expression of p-ERK and GluR1 in the dorsal horn, and the angiogenesis process in the wound healing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lo Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Shunching Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng East Road, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
| | - Badrinathan Sridharan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng East Road, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng East Road, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
| | - Ai Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng East Road, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ming Chang
- Department of Moleculer Medicine, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei 112019, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yang Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Siendong Huang
- Department of Applied Mathematics, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ting Chang
- Department of Basic Research, Holy Stone Healthcare Co., Ltd., Taipei 11493, Taiwan
| | - Dinesh Chandra Agrawal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng East Road, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jung Chen
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jen Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng East Road, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Kopach O, Voitenko N. Spinal AMPA receptors: Amenable players in central sensitization for chronic pain therapy? Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:284-297. [PMID: 33565904 PMCID: PMC7889122 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2021.1885836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity-dependent trafficking of AMPA receptors (AMPAR) mediates synaptic strength and plasticity, while the perturbed trafficking of the receptors of different subunit compositions has been linked to memory impairment and to causing neuropathology. In the spinal cord, nociceptive-induced changes in AMPAR trafficking determine the central sensitization of the dorsal horn (DH): changes in AMPAR subunit composition compromise the balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition, rendering interneurons hyperexcitable to afferent inputs, and promoting Ca2+ influx into the DH neurons, thereby amplifying neuronal hyperexcitability. The DH circuits become over-excitable and carry out aberrant sensory processing; this causes an increase in pain sensation in central sensory pathways, giving rise to chronic pain syndrome. Current knowledge of the contribution of spinal AMPAR to the cellular mechanisms relating to chronic pain provides opportunities for developing target-based therapies for chronic pain intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- Department of Sensory Signalling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Present Address: Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Department of Sensory Signalling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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AKAP150 and its Palmitoylation Contributed to Pain Hypersensitivity Via Facilitating Synaptic Incorporation of GluA1-Containing AMPA Receptor in Spinal Dorsal Horn. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6505-6519. [PMID: 34559357 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The A-kinase anchoring protein 150 (AKAP150) organizes kinases and phosphatases to regulate AMPA receptors (AMPARs) that are pivotal for synaptic plasticity. AKAP150 itself undergoes S-palmitoylation. However, the roles of AKAP150 and its palmitoylation in spinal nociceptive processing remain unknown. In this study, we found that intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) significantly increased the synaptic expression of AKAP150 and caused a reorganization of AKAP150 signaling complex in spinal dorsal horn. Knockdown of AKAP150 or interruption of its interactions with kinases effectively suppressed the CFA-induced synaptic expression of GluA1 subunit of AMPARs. Our data also showed that an upregulation of AKAP150 palmitoylation was involved in the synaptic redistribution of AKAP150. Inhibition of AKAP150 palmitoylation by expression of palmitoylation-defective mutant AKAP150 (C36, 123S) effectively repressed the CFA-induced phosphorylation and synaptic expression of GluA1 subunit, meanwhile, attenuated the development of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Furthermore, we found that an increased expression of palmitoyl acyltransferase ZDHHC2 contributed to the upregulation of AKAP150 palmitoylation and GluA1 accumulation in inflamed mouse. These data indicated that AKAP150 and its palmitoylation were involved in AMPA receptor-dependent modification of nociceptive transmission, and the manipulations of AKAP150 signaling complex and palmitoylation might serve as potential therapeutic strategies for persistent pain after inflammation.
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Guo C, Ma YY. Calcium Permeable-AMPA Receptors and Excitotoxicity in Neurological Disorders. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:711564. [PMID: 34483848 PMCID: PMC8416103 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.711564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is one of the primary mechanisms of cell loss in a variety of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Other than the previously established signaling pathways of excitotoxicity, which depend on the excessive release of glutamate from axon terminals or over-activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs), Ca2+ influx-triggered excitotoxicity through Ca2+-permeable (CP)-AMPA receptors (AMPARs) is detected in multiple disease models. In this review, both acute brain insults (e.g., brain trauma or spinal cord injury, ischemia) and chronic neurological disorders, including Epilepsy/Seizures, Huntington’s disease (HD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic pain, and glaucoma, are discussed regarding the CP-AMPAR-mediated excitotoxicity. Considering the low expression or absence of CP-AMPARs in most cells, specific manipulation of the CP-AMPARs might be a more plausible strategy to delay the onset and progression of pathological alterations with fewer side effects than blocking NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yao-Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Talay RS, Liu Y, Michael M, Li A, Friesner ID, Zeng F, Sun G, Chen ZS, Zhang Q, Wang J. Pharmacological restoration of anti-nociceptive functions in the prefrontal cortex relieves chronic pain. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102001. [PMID: 33545233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain affects one in four adults, and effective non-sedating and non-addictive treatments are urgently needed. Chronic pain causes maladaptive changes in the cerebral cortex, which can lead to impaired endogenous nociceptive processing. However, it is not yet clear if drugs that restore endogenous cortical regulation could provide an effective therapeutic strategy for chronic pain. Here, we studied the nociceptive response of neurons in the prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex (PL-PFC) in freely behaving rats using a spared nerve injury (SNI) model of chronic pain, and the impact of AMPAkines, a class of drugs that increase central glutamate signaling, on such response. We found that neurons in the PL-PFC increase their firing rates in response to noxious stimulations; chronic neuropathic pain, however, suppressed this important cortical pain response. Meanwhile, CX546, a well-known AMPAkine, restored the anti-nociceptive response of PL-PFC neurons in the chronic pain condition. In addition, both systemic administration and direct delivery of CX546 into the PL-PFC inhibited symptoms of chronic pain, whereas optogenetic inactivation of the PFC neurons or administration of AMPA receptor antagonists in the PL-PFC blocked the anti-nociceptive effects of CX546. These results indicate that restoration of the endogenous anti-nociceptive functions in the PL-PFC by pharmacological agents such as AMPAkines constitutes a successful strategy to treat chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Talay
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Matthew Michael
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Anna Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Isabel D Friesner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Fei Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Guanghao Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Zhe Sage Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States; Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Qiaosheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States; Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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8
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Kwak DG, Lee DG. Sequential Activation of AMPA Receptors and Glial Cells in a Pain Model of Lumbar Spine Disc Herniation. Ann Rehabil Med 2020; 44:343-352. [PMID: 32986944 PMCID: PMC7655227 DOI: 10.5535/arm.19202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the glial cell and AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor activity after surgery for disc herniation pain model. Methods In total, 83 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: control (n=16), sham-operated (n=4), rats for pain behavior evaluation (n=3), nucleus pulposus-exposed groups for AMPA receptors (n=30), and glial cell (n=30). The rats were tested for mechanical allodynia; immunohistochemical staining for AMPA receptors (GluA1 and GluA2) and glial cells (OX-42 and glial fibrillary acid protein [GFAP]) in the spinal dorsal horn was performed on postoperative days 3, 7, and 14. Results Mechanical withdrawal thresholds decreased after surgery, and this effect was maintained for up to 14 days. Immunohistochemical expression of GluA1 and GluA2 in the spinal dorsal horn had increased quantitatively on postoperative days 3 and 7 (p<0.05) to levels similar to that of the controls on postoperative day 14. Moreover, immunohistochemical expression of OX-42 and GFAP showed similar changes to AMPA receptors after surgery. Although the activity of AMPA receptors and glial cells achieved normalcy, the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the hind paw remained decreased 38 days after surgery. Conclusion The rat model of lumbar disc herniation showed increased expression of AMPA receptor and glial cell activity in the spinal dorsal horn 3 and 7 days after surgery, which deceased to control levels at 14 days. The AMPA receptors and glial cell activations showed similar patterns after disc herniation surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gyu Kwak
