1
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Pain C, Tynan C, Botchway SW, Kriechbaumer V. Variable-Angle Epifluorescence Microscopy for Single-Particle Tracking in the Plant ER. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2772:273-283. [PMID: 38411821 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3710-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Single-particle tracking (SPT) of biomolecules in the plant endoplasmic reticulum has the potential to inform on the formation of protein-protein complexes, metabolons, and the transport of molecules through both the ER membrane and lumen. Plant cells are particularly challenging for observing and tracking single molecules due to their unique structure, size, and considerable autofluorescence. However, by using variable-angle or highly inclined epifluorescence microscopy (VAEM) and transient expression in tobacco, it is possible to observe single-particle dynamics in the ER. Selecting the appropriate fluorophore, and ensuring the correct fluorophore density in the ER, is essential for successful SPT. By using tuneable fluorophores, which can be photoconverted and photoactivated, it is possible to vary the density of visible fluorophores in the ER dynamically. Here we describe methods to prepare plant samples for VAEM and two methods for determining and analyzing single-particle tracks from VAEM time series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher Tynan
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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2
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Cui Y, Zhang X, Li X, Lin J. Multiscale microscopy to decipher plant cell structure and dynamics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1980-1997. [PMID: 36477856 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
New imaging methodologies with high contrast and molecular specificity allow researchers to analyze dynamic processes in plant cells at multiple scales, from single protein and RNA molecules to organelles and cells, to whole organs and tissues. These techniques produce informative images and quantitative data on molecular dynamics to address questions that cannot be answered by conventional biochemical assays. Here, we review selected microscopy techniques, focusing on their basic principles and applications in plant science, discussing the pros and cons of each technique, and introducing methods for quantitative analysis. This review thus provides guidance for plant scientists in selecting the most appropriate techniques to decipher structures and dynamic processes at different levels, from protein dynamics to morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Cui
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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3
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Lv X, Jin K, Sun G, Ledesma-Amaro R, Liu L. Microscopy imaging of living cells in metabolic engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:752-765. [PMID: 34799183 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Microscopy imaging of living cells is becoming a pivotal, noninvasive, and highly specific tool in metabolic engineering to visualize molecular dynamics in industrial microorganisms. This review describes the different microscopy methods, from fluorescence to super resolution, with application in microbial bioengineering. Firstly, the role and importance of microscopy imaging is analyzed in the context of strain design. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of different microscopy technologies are discussed, including confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM), and super-resolution microscopy, followed by their applications in synthetic biology. Finally, the future perspectives of live-cell imaging and their potential to transform microbial systems are analyzed. This review provides theoretical guidance and highlights the importance of microscopy in understanding and engineering microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ke Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guoyun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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4
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Hwang W, Seo J, Kim D, Lee CJ, Choi IH, Yoo KH, Kim DY. Large field-of-view nanometer-sectioning microscopy by using metal-induced energy transfer and biexponential lifetime analysis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:91. [PMID: 33469155 PMCID: PMC7815909 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, which has about 100-nm axial excitation depth, is the method of choice for nanometer-sectioning imaging for decades. Lately, several new imaging techniques, such as variable angle TIRF microscopy, supercritical-angle fluorescence microscopy, and metal-induced energy transfer imaging, have been proposed to enhance the axial resolution of TIRF. However, all of these methods use high numerical aperture (NA) objectives, and measured images inevitably have small field-of-views (FOVs). Small-FOV can be a serious limitation when multiple cells need to be observed. We propose large-FOV nanometer-sectioning microscopy, which breaks the complementary relations between the depth of focus and axial sectioning by using MIET. Large-FOV imaging is achieved with a low-magnification objective, while nanometer-sectioning is realized utilizing metal-induced energy transfer and biexponential fluorescence lifetime analysis. The feasibility of our proposed method was demonstrated by imaging nanometer-scale distances between the basal membrane of human aortic endothelial cells and a substrate. Hwang et al. demonstrate that a high axial resolution can be achieved even with low numerical aperture (NA) objectives. They show the nano-profile of a basal cell membrane using metal-induced energy transfer and biexponential fluorescence lifetime analysis. The low-NA objective provides a larger field-of-view (FOV), thereby overcoming the limitations of a small FOV of the usually used high-NA objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsang Hwang
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - DongEun Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Jun Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Yoo
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dug Young Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Johnson A, Gnyliukh N, Kaufmann WA, Narasimhan M, Vert G, Bednarek SY, Friml J. Experimental toolbox for quantitative evaluation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the plant model Arabidopsis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs248062. [PMID: 32616560 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a crucial cellular process implicated in many aspects of plant growth, development, intra- and intercellular signaling, nutrient uptake and pathogen defense. Despite these significant roles, little is known about the precise molecular details of how CME functions in planta To facilitate the direct quantitative study of plant CME, we review current routinely used methods and present refined, standardized quantitative imaging protocols that allow the detailed characterization of CME at multiple scales in plant tissues. These protocols include: (1) an efficient electron microscopy protocol for the imaging of Arabidopsis CME vesicles in situ, thus providing a method for the detailed characterization of the ultrastructure of clathrin-coated vesicles; (2) a detailed protocol and analysis for quantitative live-cell fluorescence microscopy to precisely examine the temporal interplay of endocytosis components during single CME events; (3) a semi-automated analysis to allow the quantitative characterization of global internalization of cargos in whole plant tissues; and (4) an overview and validation of useful genetic and pharmacological tools to interrogate the molecular mechanisms and function of CME in intact plant samples.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nataliia Gnyliukh
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Walter A Kaufmann
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | | | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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6
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Dragwidge JM, VAN Damme D. Visualising endocytosis in plants: past, present, and future. J Microsc 2020; 280:104-110. [PMID: 32441767 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chris Hawes had a lively fascination for the immensely complex organisation of the endomembrane system, including the process of endocytosis. This is the method by which eukaryotic cells internalise membrane proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and cell wall enzymes from the cell surface through membrane bound vesicles. Endocytosis occurs progressively, starting with early membrane deformation, scission, and finally the release of the vesicle into the cytoplasm. Next to secretion, endocytosis allows the cell to control the proteome composition of its inner and outer surface membrane and as such, its communication with the outside world. Whereas endocytosis was initially considered theoretically impossible in plants due to their high turgor pressure, it is now established as essential for plant life. Furthermore, endocytosis remains a highly active field of research, both in yeast, animal, and plant model systems. Over the past three decades, the tools and techniques used to visualise, quantify, and characterise endocytosis have resulted in an increasingly higher spatiotemporal understanding of this process. Here we provide a brief history of plant endocytosis research from the time when Chris Hawes was investigating the process, to the current state-of-the-art in the field. We will end this chapter with a discussion on some promising future developments for plant endocytosis research. LAY DESCRIPTION: Endocytosis is a key process whereby eukaryotic cells can selectively take up membrane proteins, extracellular material and lipids. As this process controls the abundance and protein composition of the plasma membrane, it also controls the communication of the cell with the outside world. Whereas endocytosis was initially considered theoretically impossible in plants due to their high turgor pressure, it is now established as essential for plant life. Today, endocytosis remains a highly active field of research, both in yeast, animal, and plant model systems. Endocytosis was one of the favourite research topics of Chris Hawes, which is why this mini-review is part of the Festschrift issue in his honour. We provide here a brief history of plant endocytosis research from the time when Chris Hawes was investigating the process, to the current state-of-the-art in the field. Over the past three decades, the tools and techniques that were developed to visualise, quantify, and characterise endocytosis have allowed to achieve an increasingly higher spatiotemporal understanding of this process. We end this chapter with a discussion on some promising future developments for plant endocytosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dragwidge
