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Mathiya P, Nair N, Singh B, More A, Pareek C. Integrative Approach to Address Male Infertility: A Case Study on Organophosphorus Compound Exposure and Traditional Medicinal Interventions. Cureus 2024; 16:e62697. [PMID: 39036134 PMCID: PMC11259095 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Factors, including exposure to substances like organophosphorus compounds (OPCs), have been linked to fertility issues, which are a growing concern. In this case study, a 29-year-old farmer and his 26-year-old wife, married for the past five years, faced challenges conceiving despite several attempts. It was found that the husband's exposure to OPCs like chlorpyrifos, malathion, diazinon, etc., had impacted the quality of his sperm. However, after undergoing treatments and making lifestyle changes such as panchakarma therapy and taking Shilajit supplements, there was an improvement in sperm quality. Through in vitro fertilization using physiological intracytoplasmic sperm injection, successful fertilization and the development of high-quality blastocysts were achieved. This case demonstrates the potential for addressing infertility caused by toxins through a blend of traditional medicinal practices and modern reproductive technologies. It underscores the need for research into strategies that can reduce the effects of OPC exposure on male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyansh Mathiya
- Clinical Embryology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Nancy Nair
- Clinical Embryology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Brijraj Singh
- Anatomy, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Nagpur, IND
| | - Akash More
- Clinical Embryology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Charu Pareek
- Clinical Embryology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Godínez-Pérez BM, Schilmann A, Lagunas-Martínez A, Escamilla-Núñez C, Burguete-García AI, Aguilar-Garduño C, Blanco-Muñoz J, Lacasaña M. Pesticide use patterns and their association with cytokine levels in Mexican flower workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2024; 97:291-302. [PMID: 38270603 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-023-02043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Occupational exposure to pesticides is a known risk for disrupting cellular immune response in flower workers due to their use of multiple chemical products, poor work conditions, and inadequate protection. Recently, the analysis of pesticide use patterns has emerged as an alternative to studying exposure to mixtures of these products. This study aimed to evaluate the association between exposure to different patterns of pesticide use and the cytokine profile of flower workers in the State of Mexico and Morelos, Mexico. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out on a population of 108 flower workers. Serum levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 cytokines were analyzed by means of multiplex analysis, and TNF-α and IFN-γ using an ELISA test. Pesticide use patterns were generated by principal components analysis. RESULTS The analysis revealed that certain patterns of pesticide use, combining insecticides and fungicides, were associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6 and IFN-γ. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that pesticides may possess immunotoxic properties, contributing to increased inflammatory response. However, further comprehensive epidemiological studies are needed to establish a causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid Schilmann
- National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Av. Universidad 655, 62130, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Lagunas-Martínez
- National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Av. Universidad 655, 62130, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Escamilla-Núñez
- National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Av. Universidad 655, 62130, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - Julia Blanco-Muñoz
- National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Av. Universidad 655, 62130, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Cuesta del Observatorio 4, 18011, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Andalusian Health and Environment Observatory (OSMAN), Granada, Spain
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Elbanna R, Osman KA, Salama MS. Biomarkers of oral subacute toxicity of deltamethrin in exposed male Albino rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2023; 39:735-753. [PMID: 37877786 DOI: 10.1177/07482337231209360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin is one of the most effective pyrethroid compounds, widely employed in veterinary medicine, public health, and farming. Deltamethrin-triggered oxidative stress largely causes serious harm to an organism. Acute toxicity of this compound was extensively investigated, while less information is available on its oral sub-acute effects. This study assessed, in the male Albino rats, the effects of oral gavage of either 0.874 mg/kg (0.01 LD50) or 8.740 mg/kg (0.10 LD50) of deltamethrin for successive 14 days to investigate its effects on biomarkers and to detect the tissue injury in rats following subacute deltamethrin treatment. It was found that levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the brain, kidney, and liver, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and uric acid in serum, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cells (WBC)s, eosinophils, and basophils were significantly reduced compared with untreated rats. However, when rats were treated with deltamethrin for successive 14 days, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in serum and the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) in brain, kidney, and liver, red blood cell distribution width (RDW-CV), total protein, monocytes, and basophils and the ratios of neutrophils to lymphocytes, an aggregated marker of systemic inflammation and systemic immune inflammation indexes, significantly increased compared with the control group. Histologic lesions were observed in the liver, kidney, brain, testis, and epidemies in rats exposed to subacute deltamethrin for 14 days, and most tissues of rats treated with 0.10 LD50 of deltamethrin were more affected than those treated with 0.01 LD50. These findings strongly suggest that subacute exposure to deltamethrin caused significant systemic toxicity through oxidative stress resulting in biochemical and histological changes in the studied tissues. These findings highlight the potential harmful effects of deltamethrin and emphasize the importance of understanding the subacute effects of this compound, particularly in the context of veterinary medicine, public health, and farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Elbanna
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Khaled A Osman
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maher S Salama
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Mekuria A, Xia L, Ahmed TA, Bishaw S, Teklemariam Z, Nedi T, Abula T, Engidawork E, Gong YY. Contribution of Aflatoxin B 1 Exposure to Liver Cirrhosis in Eastern Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:3543-3553. [PMID: 37605782 PMCID: PMC10440104 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s425992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cirrhosis is a global health problem due to a large number of disability-associated life years and mortality. However, evidence is scarce on its causes in Eastern-Ethiopia, a place where there is a high prevalence of liver cirrhosis of unknown etiology. This study attempted to identify the risk factors related to liver cirrhosis in the area. Methods A case-control study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from January 2020 to July 2021. Following diagnoses using an ultrasound-based cirrhosis scale, a total of 127 cases were identified and compared with 253 control patients. A structured questionnaire and data abstraction form were used to collect demographic, lifestyle, and clinical information. A blood sample was also taken from each participant for clinical chemistry, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus tests as well as for an aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) albumin adduct (AF-alb) assay. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of liver cirrhosis. Results AF-alb levels were detected in 75% of the cases and 64% of the controls, with a median (IQR) level of 11 pg/mg (5.5-25) and 7.0 pg/mg (4.3-20.5), respectively (p<0.05). Moreover, the number of subjects with high AF-alb levels (≥8.6 pg/mg) was greater in cases (45%, p<0.05)) than controls (28%). Age ≥55 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.4; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8), being a farmer (AOR= 3.0; 95% CI: 1.5, 6.0), family history of liver disease (AOR= 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 7.9), HBV seropositivity (AOR=4.0; 95% CI: 1.9, 8.8), and exposure to high levels of AF-alb (AOR=2.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.7) were significantly associated with liver cirrhosis. Conclusion This study found a strong link between AFB1 exposure and liver cirrhosis. Mitigation of aflatoxin exposure and a better understanding of additional environmental risk factors like pesticides may be necessary to reduce the disease burden in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Mekuria
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lei Xia
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tekabe Abdosh Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Bishaw
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Teklemariam
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Nedi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Abula
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Pesticide toxicity assessment and geographic information system (GIS) application in small-scale rice farming operations, Thailand. Sci Rep 2022; 12:499. [PMID: 35017597 PMCID: PMC8752847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to evaluate the impact of pesticide exposure on farmer health during non-active rice farming and active rice farming periods and present the change in the individual cholinesterase activities (%reduction) on the geographic information system (GIS) mapping in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) activities were monitored during both study periods using Test-mate ChE (Model 400). The location of paddy fields was specified using Garmin geographic positioning system MAP 62s. Fifty-eight farmers who participated in this study had an average age of 49.2 ± 6.9 years. Higher prevalence of all health symptoms was observed among farmer participants during the active rice farming period comparing to the non-active rice farming period (p < 0.01). Furthermore, farmers had significantly lower activities of AChE and BuChE during the active rice farming period comparing to the non-active rice farming period (p < 0.01). Our findings indicate that the GIS mapping indicate that the cases with a significant enzyme inhibition have dispersed across the agricultural and the nearby residential areas. This, investigation can be used to promote safer use of pesticides among farmers and mitigate pesticide exposure among residents living in close proximity to a rice field.
