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Dale F, Brodbelt DC, West G, Church DB, Lee YH, O'Neill DG. Demography, common disorders and mortality of Shih Tzu dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. Canine Med Genet 2024; 11:2. [PMID: 38263229 PMCID: PMC10807147 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-023-00135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shih Tzus are a popular dog breed in the UK although there is relatively little reported information on their health. This study aimed to characterise the demography, common disorders and mortality of Shih Tzus under primary veterinary care during 2016 in the UK using de-identified clinical records from the VetCompass™ Programme. RESULTS The study population of 336,865 dogs under veterinary care during 2016 included 11,082 Shih Tzus (3.3%). The median age was 4.1 years (IQR: 2.1-7.1, range: 0.3-20.4) and mean adult bodyweight was 7.9 kg (SD: 1.9 kg). Annual proportional births increased from 2.2% of all dog births in 2005 to 3.8% in 2013, dropping to 3.3% by 2016. From a random subset of 2,423 Shih Tzus that had information extracted on disorders diagnosed during 2016, the most prevalent fine-level precision disorders were periodontal disease (n = 229, prevalence 9.5%, 95% CI: 8.4-10.7), anal sac impaction (180, 7.4%, 95% CI: 6.5-8.5) and ear disorders (134, 5.5%, 95% CI: 4.7-6.5). The most prevalent grouped-level precision disorders were cutaneous (n = 402, prevalence: 16.6%, 95% CI: 15.2-18.1), dental (322, 13.3%, 95% CI: 12.0-14.7), and ophthalmological (289, 11.9%, 95% CI: 10.7-13.3). Males were more likely than females to be diagnosed with skin disorders (P = 0.007) and musculoskeletal disorders (P = 0.010) while females were more likely than males to be diagnosed with hernias (P = 0.005). The median age of death was 12.7 years (IQR 8.7-14.3, range 2.0-19.9) and did not differ statistically between males and females. The most common grouped causes of death were enteropathy (7.9%, 95% CI: 3.9-15.4), heart disease (7.9%, 95% CI: 3.9-15.4) and poor quality of life (7.9%, 95% CI: 3.9-15.4). CONCLUSIONS Periodontal disease, anal sac impaction and ear disorders were identified as common health issues. Shih Tzus had higher prevalence of anal sac impaction, umbilical hernias and eye problems than reported previously in dogs overall, suggesting potential predispositions. Shih Tzus appear to be relatively long-lived compared to previous reports of lifespan in dogs overall. The results can inform veterinarians and owners on priority disorders for monitoring to protect welfare. Oral hygiene was highlighted as a healthcare priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Dale
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK.
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - Gabriella West
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - David B Church
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - Yan Hui Lee
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - Dan G O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
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Thomas S, Lappin DF, Bennett D, Nile C, Riggio MP. Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in saliva of cats with feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion. Res Vet Sci 2024; 166:105092. [PMID: 38029490 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) is an inflammatory oral disease of unknown aetiopathogenesis that affects between 20% to 75% of cats. Twenty immune-associated molecules were measured in saliva of 25 healthy and 40 cats with FORL using a multiplex assay. No statistically significant differences were observed in the levels of these proteins between the healthy group and the diseased group of cats. A two-step cluster analysis of the oral microbiome and salivary cytokine data identified two subgroups of cats with FORL: FORL-1 (subset of cats with a less diverse oral microbiome) and FORL-2 (diseased cats with a microbiome similar to that of healthy animals). The level of some key proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-12p40) and chemokines (IL-8, RANTES, KC) were significantly higher in the FORL-1 subgroup than in the FORL-2 subgroup and the healthy group. In addition, TNF-α levels were greater in the FORL-1 subgroup than in the FORL-2 subgroup. These increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines indicate active ongoing inflammation that may promote the osteoclastic/odontoclastic activity associated with FORL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Thomas
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - David Bennett
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher Nile
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Alves JC, Jorge P, Santos A. The Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Inflammation Following Dental Prophylaxis. J Vet Dent 2024; 41:26-30. [PMID: 36632039 DOI: 10.1177/08987564221150525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in reducing gingivitis following professional dental prophylaxis in dogs in a prospective, randomly controlled, double-blind study. The study included 47 dogs (male n = 23, female n = 24), with a mean age of 6.5 ± 2.6 years and a bodyweight of 28.9 ± 5.3 kg. Breeds included: Belgian Malinois Shepherd Dogs (n = 23), German Shepherd Dogs (n = 14), Labrador Retriever (n = 4), and Dutch Shepherd Dogs (n = 3). The left side of the mouth was treated by performing dental prophylaxis (control group). The right side received dental prophylaxis and a single session of PBMT using a Class IV therapeutic laser (treatment group). Each side was graded individually for periodontal disease (PD), gingivitis, and calculus. Follow-up observations were conducted on days 1, 3, 8, and 15 post-treatment. Results were compared using a Mann-Whitney Test. Multiple regression was run to predict PD, gingivitis, and calculus scores using age, sex, and breed. A p < .05 was considered significant. The PBMT group (PG) showed significantly lower gingivitis scores from day 1 to 15 post-treatment. PD had an increasing prevalence with age. Age and breed contributed to the prediction of PD, gingivitis, and calculus grading. This study showed that PBMT significantly reduced the grade of gingivitis following dental prophylaxis, and may be a useful adjuvant procedure following dental prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana, Lisbon, Portugal
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Patricia Jorge
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Santos
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana, Lisbon, Portugal
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Thongma N, Sivamaruthi BS, Bharathi M, Tansrisook C, Peerajan S, Tanongpitchayes K, Chawnan N, Rashmi S, Thongkorn K, Chaiyasut C. Influence of Gallic Acid-Containing Mouth Spray on Dental Health and Oral Microbiota of Healthy Dogs: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:424. [PMID: 37505829 PMCID: PMC10385331 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of GAMS on oral microbiota in healthy dog subjects. Thirty-eight dogs were recruited and randomly allocated to the placebo (n = 19) and treatment groups (n = 19). The dogs were treated with mouth spray once daily for 42 days. The changes in the gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and calculus index (CI) were measured at baseline (day 0) and end of the study (42nd day). The changes in the oral microbial composition of representative dogs (placebo, n = 7; and treatment, n = 7) were also evaluated at baseline and end of the study. Oral microbial composition was assessed by sequencing. The sequences were annotated using the QIIME 2.0TM. The GI, PI, and CI indexes were reduced after the GAMS usage. The abundance of the commensal bacterial phylum Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi, genera Frederiksenia, and Bergeyella was improved after six weeks of GAMS usage. GAMS reduced the pathogenic bacterial species, including Neisseria sp., Desulfobulbus sp., Capnocytophaga canis, and Corynebacterium mustelae. Moreover, some pathogenic bacterial abundances were increased at the end of the study. All the microbial variations were observed within the group. The inter-group analysis revealed that the changes were unrelated to GAMS usage. Further studies need to be carried out using more experimental subjects to confirm the effectiveness of GAMS. More metagenomic data are required to evidence the GMAS impact on the oral microbiome of healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichaphat Thongma