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Currò D, Navarra P, Samengo I, Martire M. P2X7 receptors exert a permissive effect on the activation of presynaptic AMPA receptors in rat trigeminal caudal nucleus glutamatergic nerve terminals. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:83. [PMID: 32615921 PMCID: PMC7330953 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Purine receptors play roles in peripheral and central sensitization and are associated with migraine headache. We investigated the possibility that ATP plays a permissive role in the activation of AMPA receptors thus inducing Glu release from nerve terminals isolated from the rat trigeminal caudal nucleus (TCN). Methods Nerve endings isolated from the rat TCN were loaded with [3H]D-aspartic acid ([3H]D-ASP), layered into thermostated superfusion chambers, and perfused continuously with physiological medium, alone or with various test drugs. Radioactivity was measured to assess [3H]D-ASP release under different experimental conditions. Results Synaptosomal [3H]D-ASP spontaneous release was stimulated by ATP and to an even greater extent by the ATP analogue benzoylbenzoylATP (BzATP). The stimulation of [3H]D-ASP basal release by the purinergic agonists was prevented by the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist A438079. AMPA had no effect on basal [3H]D-ASP release, but the release observed when synaptosomes were exposed to AMPA plus a purinoceptor agonist exceeded that observed with ATP or BzATP alone. The selective AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX blocked this “excess” release. Co-exposure to AMPA and BzATP, each at a concentration with no release-stimulating effects, evoked a significant increase in [3H]D-ASP basal release, which was prevented by exposure to a selective AMPA antagonist. Conclusions P2X7 receptors expressed on glutamatergic nerve terminals in the rat TCN can mediate Glu release directly and indirectly by facilitating the activation of presynaptic AMPA receptors. The high level of glial ATP that occurs during chronic pain states can promote widespread release of Glu as well as can increase the function of AMPA receptors. In this manner, ATP contributes to the AMPA receptor activation involved in the onset and maintenance of the central sensitization associated with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Currò
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Samengo
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Martire
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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Cseh EK, Veres G, Körtési T, Polyák H, Nánási N, Tajti J, Párdutz Á, Klivényi P, Vécsei L, Zádori D. Neurotransmitter and tryptophan metabolite concentration changes in the complete Freund's adjuvant model of orofacial pain. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:35. [PMID: 32316909 PMCID: PMC7175490 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurochemical background of the evolution of headache disorders, still remains partially undiscovered. Accordingly, our aim was to further explore the neurochemical profile of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced orofacial pain, involving finding the shift point regarding small molecule neurotransmitter concentrations changes vs. that of the previously characterized headache-related neuropeptides. The investigated neurotransmitters consisted of glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, noradrenalin and serotonin. Furthermore, in light of its influence on glutamatergic neurotransmission, we measured the level of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and its precursors in the kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) of tryptophan metabolism. METHODS The effect of CFA was evaluated in male Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were injected with CFA (1 mg/ml, 50 μl/animal) into the right whisker pad. We applied high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the concentrations of the above-mentioned compounds from the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) and somatosensory cortex (ssCX) of rats. Furthermore, we measured some of these metabolites from the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma as well. Afterwards, we carried out permutation t-tests as post hoc analysis for pairwise comparison. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that 24 h after CFA treatment, the level of glutamate, KYNA and that of its precursor, KYN was still elevated in the TNC, all diminishing by 48 h. In the ssCX, significant concentration increases of KYNA and serotonin were found. CONCLUSION This is the first study assessing neurotransmitter changes in the TNC and ssCX following CFA treatment, confirming the dominant role of glutamate in early pain processing and a compensatory elevation of KYNA with anti-glutamatergic properties. Furthermore, the current findings draw attention to the limited time interval where medications can target the glutamatergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina K Cseh
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Gábor Veres
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Körtési
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Helga Polyák
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Nánási
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - János Tajti
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.
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11
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Intrathecally administered perampanel alleviates neuropathic and inflammatory pain in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 872:172949. [PMID: 31991141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain conditions such as neuropathic pain and persistent inflammatory pain are difficult to manage. Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors modulate nociceptive processing at the spinal dorsal horn. Previous studies have shown that intrathecal AMPA receptor antagonists exert antinociception in various pain states. Perampanel is a selective, noncompetitive inhibitor of the AMPA receptor and used clinically as an antiepileptic drug. Little is known about antinociceptive action of perampanel in the spinal cord. Here, we explored whether intrathecal perampanel attenuates neuropathic and inflammatory pain. A chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We evaluated the effects of intrathecal perampanel (10, 30, or 100 μg) on mechanical and cold hyperalgesia using the electronic von Frey and cold plate tests, respectively. Normal rats were assessed in terms of inflammatory nociception using the formalin test, and motor function employing the rotarod test. In the CCI rats, spinally applied perampanel inhibited mechanical and cold hyperalgesia dose-dependently. In normal rats, perampanel remarkably suppressed the early- and late-phase responses in the formalin test, and it weakly affected motor performance for a short period at the highest dose. These results suggest that perampanel exerts antinociceptive actions on neuropathic and persistent inflammatory pain in the spinal cord. Perampanel may be safe and beneficial remedy for patients with such pain conditions. In addition, AMPA receptor can be a promising target for treatment of chronic pain.
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12
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Knopp KL, Simmons RMA, Guo W, Adams BL, Gardinier KM, Gernert DL, Ornstein PL, Porter W, Reel J, Ding C, Wang H, Qian Y, Burris KD, Need A, Barth V, Swanson S, Catlow J, Witkin JM, Zwart R, Sher E, Choong KC, Wall TM, Schober D, Felder CC, Kato AS, Bredt DS, Nisenbaum ES. Modulation of TARP γ8–Containing AMPA Receptors as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Chronic Pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:345-363. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.250126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Cao FL, Xu M, Gong K, Wang Y, Wang R, Chen X, Chen J. Imbalance Between Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Caused by Persistent Nociception in Rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:917-931. [PMID: 30742914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence supporting the notion that the primary somatosensory (S1) cortex is an important structure involved in the perceptional component of pain. However, investigations have mainly focused on other pain-related formations, and few reports have been provided to investigate the synaptic plasticity in the S1 cortex in response to persistent pain. In the present study, we report that bee venom (BV) injection triggered an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the S1 cortex in rats. Using a multi-electrode array recording, we found that BV-induced persistent inflammatory pain led to temporal and spatial enhancement of synaptic plasticity. Moreover, slice patch clamp recordings on identified pyramidal neurons demonstrated that BV injection increased presynaptic and postsynaptic transmission in excitatory synapses and decreased postsynaptic transmission in inhibitory synapses in the layer II/III neurons within the S1 cortex. In immunohistochemistry and Western blot sections, the distribution and expression of total AMPA receptor subunits and gamma-amino butyric acid-A (GABAA) were unaffected, although the membrane fractions of GluR2 and GABAA were decreased, and their cytosolic fractions were increased in contrast. The change of GluR1 was opposite to that of GluR2, and GluR3 did not change significantly. Our studies, therefore, provide direct evidence for both presynaptic and postsynaptic changes in synapses within the S1 cortex in persistent nociception, which are probably related to the membrane trafficking of GluR1, GluR2, and GABAA. Perspective: Increased synaptic plasticity was detected in S1 after peripheral nociception, with enhanced excitatory and decreased inhibitory synaptic transmissions. Increased GluR1, and decreased GABAAα1 and GluR2 membrane trafficking were detected. Therefore, the disrupted excitatory/inhibitory balance in transmissions is involved in nociception processing, and S1 can be a potential antinociceptive site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Le Cao
- The Department of Neurology, The 88th Hospital of PLA, Tai'an, PR China; Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Min Xu
- The Department of Nephrology, The 88th Hospital of PLA, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Kerui Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
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14