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Gasim MF, Lim JW, Low SC, Lin KYA, Oh WD. Can biochar and hydrochar be used as sustainable catalyst for persulfate activation? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132458. [PMID: 34610377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in using char (hydrochar or biochar) derived from biomass as persulfate (PS, either peroxymonosulfate or peroxydisulfate) activator for anthropogenic pollutants removal. While extensive investigation showed that char could be used as a PS activator, its sustainability over prolonged application is equivocal. This review provides an assessment of the knowledge gap related to the sustainability of char as a PS activator. The desirable char properties for PS activation are identified, include the high specific surface area and favorable surface chemistry. Various synthesis strategies to obtain the desirable properties during biomass pre-treatment, hydrochar and biochar synthesis, and char post-treatment are discussed. Thereafter, factors related to the sustainability of employing char as a PS activator for anthropogenic pollutants removal are critically evaluated. Among the critical factors include performance uncertainty, competing adsorption process, char stability during PS activation, biomass precursor variation, scalability, and toxic components in char. Finally, some potential research directions are provided. Fulfilling the sustainability factors will provide opportunity to employ char as an economical and efficient catalyst for sustainable environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun-Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Chun Low
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Pereira PCG, Parente CET, Carvalho GO, Torres JPM, Meire RO, Dorneles PR, Malm O. A review on pesticides in flower production: A push to reduce human exposure and environmental contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117817. [PMID: 34333268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In several countries, flower import regulations are restricted to food security, by establishing maximum residue limits (MRL) for pesticides in flower-based food products and biosafety, in order to limit the circulation of vectors, pests and exotic species across borders. In this context, the lack of limits on pesticides in flower-products for ornamental purposes can influence the pesticide overuse in production areas, as well as the transfer of contaminated products between countries. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to discuss possible adverse effects on human and environmental health of pesticides used in floriculture, evaluating regulations on the use of these pesticides in the main importing and flower-producing countries. This review included 92 documents. The use of 201 compounds was identified by interviews and analytical measurements. Among them, 93 are banned by the European Union (EU), although 46.3 % of these compounds have been identified in samples from European countries. Latin American countries have a large number of scientific publications on pesticides in flower production (n = 51), while the EU and China have less studies (n = 24) and the United States and Japan have no studies. Regarding adverse health effects, poorer neurobehavioral development, reproductive disorders, congenital malformations and genotoxicity have been reported for residents of flower production areas and workers throughout the flower production cycle. Studies including water samples show overuse of pesticides, while environmental impacts are related to water and air contamination, soil degradation and adverse effects on the reproduction and development of non-target organisms. This review points out that the absence of MRL for non-edible flowers can be crucial for the trade of contaminated products across borders, including pesticides banned in importing countries. Furthermore, setting limits on flowers could reduce the use of pesticides in producing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia C G Pereira
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cláudio E T Parente
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel O Carvalho
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - João P M Torres
- Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo O Meire
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Paulo R Dorneles
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Olaf Malm
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho S/n, Bloco G, Sala 060, Subsolo, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Suwannarin N, Prapamontol T, Isobe T, Nishihama Y, Mangklabruks A, Pantasri T, Chantara S, Naksen W, Nakayama SF. Association between Haematological Parameters and Exposure to a Mixture of Organophosphate and Neonicotinoid Insecticides among Male Farmworkers in Northern Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10849. [PMID: 34682593 PMCID: PMC8535230 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to insecticides may result in various health problems. This study investigated the association between haematological parameters and exposure to a mixture of organophosphate (OP) and neonicotinoid (NEO) insecticides among male farmworkers in Fang district, Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. Concentrations of urinary dialkylphosphates, non-specific metabolites of OPs, and NEOs and their metabolites and haematological parameters were measured in 143 male farmworkers. The Bayesian kernel machine regression model was employed to evaluate the associations. Exposure to a mixture of insecticides was significantly associated with the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) when the concentrations of all the compounds and their metabolites were at the 60th percentile or higher compared with the 50th percentile. Furthermore, exposure to clothianidin (CLO) showed a decreasing association with MCHC when all the other insecticides were at their mean concentrations. CLO was the most likely compound to reduce MCHC, and this was confirmed by sensitivity analysis. These findings suggest that exposure to NEO insecticides, especially CLO, affects the haematological status relating to haemoglobin parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeranuch Suwannarin
- Ph.D. Degree Program in Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Non-Communicable Diseases Center of Excellence, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Non-Communicable Diseases Center of Excellence, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yukiko Nishihama
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ampica Mangklabruks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Tawiwan Pantasri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Shoji F. Nakayama
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
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Chilipweli PM, Ngowi AV, Manji K. Maternal pesticide exposure and child neuro-development among smallholder tomato farmers in the southern corridor of Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:171. [PMID: 33472592 PMCID: PMC7818734 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to pesticides with its associated effects prenatally and in early childhood has not received much attention. There is little scientific data on this aspect in Tanzania therefore this study was meant to contribute to the deficit in the subject. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted to a sample of 286 participants of mother to child pair, whereby 172 and 114 were exposed and non-exposed respectively. Mothers who had been working in tomato sprayed farms were exposed and mothers who had not been working in the tomato sprayed farms were un-exposed. Child aged 0-6 years was chosen from each mother sampled but only one child found to be the youngest with the classified age was enrolled. Malawi child development Tool (M-DAT) was employed to assess the child level of development, height, and weight of the children were collected and analyzed by the WHO anthropometric calculator. A checklist and questionnaire were used to observe and assess maternal exposure. Bivariate and Multivariate analysis were conducted to assess the relationship between various factors of exposure. RESULTS Overall 15% of the children examined were not well developed and the most used pesticides were those posing neuro-development effects. On the bivariate analysis model, mothers who worked while pregnant were more likely to have a child with neuro-developmental effect OR=5.8(1.29-26.3). On multivariate analyses adjusted for age of the mother, variables which remain in the model were a distance from home [AOR=9.4(4.2-20.5)], and working while pregnancy [AOR=5.8(1.29-26.3)] other were removed due to collinearity effect. None of confounders had a potential significant effect but only nutrition seems to be the effect modifier [AOR=7.8(1.29-36.3)] when analyzed with working while pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study have indicated that maternal pesticide exposure among farmworker residents in the SAGCOT area has a potential association with child developmental effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Chilipweli
- Department of environmental health sciences, Ruaha catholic university (RUCU), P.O.BOX 774, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Aiwerasia Vera Ngowi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.BOX 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Karim Manji
- Department of Paediatrics and child Health, School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.BOX 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Effect of Occupational Exposure to Herbicides on Oxidative Stress in Sprayers. Saf Health Work 2020; 12:127-132. [PMID: 33732538 PMCID: PMC7940442 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid have been reported to cause adverse side effects through production of reactive oxygen species. However, there were no data representing the adverse effects of a mixture herbicide usage in farmers, especially the changes in oxidative marker and antioxidant defense. This study aimed to determine the urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) level in farmers using mixed herbicides. Methods Ninety-three farmers were recruited, and two spot urine samples (before and after work) were collected. The urinary MDA level was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay, and the urinary GSH level was determined using the enzymatic recycling method. Results Sixty-two percent of the participants were men, and 59% of the participants worked in a farm for 20–40 years. The common combinations of herbicide usage were glyphosate with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (36.5%). There was no significant difference between pre- and post-work urinary MDA and GSH levels among the 3 groups of herbicides. However, the urinary MDA levels in farmers using the combination of glyphosate and paraquat were significantly higher than those found in farmers using glyphosate alone. The associated factors with changes in MDA levels found that the exposure intensity index (B = 0.154), the cumulative exposure intensity index (B = 0.023), and wearing gloves while working (B = −2.347) were found to be significantly associated with MDA level. Conclusion The results suggest that the combined use of glyphosate and paraquat caused a significant increase in urinary MDA levels. Moreover, intensity of exposure to herbicide and wearing gloves were associated with the level of MDA.