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Muruganantham Bharathi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chawin Tansrisook
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Kittidaj Tanongpitchayes
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Natcha Chawnan
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Subramanian Rashmi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kriangkrai Thongkorn
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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O’Neill DG, Blenkarn A, Brodbelt DC, Church DB, Freeman A. Periodontal disease in cats under primary veterinary care in the UK: frequency and risk factors. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231158154. [PMID: 36912667 PMCID: PMC10812011 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231158154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontal disease is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that can have major welfare implications in cats. This study aimed to report the frequency and demographic risk factors of periodontal disease and to explore associations with common comorbid disorders in cats in the UK. METHODS The study included a random sample of 18,249 cats obtained from 1,255,130 cats under primary care during 2019 from clinics participating in the VetCompass programme. All disorders recorded during 2019 were extracted and reported. Risk factor and comorbid disorder analysis used multivariable logistic regression modelling. RESULTS Periodontal disease had a 1-year period prevalence of 15.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.72-15.76). Breeds with the highest prevalence included Siamese (18.7%, 95% CI 12.24-26.72) and Maine Coon (16.7%, 95% CI 11.37-23.18). The median age of cats with periodontal disease (9.47 years, interquartile range [IQR] 5.96-12.97) was higher than for cats without periodontal disease (4.94 years, IQR 1.95-9.51; P <0.001). Increasing adult body weight, increasing age and sex-neuter status were significantly associated with rising odds of periodontal disease. Cats with periodontal disease had a higher median count of comorbid disorders per individual cat (3, IQR 2-4, range 1-14) than cats without periodontal disease (1, IQR 0-2, range 0-15; P <0.001). Cats with periodontal disease had 1.79 times the odds (95% CI 1.62-1.99, P <0.001) of diagnosis with at least one comorbid disorder disease than cats without periodontal disease. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Periodontal disease is the most common specific diagnosis in cats and is confirmed as a leading health issue in cats. Ageing is identified as the strongest predictor of periodontal disease risk in cats, suggesting the potential for increasing health gains from emphasis on dental care and health in cats as they age. The study offers evidence on a close link between periodontal disease and reduced overall health in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G O’Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Alyx Blenkarn
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - David B Church
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Alix Freeman
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Eastcott Referrals, Swindon, UK
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Shirahata S, Iwashita N, Sasaki R, Nomura R, Murakami M, Yasuda J, Yasuda H, Nakajima K, Inaba H, Matsumoto-Nakano M, Nakano K, Uchiyama J, Fukuyama T. Possible association of fimA genotype of Porphyromonas gulae with the severity of periodontal disease and the number of permanent teeth in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1022838. [PMID: 36814464 PMCID: PMC9939633 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1022838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that Porphyromonas gulae (P. gulae) significantly contributes to the development of periodontal disease in dogs. Porphyromonas gulae is divided into three subtypes according to the 41-kDa filamentous appendage (fimA), defined as types A, B, and C. This study aimed to elucidate the association between fimA type of P. gulae with the number of permanent teeth, reflecting the severity of periodontal disease. Two hundred twenty-five dogs were categorized by P. gulae fimA type as negative, type A dominant, type B dominant, and type C dominant. The stage of periodontal disease in P. gulae-positive dogs increased with age, particularly in type C dominant dogs. Correspondingly, the number of permanent teeth in P. gulae fimA type C-dominant dogs was significantly lower than that of P. gulae-negative dogs, suggesting there is a significant association between fimA type of P. gulae and the number of permanent teeth resulting from the development of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Shirahata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan,Primo Animal Hospital Sagamiharachuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwashita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan,Bioalchemis, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junya Yasuda
- SPECTRUM LAB. JAPAN Co., LTD., Yasuda Veterinary Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemi Yasuda
- AlphaVets Co., LTD., Yasuda Veterinary Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Inaba
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan,*Correspondence: Tomoki Fukuyama ✉
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Abstract
Periodontitis, being a multifactorial disorder is found to be the most common oral disease denoted by the inflammation of gingiva and resorption of tooth supporting alveolar bone. The disease being closely linked with fast life style and determined by unhygienic behavioural factors, the internal milieu of oral cavity and formation of plaque biofilm on the dental and gingival surfaces. Porphyromonas gingivalis, being the major keystone pathogen of the periodontal biofilm evokes host immune responses that causes damage of gingival tissues and resorption of bones. The biofilm associated microbial community progressively aggravates the condition resulting in chronic inflammation and finally tooth loss. The disease often maintains bidirectional relationship with different systemic, genetic, autoimmune, immunodeficiency diseases and even psychological disorders. The disease can be diagnosed and predicted by various genetic, radiographic and computer-aided design (CAD) & computer-aided engineering (CAE) and artificial neural network (ANN). The elucidation of genetic background explains the inheritance of the disease. The therapeutic approaches commonly followed include mechanical removal of dental plaque with the use of systemic antibiotics. Awareness generation amongst local people, adoption of good practice of timely tooth brushing preferably with fluoride paste or with nanoconjugate pastes will reduce the chance of periodontal plaque formation. Modern tissue engineering technology like 3D bioprinting of periodontal tissue may help in patient specific flawless regeneration of tooth structures and associated bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Rani Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, Haringhata, Nadia, India.
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, FVHM+9QP, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768019, India.