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D VAN Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Pain C, Kriechbaumer V. Defining the dance: quantification and classification of endoplasmic reticulum dynamics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1757-1762. [PMID: 31811712 PMCID: PMC7094074 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The availability of quantification methods for subcellular organelle dynamic analysis has increased rapidly over the last 20 years. The application of these techniques to contiguous subcellular structures that exhibit dynamic remodelling over a range of scales and orientations is challenging, as quantification of 'movement' rarely corresponds to traditional, qualitative classifications of types of organelle movement. The plant endoplasmic reticulum represents a particular challenge for dynamic quantification as it itself is an entirely contiguous organelle that is in a constant state of flux and gross remodelling, controlled by the actinomyosin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Oxford Brookes University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Gipsy Lane, Plant Cell Biology, Oxford, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Oxford Brookes University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Gipsy Lane, Plant Cell Biology, Oxford, UK
- Correspondence:
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8
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Liscum E, Nittler P, Koskie K. The continuing arc toward phototropic enlightenment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1652-1658. [PMID: 31907539 PMCID: PMC7242014 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phototropism represents a simple physiological mechanism-differential growth across the growing organ of a plant-to respond to gradients of light and maximize photosynthetic light capture (in aerial tissues) and water/nutrient acquisition (in roots). The phototropin blue light receptors, phot1 and phot2, have been identified as the essential sensors for phototropism. Additionally, several downstream signal/response components have been identified, including the phot-interacting proteins NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) and PHYTOCHROME SUBSTRATE 4 (PKS4). While the structural and photochemical properties of the phots are quite well understood, much less is known about how the phots signal through downstream regulators. Recent advances have, however, provided some intriguing clues. It appears that inactive receptor phot1 is found dispersed in a monomeric form at the plasma membrane in darkness. Upon light absorption dimerizes and clusters in sterol-rich microdomains where it is signal active. Additional studies showed that the phot-regulated phosphorylation status of both NPH3 and PKS4 is linked to phototropic responsiveness. While PKS4 can function as both a positive (in low light) and a negative (in high light) regulator of phototropism, NPH3 appears to function solely as a key positive regulator. Ultimately, it is the subcellular localization of NPH3 that appears crucial, an aspect regulated by its phosphorylation status. While phot1 activation promotes dephosphorylation of NPH3 and its movement from the plasma membrane to cytoplasmic foci, phot2 appears to modulate relocalization back to the plasma membrane. Together these findings are beginning to illuminate the complex biochemical and cellular events, involved in adaptively modifying phototropic responsiveness under a wide varying range of light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Liscum
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrick Nittler
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Katelynn Koskie
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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9
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Dynamics and Endocytosis of Flot1 in Arabidopsis Require CPI1 Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051552. [PMID: 32106431 PMCID: PMC7084554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane microdomains are nano-scale domains (10–200 nm) enriched in sterols and sphingolipids. They have many important biological functions, including vesicle transport, endocytosis, and pathogen invasion. A previous study reported that the membrane microdomain-associated protein Flotillin1 (Flot1) was involved in plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, whether sterols affect the plant immunity conveyed by Flot1 is unknown. Here, we showed that the root length in sterol-deficient cyclopropylsterol isomerase 1 (cpi1-1) mutants expressing Flot1 was significantly shorter than in control seedlings. The cotyledon epidermal cells in cpi1-1 mutants expressing Flot1 were smaller than in controls. Moreover, variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM) and single-particle tracking (SPT) analysis demonstrated that the long-distance Flot1-GFP movement was decreased significantly in cpi1-1 mutants compared with the control seedlings. Meanwhile, the value of the diffusion coefficient Ĝ was dramatically decreased in cpi1-1 mutants after flagelin22 (flg22) treatment compared with the control seedlings, indicating that sterols affect the lateral mobility of Flot1-GFP within the plasma membrane. Importantly, using confocal microscopy, we determined that the endocytosis of Flot1-GFP was decreased in cpi1-1 mutants, which was confirmed by fluorescence cross spectroscopy (FCS) analysis. Hence, these results demonstrate that sterol composition plays a critical role in the plant defense responses of Flot1.
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10
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Narasimhan M, Johnson A, Prizak R, Kaufmann WA, Tan S, Casillas-Pérez B, Friml J. Evolutionarily unique mechanistic framework of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in plants. eLife 2020; 9:52067. [PMID: 31971511 PMCID: PMC7012609 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) represents the major route for cargo internalisation from the cell surface. It has been assumed to operate in an evolutionary conserved manner as in yeast and animals. Here we report characterisation of ultrastructure, dynamics and mechanisms of plant CME as allowed by our advancement in electron microscopy and quantitative live imaging techniques. Arabidopsis CME appears to follow the constant curvature model and the bona fide CME population generates vesicles of a predominantly hexagonal-basket type; larger and with faster kinetics than in other models. Contrary to the existing paradigm, actin is dispensable for CME events at the plasma membrane but plays a unique role in collecting endocytic vesicles, sorting of internalised cargos and directional endosome movement that itself actively promote CME events. Internalized vesicles display a strongly delayed and sequential uncoating. These unique features highlight the independent evolution of the plant CME mechanism during the autonomous rise of multicellularity in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Roshan Prizak
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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11
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Stefano G, Renna L, Wormsbaecher C, Gamble J, Zienkiewicz K, Brandizzi F. Plant Endocytosis Requires the ER Membrane-Anchored Proteins VAP27-1 and VAP27-3. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2299-2307. [PMID: 29791842 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Through yet-undefined mechanisms, the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a critical role in endocytosis. The plant ER establishes a close association with endosomes and contacts the plasma membrane (PM) at ER-PM contact sites (EPCSs) demarcated by the ER membrane-associated VAMP-associated-proteins (VAP). Here, we investigated two plant VAPs, VAP27-1 and VAP27-3, and found an interaction with clathrin and a requirement for the homeostasis of clathrin dynamics at endocytic membranes and endocytosis. We also demonstrated direct interaction of VAP27-proteins with phosphatidylinositol-phosphate lipids (PIPs) that populate endocytic membranes. These results support that, through interaction with PIPs, VAP27-proteins bridge the ER with endocytic membranes and maintain endocytic traffic, likely through their interaction with clathrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Stefano
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Luciana Renna
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Jessie Gamble
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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12
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Rosero A, Oulehlová D, Žárský V, Cvrčková F. Visualizing and Quantifying In Vivo Cortical Cytoskeleton Structure and Dynamics. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1992:135-149. [PMID: 31148036 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cortical microtubule and actin meshworks play a central role in the shaping of plant cells. Transgenic plants expressing fluorescent protein markers specifically tagging the two main cytoskeletal systems are available, allowing noninvasive in vivo studies. Advanced microscopy techniques, in particular confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), spinning disk confocal microscopy (SDCM), and variable angle epifluorescence microscopy (VAEM), can be nowadays used for imaging the cortical cytoskeleton of living cells with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. With the aid of free computing tools based on the publicly available ImageJ software package, quantitative information can be extracted from microscopic images and video sequences, providing insight into both architecture and dynamics of the cortical cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Rosero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Coordinación de Innovación Regional, C.I. Turipaná, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Denisa Oulehlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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13