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Taylor BK, Sinha GP, Donahue RR, Grachen CM, Morón JA, Doolen S. Opioid receptors inhibit the spinal AMPA receptor Ca 2+ permeability that mediates latent pain sensitization. Exp Neurol 2019; 314:58-66. [PMID: 30660616 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute inflammation induces sensitization of nociceptive neurons and triggers the accumulation of calcium permeable (CP) α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This coincides with behavioral signs of acute inflammatory pain, but whether CP-AMPARs contribute to chronic pain remains unclear. To evaluate this question, we first constructed current-voltage (IV) curves of C-fiber stimulus-evoked, AMPAR-mediated EPSCs in lamina II to test for inward rectification, a key characteristic of CP-AMPARs. We found that the intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced an inward rectification at 3 d that persisted to 21 d after injury. Furthermore, the CP- AMPAR antagonist IEM-1460 (50 μM) inhibited AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ transients 21d after injury but had no effect in uninflamed mice. We then used a model of long-lasting vulnerability for chronic pain that is determined by the balance between latent central sensitization (LCS) and mu opioid receptor constitutive activity (MORCA). When administered 21 d after the intraplantar injection of CFA, intrathecal administration of the MORCA inverse agonist naltrexone (NTX, 1 μg, i.t.) reinstated mechanical hypersensitivity, and superfusion of spinal cord slices with NTX (10 μM) increased the peak amplitude of AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ transients in lamina II neurons. The CP-AMPAR antagonist naspm (0-10 nmol, i.t.) inhibited these NTX-induced increases in mechanical hypersensitivity. NTX had no effect in uninflamed mice. Subsequent western blot analysis of the postsynaptic density membrane fraction from lumbar dorsal horn revealed that CFA increased GluA1 expression at 2 d and GluA4 expression at both 2 and 21 d post-injury, indicating that not just the GluA1 subunit, but also the GluA4 subunit, contributes to the expression of CP-AMPARs and synaptic strength during hyperalgesia. GluA2 expression increased at 21 d, an unexpected result that requires further study. We conclude that after tissue injury, dorsal horn AMPARs retain a Ca2+ permeability that underlies LCS. Because of their effectiveness in reducing naltrexone-induced reinstatement of hyperalgesia and potentiation of AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ signals, CP-AMPAR inhibitors are a promising class of agents for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Ghanshyam P Sinha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Renee R Donahue
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Carolyn M Grachen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Jose A Morón
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 600 South Euclid, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Suzanne Doolen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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15
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Hu X, Tian X, Guo X, He Y, Chen H, Zhou J, Wang ZJ. AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators attenuate morphine tolerance and dependence. Neuropharmacology 2018; 137:50-58. [PMID: 29751227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of opioid tolerance and dependence hinders the use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain. In searching for the mechanism and potential intervention for opioid tolerance and dependence, we studied the action of two positive allosteric modulators of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR PAMs). In mice treated with morphine (100 mg/kg, s.c.), acute morphine tolerance and dependence developed in 4-6 h. Treatment with aniracetam, a well-established AMPAR PAM, was able to completely prevent and reverse the development of acute antinociceptive tolerance to morphine. Partial, but significant, effects of aniracetam on acute morphine induced-physical dependence were also observed. Moreover, aniracetam significantly reversed the established morphine tolerance and dependence in a chronic model of morphine tolerance and dependence produced by intermittent morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c. for 5d). In addition, HJC0122, a new AMPAR PAM was found to have similar effects as aniracetam but with a higher potency. These previously undisclosed actions of AMPAR PAMs are intriguing and may shed lights on understanding the APMA signaling pathway in opioid addiction. Moreover, these data suggest that AMPAR PAMs may have utility in preventing and treating morphine tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xuebi Tian
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ying He
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Haijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Zaijie Jim Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Cancer Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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16
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Reinbolt RE, Sonis S, Timmers CD, Fernández-Martínez JL, Cernea A, de Andrés-Galiana EJ, Hashemi S, Miller K, Pilarski R, Lustberg MB. Genomic risk prediction of aromatase inhibitor-related arthralgia in patients with breast cancer using a novel machine-learning algorithm. Cancer Med 2017; 7:240-253. [PMID: 29168353 PMCID: PMC5773952 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many breast cancer (BC) patients treated with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) develop aromatase inhibitor‐related arthralgia (AIA). Candidate gene studies to identify AIA risk are limited in scope. We evaluated the potential of a novel analytic algorithm (NAA) to predict AIA using germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) data obtained before treatment initiation. Systematic chart review of 700 AI‐treated patients with stage I‐III BC identified asymptomatic patients (n = 39) and those with clinically significant AIA resulting in AI termination or therapy switch (n = 123). Germline DNA was obtained and SNP genotyping performed using the Affymetrix UK BioBank Axiom Array to yield 695,277 SNPs. SNP clusters that most closely defined AIA risk were discovered using an NAA that sequentially combined statistical filtering and a machine‐learning algorithm. NCBI PhenGenI and Ensemble databases defined gene attribution of the most discriminating SNPs. Phenotype, pathway, and ontologic analyses assessed functional and mechanistic validity. Demographics were similar in cases and controls. A cluster of 70 SNPs, correlating to 57 genes, was identified. This SNP group predicted AIA occurrence with a maximum accuracy of 75.93%. Strong associations with arthralgia, breast cancer, and estrogen phenotypes were seen in 19/57 genes (33%) and were functionally consistent. Using a NAA, we identified a 70 SNP cluster that predicted AIA risk with fair accuracy. Phenotype, functional, and pathway analysis of attributed genes was consistent with clinical phenotypes. This study is the first to link a specific SNP/gene cluster to AIA risk independent of candidate gene bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel E Reinbolt
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stephen Sonis
- Primary Endpoint Solutions, Watertown, Massachusetts.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cynthia D Timmers
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Ana Cernea
- Primary Endpoint Solutions, Watertown, Massachusetts.,University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Sepehr Hashemi
- Primary Endpoint Solutions, Watertown, Massachusetts.,Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karin Miller
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert Pilarski
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Maryam B Lustberg
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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17
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Protein Kinase C γ Contributes to Central Sensitization in a Rat Model of Chronic Migraine. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:131-141. [PMID: 28842814 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C γ (PKCγ) is a critical regulator of central sensitization and is widely recognized to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic migraine (CM). However, the function of PKCγ in CM remains unknown. This study investigated the role of PKCγ on pathogenesis of CM. We repeated infusions of inflammatory soup (IS) on the intact dura of conscious rats to model recurrent trigeminovascular or dural nociceptor activation assumed to occur in patients with CM. The von Frey test was then used to detect changes in pain threshold. QT-PCR, western blotting, and double immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect the expression and location of PKCγ in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) and the expressions of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), c-Fos, and phosphorylation level of GluR1 subunit at serine 831. Chelerythrine chloride (CHE) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were administrated to investigate the role of PKCγ in central sensitization. We found that repeated infusions of IS induced mechanical allodynia. PKCγ was significantly increased in TNC after CM. Furthermore, inhibition of PKCγ by CHE relieved allodynia and reduced the expression of CGRP and c-Fos. Activation of PKCγ by PMA aggravated allodynia and increased the expression of CGRP and c-Fos. In addition, inhibition of PKCγ reduced the phosphorylation level of GluR1; in contrast, activation of PKCγ increased the phosphorylation level of GluR1. These results suggest PKCγ-induced GluR1 phosphorylation might participate in central sensitization in a rat model of CM. We suggest that PKCγ is a potential therapeutic target for CM.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AMPAkines augment the function of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in the brain to increase excitatory outputs. These drugs are known to relieve persistent pain. However, their role in acute pain is unknown. Furthermore, a specific molecular and anatomic target for these novel analgesics remains elusive. METHODS The authors studied the analgesic role of an AMPAkine, CX546, in a rat paw incision (PI) model of acute postoperative pain. The authors measured the effect of AMPAkines on sensory and depressive symptoms of pain using mechanical hypersensitivity and forced swim tests. The authors asked whether AMPA receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key node in the brain's reward and pain circuitry, can be a target for AMPAkine analgesia. RESULTS Systemic administration of CX546 (n = 13), compared with control (n = 13), reduced mechanical hypersensitivity (50% withdrawal threshold of 6.05 ± 1.30 g [mean ± SEM] vs. 0.62 ± 0.13 g), and it reduced depressive features of pain by decreasing immobility on the forced swim test in PI-treated rats (89.0 ± 15.5 vs. 156.7 ± 18.5 s). Meanwhile, CX546 delivered locally into the NAc provided pain-relieving effects in both PI (50% withdrawal threshold of 6.81 ± 1.91 vs. 0.50 ± 0.03 g; control, n = 6; CX546, n = 8) and persistent postoperative pain (spared nerve injury) models (50% withdrawal threshold of 3.85 ± 1.23 vs. 0.45 ± 0.00 g; control, n = 7; CX546, n = 11). Blocking AMPA receptors in the NAc with 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione inhibited these pain-relieving effects (50% withdrawal threshold of 7.18 ± 1.52 vs. 1.59 ± 0.66 g; n = 8 for PI groups; 10.70 ± 3.45 vs. 1.39 ± 0.88 g; n = 4 for spared nerve injury groups). CONCLUSIONS AMPAkines relieve postoperative pain by acting through AMPA receptors in the NAc.