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Cunha E, Carreira LM, Nunes T, Videira M, Tavares L, Veiga AS, Oliveira M. In Vivo Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Nisin-Biogel as a New Approach for Canine Periodontal Disease Control. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122716. [PMID: 36559210 PMCID: PMC9787893 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a common oral disease in dogs. Recent in vitro research revealed that nisin−biogel is a promising compound for canine PD control. In this work, a clinical trial was developed to assess the in vivo efficacy of nisin−biogel in dogs by determining the dental plaque index (DPI), gingivitis index (GI), and periodontal pocket depth (PPD) after dental administration. The biogel’s influence on aerobic bacteria counts was also evaluated, as well as its acceptance/adverse effects in dogs. Twenty animals were allocated to one of two groups: a treatment group (TG) subjected to a dental topical application of nisin−biogel for 90 days and a control group (CG) with no treatment. Besides daily monitoring, on day 1 (T0) and at the end of the assay (T90), animals were subjected to blood analysis, periodontal evaluation, dental plaque sampling, scaling, and polishing. Statistical analysis with mixed models showed a significant reduction in mean PPD (estimate = −0.371, p-value < 0.001) and DPI (estimate = −0.146, p-value < 0.05) in the TG animals at T90. A reduction in the GI (estimate = −0.056, p-value > 0.05) was also observed but with no statistical significance. No influence on total bacterial counts was observed, and no adverse effects were detected. The nisin−biogel was revealed to be a promising compound for canine PD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cunha
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Luís Miguel Carreira
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Telmo Nunes
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Videira
- Casa dos Animais de Lisboa, Estrada da Pimenteira, 1300-459 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Salomé Veiga
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Revisiting Periodontal Disease in Dogs: How to Manage This New Old Problem? Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121729. [PMID: 36551385 PMCID: PMC9774197 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent oral inflammatory diseases in dogs. PD onset begins with the formation of a polymicrobial biofilm (dental plaque) on the surface of the teeth, followed by a local host inflammatory response. To manage this disease, several procedures focusing on the prevention and control of dental plaque establishment, as well as on the prevention of local and systemic PD-related consequences, are essential. The removal of dental plaque and the inhibition of its formation can be achieved by a combination of dental hygiene homecare procedures including tooth brushing, the application of different oral products and the use of specific diet and chew toys, and regular professional periodontal procedures. Additionally, in some cases, periodontal surgery may be required to reduce PD progression. Associated with these measures, host modulation therapy, antimicrobial therapy, and other innovative therapeutic options may be useful in PD management. Moreover, PD high prevalence and its relation with potential local and systemic consequences reinforce the need for investment in the development of new preventive measures, treatments, and oral procedures to improve the control of this disease in dogs. Knowledge on the specific guidelines and diversity of the available products and procedures are fundamental to apply the most adequate treatment to each dog with PD.
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Yi T, Zhuang G, Wang Y. Delivery of active minocycline hydrochloride by local sustained-release system of complex and thermoresponsive hydrogel for dogs. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to develop a novel subgingival sustained-release system for local delivery of bioactive minocycline hydrochloride for periodontal disease treatment in dogs. The system incorporated the Minocycline hydrochloride-Calcium-Dextran sulfate sodium into a thermoresponsive Pluronic F127 hydrogel. Minocycline hydrochloride was sustained release from the system for up to 10 days and the release kinetics fit the power law model. The release medium had a significant statistical difference in antimicrobial activity to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The results showed the system was a promising subgingival sustained-release minocycline hydrochloride delivery system for periodontal disease treatment in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yi
- Shandong Agricultural University-Tai'an, CHN
| | - Guiyu Zhuang
- Qingdao West Coast New Area Agricultural and rural bureau-Qingdao, CHN
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Thomas S, Lappin DF, Spears J, Bennett D, Nile C, Riggio M. Expression of toll-like receptor and cytokine mRNAs in feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) and feline oral health. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gonçalves-Anjo N, Requicha J, Teixeira A, Dias I, Viegas C, Bastos E. Genomic Medicine in Periodontal Disease: Old Issue, New Insights. J Vet Dent 2022; 39:314-322. [PMID: 35765214 PMCID: PMC9638704 DOI: 10.1177/08987564221109102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variability is the main cause of phenotypic variation. Some variants may
be associated with several diseases and can be used as risk biomarkers,
identifying animals with higher susceptibility to develop the pathology. Genomic
medicine uses this genetic information for risk calculation, clinical diagnosis
and prognosis, allowing the implementation of more effective preventive
strategies and/or personalized therapies. Periodontal disease (PD) is the
inflammation of the periodontium induced mainly by bacterial plaque and is the
leading cause of tooth loss. Microbial factors are responsible for the PD
initiation; however, several studies support the genetic influence on the PD
progression. The main purpose of the present publication is to highlight the
main steps involved in the genomic medicine applied to veterinary patients,
describing the flowchart from the characterization of the genetic variants to
the identification of potential associations with specific clinical data. After
investigating which genes might potentially be implicated in canine PD, the
RANK gene, involved in the regulation of
osteoclastogenesis, was selected to illustrate this approach. A case-control
study was performed using DNA samples from a population of 90 dogs – 50 being
healthy and 40 with PD. This analysis allowed for the discovery of four new
intronic variations that were banked in GenBank (g.85A>G, g.151G>T,
g.268A>G and g.492T>C). The results of this study are not intended to be
applied exclusively to PD. On the contrary, this genetic information is intended
to be used by other researchers as a foundation for the development of multiple
applications in the veterinary clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Gonçalves-Anjo
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 56066University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre of the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Requicha
- 511313Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira
- Centre of the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Dias
- 511313Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Carlos Viegas