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Cui Y, Yu M, Yao X, Xing J, Lin J, Li X. Single-Particle Tracking for the Quantification of Membrane Protein Dynamics in Living Plant Cells. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1315-1327. [PMID: 30296600 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is a sophisticated, organized, and highly heterogeneous structure that compartmentalizes cellular processes. To decipher the biological processes involving membrane proteins, it is necessary to analyze their spatiotemporal dynamics. However, it is difficult to directly assess the dynamics and interactions of biomolecules in living cells using traditional biochemical methods. Single-particle tracking (SPT) methods for imaging and tracking single particles conjugated with fluorescent probes offer an ideal approach to acquire valuable and complementary information about dynamic intracellular processes. SPT can be used to quantitatively monitor the diverse motions of individual particles in living cells. SPT also provides super-spatiotemporal resolution that allows early-stage or rapid response information to be obtained for a better understanding of molecular basis of associated signal transduction processes. More importantly, SPT can be used to detect the motion paths of individual biomolecules in vivo and in situ, thus unveiling the dynamic behavior of the biomolecules that support developmental processes in living cells. In this review, we give an overview of SPT methods, from image acquisition to the detection of single particles, as well as tracking and data analysis. We also discuss recent applications of SPT methods in the field of plant biology to reveal the complex biological functions of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaomin Yao
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Jinming Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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14
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Xue Y, Xing J, Wan Y, Lv X, Fan L, Zhang Y, Song K, Wang L, Wang X, Deng X, Baluška F, Christie JM, Lin J. Arabidopsis Blue Light Receptor Phototropin 1 Undergoes Blue Light-Induced Activation in Membrane Microdomains. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:846-859. [PMID: 29689384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot)-mediated signaling initiated by blue light (BL) plays a critical role in optimizing photosynthetic light capture at the plasma membrane (PM) in plants. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of phot activity at the PM in response to BL remain largely unclear. In this study, by single-particle tracking and stepwise photobleaching analysis of phot1-GFP proteins we demonstrated that in the dark phot1 proteins remain in an inactive state and mostly exist as monomers. Dimerization and the diffusion rate of phot1-GFP increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to BL. In contrast, BL did not affect the lateral diffusion of kinase-inactive phot1D806N-GFP but did enhance its dimerization, suggesting that phot1 dimerization is independent of phosphorylation. Förster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy analysis revealed that the interaction between phot1-GFP and a marker of sterol-rich lipid environments, AtRem1.3-mCherry, was enhanced with increased time of BL treatment. However, this BL-dependent interaction was not obvious in plants co-expressing phot1D806N-GFP and AtRem1.3-mCherry, indicating that BL facilitates the translocation of functional phot1-GFP into AtRem1.3-labeled microdomains to activate phot-mediated signaling. Conversely, sterol depletion attenuated phot1-GFP dynamics, dimerization, and phosphorylation. Taken together, these results indicate that membrane microdomains act as organizing platforms essential for the proper function of activated phot1 at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Xue
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinglang Wan
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lusheng Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yongdeng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kai Song
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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15
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Wang L, Xue Y, Xing J, Song K, Lin J. Exploring the Spatiotemporal Organization of Membrane Proteins in Living Plant Cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:525-551. [PMID: 29489393 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane proteins have important roles in transport and signal transduction. Deciphering the spatiotemporal organization of these proteins provides crucial information for elucidating the links between the behaviors of different molecules. However, monitoring membrane proteins without disrupting their membrane environment remains difficult. Over the past decade, many studies have developed single-molecule techniques, opening avenues for probing the stoichiometry and interactions of membrane proteins in their native environment by providing nanometer-scale spatial information and nanosecond-scale temporal information. In this review, we assess recent progress in the development of labeling and imaging technology for membrane protein analysis. We focus in particular on several single-molecule techniques for quantifying the dynamics and assembly of membrane proteins. Finally, we provide examples of how these new techniques are advancing our understanding of the complex biological functions of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiqun Xue
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kai Song
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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16
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Chen T, Ji D, Tian S. Variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy characterizes protein dynamics in the vicinity of plasma membrane in plant cells. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29540149 PMCID: PMC5853057 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assembly of protein complexes and compositional lipid patterning act together to endow cells with the plasticity required to maintain compositional heterogeneity with respect to individual proteins. Hence, the applications for imaging protein localization and dynamics require high accuracy, particularly at high spatio-temporal level. RESULTS We provided experimental data for the applications of Variable-Angle Epifluorescence Microscopy (VAEM) in dissecting protein dynamics in plant cells. The VAEM-based co-localization analysis took penetration depth and incident angle into consideration. Besides direct overlap of dual-color fluorescence signals, the co-localization analysis was carried out quantitatively in combination with the methodology for calculating puncta distance and protein proximity index. Besides, simultaneous VAEM tracking of cytoskeletal dynamics provided more insights into coordinated responses of actin filaments and microtubules. Moreover, lateral motility of membrane proteins was analyzed by calculating diffusion coefficients and kymograph analysis, which represented an alternative method for examining protein motility. CONCLUSION The present study presented experimental evidence on illustrating the use of VAEM in tracking and dissecting protein dynamics, dissecting endosomal dynamics, cell structure assembly along with membrane microdomain and protein motility in intact plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Dongchao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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17
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Grossmann G, Krebs M, Maizel A, Stahl Y, Vermeer JEM, Ott T. Green light for quantitative live-cell imaging in plants. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.209270. [PMID: 29361538 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants exhibit an intriguing morphological and physiological plasticity that enables them to thrive in a wide range of environments. To understand the cell biological basis of this unparalleled competence, a number of methodologies have been adapted or developed over the last decades that allow minimal or non-invasive live-cell imaging in the context of tissues. Combined with the ease to generate transgenic reporter lines in specific genetic backgrounds or accessions, we are witnessing a blooming in plant cell biology. However, the imaging of plant cells entails a number of specific challenges, such as high levels of autofluorescence, light scattering that is caused by cell walls and their sensitivity to environmental conditions. Quantitative live-cell imaging in plants therefore requires adapting or developing imaging techniques, as well as mounting and incubation systems, such as micro-fluidics. Here, we discuss some of these obstacles, and review a number of selected state-of-the-art techniques, such as two-photon imaging, light sheet microscopy and variable angle epifluorescence microscopy that allow high performance and minimal invasive live-cell imaging in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Excellence Cluster CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ott
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Liu HY, Chen WL, Ober CK, Daniel S. Biologically Complex Planar Cell Plasma Membranes Supported on Polyelectrolyte Cushions Enhance Transmembrane Protein Mobility and Retain Native Orientation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1061-1072. [PMID: 29020444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reconstituted supported lipid bilayers (SLB) are widely used as in vitro cell-surface models because they are compatible with a variety of surface-based analytical techniques. However, one of the challenges of using SLBs as a model of the cell surface is the limited complexity in membrane composition, including the incorporation of transmembrane proteins and lipid diversity that may impact the activity of those proteins. Additionally, it is challenging to preserve the transmembrane protein native orientation, function, and mobility in SLBs. Here, we leverage the interaction between cell plasma membrane vesicles and polyelectrolyte brushes to create planar bilayers from cell plasma membrane vesicles that have budded from the cell surface. This approach promotes the direct incorporation of membrane proteins and other species into the planar bilayer without using detergent or reconstitution and preserves membrane constituents. Furthermore, the structure of the polyelectrolyte brush serves as a cushion between the planar bilayer and rigid supporting surface, limiting the interaction of the cytosolic domains of membrane proteins with this surface. Single particle tracking was used to analyze the motion of GPI-linked yellow fluorescent proteins (GPI-YFP) and neon-green fused transmembrane P2X2 receptors (P2X2-neon) and shows that this platform retains over 75% mobility of multipass transmembrane proteins in its native membrane environment. An enzyme accessibility assay confirmed that the protein orientation is preserved and results in the extracellular domain facing toward the bulk phase and the cytosolic side facing the support. Because the platform presented here retains the complexity of the cell plasma membrane and preserves protein orientation and mobility, it is a better representative mimic of native cell surfaces, which may find many applications in biological assays aimed at understanding cell membrane phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yuan Liu