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19
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Wigerblad G, Huie JR, Yin HZ, Leinders M, Pritchard RA, Koehrn FJ, Xiao WH, Bennett GJ, Huganir RL, Ferguson AR, Weiss JH, Svensson CI, Sorkin LS. Inflammation-induced GluA1 trafficking and membrane insertion of Ca 2+ permeable AMPA receptors in dorsal horn neurons is dependent on spinal tumor necrosis factor, PI3 kinase and protein kinase A. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:144-158. [PMID: 28412220 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation induces sensitization of nociceptive spinal cord neurons. Both spinal tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and neuronal membrane insertion of Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptor (AMPAr) contribute to spinal sensitization and resultant pain behavior, molecular mechanisms connecting these two events have not been studied in detail. Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of TNF-blockers attenuated paw carrageenan-induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Levels of GluA1 and GluA4 from dorsal spinal membrane fractions increased in carrageenan-injected rats compared to controls. In the same tissue, GluA2 levels were not altered. Inflammation-induced increases in membrane GluA1 were prevented by i.t. pre-treatment with antagonists to TNF, PI3K, PKA and NMDA. Interestingly, administration of TNF or PI3K inhibitors followed by carrageenan caused a marked reduction in plasma membrane GluA2 levels, despite the fact that membrane GluA2 levels were stable following inhibitor administration in the absence of carrageenan. TNF pre-incubation induced increased numbers of Co2+ labeled dorsal horn neurons, indicating more neurons with Ca2+ permeable AMPAr. In parallel to Western blot results, this increase was blocked by antagonism of PI3K and PKA. In addition, spinal slices from GluA1 transgenic mice, which had a single alanine replacement at GluA1 ser 845 or ser 831 that prevented phosphorylation, were resistant to TNF-induced increases in Co2+ labeling. However, behavioral responses following intraplantar carrageenan and formalin in the mutant mice were no different from littermate controls, suggesting a more complex regulation of nociception. Co-localization of GluA1, GluA2 and GluA4 with synaptophysin on identified spinoparabrachial neurons and their relative ratios were used to assess inflammation-induced trafficking of AMPAr to synapses. Inflammation induced an increase in synaptic GluA1, but not GluA2. Although total GluA4 also increased with inflammation, co-localization of GluA4 with synaptophysin, fell short of significance. Taken together these data suggest that peripheral inflammation induces a PI3K and PKA dependent TNFR1 activated pathway that culminates with trafficking of calcium permeable AMPAr into synapses of nociceptive dorsal horn projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wigerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J R Huie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H Z Yin
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M Leinders
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R A Pritchard
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F J Koehrn
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W-H Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - G J Bennett
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A R Ferguson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J H Weiss
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - C I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L S Sorkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Chen A, Chen Y, Tang Y, Bao C, Cui Z, Xiao M, Lin C. Hippocampal AMPARs involve the central sensitization of rats with irritable bowel syndrome. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00650. [PMID: 28293483 PMCID: PMC5346530 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The roles of hippocampal AMPARs were investigated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like rats to clarify the central sensitization mechanisms. METHODS IBS model was induced by neonatal maternal separation. The effects of AMPARs on visceral hypersensitivity were examined by the responses of abdominal muscle to colorectal distension after the bilateral intrahippocampal injections of CNQX (an AMPAR inhibitor). The expressions of hippocampal AMPARs (GluR1 and GluR2) were determined by Western blot. RESULTS The IBS-like rats showed visceral hypersensitivity when compared with controls. Bilateral intrahippocampal injections of CNQX alleviated the visceral pain in IBS-like rats. The maximal effect appeared at the time point of 30 min, and the duration lasted for 90 min after CNQX application, under 40 and 60 mmHg CRD. The expressions of hippocampal GluR2 significantly increased in IBS-like rats when compared with controls (p < .05). However, the levels of hippocampal GluR1 had no significant differences in rats. Hippocampal LTP induced by HFS was significantly enhanced when compared with controls (p < .05). The expressions of GluR2 significantly increased in the control and IBS-like rats after 60 min LTP of recordings (p < .05), but not GluR1. CONCLUSION Neonatal maternal separation enhances the expression of GluR2 and facilitates the LTP in the hippocampus, which could lead to the formation of visceral hypersensitivity when grown up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neuroglia and DiseasesLaboratory of Pain ResearchDepartment of Physiology and PathophysiologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Yu Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neuroglia and DiseasesLaboratory of Pain ResearchDepartment of Physiology and PathophysiologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Ying Tang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neuroglia and DiseasesLaboratory of Pain ResearchDepartment of Physiology and PathophysiologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Chengjia Bao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neuroglia and DiseasesLaboratory of Pain ResearchDepartment of Physiology and PathophysiologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Zizhi Cui
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neuroglia and DiseasesLaboratory of Pain ResearchDepartment of Physiology and PathophysiologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Meng Xiao
- 2013 Seven‐year Clinical MedicineFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Chun Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neuroglia and DiseasesLaboratory of Pain ResearchDepartment of Physiology and PathophysiologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
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21
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Zeng L, Alongkronrusmee D, van Rijn RM. An integrated perspective on diabetic, alcoholic, and drug-induced neuropathy, etiology, and treatment in the US. J Pain Res 2017; 10:219-228. [PMID: 28176937 PMCID: PMC5268333 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s125987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NeuP) is a syndrome that results from damaged nerves and/or aberrant regeneration. Common etiologies of neuropathy include chronic illnesses and medication use. Chronic disorders, such as diabetes and alcoholism, can cause neuronal injury and consequently NeuP. Certain medications with antineoplastic effects also carry an exquisitely high risk for neuropathy. These culprits are a few of many that are fueling the NeuP epidemic, which currently affects 7%-10% of the population. It has been estimated that approximately 10% and 7% of US adults carry a diagnosis of diabetes and alcohol disorder, respectively. Despite its pervasiveness, many physicians are unfamiliar with adequate treatment of NeuP, partly due to the few reviews that are available that have integrated basic science and clinical practice. In light of the recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines that advise against the routine use of μ-opioid receptor-selective opioids for chronic pain management, such a review is timely. Here, we provide a succinct overview of the etiology and treatment options of diabetic and alcohol- and drug-induced neuropathy, three different and prevalent neuropathies fusing the combined clinical and preclinical pharmacological expertise in NeuP of the authors. We discuss the anatomy of pain and pain transmission, with special attention to key ion channels, receptors, and neurotransmitters. An understanding of pain neurophysiology will lead to a better understanding of the rationale for the effectiveness of current treatment options, and may lead to better diagnostic tools to help distinguish types of neuropathy. We close with a discussion of ongoing research efforts to develop additional treatments for NeuP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Doungkamol Alongkronrusmee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Wang Z, Yuan Y, Xie K, Tang X, Zhang L, Ao J, Li N, Zhang Y, Guo S, Wang G. PICK1 Regulates the Expression and Trafficking of AMPA Receptors in Remifentanil-Induced Hyperalgesia. Anesth Analg 2016; 123:771-81. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kopach O, Krotov V, Goncharenko J, Voitenko N. Inhibition of Spinal Ca(2+)-Permeable AMPA Receptors with Dicationic Compounds Alleviates Persistent Inflammatory Pain without Adverse Effects. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:50. [PMID: 26973464 PMCID: PMC4770326 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) in the dorsal horn (DH) neurons of the spinal cord has been causally linked to the maintenance of persistent inflammatory pain. Therefore, inhibition of CP-AMPARs could potentially alleviate an, otherwise, poorly treatable chronic pain. However, a loss of CP-AMPARs could produce considerable side effects because of the crucial role of CP-AMPARs in synaptic plasticity. Here we have tested whether the inhibition of spinal CP-AMPARs with dicationic compounds, the open-channel antagonists acting in an activity-dependent manner, can relieve inflammatory pain without adverse effects being developed. Dicationic compounds, N1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pentane-1,5-diaminium bromide (IEM-1925) and 1-trimethylammonio-5-1-adamantane-methyl-ammoniopentane dibromide (IEM-1460) were applied intrathecally (i.t.) as a post-treatment for inflammatory pain in the model of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced long-lasting peripheral inflammation. The capability of dicationic compounds to ameliorate inflammatory pain was tested in rats in vivo using the Hargreaves, the von Frey and the open-field tests. Treatment with IEM-1460 or IEM-1925 resulted in profound alleviation of inflammatory pain. The pain relief appeared shortly after compound administration. The effects were concentration-dependent, displaying a high potency of dicationic compounds for alleviation of inflammatory hyperalgesia in the micromolar range, for both acute and long-lasting responses. The period of pain maintenance was shortened following treatment. Treatment with IEM-1460 or IEM-1925 changed neither thermal and mechanical basal sensitivities nor animal locomotion, suggesting that inhibition of CP-AMPARs with dicationic compounds does not give rise to detectable side effects. Thus, the ability of dicationic compounds to alleviate persistent inflammatory pain may provide new routes in the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- Laboratory of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKyiv, Ukraine; Laboratory of Synaptic Imaging, Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Volodymyr Krotov
- Laboratory of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Julia Goncharenko
- Laboratory of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Laboratory of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKyiv, Ukraine; International Center for Molecular Physiology, Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKyiv, Ukraine
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Murai N, Sekizawa T, Gotoh T, Watabiki T, Takahashi M, Kakimoto S, Takahashi Y, Iino M, Nagakura Y. Spontaneous and evoked pain-associated behaviors in a rat model of neuropathic pain respond differently to drugs with different mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 141:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Omoto H, Matsumura S, Kitano M, Miyazaki S, Minami T, Ito S. Comparison of mechanisms of allodynia induced by acromelic acid A between early and late phases. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 760:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Neuroplasticity underlying the comorbidity of pain and depression. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:504691. [PMID: 25810926 PMCID: PMC4355564 DOI: 10.1155/2015/504691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pain induces depressed mood, and chronic pain is known to cause depression. Depression, meanwhile, can also adversely affect pain behaviors ranging from symptomology to treatment response. Pain and depression independently induce long-term plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Comorbid conditions, however, have distinct patterns of neural activation. We performed a review of the changes in neural circuitry and molecular signaling pathways that may underlie this complex relationship between pain and depression. We also discussed some of the current and future therapies that are based on this understanding of the CNS plasticity that occurs with pain and depression.
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GluA1 phosphorylation contributes to postsynaptic amplification of neuropathic pain in the insular cortex. J Neurosci 2015; 34:13505-15. [PMID: 25274827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1431-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation of glutamatergic transmission has been observed after physiological learning or pathological injuries in different brain regions, including the spinal cord, hippocampus, amygdala, and cortices. The insular cortex is a key cortical region that plays important roles in aversive learning and neuropathic pain. However, little is known about whether excitatory transmission in the insular cortex undergoes plastic changes after peripheral nerve injury. Here, we found that peripheral nerve ligation triggered the enhancement of AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission in the insular cortex. The synaptic GluA1 subunit of AMPAR, but not the GluA2/3 subunit, was increased after nerve ligation. Genetic knock-in mice lacking phosphorylation of the Ser845 site, but not that of the Ser831 site, blocked the enhancement of the synaptic GluA1 subunit, indicating that GluA1 phosphorylation at the Ser845 site by protein kinase A (PKA) was critical for this upregulation after nerve injury. Furthermore, A-kinase anchoring protein 79/150 (AKAP79/150) and PKA were translocated to the synapses after nerve injury. Genetic deletion of adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1) prevented the translocation of AKAP79/150 and PKA, as well as the upregulation of synaptic GluA1-containing AMPARs. Pharmacological inhibition of calcium-permeable AMPAR function in the insular cortex reduced behavioral sensitization caused by nerve injury. Our results suggest that the expression of AMPARs is enhanced in the insular cortex after nerve injury by a pathway involving AC1, AKAP79/150, and PKA, and such enhancement may at least in part contribute to behavioral sensitization together with other cortical regions, such as the anterior cingulate and the prefrontal cortices.
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Loss of ICA69 Potentiates Long-Lasting Hyperalgesia After Subcutaneous Formalin Injection into the Mouse Hindpaw. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:579-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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AMPAkines have novel analgesic properties in rat models of persistent neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:1080-90. [PMID: 25338127 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel analgesics that do not suppress the respiratory drive are urgently needed. Glutamate signaling through α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors plays important roles in central pain circuits. AMPAkines augment AMPA receptor function and have been shown to stimulate the respiratory drive to oppose opioid-induced hypoventilation. However, their role in chronic pain states remains unknown. METHODS The authors studied AMPAkines (CX546 and CX516) in rat spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain and Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory pain. They measured the effect of AMPAkines on mechanical and cold allodynia. They also evaluated their effect on depressive symptoms of pain using the forced swim test, as time of immobility on this test has been used as a measure for behavioral despair, a feature of depression. RESULTS The authors found that CX546, compared with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control, reduced both mechanical and sensory allodynia in SNI (DMSO group, n = 9; CX546 group, n = 11) and CFA models (both DMSO and CX546 groups, n = 9). They found that CX546, compared with control, also reduced depressive symptoms of pain by decreasing immobility on the forced swim test in both SNI (both DMSO and CX546 groups, n = 8) and CFA models (both DMSO and CX546 groups, n = 10). Finally, they found that CX516, compared with control, also reduced mechanical and cold allodynia in the SNI model (both DMSO and CX516 groups, n = 10). CONCLUSIONS AMPAkines alleviate pain hypersensitivity as well as depression-like behavior associated with long-lasting nerve injury and inflammatory insult.