- 511313Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Estela Bastos
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 56066University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre of the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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13
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Enlund KB, Pettersson A, Eldh AC. Dog Owners' Ideas and Strategies Regarding Dental Health in Their Dogs-Thematic Analysis of Free Text Survey Responses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:878162. [PMID: 35591871 PMCID: PMC9113195 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.878162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is the most common disease in dogs over 3 years of age. In dogs, as in humans, daily tooth brushing, as a means of active dental home care, is considered the gold standard for prophylaxis and prevention of periodontal disease progression. However, the performance of adequate tooth brushing is insufficient in dogs. There is no full account as to why dog owners fail to comply with this routine, but in order to facilitate better practice, a further understanding of dog owner's perspectives is needed. The aim of this study was to investigate dog owners' ideas and strategies regarding their dogs' dental health. In a large-scale Swedish survey regarding dental health in dogs, dog owners' free text comments (n = 8,742) from a concluding open-ended query were analyzed using qualitative methods. Many different notions concerning dental health in dogs were identified, of which perceived importance of different diets and chewing being the most prominent. Five common themes represented dog owners' ideas and strategies regarding dental health in their dogs: what is considered to cause dental problems; what is deemed not to promote dental health; how to prevent dental problems; what impedes proper dental care, and; needs for increased knowledge and support. Contrary to existing research and knowledge in the field, the respondents commonly trusted that diet procure good dental health in the dog, as does chewing on bones. Seemingly, a range of misconceptions flourish among dog owners, indicating a need to share information and experiences, as well as support to bridge barriers to tooth brushing and other aspects that can enhance dog owners' knowledge and practice. In addition, this study highlights the need for randomized controlled trials on effects of diets and supplements on different aspects of dental health; calculus, periodontal disease, and dental fractures, including dogs of different breeds, sizes and ages. Further research is also needed with respect to which strategies that best aid dog owners, by whom the support is best provided, when, and at what time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Brunius Enlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Karolina Brunius Enlund
| | - Ann Pettersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Catrine Eldh
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Evaluation of Salivary Biochemistry in Dogs with and without Plaque, Calculus, and Gingivitis: Preliminary Results. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091091. [PMID: 35565518 PMCID: PMC9101074 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent disorders observed in dogs requiring primary-care veterinary services. Traditional methods for its diagnosis involve clinical measurements requiring sedation or general anesthesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether quantified salivary biochemistry parameters can be used as markers of periodontal disease in dogs. Seventy-nine dogs were allocated into three groups according to the severity of periodontal disease: none (Group 1), moderate (Group 2), and severe (Group 3). A blood sample and a saliva sample were collected from each dog to quantify biochemical parameters that included alpha-amylase, lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), calcium, and phosphorus. LDH and phosphorus showed the highest values in Group 3 whereas calcium, amylase, and lysozyme did not differ among groups. The salivary phosphorus cut-off value of 4.04 mg/dl that was established signified that above such value, periodontal disease could be predicted with fairly high probability. Although further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results, this study offers a valid starting point for further investigation into the role of saliva as a non-invasive tool for detecting periodontal disease in dogs. Abstract This study evaluated whether salivary alpha-amylase, lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), calcium, and phosphorus can be used as markers of periodontal disease in dogs. Plaque, calculus, and gingivitis indexes were used to allocate 79 dogs in three groups: none (Group 1), moderate (Group 2), and severe (Group 3) periodontal disease. A blood sample and a saliva sample were collected from each dog to quantify biochemical parameters. LDH and phosphorus showed the highest values in Group 3 (LDH: Group 1, 2559.85 ± 676.95; vs. Group 2: 1636.76 ± 597.36 vs. Group 3: 4099.18 ± 545.45 U.I./l, p = 0.016; phosphorus: Group 1, 3.02 ± 0.76 vs. Group 2: 5.34 ± 0.67 vs. Group 3: 5.85± 0.61 mg/dl, p = 0.049) whereas calcium, amylase, and lysozyme did not differ among groups. A ROC curve analysis permitted the establishment of a salivary phosphorus cut-off value of 4.04 mg/dl, above which periodontal disease could be predicted (70% sensitivity (95% CI: 50.6–85.3%) and 72.41% specificity (95% CI: 52.8–87.3%)). Only salivary calcium was higher in males; no other salivary parameters appeared affected by gender or age. Although further results on a larger population are needed, this study shows that salivary LDH and phosphorus increase in dogs affected by plaque, supragingival calculus, and gingivitis, and this suggests their potential use as markers of periodontal disease in canine species.
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15
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Detection of Periodontal Pathogens from Dental Plaques of Dogs with and without Periodontal Disease. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040480. [PMID: 35456155 PMCID: PMC9032899 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental plaque bacteria are one of the main factors responsible for the development of a periodontal disease, which is the most common infectious disease in dogs. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of periodontal disease-related bacteria in the dental plaque of dogs. Plaque samples were taken from dogs with and without periodontal disease. Samples were analyzed for the presence of Porphyromonas gulae, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola using a PCR technique amplifying 16S rRNA genes of P. gulae and T. forsythia and flaB2 genes of Treponema species, including T. denticola. The presence of T. forsythia was confirmed in all samples. P. gulae was detected in all dogs with periodontal disease and in 71.43% of dogs without periodontal disease. Treponema spp. were detected in 64.29% of the samples. Based on Sanger sequencing and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool algorithm, Treponema spp. were identified as T. denticola and Treponema putidum. T. denticola was present in 28.57% of dogs with periodontal disease, while T. putidum was present in 42.86% of dogs with periodontal disease and in 57.14% of dogs without periodontal disease. T. putidum was positively correlated with both P. gulae and T. forsythia, suggesting that it may be involved in the development of periodontal disease.