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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19
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Abstract
The availability of more specific dyes for a subset of endomembrane compartments, combined with the development of genetically encoded probes and advanced microscopy technologies, makes live cell imaging an approach that goes beyond the microscopically observation of cell structure. Here we describe the latest improved techniques to investigate protein-protein interaction, protein topology, and protein dynamics.Furthermore, we depict new technical approaches to identify mutants for chloroplast morphology and distribution through the tracking of chlorophyll fluorescence, as well as mutants for chloroplast movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Renna
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Giovanni Stefano
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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20
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Reynolds GD, Wang C, Pan J, Bednarek SY. Inroads into Internalization: Five Years of Endocytic Exploration. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:208-218. [PMID: 29074601 PMCID: PMC5761813 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Advances over recent years underlines a growing interest in investigating endocytosis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Chao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianwei Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Sebastian Y Bednarek
- Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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21
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Wang X, Chung KP, Lin W, Jiang L. Protein secretion in plants: conventional and unconventional pathways and new techniques. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:21-37. [PMID: 28992209 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein secretion is an essential process in all eukaryotic cells and its mechanisms have been extensively studied. Proteins with an N-terminal leading sequence or transmembrane domain are delivered through the conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. This feature is conserved in yeast, animals, and plants. In contrast, the transport of leaderless secretory proteins (LSPs) from the cytosol to the cell exterior is accomplished via the unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathway. So far, the CPS pathway has been well characterized in plants, with several recent studies providing new information about the regulatory mechanisms involved. On the other hand, studies on UPS pathways in plants remain descriptive, although a connection between UPS and the plant defense response is becoming more and more apparent. In this review, we present an update on CPS and UPS. With the emergence of new techniques, a more comprehensive understanding of protein secretion in plants can be expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Kin Pan Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Weili Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
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22
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Yu M, Liu H, Dong Z, Xiao J, Su B, Fan L, Komis G, Šamaj J, Lin J, Li R. The dynamics and endocytosis of Flot1 protein in response to flg22 in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 215:73-84. [PMID: 28582732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Membrane microdomains play vital roles in the process of bacterial infection. The membrane microdomain-associated protein Flot1 acts in an endocytic pathway and is required for seedling development, however, whether Flot1 is a part of host defense mechanisms remains unknown. During an analysis of callose deposition, we found that Flot1 amiRNAi mutants exhibited defects in response to flg22. Using variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM), structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and fluorescence cross spectroscopy (FCS), we determined that the dynamic behavior of GFP-Flot1 in Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledon epidermal cells changed significantly in plants treated with the elicitor flg22. Moreover, we found that Flot1 was constitutively recycled via an endocytic pathway and that flg22 could promote endocytosis. Importantly, targeting of Flot1 to the late endosome/vacuole for degradation increased in response to flg22 treatment; immunoblot analysis showed that when triggered by flg22, GFP-Flot1 was gradually degraded in a time-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that the changing of dynamics and oligomeric states can promote the endocytosis and degradation of Flot1 under flg22 treatment in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ziyi Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianwei Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bodan Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lusheng Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 78301, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 78301, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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23
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Song K, Xue Y, Wang X, Wan Y, Deng X, Lin J. A modified GFP facilitates counting membrane protein subunits by step-wise photobleaching in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:129-133. [PMID: 28380405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins exert functions by forming oligomers or molecular complexes. Currently, step-wise photobleaching has been applied to count the fluorescently labelled subunits in plant cells, for which an accurate and reliable control is required to distinguish individual subunits and define the basal fluorescence. However, the common procedure using immobilized GFP molecules is obviously not applicable for analysis in living plant cells. Using the spatial intensity distribution analysis (SpIDA), we found that the A206K mutation reduced the dimerization of GFP molecules. Further ectopic expression of Myristoyl-GFPA206K driven by the endogenous AtCLC2 promoter allowed imaging of individual molecules at a low expression level. As a result, the percentage of dimers in the transgenic pCLC2::Myristoyl-mGFPA206K line was significantly reduced in comparison to that of the pCLC2::Myristoyl-GFP line, confirming its application in defining the basal fluorescence intensity of GFP. Taken together, our results demonstrated that pCLC2::Myristoyl-mGFPA206K can be used as a standard control for monomer GFP, facilitating the analysis of the step-wise photobleaching of membrane proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yinglang Wan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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24
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Bücherl CA, Jarsch IK, Schudoma C, Segonzac C, Mbengue M, Robatzek S, MacLean D, Ott T, Zipfel C. Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling components but localise to distinct plasma membrane nanodomains. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28262094 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25114.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors govern a multitude of signalling pathways in multicellular organisms. In plants, prominent examples are the receptor kinases FLS2 and BRI1, which activate immunity and steroid-mediated growth, respectively. Intriguingly, despite inducing distinct signalling outputs, both receptors employ common downstream signalling components, which exist in plasma membrane (PM)-localised protein complexes. An important question is thus how these receptor complexes maintain signalling specificity. Live-cell imaging revealed that FLS2 and BRI1 form PM nanoclusters. Using single-particle tracking we could discriminate both cluster populations and we observed spatiotemporal separation between immune and growth signalling platforms. This finding was confirmed by visualising FLS2 and BRI1 within distinct PM nanodomains marked by specific remorin proteins and differential co-localisation with the cytoskeleton. Our results thus suggest that signalling specificity between these pathways may be explained by the spatial separation of FLS2 and BRI1 with their associated signalling components within dedicated PM nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris K Jarsch
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Schudoma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ott
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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25