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Leinders M, Koehrn FJ, Bartok B, Boyle DL, Shubayev V, Kalcheva I, Yu NK, Park J, Kaang BK, Hefferan MP, Firestein GS, Sorkin LS. Differential distribution of PI3K isoforms in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia: potential roles in acute inflammatory pain. Pain 2014; 155:1150-1160. [PMID: 24631588 PMCID: PMC4128246 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PI3-kinases (PI3Ks) participate in nociception within spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and peripheral nerves. To extend our knowledge, we immunohistochemically stained for each of the 4 class I PI3K isoforms along with several cell-specific markers within the lumbar spinal cord, DRG, and sciatic nerve of naive rats. Intrathecal and intraplantar isoform specific antagonists were given as pretreatments before intraplantar carrageenan; pain behavior was then assessed over time. The α-isoform was localized to central terminals of primary afferent fibers in spinal cord laminae IIi to IV as well as to neurons in ventral horn and DRG. The PI3Kβ isoform was the only class I isoform seen in dorsal horn neurons; it was also observed in DRG, Schwann cells, and axonal paranodes. The δ-isoform was found in spinal cord white matter oligodendrocytes and radial astrocytes, and the γ-isoform was seen in a subpopulation of IB4-positive DRG neurons. No isoform co-localized with microglial markers or satellite cells in naive tissue. Only the PI3Kβ antagonist, but none of the other antagonists, had anti-allodynic effects when administered intrathecally; coincident with reduced pain behavior, this agent completely blocked paw carrageenan-induced dorsal horn 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (AMPA) receptor trafficking to plasma membranes. Intraplantar administration of the γ-antagonist prominently reduced pain behavior. These data suggest that each isoform displays specificity with regard to neuronal type as well as to specific tissues. Furthermore, each PI3K isoform has a unique role in development of nociception and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Leinders
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fred J. Koehrn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Beatrix Bartok
- Deprtment of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - David L. Boyle
- Deprtment of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Veronica Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- San Diego VA Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA
| | - Iveta Kalcheva
- Deprtment of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nam-Kyung Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | | | - Gary S. Firestein
- Deprtment of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Linda S. Sorkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Fan L, Guan X, Wang W, Zhao JY, Zhang H, Tiwari V, Hoffman PN, Li M, Tao YX. Impaired neuropathic pain and preserved acute pain in rats overexpressing voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv1.2 in primary afferent neurons. Mol Pain 2014; 10:8. [PMID: 24472174 PMCID: PMC3909300 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are critical in controlling neuronal excitability and are involved in the induction of neuropathic pain. Therefore, Kv channels might be potential targets for prevention and/or treatment of this disorder. We reported here that a majority of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were positive for Kv channel alpha subunit Kv1.2. Most of them were large and medium, although there was a variety of sizes. Peripheral nerve injury caused by lumbar (L)5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) produced a time-dependent reduction in the number of Kv1.2-positive neurons in the ipsilateral L5 DRG, but not in the contralateral L5 DRG. Such reduction was also observed in the ipsilateral L5 DRG on day 7 after sciatic nerve axotomy. Rescuing nerve injury-induced reduction of Kv1.2 in the injured L5 DRG attenuated the development and maintenance of SNL-induced pain hypersensitivity without affecting acute pain and locomotor function. This effect might be attributed to the prevention of SNL-induced upregulation of endogenous Kv1.2 antisense RNA, in addition to the increase in Kv1.2 protein expression, in the injured DRG. Our findings suggest that Kv1.2 may be a novel potential target for preventing and/or treating neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Liu Y, Yang X, Suo Z, Xu Y, Hu X. Fyn kinase-regulated NMDA receptor- and AMPA receptor-dependent pain sensitization in spinal dorsal horn of mice. Eur J Pain 2014; 18:1120-8. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.N. Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Gansu China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Gansu China
| | - X. Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Gansu China
| | - Z.W. Suo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Gansu China
| | - Y.M. Xu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Gansu China
| | - X.D. Hu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Gansu China
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Banerjee B, Medda BK, Pochiraju S, Kannampalli P, Lang IM, Sengupta JN, Shaker R. AMPA receptor subunits expression and phosphorylation in cingulate cortex in rats following esophageal acid exposure. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:973-e776. [PMID: 24118589 PMCID: PMC4097166 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported an increase in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit expression and CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of NR2B in the rostral cingulate cortical (rCC) neurons following esophageal acid exposure in rats. As α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors mediate the fast excitatory transmission and play a critical role in synaptic plasticity, in this study, we investigated the effect of esophageal acid exposure in rats on the expression of AMPA receptor subunits and the involvement of these molecular alterations in acid-induced sensitization of neurons in the anterior cingulate (ACC) and midcingulate (MCC) cortices. METHODS In molecular study, we examined GluA1 and GluA2 expression and phosphorylation in membrane preparations and in the isolated postsynaptic densities (PSDs) from rats receiving acute esophageal exposure of either saline (control group) or 0.1 N HCl (experimental group). In electrophysiological study, the effect of selective AMPA receptor (Ca(2+) permeable) antagonist IEM-1460 and CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 was tested on responses of cortical neurons during acid infusion to address the underlying molecular mechanism of acid-induced sensitization. KEY RESULTS The acid exposure significantly increased expression of GluA1, pGluA1Ser(831) , and phosphorylated CaMKIIThr(286) , in the cortical membrane preparations. In isolated PSDs, a significant increase in pGluA1Ser(831) was observed in acid-treated rats compared with controls. Microinjection of IEM-1460 or KN-93 near the recording site significantly attenuated acid-induced sensitization of cortical neurons. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The underlying mechanism of acid-induced cortical sensitization involves upregulation and CaMKII-mediated phosphorylation of GluA1. These molecular changes of AMPA receptors subunit GluA1 in the cortical neurons might play an important role in acid-induced esophageal hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - B. K. Medda
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - S. Pochiraju
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - P. Kannampalli
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - I. M. Lang
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - J. N. Sengupta
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - R. Shaker
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
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Larsson M, Agalave N, Watanabe M, Svensson C. Distribution of transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein (TARP) isoforms in the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 2013; 248:180-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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LEE YOUNGSEOK, LEE JUNHYUK, LEE INSEON, CHOI BYUNGTAE. Effects of electroacupuncture on spinal α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor in rats injected with complete Freund’s adjuvant. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1130-4. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kopach O, Viatchenko-Karpinski V, Atianjoh FE, Belan P, Tao YX, Voitenko N. PKCα is required for inflammation-induced trafficking of extrasynaptic AMPA receptors in tonically firing lamina II dorsal horn neurons during the maintenance of persistent inflammatory pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2013; 14:182-92. [PMID: 23374940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Persistent inflammation promotes internalization of synaptic GluR2-containing, Ca(2+)-impermeable AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and insertion of GluR1-containing, Ca(2+)-permeable AMPARs at extrasynaptic sites in dorsal horn neurons. Previously we have shown that internalization of synaptic GluR2-containing AMPARs requires activation of spinal cord protein kinase C alpha (PKCα), but molecular mechanisms that underlie altered trafficking of extrasynaptic AMPARs are unclear. Here, using antisense (AS) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) that specifically knock down PKCα, we found that a decrease in dorsal horn PKCα expression prevents complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced increase in functional expression of extrasynaptic Ca(2+)-permeable AMPARs in substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons of the rat spinal cord. Augmented AMPA-induced currents and associated [Ca(2+)](i) transients were abolished, and the current rectification 1 day post-CFA was reversed. These changes were observed specifically in SG neurons characterized by intrinsic tonic firing properties, but not in those that exhibited strong adaptation. Finally, dorsal horn PKCα knockdown produced an antinociceptive effect on CFA-induced thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity during the maintenance period of inflammatory pain, indicating a role for PKCα in persistent inflammatory pain maintenance. Our results indicate that inflammation-induced trafficking of extrasynaptic Ca(2+)-permeable AMPARs in tonically firing SG neurons depends on PKCα, and that this PKCα-dependent trafficking may contribute to persistent inflammatory pain maintenance. PERSPECTIVE This study shows that PKCα knockdown blocks inflammation-induced upregulation of extrasynaptic Ca(2+)-permeable AMPARs in dorsal horn neurons and produces an antinociceptive effect during the maintenance period of inflammatory pain. These findings have potential implications for use of PKCα gene-silencing therapy to prevent and/or treat persistent inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine