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Rahimi T, Rafati F, Sharifi H, Seyedi F. General and reproductive health outcomes among female greenhouse workers: a comparative study. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2020; 20:103. [PMID: 32404142 PMCID: PMC7222304 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-00966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Agricultural activities as well as exposure to pesticides could have many adverse effects on health status and reproductive outcomes especially in reproductive aged greenhouse workers. The present study aimed to compare the general and reproductive health outcomes between female greenhouse workers and housewives. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 645 females of reproductive age. They were categorized into two groups according to occupation in greenhouse (308 female greenhouse workers as exposed group and 337 housewives as control group). Participants were interviewed using a questionnaire about reproductive outcomes and occupational status. Clinical measures include blood pressure (BP), pulse and respiratory rate (PR and RR), body mass index (BMI) and hematological parameters. Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess differences between two groups in quantitative variables. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests was used to determine the differences in the distribution of categorical variables. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Results The average daily working hours of the greenhouse workers were 6.94 ± 1.99 h. Only 44.3% of them used personal protective equipment. Data revealed that the rate of spontaneous abortion, infertility, low birth weight (LBW), abnormal births and preterm birth were significantly higher among the greenhouse workers compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). The average number of female infants in greenhouse workers was significantly higher than the control group (p ≤ 0.05). Clinical measurements indicated an increase in RR of greenhouse workers and mean of BMI was decreased in them. Hematological parameters demonstrated that there was a significant increase in white blood cells (WBC) and significant decrease in hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) among the female greenhouse workers compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Local government efforts is needed to address associated issues including acute effects on health and long-term health risks, resulting from pesticide exposure to greenhouse workers, and gender differences should be considered. Also, occupational health and safety training is necessary and can be helpful in reducing adverse reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Rahimi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Foozieh Rafati
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Seyedi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
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Shentema MG, Kumie A, Bråtveit M, Deressa W, Ngowi AV, Moen BE. Pesticide Use and Serum Acetylcholinesterase Levels among Flower Farm Workers in Ethiopia-A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030964. [PMID: 32033179 PMCID: PMC7037783 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The flower industry in East Africa has grown in recent years, especially in the production and export of roses. The aim of this study was to assess pesticide use on selected flower farms in Ethiopia. Serum cholinesterase levels in workers were used as a marker of pesticide exposure. This study was a cross-sectional study involving 588 workers from 15 different flower farms. It had a response rate of 95.5%. The participants included 277 males (mean age 26 years; 148 pesticide sprayers and 129 non-sprayers) and 311 females (mean age 25 years; 156 working in greenhouses and 155 working outside the greenhouses). The researchers undertook structured interviews, blood sampling, and walkthrough surveys. Descriptive statistics and Poisson regression were used in the statistical analyses. A total of 154 different trade names of pesticides were found. Of them, 31 (27%) were classified as moderately hazardous by the WHO, and 9% were organophosphates. Serum levels of cholinesterase deviating from 50-140 Michel units were considered abnormal. Abnormal serum cholinesterase levels (above 140 Michel units) were found in 97 participants (16.5%, 95% confidence interval 13.7-19.7%). There were no differences between the four job groups regarding cholinesterase levels. The high prevalence of abnormal serum cholinesterase levels might indicate the presence of pesticide intoxication. Thus, there is a need for routine monitoring of all workers exposed to pesticides, not only sprayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaza Gezu Shentema
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia; (A.K.); (W.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +25-191-203-2797
| | - Abera Kumie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia; (A.K.); (W.D.)
| | - Magne Bråtveit
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (M.B.); (B.E.M.)
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia; (A.K.); (W.D.)
| | - Aiwerasia Vera Ngowi
- School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dares Salaam 65015, Tanzania;
| | - Bente E. Moen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (M.B.); (B.E.M.)