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Bücherl CA, Jarsch IK, Schudoma C, Segonzac C, Mbengue M, Robatzek S, MacLean D, Ott T, Zipfel C. Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling components but localise to distinct plasma membrane nanodomains. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28262094 PMCID: PMC5383397 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors govern a multitude of signalling pathways in multicellular organisms. In plants, prominent examples are the receptor kinases FLS2 and BRI1, which activate immunity and steroid-mediated growth, respectively. Intriguingly, despite inducing distinct signalling outputs, both receptors employ common downstream signalling components, which exist in plasma membrane (PM)-localised protein complexes. An important question is thus how these receptor complexes maintain signalling specificity. Live-cell imaging revealed that FLS2 and BRI1 form PM nanoclusters. Using single-particle tracking we could discriminate both cluster populations and we observed spatiotemporal separation between immune and growth signalling platforms. This finding was confirmed by visualising FLS2 and BRI1 within distinct PM nanodomains marked by specific remorin proteins and differential co-localisation with the cytoskeleton. Our results thus suggest that signalling specificity between these pathways may be explained by the spatial separation of FLS2 and BRI1 with their associated signalling components within dedicated PM nanodomains. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25114.001 Unlike most animals, plants cannot move away if their environment changes for the worse. Instead, a plant must sense these changes and respond appropriately, for example by changing how much it grows. Disease-causing microbes in the immediate environment represent another potential threat to plants. To detect these microbes, plant cells have proteins called “pattern recognition receptors” in their surface membranes that sense certain molecules from the microbes (similar receptors are found in animals too). When a receptor protein recognises one such microbial molecule, it becomes activated and forms a complex with other proteins referred to as co-receptors. The protein complex then sends a signal into the cell to trigger an immune response. Plants also use similar receptor proteins to sense their own signalling molecules and regulate their growth and development. These growth-related receptors rely on many of the same co-receptors and signalling components as the immunity-related receptors. This posed the question: how can plant cells use the same proteins to trigger different responses to different signals? Bücherl et al. have now used high-resolution microscopy and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to show that the plant’s immune receptors and growth receptors are found in separate clusters at the plant cell’s surface membrane. These clusters are only a few hundred nanometres wide, and they also contained other signalling components that are needed to quickly relay the signals into the plant cell. Bücherl et al. suggest that, by organizing their receptors into these physically distinct clusters, plant cells can use similar proteins to sense different signals and respond in then different ways. This idea will need to be tested in future studies. Further work is also needed to understand how these clusters of signalling proteins are assembled and inserted at specific locations within the surface membrane of a plant cell. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25114.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris K Jarsch
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Schudoma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ott
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Visualization of BRI1 and SERK3/BAK1 Nanoclusters in Arabidopsis Roots. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169905. [PMID: 28114413 PMCID: PMC5256950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that are perceived at the plasma membrane (PM) by the ligand binding receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) and the co-receptor SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE 3/BRI1 ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (SERK3/BAK1). To visualize BRI1-GFP and SERK3/BAK1-mCherry in the plane of the PM, variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy (VAEM) was employed, which allows selective illumination of a thin surface layer. VAEM revealed an inhomogeneous distribution of BRI1-GFP and SERK3/BAK1-mCherry at the PM, which we attribute to the presence of distinct nanoclusters. Neither the BRI1 nor the SERK3/BAK1 nanocluster density is affected by depletion of endogenous ligands or application of exogenous ligands. To reveal interacting populations of receptor complexes, we utilized selective-surface observation—fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (SSO-FLIM) for the detection of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Using this approach, we observed hetero-oligomerisation of BRI1 and SERK3 in the nanoclusters, which did not change upon depletion of endogenous ligand or signal activation. Upon ligand application, however, the number of BRI1-SERK3 /BAK1 hetero-oligomers was reduced, possibly due to endocytosis of active signalling units of BRI1-SERK3/BAK1 residing in the PM. We propose that formation of nanoclusters in the plant PM is subjected to biophysical restraints, while the stoichiometry of receptors inside these nanoclusters is variable and important for signal transduction.
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Song S, Chang J, Ma C, Tan YW. Single-Molecule Fluorescence Methods to Study Plant Hormone Signal Transduction Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1888. [PMID: 29163610 PMCID: PMC5673658 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant-hormone-initiated signaling pathways are extremely vital for plant growth, differentiation, development, and adaptation to environmental stresses. Hormonal perception by receptors induces downstream signal transduction mechanisms that lead to plant responses. However, conventional techniques-such as genetics, biochemistry, and physiology methods-that are applied to elucidate these signaling pathways can only provide qualitative or ensemble-averaged quantitative results, and the intrinsic molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The present study developed novel methodologies based on in vitro single-molecule fluorescence assays to elucidate the complete and detailed mechanisms of plant hormone signal transduction pathways. The proposed methods are based on multicolor total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and a flow cell model for gas environment control. The methods validate the effectiveness of single-molecule approaches for the extraction of abundant information, including oligomerization, specific gas dependence, and the interaction kinetics of different components.
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Johnson A, Vert G. Single Event Resolution of Plant Plasma Membrane Protein Endocytosis by TIRF Microscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:612. [PMID: 28484480 PMCID: PMC5401915 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a key process in the internalization of extracellular materials and plasma membrane proteins, such as receptors and transporters, thereby controlling many aspects of cell signaling and cellular homeostasis. Endocytosis in plants has an essential role not only for basic cellular functions but also for growth and development, nutrient delivery, toxin avoidance, and pathogen defense. The precise mechanisms of endocytosis in plants remain quite elusive. The lack of direct visualization and examination of single events of endocytosis has greatly hampered our ability to precisely monitor the cell surface lifetime and the recruitment profile of proteins driving endocytosis or endocytosed cargos in plants. Here, we discuss the necessity to systematically implement total internal reflection fluorescence microcopy (TIRF) in the Plant Cell Biology community and present reliable protocols for high spatial and temporal imaging of endocytosis in plants using clathrin-mediated endocytosis as a test case, since it represents the major route for internalization of cell-surface proteins in plants. We developed a robust method to directly visualize cell surface proteins using TIRF microscopy combined to a high throughput, automated and unbiased analysis pipeline to determine the temporal recruitment profile of proteins to single sites of endocytosis, using the departure of clathrin as a physiological reference for scission. Using this 'departure assay', we assessed the recruitment of two different AP-2 subunits, alpha and mu, to the sites of endocytosis and found that AP2A1 was recruited in concert with clathrin, while AP2M was not. This validated approach therefore offers a powerful solution to better characterize the plant endocytic machinery and the dynamics of one's favorite cargo protein.
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Pendharker S, Shende S, Newman W, Ogg S, Nazemifard N, Jacob Z. Axial super-resolution evanescent wave tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5499-5502. [PMID: 27906223 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical tomographic reconstruction of a three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale specimen is hindered by the axial diffraction limit, which is 2-3 times worse than the focal plane resolution. We propose and experimentally demonstrate an axial super-resolution evanescent wave tomography method that enables the use of regular evanescent wave microscopes like the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope beyond surface imaging and achieve a tomographic reconstruction with axial super-resolution. Our proposed method based on Fourier reconstruction achieves axial super-resolution by extracting information from multiple sets of 3D fluorescence images when the sample is illuminated by an evanescent wave. We propose a procedure to extract super-resolution features from the incremental penetration of an evanescent wave and support our theory by one-dimensional (along the optical axis) and 3D simulations. We validate our claims by experimentally demonstrating tomographic reconstruction of microtubules in HeLa cells with an axial resolution of ∼130 nm. Our method does not require any additional optical components or sample preparation. The proposed method can be combined with focal plane super-resolution techniques like stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy and can also be adapted for THz and microwave near-field tomography.
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Application of Variable Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy to Investigate Protein Dynamics in Intact Plant Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1363:123-32. [PMID: 26577785 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3115-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Variable angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM) is an optical method to observe the molecular events occurring in an extremely thin region near the plasma membrane. Recently, the VA-TIRFM technique has been widely used to study fluorescently labeled target molecules in living animal and plant cells. Here, we describe the optical principle of the VA-TIRFM technique and provide a detailed experimental procedure for the study of living plant cells.