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Rahn EJ, Guzman-Karlsson MC, David Sweatt J. Cellular, molecular, and epigenetic mechanisms in non-associative conditioning: implications for pain and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 105:133-50. [PMID: 23796633 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sensitization is a form of non-associative conditioning in which amplification of behavioral responses can occur following presentation of an aversive or noxious stimulus. Understanding the cellular and molecular underpinnings of sensitization has been an overarching theme spanning the field of learning and memory as well as that of pain research. In this review we examine how sensitization, both in the context of learning as well as pain processing, shares evolutionarily conserved behavioral, cellular/synaptic, and epigenetic mechanisms across phyla. First, we characterize the behavioral phenomenon of sensitization both in invertebrates and vertebrates. Particular emphasis is placed on long-term sensitization (LTS) of withdrawal reflexes in Aplysia following aversive stimulation or injury, although additional invertebrate models are also covered. In the context of vertebrates, sensitization of mammalian hyperarousal in a model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as mammalian models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain is characterized. Second, we investigate the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying these behaviors. We focus our discussion on serotonin-mediated long-term facilitation (LTF) and axotomy-mediated long-term hyperexcitability (LTH) in reduced Aplysia systems, as well as mammalian spinal plasticity mechanisms of central sensitization. Third, we explore recent evidence implicating epigenetic mechanisms in learning- and pain-related sensitization. This review illustrates the fundamental and functional overlay of the learning and memory field with the pain field which argues for homologous persistent plasticity mechanisms in response to sensitizing stimuli or injury across phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Rahn
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Deumens R, Steyaert A, Forget P, Schubert M, Lavand’homme P, Hermans E, De Kock M. Prevention of chronic postoperative pain: Cellular, molecular, and clinical insights for mechanism-based treatment approaches. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 104:1-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Liang L, Fan L, Tao B, Yaster M, Tao YX. Protein kinase B/Akt is required for complete Freund's adjuvant-induced upregulation of Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 in primary sensory neurons. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2013; 14:638-47. [PMID: 23642408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.01.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) are essential for the generation and conduction of action potentials. Peripheral inflammation increases the expression of Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, suggesting that they participate in the induction and maintenance of chronic inflammatory pain. However, how Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 are regulated in the DRG under inflammatory pain conditions remains unclear. Using a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic inflammatory pain model and Western blot analysis, we found that phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) was significantly increased in the ipsilateral L4/5 DRGs of rats on days 3 and 7 after intraplantar CFA injection. Immunohistochemistry showed that the percentage of p-Akt-positive neurons in the DRG was also significantly increased in the ipsilateral L4/5 DRGs at these time points. Moreover, CFA injection increased the colocalization of p-Akt with Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 in L4/5 DRG neurons. Pretreatment of rats with an intrathecal injection of Akt inhibitor IV blocked CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia and CFA-induced increases in Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 in the L4/5 DRGs on day 7 after CFA injection. Our findings suggest that the Akt pathway participates in inflammation-induced upregulation of Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 expression in DRG neurons. This participation might contribute to the maintenance of chronic inflammatory pain. PERSPECTIVE This article presents that inhibition of Akt blocks CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia and CFA-induced increases in dorsal root ganglion Nav1.7 and Nav1.8. These findings have potential implications for use of Akt inhibitors to prevent and/or treat persistent inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Kopach O, Voitenko N. Extrasynaptic AMPA receptors in the dorsal horn: Evidence and functional significance. Brain Res Bull 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Altered phosphorylation of GluA1 in the striatum is associated with locomotor sensitization induced by exposure to increasing doses of morphine. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 702:294-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Roman K, Yang M, Stephens RL. Characterization of the Visceral Antinociceptive Effect of Glial Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 Upregulation by Ceftriaxone. ISRN PAIN 2012; 2013:726891. [PMID: 27335870 PMCID: PMC4893408 DOI: 10.1155/2013/726891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) upregulation attenuates visceral nociception. The present work further characterized the effect of ceftriaxone- (CTX-) mediated GLT-1 upregulation on visceral hyperalgesia. Intrathecal pretreatment with dihydrokainate, a selective GLT-1 antagonist, produced a reversal of the antinociceptive response to bladder distension produced by CTX. The hyperalgesic response to urinary bladder distension caused by intravesicular acrolein was also attenuated by CTX treatment as was the enhanced time spent licking of abdominal area due to intravesicular acrolein. Bladder inflammation via cyclophosphamide injections enhanced the nociceptive to bladder distension; cohorts administered CTX and concomitant cyclophosphamide showed reduced hyperalgesic response. Cyclophosphamide-induced bladder hyperalgesia correlated with a significant 22% increase in GluR1 AMPA receptor subunit expression in the membrane fraction of the lumbosacral spinal cord, which was attenuated by CTX coadministration. Finally, neonatal colon insult-induced hyperalgesia caused by intracolonic mustard oil (2%) administration at P9 and P11 was attenuated by CTX. These studies suggest that GLT-1 upregulation (1) attenuates the hyperalgesia caused by bladder irritation/inflammation or by neonatal colonic insult, (2) acts at a spinal site, and (3) may produce antinociceptive effects by attenuating GluR1 membrane trafficking. These findings support further consideration of this FDA-approved drug to treat chronic pelvic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Roman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - M. Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Robert L. Stephens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
Activity-dependent postsynaptic receptor trafficking is critical for long-term synaptic plasticity in the brain, but it is unclear whether this mechanism actually mediates the spinal cord dorsal horn central sensitization (a specific form of synaptic plasticity) that is associated with persistent pain. Recent studies have shown that peripheral inflammation drives changes in α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subunit trafficking in the dorsal horn and that such changes contribute to the hypersensitivity that underlies persistent pain. Here, we review current evidence to illustrate how spinal cord AMPARs participate in the dorsal horn central sensitization associated with persistent pain. Understanding these mechanisms may allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Peng HY, Chen GD, Hsieh MC, Lai CY, Huang YP, Lin TB. Spinal SGK1/GRASP-1/Rab4 is involved in complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain via regulating dorsal horn GluR1-containing AMPA receptor trafficking in rats. Pain 2012; 153:2380-2392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kopach O, Viatchenko-Karpinski V, Belan P, Voitenko N. Development of inflammation-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia is associated with the upregulation of extrasynaptic AMPA receptors in tonically firing lamina II dorsal horn neurons. Front Physiol 2012; 3:391. [PMID: 23060815 PMCID: PMC3462428 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent peripheral inflammation changes AMPA receptor (AMPAR) trafficking in dorsal horn neurons by promoting internalization of GluR2-containing, Ca2+-impermeable AMPARs from the synapses and by increasing insertion of GluR1-containing, Ca2+-permeable AMPARs in extrasynaptic plasma membrane. These changes contribute to the maintenance of persistent inflammatory pain. However, much less is known about AMPAR trafficking during development of persistent inflammatory pain and direct studies of extrasynaptic AMPARs functioning during this period are still lacking. Using Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced model of long-lasting peripheral inflammation, we showed that remarkable hyperalgesia and allodynia developes in 1–3 h after intraplantar CFA injection. By utilizing patch-clamp recording combined with Ca2+ imaging, we found a significant upregulation of extrasynaptic AMPARs in substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons of the rat spinal cord 2–3 h after CFA injection. This upregulation was manifested as a robust increase in the amplitude of AMPAR-mediated currents 2–3 h post-CFA. These changes were observed specifically in SG neurons characterized by intrinsic tonic firing properties, but not in those that exhibited strong adaptation. Our results indicate that CFA-induced inflammation increases functional expression of extrasynaptic AMPARs in tonically firing SG neurons during development of pain hypersensitivity and that this increase may contribute to the development of peripheral persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology Kiev, Ukraine