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16
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Tamura K, Tokuzen-Tai M, Siddiqui YD, Tamura-Naito H, Nagahara Y, Hatanaka-Takeuchi K, Yamamoto T, Takashiba S. Estimation of periodontal pocket surface area in small to medium dogs: a proof-of-concept study. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:13. [PMID: 34980120 PMCID: PMC8722143 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontal disease is the most common dental disease in dogs. Although the systemic effects of periodontal disease have not been clarified in veterinary science, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of periodontal disease in clinical trials in the future. There have been a few clinical attempts made, however, to assess the severity of periodontal inflammation and its impact on the systemic health of dogs. Meanwhile, in the field of dentistry for humans, the periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) and periodontal epithelial surface area (PESA) have been used to quantitatively assess the degree of periodontal disease affecting a single tooth as well as the overall extent of periodontitis. Recent studies have also suggested the use of these assessments to examine the relationship between periodontal inflammation and systemic health. Results The estimation formula for a dog’s periodontal pocket surface area (PPSA), an alternative to PISA and PESA in humans, was established using body weight and periodontal pocket depth. Actual values were measured using extracted teeth from various dog breeds and sizes (2.3–25.0 kg of body weight) to obtain universal regression equations for PPSA. Altogether, 625 teeth from 73 dogs of 16 breeds were extracted and subsequently analyzed for morphological information. PPSA was measured in 61 dogs of 10 breeds with periodontal disease using the established estimation formulas, and the correlation between PPSA and preoperative blood chemistry data was analyzed accordingly. A strong correlation was found between PPSA and serum globulin (r = 0.71) while moderate correlations were found for C-reactive protein (r = 0.54) and serum albumin (r = -0.51). Conclusions Estimation formulas using body weight and the 6-point probing depth were established for determining PPSA. Direct correlations between PPSA and several blood test results were observed in the study sample. Taken together, these results suggest that PPSA could be useful for evaluating the effects of periodontitis on systemic conditions in dogs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03116-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tamura
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, 700-8525, Japan.,Tamura Animal Clinic, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masako Tokuzen-Tai
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasir Dilshad Siddiqui
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, 700-8525, Japan.,Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Hitomi Tamura-Naito
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Kazu Hatanaka-Takeuchi
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Shogo Takashiba
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, 700-8525, Japan.
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17
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Abstract
Periodontal disease is one of the most common diagnoses in small animal veterinary medicine. This infectious disease of the periodontium is characterized by the inflammation and destruction of the supporting structures of teeth, including periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Traditional periodontal repair techniques make use of open flap debridement, application of graft materials, and membranes to prevent epithelial downgrowth and formation of a long junctional epithelium, which inhibits regeneration and true healing. These techniques have variable efficacy and are made more challenging in veterinary patients due to the cost of treatment for clients, need for anesthesia for surgery and reevaluation, and difficulty in performing necessary diligent home care to maintain oral health. Tissue engineering focuses on methods to regenerate the periodontal apparatus and not simply to repair the tissue, with the possibility of restoring normal physiological functions and health to a previously diseased site. This paper examines tissue engineering applications in periodontal disease by discussing experimental studies that focus on dogs and other animal species where it could potentially be applied in veterinary medicine. The main areas of focus of tissue engineering are discussed, including scaffolds, signaling molecules, stem cells, and gene therapy. To date, although outcomes can still be unpredictable, tissue engineering has been proven to successfully regenerate lost periodontal tissues and this new possibility for treating veterinary patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ward
- Eastside Veterinary Dentistry, Woodinville, WA, USA
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18
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Assessment of Changes in the Oral Microbiome That Occur in Dogs with Periodontal Disease. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120291. [PMID: 34941818 PMCID: PMC8707289 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome in dogs is a complex community. Under some circumstances, it contributes to periodontal disease, a prevalent inflammatory disease characterized by a complex interaction between oral microbes and the immune system. Porphyromonas and Tannerella spp. are usually dominant in this disease. How the oral microbiome community is altered in periodontal disease, especially sub-dominant microbial populations is unclear. Moreover, how microbiome functions are altered in this disease has not been studied. In this study, we compared the composition and the predicted functions of the microbiome of the cavity of healthy dogs to those with from periodontal disease. The microbiome of both groups clustered separately, indicating important differences. Periodontal disease resulted in a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and reductions in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Porphyromonas abundance increased 2.7 times in periodontal disease, accompanied by increases in Bacteroides and Fusobacterium. It was predicted that aerobic respiratory processes are decreased in periodontal disease. Enrichment in fermentative processes and anaerobic glycolysis were suggestive of an anaerobic environment, also characterized by higher lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. This study contributes to a better understanding of how periodontal disease modifies the oral microbiome and makes a prediction of the metabolic pathways that contribute to the inflammatory process observed in periodontal disease.
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19