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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Muitta E, Were T, Nyamache AK, Muhoho N. Atypical cervical cytomorphologic predictors: a descriptive study of pre-cervical cancer patients of low education in Kenya. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:124. [PMID: 31558923 PMCID: PMC6754839 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.124.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION high risk HPV is the perpetrator of cervical cancer disease, however screening and vaccination is not included in cervical cancer prevention program within public hospitals in Kenya. This descriptive study assessed the association of specific microbial STI and socio-demographic characteristics and practices with cervical cytomorphologic presentations in regards to pre cervical cancer grades amongst health seeking patients attending the reproductive health clinic of Nakuru County referral hospital, a public hospital under newly devolved health services governance. METHODS a total of 142 patients (AGC/AIS, n=8; HSIL, n=59; LSIL, n=35; controls, n=40) whose median age ranged between 20-70 years were purposively sampled. A structured questionnaire with closed and open ended entries was administered and STI screening including Pap smear examination for cytomorphological profiling done according to revised 2014 Bethesda classification. Associations were established using chi-square and multivariate logistic regression model to determine prediction of cervical atypia manifestations. RESULTS a majority of the study participants had only primary education or no education in AGC/AIS (63%) and HSIL (73%) relative to LSIL (49%) and controls (53%) (P=0.017). Koilocyte rates were higher in AGC/AIS (25%), HSIL (52%) and LSIL (77%) compared controls (12.5%) (P<0.0001). ASCUS predominated in HSIL (61%) and LSIL (86%), while almost all AGC/AIS had AGCUS (88%). HR HPV 16/18 infection rates were higher in AGC/AIS (100%), HSIL (80%) and LSIL (83%) relative to controls (10%) (P<0.0001), and was associated with higher risk of having AGC/AIS (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.940-1.947; P<0.0001); HSIL, (OR, 36.3; 95% CI, 9.5-139.5; P<0.0001); and LSIL (OR, 50.1; 95% CI, 12.0-209.0; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION altogether, pre-cervical cancer in Kenyan women is characterized by koilocytosis and ASCUS probably from the high rates of HPV 16/18 infections. Promoting cancer education and screening for high risk HPV infections and pre-cancerous lesions will improve women's reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Muitta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Tom Were
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Biomedical Science and Technology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Anthony Kebira Nyamache
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ng'ethe Muhoho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Król T, Trybus W, Trybus E, Kopacz-Bednarska A, Kowalczyk M, Brytan M, Paluch M, Antkowiak B, Saracyn M, Król G, Ciechanowska M. Assessment of exogenous melatonin action on mouse liver cells after exposure to soman. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 64:147-154. [PMID: 30391876 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone with many different biological activities and therefore seems to be an important factor reducing the harmful effects caused by toxic organophosphorus compounds. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the protective effect of melatonin on liver cells of mice challenged with chemical warfare agent-soman. The study was conducted at the level of ultrastructural and biochemical changes (analysis of the activity of model lysosomal enzymes and assessment of the level of lipid peroxidation). Significant biochemical and ultrastructural changes were found in the studied mouse hepatocytes after administration of soman alone, and soman in combination with melatonin, and the scope of the disclosed changes was dependent on the time of action of the examined factors. Melatonin has shown protective action, shielding liver cells from toxic effects of soman, which may result from its antioxidant properties and stimulation of the lysosomal compartment, the system coordinating the isolation and removal of cell-threatening processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Król
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Trybus
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Ewa Trybus
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Kopacz-Bednarska
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Marek Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland; Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Brytan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Paluch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Antkowiak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Król
- Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Szturmowa 1/3, 02-678, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ciechanowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Assis CRD, Linhares AG, Cabrera MP, Oliveira VM, Silva KCC, Marcuschi M, Maciel Carvalho EVM, Bezerra RS, Carvalho LB. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase as biomarker of pesticide exposure: new and forgotten insights. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:18364-18376. [PMID: 29797194 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) acts on the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, rapidly removing this neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions as well as in neuronal growth and differentiation, modulation of cell adhesion ("electrotactins") and aryl-acylamidase activity (AAA). This enzyme is also found in erythrocyte, as 160 kDa dimer that anchors to the plasma membrane via glycophosphatidylinositol. The function of this enzyme in erythrocytes has not yet been elucidated; however, it is suspected to participate in cell-to-cell interactions. Here, a review on erythrocyte AChE characteristics and use as biomarker for organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides is presented since it is the first specific target/barrier of the action of these pesticides, besides plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). However, some past and current methods have disadvantages: (a) not discriminating the activities of AChE and BChE; (b) low accuracy due to interference of hemoglobin in whole blood samples. On the other hand, extraction methods of hemoglobin-free erythrocyte AChE allows: (a) the freezing and transporting of samples; (b) samples free of colorimetric interference; (c) data from only erythrocyte AChE activity; (d) erythrocyte AChE specific activity presents higher correlation with the central nervous system AChE than other peripheral ChEs; (e) slow spontaneous regeneration against anti-ChEs agents of AChE in comparison to BChE, thus increasing the chances of detecting such compounds following longer interval after exposure. As monitoring perspectives, hemoglobin-free methodologies may be promising alternatives to assess the degree of exposure since they are not influenced by this interfering agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio R D Assis
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica and Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami - LIKA, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Amanda G Linhares
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica and Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami - LIKA, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Cabrera
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica and Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami - LIKA, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Vagne M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Bioativos, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, DMFA, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Kaline C C Silva
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica and Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami - LIKA, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual da Bahia, Paulo Afonso, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marina Marcuschi
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica and Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami - LIKA, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Elba V M Maciel Carvalho
- Laboratório de Glicoproteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ranilson S Bezerra
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica and Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami - LIKA, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz B Carvalho
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica and Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami - LIKA, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
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16
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Aguilar-Garduño C, Blanco-Muñoz J, Roxana Antonio K, Escamilla-Nuñez C, Juárez-Pérez CA, Schilmann A, Cebrian ME, Lacasaña M. Occupational predictors of urinary dialkyl phosphate concentrations in Mexican flower growers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2018; 23:151-159. [PMID: 29484957 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2018.1441676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Flower growers have high potential for exposures to pesticides. Occupational factors, such as tasks performed, the production method (organic or conventional), the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and workplace characteristics influence the intensity of pesticide exposure. Objective To evaluate occupational characteristics affecting urinary concentration of dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites of organophosphate pesticides among a group of Mexican floricultural workers. Methods A questionnaire was administered to 117 workers who also provided a first morning urine sample. According to tasks performed and the production methods, pesticide contact was defined as low, medium, or high. PPE use was categorized as acceptable, fairly acceptable, and unacceptable. Urinary concentration of DAP metabolites were determined using gas-liquid chromatography. Association between occupational characteristics and DAP urinary concentrations was assessed by means of linear regression models. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, the workers in the medium and high contact categories had significantly higher DAP concentrations than those in the low contact category (β: 0.3, CI 95%: 0.1-0.5). Greenhouse workers had greater DAP concentrations than outdoors workers (β: 0.3, CI 95%: 0.1-0.5). Compared with non-acceptable use of PPE, acceptable use of PPE was associated with lower DAP concentrations (β: -0.4, CI 95% -0.6 to -0.1). Conclusion Improved safety training is needed for correct PPE usage, especially among flower growers who use conventional pest control methods and who work in a greenhouse environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemente Aguilar-Garduño
- a Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Investigación Biosanitaria de Andalucía Oriental-Alejandro Otero , Granada , Spain
| | - Julia Blanco-Muñoz
- b Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México (INSP) (National Institute of Public Health of Mexico) , Cuernavaca , Mexico
| | - Karina Roxana Antonio
- b Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México (INSP) (National Institute of Public Health of Mexico) , Cuernavaca , Mexico
| | - Consuelo Escamilla-Nuñez
- b Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México (INSP) (National Institute of Public Health of Mexico) , Cuernavaca , Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc A Juárez-Pérez
- c Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Institute of Social Security) , Ciudad de Mexico , Mexico
| | - Astrid Schilmann
- b Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México (INSP) (National Institute of Public Health of Mexico) , Cuernavaca , Mexico
| | - Mariano E Cebrian
- d Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) , Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) (Center for Advanced Studies and Research of the National Polytechnic Institute) , Ciudad de Mexico , México
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- e Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (Andalusian School of Public Health) , Campus Universitario de la Cartuja, Granada , Spain
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Manyilizu WB, Mdegela RH, Helleve A, Skjerve E, Kazwala R, Nonga H, Muller MHB, Lie E, Lyche J. Self-Reported Symptoms and Pesticide Use among Farm Workers in Arusha, Northern Tanzania: A Cross Sectional Study. TOXICS 2017; 5:toxics5040024. [PMID: 29051456 PMCID: PMC5750552 DOI: 10.3390/toxics5040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to describe self-reported health symptoms, the use of personal protective gear and clothing and poor safety procedures when applying pesticides among farm workers. A total of 128 adult farm workers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire during the farming season. The commonly used pesticides included profenofos, mancozeb, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, endosulfan and carbosulfan. The majority (>90%) of farm workers used no personal protective clothing while handling pesticides. More than one-third of farm workers ate and drank without washing their hands following pesticide handling, while a smaller number smoked or chewed gum. Wearing special boots during pesticide application was found to reduce the risk of skin rash (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.06-0.66), whereas smoking when applying pesticides increased the risk of chest pain occurrence (OR = 4.0, 95% CI: 1.14-15.43), as well as forgetfulness (OR = 4.0, 95% CI: 1.30-14.02). Chewing gum and eating when applying pesticides was associated with diarrhoea (OR = 11.0, 95% CI: 1.80-6.84 and OR = 7.0, 95% CI: 1.27-3.67 respectively). The increased self-reported prevalence of post-exposure adverse health effects among farm workers was associated with poor use of personal protective clothing and poor safety practices during pesticide use and handling. These data indicate the need for improved availability and use of protective equipment, and training in crop and pest management practices to prevent risky behavioursand for safer and sustainable vegetable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert Bunini Manyilizu
- Health Systems Department, School of Public Administration and Management, Mzumbe University, P.O. Box 101, Morogoro 023, Tanzania.