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31
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Higaki T. Real-time Imaging of Plant Cell Surface Dynamics with Variable-angle Epifluorescence Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2015:e53437. [PMID: 26709913 DOI: 10.3791/53437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A plant's cell surface is its interface for perceiving environmental cues; it responds with cell biological changes such as membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal rearrangement. Real-time and high-resolution image analysis of such intracellular events will increase the understanding of plant cell biology at the molecular level. Variable angle epifluorescence microscopy (VAEM) is an emerging technique that provides high-quality, time-lapse images of fluorescently-labeled proteins on the plant cell surface. In this article, practical procedures are described for VAEM specimen preparation, adjustment of the VAEM optical system, movie capturing and image analysis. As an example of VAEM observation, representative results are presented on the dynamics of PATROL1. This is a protein essential for stomatal movement, thought to be involved in proton pump delivery to plasma membranes in the stomatal complex of Arabidopsis thaliana. VAEM real-time observation of guard cells and subsidiary cells in A. thaliana cotyledons showed that fluorescently-tagged PATROL1 appeared as dot-like structures on plasma membranes for several seconds and then disappeared. Kymograph analysis of VAEM movie data determined the time distribution of the presence (termed 'residence time') of the dot-like structures. The use of VAEM is discussed in the context of this example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Higaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo;
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32
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Xi D, Wang X, Ai S, Zhang S. Detection of cancer cells using triplex DNA molecular beacons based on expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:9547-9. [PMID: 25012879 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03925d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy was proposed for Ramos cell detection by combining the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) with the cell aptamer recognition and the triplex molecular beacons. This system was successfully applied to cancer cell detection with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Xi
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, P. R. China.
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Konrad SSA, Ott T. Molecular principles of membrane microdomain targeting in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:351-61. [PMID: 25936559 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membranes (PMs) are heterogeneous lipid bilayers comprising diverse subdomains. These sites can be labeled by various proteins in vivo and may serve as hotspots for signal transduction. They are found at apical, basal, and lateral membranes of polarized cells, at cell equatorial planes, or almost isotropically distributed throughout the PM. Recent advances in imaging technologies and understanding of mechanisms that allow proteins to target specific sites in PMs have provided insights into the dynamics and complexity of their specific segregation. Here we present a comprehensive overview of the different types of membrane microdomain and describe the molecular modes that determine site-directed targeting of membrane-resident proteins at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S A Konrad
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Genetics, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Genetics, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Rousseau D, Chéné Y, Belin E, Semaan G, Trigui G, Boudehri K, Franconi F, Chapeau-Blondeau F. Multiscale imaging of plants: current approaches and challenges. PLANT METHODS 2015; 11:6. [PMID: 25694791 PMCID: PMC4331374 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-015-0050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We review a set of recent multiscale imaging techniques, producing high-resolution images of interest for plant sciences. These techniques are promising because they match the multiscale structure of plants. However, the use of such high-resolution images is challenging in the perspective of their application to high-throughput phenotyping on large populations of plants, because of the memory cost for their data storage and the computational cost for their processing to extract information. We discuss how this renews the interest for multiscale image processing tools such as wavelets, fractals and recent variants to analyse such high-resolution images.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rousseau
- />Université de Lyon, Laboratoire CREATIS, CNRS, UMR5220, INSERM, U1044, Université Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne France
| | - Yann Chéné
- />Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), Université d’Angers, 62 avenue Notre Dame du Lac, Angers, 49000 France
| | - Etienne Belin
- />Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), Université d’Angers, 62 avenue Notre Dame du Lac, Angers, 49000 France
| | - Georges Semaan
- />Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), Université d’Angers, 62 avenue Notre Dame du Lac, Angers, 49000 France
| | - Ghassen Trigui
- />GEVES, Station Nationale d’Essais de Semences (SNES), rue Georges Morel, Beaucouzé, 49071 France
| | - Karima Boudehri
- />GEVES, Station Nationale d’Essais de Semences (SNES), rue Georges Morel, Beaucouzé, 49071 France
| | - Florence Franconi
- />La Plateforme d’Ingénierie et Analyses Moléculaires (PIAM), Université d’Angers, Angers, 49000 France
| | - François Chapeau-Blondeau
- />Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), Université d’Angers, 62 avenue Notre Dame du Lac, Angers, 49000 France
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35
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Komis G, Mistrik M, Šamajová O, Doskočilová A, Ovečka M, Illés P, Bartek J, Šamaj J. Dynamics and organization of cortical microtubules as revealed by superresolution structured illumination microscopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:129-48. [PMID: 24686112 PMCID: PMC4012574 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ acentrosomal mechanisms to organize cortical microtubule arrays essential for cell growth and differentiation. Using structured illumination microscopy (SIM) adopted for the optimal documentation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hypocotyl epidermal cells, dynamic cortical microtubules labeled with green fluorescent protein fused to the microtubule-binding domain of the mammalian microtubule-associated protein MAP4 and with green fluorescent protein-fused to the alpha tubulin6 were comparatively recorded in wild-type Arabidopsis plants and in the mitogen-activated protein kinase mutant mpk4 possessing the former microtubule marker. The mpk4 mutant exhibits extensive microtubule bundling, due to increased abundance and reduced phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein MAP65-1, thus providing a very useful genetic tool to record intrabundle microtubule dynamics at the subdiffraction level. SIM imaging revealed nano-sized defects in microtubule bundling, spatially resolved microtubule branching and release, and finally allowed the quantification of individual microtubules within cortical bundles. Time-lapse SIM imaging allowed the visualization of subdiffraction, short-lived excursions of the microtubule plus end, and dynamic instability behavior of both ends during free, intrabundle, or microtubule-templated microtubule growth and shrinkage. Finally, short, rigid, and nondynamic microtubule bundles in the mpk4 mutant were observed to glide along the parent microtubule in a tip-wise manner. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of SIM for superresolution time-lapse imaging of plant cells, showing unprecedented details accompanying microtubule dynamic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Anna Doskočilová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Peter Illés
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (G.K., O.Š., A.D., M.O., P.I., J.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic (M.M., J.B.); and
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK–2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (J.B.)