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O'Neill DG, Mitchell CE, Humphrey J, Church DB, Brodbelt DC, Pegram C. Epidemiology of periodontal disease in dogs in the UK primary-care veterinary setting. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:1051-1061. [PMID: 34374104 PMCID: PMC9291557 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Periodontal disease is a frequent diagnosis of dogs and can have severe negative impacts on welfare. It was hypothesised that breeds with skull shapes that differ most in conformation from the moderate mesocephalic skull shape have higher odds of periodontal disease. Materials and Methods The cohort study included a random sample of dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016 from the VetCompass Programme database. Risk factor analysis used random effects multivariable logistic regression modelling. Results The study included a random sample of 22,333 dogs. The 1‐year period prevalence for diagnosis with periodontal disease was 12.52% (95% CI: 12.09 to 12.97). Eighteen breeds showed increased odds compared with crossbred dogs. Breeds with the highest odds included Toy Poodle (odds ratio 3.97, 95% confidence intervals 2.21 to 7.13), King Charles Spaniel (odds ratio 2.63, 95% confidence interval 1.50 to 4.61), Greyhound (odds ratio 2.58, 95% confidence interval 1.75 to 3.80) and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (odds ratio 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.85 to 3.09). Four breeds showed reduced odds compared with crossbreds. Brachycephalic breeds had 1.25 times the odds (95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.42) of periodontal disease compared with mesocephalic breeds. Spaniel types had 1.63 times the odds (95% confidence interval 1.42 to 1.87) compared with non‐spaniel types. Increasing adult bodyweight was associated with progressively decreasing odds of periodontal disease. Clinical Significance The high prevalence identified in this study highlights periodontal disease as a priority welfare concern for predisposed breeds. Veterinarians can use this information to promote improved dental care in predisposed dogs, especially as these dogs age.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G O'Neill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - J Humphrey
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D B Church
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D C Brodbelt
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - C Pegram
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
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20
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Wallis C, Saito EK, Salt C, Holcombe LJ, Desforges NG. Association of periodontal disease with breed size, breed, weight, and age in pure-bred client-owned dogs in the United States. Vet J 2021; 275:105717. [PMID: 34293444 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite periodontal disease (PD) being amongst the most common diagnoses in primary-care practice, the disease is generally underdiagnosed. However, the millions of clinical records generated by pet hospitals each year provide unique opportunities to generate insights about disease risk across large numbers of dogs. The objective of this study was to undertake a retrospective analysis of medical records to ascertain which sizes and breeds of dog are most frequently diagnosed with PD. Although data collection regarding PD was not consistent, it was assumed that the same inconsistencies in recording periodontal abnormalities were present across the range of bodyweight, breed categories and breeds. Over 3 million medical records across 60 breeds of dogs visiting a chain of veterinary hospitals in the United States collected over a 5-year period were analysed. Statistical analysis of a subset of these records found that extra-small (<6.5 kg) breeds of dog were up to five times more likely to be diagnosed with PD than giant breeds (>25 kg) (P <0.0001). The majority of breeds most frequently diagnosed with PD were in the extra-small, small (6.5-9 kg) and medium-small (9-15 kg) breed size categories. Additional risk factors for PD diagnosis included age, being overweight and time since last scale and polish. Veterinarians should consider targeting client education about dental health, and diagnostic efforts, towards canine patients of the small-breed size categories and those with a higher risk of developing PD (e.g. overweight).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wallis
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - E K Saito
- Banfield Pet Hospital, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C Salt
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - L J Holcombe
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - N G Desforges
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
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21
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Periodontal and Dental Status in Packs of Spanish Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041082. [PMID: 33920208 PMCID: PMC8070025 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Periodontal disease (PD) is the most frequently occurring canine oral pathology, and even at early stages, it may significantly affect general health. Therefore, veterinarians should be able to properly diagnose PD, treat PD at earlier stages, and establish preventive strategies. However, data about PD prevalence in different sizes and breeds of dogs are highly variable and incomplete. Our objective was to improve understanding of PD in dogs by studying a specific group of animals that were subjected to specific management: pack dogs in Spain. Thirty-two conscious individuals from two packs of dogs in Northeastern Spain (30/32 crossbred hunting dogs and 2/32 Siberian Husky; 26 males and 6 females; 27.75 ± 5.807 kgs; 5.48 ± 2.818 years; mixed diet: home-prepared food, commercial dry food, stale bread and bones) received visual dental examinations for assessment of absent teeth (AT), dental calculus (DC) grade, gingival recession (GR), periodontal disease (PD), tooth fracture (TF), and dental attrition (DA). The low prevalence (15.62%) and extent of PD (<1 affected tooth/individual) was attributed to diagnosis methodology, bodyweight effect, breed, and, ultimately, diet. Individuals affected by DC remained under veterinary surveillance due to risk of PD development. Abstract While periodontal disease (PD) is the most common canine oral pathology, its prevalence varies according to diagnosis methodology, breed, and age. We intended to increase understanding of canine PD by studying dogs that are managed in a specific way: pack dogs in Spain. They received a mixed diet (home-prepared food, commercial dry food, stale bread and bones). Thirty-two conscious individuals from two packs of dogs in Northeastern Spain (30/32 crossbred hunting dogs and 2/32 Siberian Husky; 26 males and 6 females; 27.75 ± 5.807 kgs; 5.48 ± 2.818 years) received visual dental examination for assessment of absent teeth (AT), dental calculus (DC) grade, gingival recession (GR), periodontal disease (PD), tooth fracture (TF), and dental attrition (DA). DC was the most prevalent oral problem (75%), followed by TF/DA (68.75%), AT (34.37%), GR (31.25%), and, finally, PD (15.62%). Low individual affectation values were found for AT, GR, and PD (<1 tooth/individual); mean DC grade per individual was 0.06 ± 0.063; and TF and DA were found in 1.63 and 4.72 teeth/individual, respectively. Low prevalence and extent of PD was attributed to diagnosis methodology, bodyweight effect, breed, and, ultimately, diet. Individuals affected by DC remained under veterinary surveillance due to PD development.
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22
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Exodontia associated bacteremia in horses characterized by next generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6314. [PMID: 33737590 PMCID: PMC7973801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteremia resulting from dental surgery is increasingly recognized as a health risk, especially in older and immunocompromised patients. Dentistry-associated bacteremia can lead to remote infections, as exemplified by valvular endocarditis. Emerging evidence points to a novel role played by oral cavity commensals in the pathogenesis of diabetes, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Whether dental extraction, a commonly undertaken procedure in old horses, causes bacteremia has not been reported extensively. In a prospective clinical study using next generation sequencing (based on bacterial 16S rRNA), the circulating blood microbiome was characterized before and at 1 h following extraction of incisor, canine or cheek teeth from 29 adult horses with dental disease. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results from the blood microbiome were compared with those from gingival swab samples obtained prior to extraction at the location of the diseased tooth. Bacteremia associated with translocated gingival commensals was demonstrated in horses undergoing exodontia and was, in some cases, still evident one hour post-operatively.