- Departmentt of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro 023, Tanzania.
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, 454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Robbinson Hammerton Mdegela
- Departmentt of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro 023, Tanzania.
| | - Arnfinn Helleve
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, International Community Health, P.O. Box 1130 Blindern, N-0318, 454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, 454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Departmentt of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro 023, Tanzania.
| | - Hezron Nonga
- Departmentt of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro 023, Tanzania.
| | - Mette Hellen Bjorge Muller
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, 454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Elisabeth Lie
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, 454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jan Lyche
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, 454 Oslo, Norway.
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Priyadharshini UK, Latha R, Kavitha U, Nirmala N. Effects of Organophosphorus Pesticides on Cardiorespiratory Parameters among the Farmers. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:CC01-CC04. [PMID: 29207697 PMCID: PMC5713719 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26724.10590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indiscriminate use and improper handling of synthetic pesticides in agriculture have resulted in serious problems such as asthma, wheeze and chronic bronchitis among the farmers. Though number of studies have been done on pesticide exposure and its effect on cardiorespiratory parameters in Northern India, only few studies were done in Southern India, thus this study was chosen. AIM To find the cardiorespiratory changes in farm workers exposed to organophosphorus pesticides. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR), blood pressure, pulse rate were measured among 35 farm workers of Palayam and Naduveerpattu village of Cuddalore district and 35 age, sex, BMI matched controls were taken from urban area and the same parameters were measured in both groups from 10 am-12 am in the morning. History of use of personal protective equipments like face mask, eye mask, special clothes, shoes, hat, history of respiratory symptoms and hygienic work practices was also obtained from the farmers. Chi-square test was used to analyse the qualitative data. All values were expressed as Mean±SD. Students unpaired t-test was used to compare PEFR between two groups and to compare the duration of exposure and PEFR using GRAPH PAD PRISM. The p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in PEFR among the farmers (p<0.001) compared to the controls. On comparing the duration of exposure of pesticide and the PEFR values by unpaired Students t-test, there was a significant difference with p-value of 0.03. Blood Pressure did not show any significant difference between the two groups. But the pulse rate was significantly decreased among the farmers (p<0.001) which could be due to their regular physical activity. About 71% of the farmers used personal protective equipments. CONCLUSION Thus, chronic exposure to organophosphorus pesticides has an impact on PEFR among the farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radhakrishnan Latha
- Professor, Department of Physiology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Ukkirapandian Kavitha
- Tutor, Department of Physiology, Saveetha Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Nirmala
- Professor, Department of Physiology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Puducherry, India
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Riaz S, Manzoor F, Mahmood N, Shahid S. Molecular detection of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis and hematological and biochemical analyses in agricultural sprayers exposed to pesticides: A cross-sectional study in Punjab, Pakistan during 2014-2016. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:434-443. [PMID: 28145400 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We determined the correlation between a pesticide exposure, physical health and susceptibility toward tuberculosis along with hematological indices and liver enzymes' alterations in sprayers exposed to pesticides. Molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis was detected by targeting histone-like protein (hupB) gene. The WBC (white blood cells) and RBC (red blood cells) levels of male sprayers and non-sprayers were significantly different (P<0.05). In female spray workers, the WBC and neutrophils levels were significantly different as compared with non-sprayers. Overall, in both male and female pesticide-exposed sprayers, mean values of alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase were higher as compared with unexposed workers. M. Tuberculosis were detected in 15% male sprayers and 36% female sprayers while, M. bovis was detected in 5% male sprayers and 10% female sprayers. A χ2-test indicated that there existed a significant different (P<0.05) between positive and negative M. tuberculosis and M. bovis in both male/female spray workers out of total. The susceptibility of pesticide-exposed sprayers to tuberculosis and alterations in hematology and liver enzymes is crucial for health. Toxic effects of pesticides may lead to a weak immune system and increased tuberculosis susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saffora Riaz
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farkhanda Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saman Shahid
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences Foundation for Advancement of Science and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Mrema EJ, Ngowi AV, Kishinhi SS, Mamuya SH. Pesticide Exposure and Health Problems Among Female Horticulture Workers in Tanzania. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2017; 11:1178630217715237. [PMID: 28690397 PMCID: PMC5484550 DOI: 10.1177/1178630217715237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Commercialization of horticulture farming, expansion of farms, and the practice of monoculture favor the proliferation of pests, which in turn increases the need for pesticides. Increased exposure to pesticides is associated with inadequate knowledge on the hazardous nature of pesticides, poor hygiene practices, lack of availability of washing facilities, and insufficient adherence to precautionary instructions on pesticide labels. Mitigating the risks posed by pesticides is considered a less compelling interest than alleviating poverty. Women working in horticulture in Tanzania usually have low levels of education and income and lack decision-making power even on matters relating to their own health. This contributes to pesticide exposure and other health challenges. Because of multiple factors, some of which act as study confounders, few studies on exposure to pesticides and health effects have been conducted among women. This review identified factors that contribute to the increased health effects among women working in the horticultural industry and how these effects relate to pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aiwerasia Vera Ngowi
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Aiwerasia Vera Ngowi, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 65015, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Toumi K, Vleminckx C, van Loco J, Schiffers B. Pesticide Residues on Three Cut Flower Species and Potential Exposure of Florists in Belgium. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E943. [PMID: 27669276 PMCID: PMC5086682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the prevalence of pesticide contamination and the risk of florists' exposure when handling cut flowers, sampling and analysis of 90 bouquets of the most commonly sold cut flowers in Belgium (50 bouquets of roses; 20 of gerberas, and 20 of chrysanthemums) were carried out. The bouquets were collected from 50 florists located in the seven largest cities of Belgium (Antwerp, Brussels, Charleroi, Ghent, Leuven, Liege, and Namur) and from five supermarkets located in the different regions. To have a better understanding of the route of exposure and professional practices a questionnaire was also addressed to a group of 25 florists who volunteered to take part in the survey. All florists were interviewed individually when collecting the questionnaire. The residual pesticide deposit values on cut flowers were determined in an accredited laboratory using a multi-residue (QuEChERS Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe) method and a combination of gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chormatograhphy (LC) analysis. A total of 107 active substances were detected from all samples; i.e., an average of about 10 active substances per bouquet. The most severely contaminated bouquet accumulated a total concentration of residues up to 97 mg/kg. Results show that roses are the most contaminated cut flowers; with an average of 14 substances detected per sample and a total concentration per rose sample of 26 mg/kg. Some active substances present an acute toxicity (acephate, methiocarb, monocrotophos, methomyl, deltamethrin, etc.) and exposure can generate a direct effect on the nervous system of florists. Nevertheless, fungicides (dodemorph, propamocarb, and procymidone) were the most frequently detected in samples and had the highest maximum concentrations out of all the active substances analysed. Dodemorph was the most frequently detected substance with the highest maximum concentration (41.9 mg/kg) measured in the rose samples. It appears from the survey that, despite being exposed to high deposits of residues, florists usually do not protect themselves from contact with residues even if they spend several hours handling cut flowers and preparing bouquets (from 2 to 6 h/day, depending on the time of year and/or selling periods) daily. Bad habits (eating, drinking, or smoking at work) and absence of personal protective equipment of most florists also increase the risk of contact with pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Toumi
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech/ULg-Laboratoire de Phytopharmacie, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
| | - Christiane Vleminckx
- Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique, OD Food, Medecines and Consumer Safety, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Joris van Loco
- Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique, OD Food, Medecines and Consumer Safety, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Schiffers
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech/ULg-Laboratoire de Phytopharmacie, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
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Nigatu AW, Bråtveit M, Moen BE. Self-reported acute pesticide intoxications in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:575. [PMID: 27422555 PMCID: PMC4946227 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pesticide exposure is an important public health concern in Ethiopia, but there is limited information on pesticide intoxications. Residents may have an increased risk of pesticide exposure through proximity of their homes to farms using pesticides. Also the pesticide exposure might be related to employment at these farms. This study investigated the prevalence of acute pesticide intoxications (API) by residence proximity to a nearby flower farm and assessed if intoxications were related to working in these farms or not. Methods A cross-sectional survey involving 516 persons was conducted. Participants were grouped according to their residence proximity from a large flower farm; living within 5 kilometers and 5–12 kilometers away, respectively. In a structured interview, participants were asked if they had health symptoms within 48 h of pesticide exposure in the past year. Those who had experienced this, and reported two or more typical pesticide intoxication symptoms, were considered as having had API. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used to compare categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Confounding variables were adjusted by using binomial regression model. Results The prevalence of API in the past year among the residents in the study area was 26 %, and it was higher in the population living close to the flower farm (42 %) compared to those living far away (11 %), prevalence ratio (PR) = 3.2, 95 % CI: 2.2-4.8, adjusted for age, gender & education. A subgroup living close to the farm & working there had significantly more API (56 %) than those living close & didn’t work there (16 %), adjusted PR = 3.0, 95 % CI: 1.8-4.9. Flower farm workers reported more API (56 %) than those not working in the flower farm (13 %,), adjusted PR = 4.0, 95 % CI: 2.9-5.6. Conclusion Our study indicates a 26 % prevalence of self-reported symptoms attributable to API. The residents living closer than 5 kilometers to the flower farm reported significantly higher prevalence of self-reported API than those living 5–12 kilometers away. This increased risk of API was associated with work at the flower farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amare W Nigatu
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Magne Bråtveit
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente E Moen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Arshad M, Siddiqa M, Rashid S, Hashmi I, Awan MA, Ali MA. Biomonitoring of Toxic Effects of Pesticides in Occupationally Exposed Individuals. Saf Health Work 2015; 7:156-60. [PMID: 27340604 PMCID: PMC4909848 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers in pesticide manufacturing industries are constantly exposed to pesticides. Genetic biomonitoring provides an early identification of potential cancer and genetic diseases in exposed populations. The objectives of this biomonitoring study were to assess DNA damage through comet assay in blood samples collected from industry workers and compare these results with those of classical analytical techniques used for complete blood count analysis. METHODS Samples from controls (n = 20) and exposed workers (n = 38) from an industrial area in Multan, Pakistan, were subjected to various tests. Malathion residues in blood samples were measured by gas chromatography. RESULTS The exposed workers who were employed in the pesticide manufacturing industry for a longer period (i.e., 13-25 years) had significantly higher DNA tail length (7.04 μm) than the controls (0.94 μm). Workers in the exposed group also had higher white blood cell and red blood cell counts, and lower levels of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, and mean corpuscular volume in comparison with normal levels for these parameters. Malathion was not detected in the control group. However, in the exposed group, 72% of whole blood samples had malathion with a mean value of 0.14 mg/L (range 0.01-0.31 mg/L). CONCLUSION We found a strong correlation (R (2) = 0.91) between DNA damage in terms of tail length and malathion concentration in blood. Intensive efforts and trainings are thus required to build awareness about safety practices and to change industrial workers' attitude to prevent harmful environmental and anthropogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Siddiqa
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saddaf Rashid
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Hashmi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Awan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muhammad Arif Ali
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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A Cross-Sectional Study of Pesticide Use and Knowledge of Smallholder Potato Farmers in Uganda. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:759049. [PMID: 26581164 PMCID: PMC4637055 DOI: 10.1155/2015/759049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In response to increased pest and disease problems, potato farmers use pesticides, which could raise environmental and health concerns. This study sought to promote proper and safe pesticide-handling practices by providing data needed to guide pesticide regulation policy and training for extension staff and farmers. A household survey was conducted in three major potato-growing agroecological zones of Uganda. Two hundred and four potato farmers were interviewed about the type and source of pesticides they use in potato cultivation, the frequency of applications, the use of protective clothing, and cases of pesticide poisoning. The types of pesticides used in potato were fungicides (72%), insecticides (62%), and herbicides (3%). Overall, use of personal protective equipment was low, that is, gumboots (73%), gloves (7%), face masks (16%), and long sleeve shirts (42%). Forty-three percent of farmers who applied pesticides reported having experienced skin itching, 25% skin burning sensation, 43% coughing, 60% a runny nose, 27% teary eyes, and 42% dizziness. An IPM approach involving only moderately to slightly hazardous pesticides when pest and disease incidence has reached economic injury levels and by considering all safety measures during application and storage would be environmentally recommendable and result in reduced health risks.