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Higaki T, Hashimoto-Sugimoto M, Akita K, Iba K, Hasezawa S. Dynamics and environmental responses of PATROL1 in Arabidopsis subsidiary cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:773-80. [PMID: 24163289 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis stomatal complex is composed of a pair of guard cells and surrounding anisocytic subsidiary cells. Subsidiary cells are thought to function as a supplier and receiver of bulk water and ions, and to assist turgor-driven stomatal movement, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this work, we studied the dynamic behavior and environmental responses of PATROL1, which has been identified as a translocation factor of the plasma membrane proton pump ATPase (PM H(+)-ATPase) AHA1 in guard cells and subsidiary cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. Variable-angle epifluorescence microscopic observation revealed that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-PATROL1 localized on dot-like compartments that resided on plasma membranes for several seconds. The GFP-PATROL1-labeled dots were sensitive to phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase inhibitors but not to a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor. GFP-PATROL1 and red fluorescent protein (RFP)-AHA1 co-localized in hyperosmotic conditions, and a mutation of PATROL1 resulted in an increase in GFP-AHA1 internalization, suggesting a role in the translocation of PM H(+)-ATPase in subsidiary cells. Interestingly, subsidiary cells showed changes in localization of GFP-PATROL1 in response to environmental stimuli that were opposite to those in guard cells. Our observations suggested that PATROL1 may contribute to stomatal movement by translocations of PM H(+)-ATPase in subsidiary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
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37
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Hao H, Fan L, Chen T, Li R, Li X, He Q, Botella MA, Lin J. Clathrin and Membrane Microdomains Cooperatively Regulate RbohD Dynamics and Activity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1729-1745. [PMID: 24755455 PMCID: PMC4036582 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.122358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RbohD) functions as an essential regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, our understanding of the regulation of RbohD remains limited. By variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-RbohD organizes into dynamic spots at the plasma membrane. These RbohD spots have heterogeneous diffusion coefficients and oligomerization states, as measured by photobleaching techniques. Stimulation with ionomycin and calyculin A, which activate the ROS-producing enzymatic activity of RbohD, increases the diffusion and oligomerization of RbohD. Abscisic acid and flg22 treatments also increase the diffusion coefficient and clustering of GFP-RbohD. Single-particle analysis in clathrin heavy chain2 mutants and a Flotillin1 artificial microRNA line demonstrated that clathrin- and microdomain-dependent endocytic pathways cooperatively regulate RbohD dynamics. Under salt stress, GFP-RbohD assembles into clusters and then internalizes into the cytoplasm. Dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy analysis further showed that salt stress stimulates RbohD endocytosis via membrane microdomains. We demonstrate that microdomain-associated RbohD spots diffuse at the membrane with high heterogeneity, and these dynamics closely relate to RbohD activity. Our results provide insight into the regulation of RbohD activity by clustering and endocytosis, which facilitate the activation of redox signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiqing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lusheng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qihua He
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética, y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Langhans M, Meckel T. Single-molecule detection and tracking in plants. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:277-91. [PMID: 24385216 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Combining optical properties with a limited choice of fluorophores turns single-molecule imaging in plants into a challenging task. This explains why the technique, despite its success in the field of animal cell biology, is far from being routinely applied in plant cell research. The same challenges, however, also apply to the application of single-molecule microscopy to any intact tissue or multicellular 3D cell culture. As recent and upcoming progress in fluorescence microscopy will permit single-molecule detection in the context of multicellular systems, plant tissue imaging will experience a huge benefit from this progress. In this review, we address every step of a single-molecule experiment, highlight the critical aspects of each and elaborate on optimizations and developments required for improvements. We relate each step to recent achievements, which have so far been conducted exclusively on the root epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with inclined illumination and show examples of single-molecule measurements using different cells or illumination schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Langhans
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3-5, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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Rosero A, Zárský V, Cvrčková F. Visualizing and quantifying the in vivo structure and dynamics of the Arabidopsis cortical cytoskeleton using CLSM and VAEM. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1080:87-97. [PMID: 24132421 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-643-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cortical microtubules, and to some extent also the actin meshwork, play a central role in the shaping of plant cells. Transgenic plants expressing fluorescent protein markers specifically tagging the two main cytoskeletal systems are available, allowing noninvasive in vivo studies. Advanced microscopy techniques, in particular confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and variable angle epifluorescence microscopy (VAEM), can be nowadays used for imaging the cortical cytoskeleton of living cells with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. With the aid of suitable computing techniques, quantitative information can be extracted from microscopic images and video sequences, providing insight into both architecture and dynamics of the cortical cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Rosero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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40
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Li X, Luu DT, Maurel C, Lin J. Probing plasma membrane dynamics at the single-molecule level. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:617-24. [PMID: 23911558 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant plasma membrane is highly dynamic and changes multiple aspects of its organization in response to environmental and internal factors. A detailed understanding of membrane dynamics in living plant cells has remained obscure because of the limited spatial resolution of conventional optical microscopy. Recently, several single-molecule imaging approaches have been developed and used to provide valuable insights into the fundamental biochemical and biophysical properties of the plant plasma membrane, including the organization of membrane microdomains and the dynamics of single-molecule diffusion. Here we review single-molecule imaging methods, including total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), and super-resolution microscopy, and examine their contributions to recent progress in understanding protein dynamics and membrane organization in living plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Fan L, Hao H, Xue Y, Zhang L, Song K, Ding Z, Botella MA, Wang H, Lin J. Dynamic analysis of Arabidopsis AP2 σ subunit reveals a key role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and plant development. Development 2013; 140:3826-37. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.095711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which depends on the AP2 complex, plays an essential role in many cellular and developmental processes in mammalian cells. However, the function of the AP2 complex in plants remains largely unexplored. Here, we show in Arabidopsis that the AP2 σ subunit mutant (ap2 σ) displays various developmental defects that are similar to those of mutants defective in auxin transport and/or signaling, including single, trumpet-shaped and triple cotyledons, impaired vascular pattern, reduced vegetative growth, defective silique development and drastically reduced fertility. We demonstrate that AP2 σ is closely associated and physically interacts with the clathrin light chain (CLC) in vivo using fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS), protein proximity analyses and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Using variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM), we show that AP2 σ-mCherry spots colocalize with CLC-EGFP at the plasma membrane, and that AP2 σ-mCherry fluorescence appears and disappears before CLC-EGFP fluorescence. The density and turnover rate of the CLC-EGFP spots are significantly reduced in the ap2 σ mutant. The internalization and recycling of the endocytic tracer FM4-64 and the auxin efflux carrier protein PIN1 are also significantly reduced in the ap2 σ mutant. Further, the polar localization of PIN1-GFP is significantly disrupted during embryogenesis in the ap2 σ mutant. Taken together, our results support an essential role of AP2 σ in the assembly of a functional AP2 complex in plants, which is required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, polar auxin transport and plant growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusheng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huaiqing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Kai Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Miguel A. Botella
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8104, USA
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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42
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Martin-Fernandez ML, Tynan CJ, Webb SED. A 'pocket guide' to total internal reflection fluorescence. J Microsc 2013; 252:16-22. [PMID: 23889125 PMCID: PMC4285862 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) was placed in the context of optical microscopy by Daniel Axelrod over three decades ago. TIRF microscopy exploits the properties of an evanescent electromagnetic field to optically section sample regions in the close vicinity of the substrate where the field is induced. The first applications in cell biology targeted investigation of phenomena at the basolateral plasma membrane. The most notable application of TIRF is single-molecule experiments, which can provide information on fluctuation distributions and rare events, yielding novel insights on the mechanisms governing the molecular interactions that underpin many fundamental processes within the cell. This short review intends to provide a ‘one stop shop’ explanation of the electromagnetic theory behind the remarkable properties of the evanescent field, guide the reader through the principles behind building or choosing your own TIRF system and consider how the most popular applications of the method exploit the evanescent field properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Martin-Fernandez
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, UK
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43
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Single-particle analysis reveals shutoff control of the Arabidopsis ammonium transporter AMT1;3 by clustering and internalization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13204-9. [PMID: 23882074 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301160110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonium is a preferred source of nitrogen for plants but is toxic at high levels. Plant ammonium transporters (AMTs) play an essential role in NH4(+) uptake, but the mechanism by which AMTs are regulated remains unclear. To study how AMTs are regulated in the presence of ammonium, we used variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy for single-particle fluorescence imaging of EGFP-tagged AMT1;3 on the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis root cells at various ammonium levels. We demonstrated that AMT1;3-EGFP dynamically appeared and disappeared on the plasma membrane as moving fluorescent spots in low oligomeric states under N-deprived and N-sufficient conditions. Under external high-ammonium stress, however, AMT1;3-EGFPs were found to amass into clusters, which were then internalized into the cytoplasm. A similar phenomenon also occurred in the glutamine synthetase mutant gln1;2 background. Single-particle analysis of AMT1;3-EGFPs in the clathrin heavy chain 2 mutant (chc2 mutant) and Flotllin1 artificial microRNA (Flot1 amiRNA) backgrounds, together with chemical inhibitor treatments, demonstrated that the endocytosis of AMT1;3 clusters induced by high-ammonium stress could occur mainly through clathrin-mediated endocytic pathways, but the contribution of microdomain-associated endocytic pathway cannot be excluded in the internalization. Our results revealed that the clustering and endocytosis of AMT1;3 provides an effective mechanism by which plant cells can avoid accumulation of toxic levels of ammonium by eliminating active AMT1;3 from the plasma membrane.