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23
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Ruparell A, Wallis C, Haydock R, Cawthrow A, Holcombe LJ. Comparison of subgingival and gingival margin plaque microbiota from dogs with healthy gingiva and early periodontal disease. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:396-407. [PMID: 33799170 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether canine gingival margin (GM) plaque is a reliable surrogate for subgingival (SG) plaque from a microbial community (microbiota) perspective. SG and GM plaque samples were collected from 381 dogs visiting pet hospitals in the USA, China and Thailand. Dogs with clinically healthy gingivae through to early periodontitis were included in the study. The samples were subject to next generation Illumina sequence analysis to allow microbiota comparisons to be made between the two plaque sources. Overall, the SG and GM samples indicated commonality via the majority community that were shared between them; health associations led to the identification of some significant taxa-specific differences. GM microbiota exhibited lower variability and diversity and were shown to reflect a sub-population of those associated with SG plaque. Both plaque niches, however, demonstrated similar changes in microbial signatures with health and early periodontal disease and did not indicate divergent trends. The key, most abundant microbiota of GM plaque strongly reflect those observed with SG plaque across health and early periodontitis. Microbiota in plaque from above the gum line may therefore be employed as a biomarker of oral health. This opens up the potential to use plaque, sampled from conscious dogs, to define oral health status and improve the diagnosis, treatments and interventions for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avika Ruparell
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Corrin Wallis
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Haydock
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Cawthrow
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy J Holcombe
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
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24
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Cunha E, Janela R, Costa M, Tavares L, Veiga AS, Oliveira M. Nisin Influence on the Antimicrobial Resistance Ability of Canine Oral Enterococci. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120890. [PMID: 33321973 PMCID: PMC7763880 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most common diseases in dogs. Although previous studies have shown the potential of the antimicrobial peptide nisin for PD control, there is no information regarding its influence in the development of antimicrobial resistance or horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Nisin's mutant prevention concentration (MPC) and selection window (MSW) were determined for a collection of canine oral enterococci. Isolates recovered after the determination of the MPC values were characterized for their antimicrobial profile and its nisin minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. The potential of vanA HGT between Enterococcus faecium CCGU36804 and nine clinical canine staphylococci and enterococci was evaluated. Nisin MPC values ranged from 400 to more than 600 μg/mL. In comparison with the original enterococci collection, the isolates recovered after the determination of the nisin MPC showed increased resistance towards amoxicillin/clavulanate (5%), vancomycin (5%), enrofloxacin (10%), gentamicin (10%) and imipenem (15%). The HGT of vanA gene was not observed. This work showed that nisin selective pressure may induce changes in the bacteria's antimicrobial resistance profile but does not influence horizontal transfer of vanA gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of nisin's MPC and MSW determination regarding canine enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cunha
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (E.C.); (R.J.); (M.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Rita Janela
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (E.C.); (R.J.); (M.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Margarida Costa
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (E.C.); (R.J.); (M.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (E.C.); (R.J.); (M.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Ana Salomé Veiga
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (E.C.); (R.J.); (M.C.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-213652800
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Enlund KB, Karlsson M, Brunius C, Hagman R, Höglund OV, Gustås P, Hanson J, Pettersson A. Professional dental cleaning in dogs: clinical routines among Swedish veterinarians and veterinary nurses. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:61. [PMID: 33176852 PMCID: PMC7659044 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental disease is very common in dogs and veterinary professional dental cleaning and examination, together with daily dental home care, is the foundation for good dental health. To our knowledge, no previous study has investigated professional dental cleaning routines in small animal veterinary practice. A validated questionnaire survey was distributed to all veterinarians and veterinary nurses with registered e-mail addresses in the Swedish national registry (veterinarians; n = 3657, veterinary nurses; n = 1650). Response rates were 32% for veterinarians (V) and 38% for veterinary nurses (VN). RESULTS In total, 73% (V)/96% (VN) of respondents reported that professional dental cleaning was performed at their work place under general anesthesia, and 27% (V)/18% (VN) that dental cleaning was performed under sedation. Of the respondents, 43% (V)/96% (VN) considered regular dental cleaning under general anesthesia fairly or very important, and 49% (V)/47% (VN) stated that it was sometimes important for good dental health in dogs. A majority of respondents, 84% (V)/97% (VN), reported that dental extractions were performed at their clinic, and 72% (V)/90% (VN) had access to dental radiography equipment. CONCLUSION A majority of Swedish veterinarians and veterinary nurses perform professional dental cleaning under general anesthesia with access to dental radiography equipment, in accordance with national and international recommendations. However, a considerable proportion of professional dental cleanings were performed under sedation only, and extractions performed without access to dental radiography equipment were common, suggesting several areas of improvement in the routines in Swedish veterinary clinics and hospitals. Our results clearly indicate the need for improved educational efforts to increase the awareness among veterinary health professionals regarding guidelines and official recommendations in canine dental care.
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Wallis C, Holcombe LJ. A review of the frequency and impact of periodontal disease in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:529-540. [PMID: 32955734 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a frequent problem seen in veterinary practices. Primary-care veterinary practices, where diagnosis of periodontal disease is predominantly based on visual oral assessment of conscious dogs, report an average prevalence of 9.3 to 18.2% within the dog population. Detailed examinations of anaesthetised dogs report much higher prevalence of between 44 and 100%. The prevalence and severity of periodontitis varies between sizes of dogs, breeds and individuals. The lack of robust evaluation of these variances opens the opportunity for a review of the topic. A literature search was therefore undertaken to determine the frequency and extent (severity and oral location) of periodontal disease in the dog population. Both clinical and retrospective data based surveys of veterinary records, show there is an increased likelihood of developing periodontitis as age increases and with bodyweight decreases. The maxillary and mandibular incisors, fourth premolars and first molars are likely to develop the disease first although in some breeds the canines may also be involved. Poor oral care is a significant risk factor for the development of periodontal disease although diet, behaviour, environment and genetics are also likely to play a role. The information provided in this review can be used by veterinarians to improve the effectiveness of their diagnosis, treatments and interventions by focussing their efforts on the sizes, breeds and individuals most at risk. Given the potential link between periodontal disease and systemic health, veterinarians have the opportunity to positively impact the quality of life of a large number of dogs and therefore their owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wallis
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, LE14, 4RT, UK
| | - L J Holcombe
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, LE14, 4RT, UK
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Niemiec B, Gawor J, Nemec A, Clarke D, McLeod K, Tutt C, Gioso M, Steagall PV, Chandler M, Morgenegg G, Jouppi R. World Small Animal Veterinary Association Global Dental Guidelines. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:E36-E161. [PMID: 32715504 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dental, oral, and maxillofacial diseases are some of the most common problems in small animal veterinary practice. These conditions create significant pain as well as localized and potentially systemic infection. As such, the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) believes that un- and under treated oral and dental diseases pose a significant animal welfare concern. Dentistry is an area of veterinary medicine which is still widely ignored and is subject to many myths and misconceptions. Effective teaching of veterinary dentistry in the veterinary school is the key to progression in this field of veterinary medicine, and to the improvement of welfare for all our patients globally. These guidelines were developed to provide veterinarians with the information required to understand best practices for dental therapy and create realistic minimum standards of care. Using the three-tiered continuing education system of WSAVA, the guidelines make global equipment and therapeutic recommendations and highlight the anaesthetic and welfare requirements for small animal patients. This document contains information on common oral and dental pathologies, diagnostic procedures (an easily implementable and repeatable scoring system for dental health, dental radiography and radiology) and treatments (periodontal therapy, extractions). Further, there are sections on anaesthesia and pain management for dental procedures, home dental care, nutritional information, and recommendations on the role of the universities in improving veterinary dentistry. A discussion of the deleterious effects of anaesthesia free dentistry (AFD) is included, as this procedure is ineffective at best and damaging at worst. Throughout the document the negative effects of undiagnosed and/or treated dental disease on the health and well-being of our patients, and how this equates to an animal welfare issue, is discussed.