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García-García CR, Parrón T, Requena M, Alarcón R, Tsatsakis AM, Hernández AF. Occupational pesticide exposure and adverse health effects at the clinical, hematological and biochemical level. Life Sci 2015; 145:274-83. [PMID: 26475762 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Although epidemiological studies have investigated associations between occupational pesticide exposures and different adverse health outcomes, they have rarely assessed individuals at two time-points of a same crop season with different pesticide use. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical symptoms, physical examination signs, hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were measured in 189 intensive agriculture workers and 91 healthy control subjects from Almeria coastline (Southeastern Spain) to evaluate potential effects of pesticide exposure. KEY FINDINGS Greenhouse workers showed an increased risk of ocular and skin signs relative to controls at the period of high pesticide exposure (OR: 4.80 and 2.87, respectively); however, no differences were observed for clinical symptoms. A greater risk for ECG changes (OR: 3.35) and altered spirometry (OR: 5.02) was found at the period of low exposure. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was significantly decreased in greenhouse workers relative to controls in both periods. Assessment of hematological parameters revealed increased counts of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and hemoglobin in greenhouse workers relative to controls, and also in the period of high versus low pesticide exposure. Changes in clinical chemistry parameters included decreased levels of glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase in greenhouse workers relative to controls; however, these parameters were raised in the period of high versus low pesticide exposure. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that chronic occupational exposure to pesticides of lower toxicity than former compounds under integrated production systems elicit mild toxic effects, particularly targeting the skin and eyes, as well as subtle subclinical (biochemical) changes of unknown long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tesifón Parrón
- Council of Health at Almeria Province, Almeria, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Mar Requena
- Department of Neuroscience and Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Raquel Alarcón
- Department of Neuroscience and Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain.
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Hanssen VM, Nigatu AW, Zeleke ZK, Moen BE, Bråtveit M. High Prevalence of Respiratory and Dermal Symptoms Among Ethiopian Flower Farm Workers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2015; 70:204-213. [PMID: 24428185 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2013.853645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The flower industry is among the most important export industries in Ethiopia, employing more than 50,000 workers. The working conditions and health status among workers in Ethiopian flower industry are not documented. A questionnaire-based interview was conducted among 213 flower industry workers from 3 flower farms and 60 control workers from supermarkets from February to March 2012. A walk-through survey was also performed on the 3 flower farms. Interviewed flower farm workers have high prevalences of respiratory and dermal symptoms, which are rarely reported among controls. Female workers inside the greenhouses on the 3 flower farms have significantly more respiratory and dermal symptoms than workers outside the greenhouse, also when adjusting for age and education. Limited access to personal protection equipment (PPE) and unsafe pesticide routines are documented. This study indicates that working in these flower greenhouses might be associated with adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Mjelde Hanssen
- a Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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Tsimbiri PF, Moturi WN, Sawe J, Henley P, Bend JR. Health Impact of Pesticides on Residents and Horticultural Workers in the Lake Naivasha Region, Kenya. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/odem.2015.32004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nerilo SB, Martins FA, Nerilo LB, Salvadego VEC, Endo RY, Rocha GHO, Mossini SAG, Janeiro V, Nishiyama P, Machinski Junior M. Pesticide use and cholinesterase inhibition in small-scale agricultural workers in southern Brazil. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502014000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A controlled cross-sectional study of family growers of fruit and vegetables was conducted between October 2009 and October 2010 to characterize the use of pesticides, establish the socio-demographic profile, and analyze cholinesterase activity in small-scale agricultural workers in Southern Brazil. Data was collected for 173 workers and 179 controls. A structured questionnaire was applied collecting socio-demographic information and determining knowledge and work practices in relation to pesticide use. The benchmarks for total cholinesterase (ChEs) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were obtained from the average enzymatic activity of the occupationally unexposed group (control). The mean age of the exposed population was 40.0 ± 11.2 years. The symptoms differed significantly (p<0.05) between the exposed and unexposed populations. Forty (23.1%) workers showed symptoms associated with exposure to pesticides. The average value of enzymatic activity in the occupationally unexposed group for ChEs was 6.3 μmol/mL/min among males and 5.6 μmol/mL/min among females while for BuChE was 2.4 μmol/mL/min among males and 2.0 μmol/mL/min among females. Eight (4.6%) workers had high inhibition (>30%) of ChEs activity, whereas no workers showed high inhibition (>50%) of BuChE. Potential factors involved include gender, education, pesticide orientation, exposure, and hygiene measures.
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Mandarapu R, Prakhya BM. In vitromyelotoxic effects of cypermethrin and mancozeb on human hematopoietic progenitor cells. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:48-55. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.880535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Ye M, Beach J, Martin JW, Senthilselvan A. Occupational pesticide exposures and respiratory health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:6442-71. [PMID: 24287863 PMCID: PMC3881124 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10126442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides have been widely used to control pest and pest-related diseases in agriculture, fishery, forestry and the food industry. In this review, we identify a number of respiratory symptoms and diseases that have been associated with occupational pesticide exposures. Impaired lung function has also been observed among people occupationally exposed to pesticides. There was strong evidence for an association between occupational pesticide exposure and asthma, especially in agricultural occupations. In addition, we found suggestive evidence for a link between occupational pesticide exposure and chronic bronchitis or COPD. There was inconclusive evidence for the association between occupational pesticide exposure and lung cancer. Better control of pesticide uses and enforcement of safety behaviors, such as using personal protection equipment (PPE) in the workplace, are critical for reducing the risk of developing pesticide-related symptoms and diseases. Educational training programs focusing on basic safety precautions and proper uses of personal protection equipment (PPE) are possible interventions that could be used to control the respiratory diseases associated with pesticide exposure in occupational setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ye
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-276 Edmonton Heath Clinic Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Jeremy Beach
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-276 Edmonton Heath Clinic Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; E-Mail:
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 5-30 University Terrace, 8303-112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102C Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-276 Edmonton Heath Clinic Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; E-Mail:
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Fareed M, Pathak MK, Bihari V, Kamal R, Srivastava AK, Kesavachandran CN. Adverse respiratory health and hematological alterations among agricultural workers occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides: a cross-sectional study in North India. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69755. [PMID: 23936093 PMCID: PMC3723784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-protective work practices followed by farm workers during spraying of pesticides lead to occupational exposure among them. OBJECTIVE This study is designed to explore the respiratory health and hematological profile of agricultural workers occupationally exposed to OP pesticides. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross sectional study was undertaken among 166 pesticide sprayers working in mango orchards of Lucknow district in North India compared with 77 controls to assess the respiratory illness, lung functions, cholinesterase levels and hematological profile. A questionnaire based survey and clinical examination for respiratory health were conducted among study subjects. Lung function test was conducted among study subjects by using spirometer. Cholinesterase level as biomarker of OP pesticides and hematological profile of study subjects were investigated in the laboratory by following the standard protocols. RESULTS Overall respiratory morbidity observed among exposed subjects was 36.75%. Symptoms for respiratory illness like dry cough, productive cough, wheezing, irritation of throat and blood stained sputum were found to be significantly more (p<0.05) among pesticide sprayers than controls. Lung function parameters viz. PEFR, FEV1, %PEFR predicted, %FEV1 predicted and FEV1/FVC were found to be significantly decreased (p<0.05) among pesticide sprayers as compared to controls. Exposure wise distribution of respiratory illness and lung functions among pesticide sprayers show that the exposure duration significantly elevates (p<0.05) the respiratory problems and significantly decreases (p<0.001) lung functions among pesticide sprayers. Activities of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were found to be significantly depleted (p<0.001) among pesticide sprayers as compared to controls which show the exposure of OP pesticides among them. The hematological profile viz. RBC, WBC, monocytes, neutrophils, MCV, MCH, MCHC and platelet count were significantly altered (p<0.001) in pesticide sprayers than controls. CONCLUSION This study shows that the unsafe occupational exposure of OP pesticides causes respiratory illness, decreased lung functions and hematological alterations among pesticide sprayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Fareed