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Stender AS, Marchuk K, Liu C, Sander S, Meyer MW, Smith EA, Neupane B, Wang G, Li J, Cheng JX, Huang B, Fang N. Single cell optical imaging and spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2469-527. [PMID: 23410134 PMCID: PMC3624028 DOI: 10.1021/cr300336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S. Stender
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Suzanne Sander
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Matthew W. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Emily A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Bhanu Neupane
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Gufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Junjie Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Ning Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Rosero A, Žárský V, Cvrčková F. AtFH1 formin mutation affects actin filament and microtubule dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013. [PMID: 23202131 PMCID: PMC3542049 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell growth and morphogenesis depend on remodelling of both actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. AtFH1 (At5g25500), the main housekeeping Arabidopsis formin, is targeted to membranes and known to nucleate and bundle actin. The effect of mutations in AtFH1 on root development and cytoskeletal dynamics was examined. Consistent with primarily actin-related formin function, fh1 mutants showed increased sensitivity to the actin polymerization inhibitor latrunculin B (LatB). LatB-treated mutants had thicker, shorter roots than wild-type plants. Reduced cell elongation and morphological abnormalities were observed in both trichoblasts and atrichoblasts. Fluorescently tagged cytoskeletal markers were used to follow cytoskeletal dynamics in wild-type and mutant plants using confocal microscopy and VAEM (variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy). Mutants exhibited more abundant but less dynamic F-actin bundles and more dynamic microtubules than wild-type seedlings. Treatment of wild-type seedlings with a formin inhibitor, SMIFH2, mimicked the root growth and cell expansion phenotypes and cytoskeletal structure alterations observed in fh1 mutants. The results suggest that besides direct effects on actin organization, the in vivo role of AtFH1 also includes modulation of microtubule dynamics, possibly mediated by actin-microtubule cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Rosero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, CZ 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Malinsky J, Opekarová M, Grossmann G, Tanner W. Membrane microdomains, rafts, and detergent-resistant membranes in plants and fungi. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:501-29. [PMID: 23638827 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The existence of specialized microdomains in plasma membranes, postulated for almost 25 years, has been popularized by the concept of lipid or membrane rafts. The idea that detergent-resistant membranes are equivalent to lipid rafts, which was generally abandoned after a decade of vigorous data accumulation, contributed to intense discussions about the validity of the raft concept. The existence of membrane microdomains, meanwhile, has been verified by unequivocal independent evidence. This review summarizes the current state of research in plants and fungi with respect to common aspects of both kingdoms. In these organisms, principally immobile microdomains large enough for microscopic detection have been visualized. These microdomains are found in the context of cell-cell interactions (plant symbionts and pathogens), membrane transport, stress, and polarized growth, and the data corroborate at least three mechanisms of formation. As documented in this review, modern methods of visualization of lateral membrane compartments are also able to uncover the functional relevance of membrane microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Malinsky
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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47
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Cvrčková F. Formins: emerging players in the dynamic plant cell cortex. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:712605. [PMID: 24278734 PMCID: PMC3820618 DOI: 10.6064/2012/712605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Formins (FH2 proteins) are an evolutionarily conserved family of eukaryotic proteins, sharing the common FH2 domain. While they have been, until recently, understood mainly as actin nucleators, formins are also engaged in various additional aspects of cytoskeletal organization and signaling, including, but not limited to, the crosstalk between the actin and microtubule networks. A surprising diversity of domain organizations has been discovered among the FH2 proteins, and specific domain setups have been found in plants. Seed plants have two clades of formins, one of them (Class I) containing mostly transmembrane proteins, while members of the other one (Class II) may be anchored to membranes via a putative membrane-binding domain related to the PTEN antioncogene. Thus, plant formins present good candidates for possible mediators of coordination of the cortical actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, as well as their attachment to the plasma membrane, that is, aspects of cell cortex organization likely to be important for cell and tissue morphogenesis. Although experimental studies of plant formin function are hampered by the large number of formin genes and their functional redundancy, recent experimental work has already resulted in some remarkable insights into the function of FH2 proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
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48
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Chen T, Wang X, von Wangenheim D, Zheng M, Šamaj J, Ji W, Lin J. Probing and tracking organelles in living plant cells. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249 Suppl 2:S157-S167. [PMID: 22183127 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular organelle movements and positioning play pivotal roles in enabling plants to proliferate life efficiently and to survive diverse environmental stresses. The elaborate dissection of organelle dynamics and their underlying mechanisms (e.g., the role of the cytoskeleton in organelle movements) largely depends on the advancement and efficiency of organelle tracking systems. Here, we provide an overview of some recently developed tools for labeling and tracking organelle dynamics in living plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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49
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Li R, Liu P, Wan Y, Chen T, Wang Q, Mettbach U, Baluška F, Šamaj J, Fang X, Lucas WJ, Lin J. A membrane microdomain-associated protein, Arabidopsis Flot1, is involved in a clathrin-independent endocytic pathway and is required for seedling development. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:2105-22. [PMID: 22589463 PMCID: PMC3442590 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.095695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is essential for the maintenance of protein and lipid compositions in the plasma membrane and for the acquisition of materials from the extracellular space. Clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytic processes are well established in yeast and animals; however, endocytic pathways involved in cargo internalization and intracellular trafficking remain to be fully elucidated for plants. Here, we used transgenic green fluorescent protein-flotillin1 (GFP-Flot1) Arabidopsis thaliana plants in combination with confocal microscopy analysis and transmission electron microscopy immunogold labeling to study the spatial and dynamic aspects of GFP-Flot1-positive vesicle formation. Vesicle size, as outlined by the gold particles, was ∼100 nm, which is larger than the 30-nm size of clathrin-coated vesicles. GFP-Flot1 also did not colocalize with clathrin light chain-mOrange. Variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy also revealed that the dynamic behavior of GFP-Flot1-positive puncta was different from that of clathrin light chain-mOrange puncta. Furthermore, disruption of membrane microdomains caused a significant alteration in the dynamics of Flot1-positive puncta. Analysis of artificial microRNA Flot1 transgenic Arabidopsis lines established that a reduction in Flot1 transcript levels gave rise to a reduction in shoot and root meristem size plus retardation in seedling growth. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that, in plant cells, Flot1 is involved in a clathrin-independent endocytic pathway and functions in seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yinglang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qinli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ursula Mettbach
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Department of Plant Cell Biology, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Department of Plant Cell Biology, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 78301 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - William J. Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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50
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Gonneau M, Höfte H, Vernhettes S. Fluorescent tags to explore cell wall structure and dynamics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:145. [PMID: 22783266 PMCID: PMC3388471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly dynamic and heterogeneous structures, which vary between cell types, growth stages but also between microdomains within a single cell wall. In this review, we summarize the imaging techniques using fluorescent tags that are currently being used and which should in the coming years revolutionize our understanding of the dynamics of cell wall architecture and the cellular processes involved in the synthesis of cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Gonneau
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences,Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin,Versailles, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences,Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin,Versailles, France
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences,Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin,Versailles, France
- *Correspondence: Samantha Vernhettes, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParis Tech, Bâtiment 2, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St-Cyr (RD10),78026 Versailles Cedex, France. e-mail:
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