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Zhou HY, Chen SR, Byun HS, Chen H, Li L, Han HD, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK, Pan HL. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor- and calpain-mediated proteolytic cleavage of K+-Cl- cotransporter-2 impairs spinal chloride homeostasis in neuropathic pain. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33853-64. [PMID: 22854961 PMCID: PMC3460480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.395830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of synaptic inhibition by γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine due to potassium chloride cotransporter-2 (KCC2) down-regulation in the spinal cord is a critical mechanism of synaptic plasticity in neuropathic pain. Here we present novel evidence that peripheral nerve injury diminishes glycine-mediated inhibition and induces a depolarizing shift in the reversal potential of glycine-mediated currents (E(glycine)) in spinal dorsal horn neurons. Blocking glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors normalizes synaptic inhibition, E(glycine), and KCC2 by nerve injury. Strikingly, nerve injury increases calcium-dependent calpain activity in the spinal cord that in turn causes KCC2 cleavage at the C terminus. Inhibiting calpain blocks KCC2 cleavage induced by nerve injury and NMDA, thereby normalizing E(glycine). Furthermore, calpain inhibition or silencing of μ-calpain at the spinal level reduces neuropathic pain. Thus, nerve injury promotes proteolytic cleavage of KCC2 through NMDA receptor-calpain activation, resulting in disruption of chloride homeostasis and diminished synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord. Targeting calpain may represent a new strategy for restoring KCC2 levels and tonic synaptic inhibition and for treating chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zhou
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - Hee-Sun Byun
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - Hong Chen
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - Li Li
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - Hee-Dong Han
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, and
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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Doolen S, Blake CB, Smith BN, Taylor BK. Peripheral nerve injury increases glutamate-evoked calcium mobilization in adult spinal cord neurons. Mol Pain 2012; 8:56. [PMID: 22839304 PMCID: PMC3490774 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central sensitization in the spinal cord requires glutamate receptor activation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. We used Fura-2 AM bulk loading of mouse slices together with wide-field Ca2+ imaging to measure glutamate-evoked increases in extracellular Ca2+ to test the hypotheses that: 1. Exogenous application of glutamate causes Ca2+ mobilization in a preponderance of dorsal horn neurons within spinal cord slices taken from adult mice; 2. Glutamate-evoked Ca2+ mobilization is associated with spontaneous and/or evoked action potentials; 3. Glutamate acts at glutamate receptor subtypes to evoked Ca2+ transients; and 4. The magnitude of glutamate-evoked Ca2+ responses increases in the setting of peripheral neuropathic pain. RESULTS Bath-applied glutamate robustly increased [Ca2+]i in 14.4 ± 2.6 cells per dorsal horn within a 440 x 330 um field-of-view, with an average time-to-peak of 27 s and decay of 112 s. Repeated application produced sequential responses of similar magnitude, indicating the absence of sensitization, desensitization or tachyphylaxis. Ca2+ transients were glutamate concentration-dependent with a Kd = 0.64 mM. Ca2+ responses predominantly occurred on neurons since: 1) Over 95% of glutamate-responsive cells did not label with the astrocyte marker, SR-101; 2) 62% of fura-2 AM loaded cells exhibited spontaneous action potentials; 3) 75% of cells that responded to locally-applied glutamate with a rise in [Ca2+]i also showed a significant increase in AP frequency upon a subsequent glutamate exposure; 4) In experiments using simultaneous on-cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging, glutamate elicited a Ca2+ response and an increase in AP frequency. AMPA/kainate (CNQX)- and AMPA (GYKI 52466)-selective receptor antagonists significantly attenuated glutamate-evoked increases in [Ca2+]i, while NMDA (AP-5), kainate (UBP-301) and class I mGluRs (AIDA) did not. Compared to sham controls, peripheral nerve injury significantly decreased mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and increased glutamate-evoked Ca2+ signals. CONCLUSIONS Bulk-loading fura-2 AM into spinal cord slices is a successful means for determining glutamate-evoked Ca2+ mobilization in naïve adult dorsal horn neurons. AMPA receptors mediate the majority of these responses. Peripheral neuropathic injury potentiates Ca2+ signaling in dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Doolen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Effect of inhibition of spinal cord glutamate transporters on inflammatory pain induced by formalin and complete Freund's adjuvant. Anesthesiology 2011; 114:412-23. [PMID: 21245732 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e318205df50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord glutamate transporters clear synaptically released glutamate and maintain normal sensory transmission. However, their ultrastructural localization is unknown. Moreover, whether and how they participate in inflammatory pain has not been carefully studied. METHODS Immunogold labeling with electron microscopy was carried out to characterize synaptic and nonsynaptic localization of glutamate transporters in the superficial dorsal horn. Their expression and uptake activity after formalin- and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation were evaluated by Western blot analysis and glutamate uptake assay. Effects of intrathecal glutamate transporter activator (R)-(-)-5-methyl-1-nicotinoyl-2-pyrazoline and inhibitors (DL-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate [TBOA], dihydrokainate, and DL-threo-β-hydroxyaspartate), or TBOA plus group III metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist (RS)-α-methylserine-O-phosphate, on formalin- and CFA-induced inflammatory pain were examined. RESULTS In the superficial dorsal horn, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 is localized in presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, and axonal and dendritic membranes at nonsynaptic sites, whereas glutamate transporter-1 and glutamate/aspartate transporter are prominent in glial membranes. Although expression of these three spinal glutamate transporters was not altered 1 h after formalin injection or 6 h after CFA injection, glutamate uptake activity was decreased at these time points. Intrathecal (R)-(-)-5-methyl-1-nicotinoyl-2-pyrazoline had no effect on formalin-induced pain behaviors. In contrast, intrathecal TBOA, dihydrokainate, and DL-threo-β-hydroxyaspartate reduced formalin-evoked pain behaviors in the second phase. Intrathecal TBOA also attenuated CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia at 6 h after CFA injection. The antinociceptive effects of TBOA were blocked by coadministration of (RS)-α-methylserine-O-phosphate. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that spinal glutamate transporter inhibition relieves inflammatory pain through activation of inhibitory presynaptic group III metabotropic glutamate receptors.
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Wang W, Petralia RS, Takamiya K, Xia J, Li YQ, Huganir RL, Tao YX, Yaster M. Preserved acute pain and impaired neuropathic pain in mice lacking protein interacting with C Kinase 1. Mol Pain 2011; 7:11. [PMID: 21291534 PMCID: PMC3038962 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein interacting with C Kinase 1 (PICK1), a PDZ domain-containing scaffolding protein, interacts with multiple different proteins in the mammalian nervous system and is believed to play important roles in diverse physiological and pathological conditions. In this study, we report that PICK1 is expressed in neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord dorsal horn, two major pain-related regions. PICK1 was present in approximately 29.7% of DRG neurons, most of which were small-less than 750 μm2 in cross-sectional area. Some of these PICK1-positive cells co-labeled with isolectin B4 or calcitonin-gene-related peptide. In the dorsal horn, PICK1 immunoreactivity was concentrated in the superficial dorsal horn, where it was prominent in the postsynaptic density, axons, and dendrites. Targeted disruption of PICK1 gene did not affect basal paw withdrawal responses to acute noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli or locomotor reflex activity, but it completely blocked the induction of peripheral nerve injury-induced mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivities. PICK1 appears to be required for peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain development and to be a potential biochemical target for treating this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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50
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Bie B, Brown DL, Naguib M. Increased synaptic GluR1 subunits in the anterior cingulate cortex of rats with peripheral inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 653:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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