- Epidemiology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Pathak
- Epidemiology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Vipin Bihari
- Epidemiology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Ritul Kamal
- Epidemiology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Anup Kumar Srivastava
- Epidemiology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
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Linhares A, Assis C, Siqueira M, Bezerra R, Carvalho L. Development of a method for extraction and assay of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and pesticide inhibition. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:837-45. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327112468906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A method of extracting membranes from red blood cells (RBCs) is described, which were in turn used to assay acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The evidence for the enzyme activity was established by selective inhibition using 1,5- bis(4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl) pentan-3-one dibromide, tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide and neostigmine. Blood samples were exposed to three organophosphorus (dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos and diazinon) and two carbamate (carbaryl and carbofuran) pesticides. Afterwards AChE activities in RBC membranes were determined. The concentrations capable to inhibit the enzyme activity by 50% (IC50) for the pesticides were 10.66 µM (dichlorvos), 21.42 µM (chlorpyrifos), 109.98 µM (carbaryl) and 5.44 µM (carbofuran). The results related to 20% enzyme inhibition (level used in the estimation of threshold limits for anticholinesterase compounds) were below those acceptable daily intake values enacted by relevant national and international regulations. These results suggest that the proposed AChE extraction from RBC and assay could be a suitable method for monitoring occupational exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.G. Linhares
- Laboratório de Enzimologia – LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica and Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, LIKA Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - C.R.D. Assis
- Laboratório de Enzimologia – LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica and Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, LIKA Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - M.T. Siqueira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - R.S. Bezerra
- Laboratório de Enzimologia – LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica and Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, LIKA Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - L.B. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Enzimologia – LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica and Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, LIKA Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Magauzi R, Mabaera B, Rusakaniko S, Chimusoro A, Ndlovu N, Tshimanga M, Shambira G, Chadambuka A, Gombe N. Health effects of agrochemicals among farm workers in commercial farms of Kwekwe district, Zimbabwe. Pan Afr Med J 2011; 9:26. [PMID: 22145061 PMCID: PMC3215548 DOI: 10.4314/pamj.v9i1.71201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Farm workers are at a very high risk of occupational diseases due to exposure to pesticides resulting from inadequate education, training and safety systems. The farm worker spends a lot of time exposed to these harmful agrochemicals. Numerous acute cases with symptoms typical of agrochemical exposure were reported from the commercial farms. We assessed the health effects of agrochemicals in farm workers in commercial farms of Kwekwe District (Zimbabwe), in 2006. Methods An analytical cross sectional study was conducted amongst a sample of 246 farm workers who handled agrochemicals when discharging their duties in the commercial farms. Plasma cholinesterase activity in blood specimens obtained from farm workers was measured using spectrophotometry to establish levels of poisoning by organophosphate and/or carbamates. Information on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of farm workers on agrochemicals use was collected using a pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine factors that were associated with abnormal cholinesterase activity. Results The prevalence of organophosphate poisoning, indicated by cholinesterase activity of 75% or less, was 24.1%. The median period of exposure to agrochemicals was 3 years (Q1:=1 year, Q3:=7 years). Ninety eight (41.5%) farm workers knew the triangle colour code for the most dangerous agrochemicals. Not being provided with personal protective equipment (OR 2.00; 95% CI: 1.07 – 3.68) and lack of knowledge of the triangle colour code for most dangerous agrochemicals (OR 2.02; 95% CI: 1.02 – 4.03) were significantly associated with abnormal cholinesterase activity. Conclusion There was organophosphate poisoning in the commercial farms. Factors that were significantly associated with the poisoning were lack of protective clothing and lack of knowledge of the triangle colour code for most dangerous agrochemicals. We recommended intensive health education and training of farm workers on the use of agrochemicals, provision of adequate and proper personal protective equipment as mitigation measures to this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis Magauzi
- Dept of Community Medicine University of Zimbabwe, PO Box A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Issa Y, Sham'a FA, Nijem K, Bjertness E, Kristensen P. Pesticide use and opportunities of exposure among farmers and their families: cross-sectional studies 1998-2006 from Hebron governorate, occupied Palestinian territory. Environ Health 2010; 9:63. [PMID: 20959000 PMCID: PMC2970600 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse health effects caused by pesticide exposure have been reported in occupied Palestinian territory and the world at large. The objective of this paper is to compare patterns of pesticide use in Beit-U'mmar village, West Bank, between 1998 and 2006. METHODS We studied two populations in Beit-U'mmar village, comprised of: 1) 61 male farmers and their wives in 1998 and 2) 250 male farmers in 2006. Both populations completed a structured interview, which included questions about socio-demographic factors, types of farming tasks, as well as compounds, quantities, and handling of pesticides. Using the 1998 population as a reference, we applied generalized linear regression models (GLM) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in order to estimate prevalence differences (PD) between the two populations. RESULTS In 1998, farmers used 47 formulated pesticides on their crops. In 2006, 16 of these pesticides were still in use, including five internationally banned compounds. There were positive changes with less use of large quantities of pesticides (>40 units/year) (PD -51; CI -0.60, -0.43), in applying the recommended dosage of pesticides (PD +0.57; CI +0.48, +0.68) and complying with the safety period (PD +0.89; CI+0.83, +0.95). Changes also included farmers' habits while applying pesticides, such as less smoking (PD -0.20; CI-0.34, -0.07) and eating at the work place (PD -0.33; CI-0.47, -0.19). No significant changes were found from 1998 to 2006 regarding use of personal protective equipment, pesticide storage, farmers' habits after applying pesticides, and in using some highly hazardous pesticides. CONCLUSIONS The results were based on two cross-sectional surveys and should be interpreted with caution due to potential validity problems. The results of the study suggest some positive changes in the handling of pesticides amongst participants in 2006, which could be due to different policy interventions and regulations that were implemented after 1998. However, farm workers in Beit -U'mmar village are still at risk of health effects because of ongoing exposure to pesticides. To the best of our knowledge, no studies on long-term changes in pesticide use have been reported from developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Issa
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, Department of General Practice and Community Medicine, Section for Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology
- Occupational Epidemiology and Biological Research Lab, Department of Biology, Hebron University, occupied Palestinian territory
- Environmental Health Department, Ministry of Health, occupied Palestinian territory
| | - Farid Abu Sham'a
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, Department of General Practice and Community Medicine, Section for Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology
- Occupational Epidemiology and Biological Research Lab, Department of Biology, Hebron University, occupied Palestinian territory
- Hebron Governmental Hospital, Ear Nose Throat Department, Hebron, West Bank, occupied Palestinian territory
| | - Khaldoun Nijem
- Occupational Epidemiology and Biological Research Lab, Department of Biology, Hebron University, occupied Palestinian territory
| | - Espen Bjertness
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, Department of General Practice and Community Medicine, Section for Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology
- Tibet University Medical College, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Petter Kristensen
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, Department of General Practice and Community Medicine, Section for Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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Al-Sarar A, Abo Bakr Y, Al-Erimah G, Hussein H, Bayoumi A. Hematological and Biochemical Alterations in Occupationally Pesticides-Exposed Workers of Riyadh Municipality, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/rjet.2009.179.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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