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Niemiec B, Gawor J, Nemec A, Clarke D, McLeod K, Tutt C, Gioso M, Steagall PV, Chandler M, Morgenegg G, Jouppi R, McLeod K. World Small Animal Veterinary Association Global Dental Guidelines. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:395-403. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Niemiec
- Veterinary Dental Specialties & Oral Surgery San Diego CA USA
| | - J. Gawor
- Klinika Weterynaryjna Arka Kraków Poland
| | - A. Nemec
- Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, University of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - D. Clarke
- David Clarke Dental Care for Pets MelbourneAustralia
| | - K. McLeod
- The Veterinary Dentist Cape Town South Africa
| | - C. Tutt
- The Veterinary Dentist Cape Town South Africa
| | - M. Gioso
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - P. V. Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversité de Montréal Saint‐Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | | | | | - R. Jouppi
- Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada
| | - K. McLeod
- Conundrum Consulting Toronto ON Canada
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Pires AE, Caldeira IS, Petrucci-Fonseca F, Viegas I, Viegas C, Bastos-Silveira C, Requicha JF. Dental pathology of the wild Iberian wolf ( Canis lupus signatus): The study of a 20 th century Portuguese museum collection. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 9:100100. [PMID: 32734110 PMCID: PMC7386764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pathology of wild Iberian wolf was studied in 61 complete skulls and 4 mandibles from a museum collection. Museum collections can provide crucial information about wild elusive species. The most frequent observed abnormalities were tooth wear, periodontitis and tooth fractures. Dental radiography is of a great importance for the diagnose and classification of the dental and periodontal conditions. Dental radiography can be useful for the age estimation of archaeological Canis.
For some wild canids, such as the Iberian wolf, there is a lack of in-depth knowledge about dental pathology. We aimed to evaluate it, in a standardized manner, in specimens from a Portuguese museum collection. Sixty-five deceased specimens of wild Iberian wolves, 61 complete skulls and 4 mandibles, collected in Portugal between 1977 and 1995, were analyzed. Sample comprised 18 females, 24 males and 23 individuals of undetermined sex. Teeth were evaluated by visual observation and dental radiography for tooth wear, periodontitis, fractures and other dental lesions. We have found several causes for teeth absence: artefactual, secondary to periodontitis and agenesia. About 30% of the teeth showed signs of wear. Only a small (<13%) fraction of maxillary and mandibular teeth did not show periodontitis. The tooth 308 showed periodontitis in all males (p = 0.017) and the tooth 104 was significantly affected by this condition in females (p = 0.020). A significant relationship was found between females and tooth wear in three teeth. Periodontitis showed a significant association with tooth wear (p < 0.001) and fractures (p = 0.027). Tooth fractures were more frequent in the maxilla than in the mandible. Seven periapical lesions, seven root fusions and three specimens with malocclusion were identified in the collection. Results are discussed integrating information from diet, habitat, genetic and spatial behavior. Dental radiography is here proposed as an approach for the age estimation in archaeological canids. This research contributes to the knowledge of the dental disease in the largest wolf population in Western Europe, a target subspecies of multiple conservation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Pires
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- ArchaeoGenetics group from CIBIO - Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources/InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Porto, Portugal and Laboratório de Arqueociências (LARC) - Direcção Geral do Património Cultural (DGPC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I S Caldeira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F Petrucci-Fonseca
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Sciences Faculty, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I Viegas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Viegas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - C Bastos-Silveira
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Sciences Faculty, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
- MUHNAC - National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J F Requicha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Computer simulations of food oral processing to engineer teeth cleaning. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3571. [PMID: 31395864 PMCID: PMC6687884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral biofilm accumulation in pets is a growing concern. It is desirable to address this problem via non-invasive teeth cleaning techniques, such as through friction between teeth and food during chewing. Therefore, pet food design tools are needed towards optimising cleaning efficacy. Developing such tools is challenging, as several parameters affecting teeth cleaning should be considered: the food’s complex mechanical response, the contacting surfaces topology as well as the wide range of masticatory and anatomical characteristics amongst breeds. We show that Finite Element (FE) models can efficiently account for all these parameters, through the simulation of food deformation and fracture during the first bite. This reduces the need for time consuming and costly in-vivo or in-vitro trials. Our in-silico model is validated through in-vitro tests, demonstrating that the initial oral processing stage can be engineered through computers with high fidelity. Oral care based foods are of great interest for increasing the dental health of animals. Here, the authors report on computer simulations to optimise the texture and geometry of food in order to maximise tooth abrasion and enhance cleaning efficiency.
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Wallis C, Pesci I, Colyer A, Milella L, Southerden P, Holcombe LJ, Desforges N. A longitudinal assessment of periodontal disease in Yorkshire terriers. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:207. [PMID: 31226991 PMCID: PMC6588847 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease of dogs and has been associated with systemic disease. The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent of periodontal disease in a population of Yorkshire terrier dogs with and without a tooth brushing regimen. Each dog was assessed under general anaesthesia two to five times between 37 and 78 weeks of age. The extent of gingivitis and periodontitis was ascertained for every tooth in the mouth. Gingivitis was measured using time to bleeding on probing, and periodontitis was based on extent of clinical attachment loss (probing depth, gingival recession and furcation exposure). RESULTS Of the 49 dogs assessed at 37 weeks of age, 98% had at least one tooth or aspect with early periodontitis (PD2, < 25% attachment loss). The average percentage of teeth with periodontitis in the mouth was 29.6% with 95% confidence interval (23.6, 36.4). The odds of early periodontitis was 2.74 (2.23, 3.37) times higher at 78 weeks of age compared to 37 weeks of age. The canine teeth had a significantly higher probability of periodontitis compared to all other tooth types at both 37 and 78 weeks of age (p < 0.001). In addition, at the same time points, the incisors had a significantly higher probability of periodontitis compared to the molars and premolars (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Breeds of dog that are susceptible to developing periodontitis, such as Yorkshire terriers, require effective treatments for the prevention of periodontal disease from a young age. Although tooth brushing is one of the most effective methods when it comes to preventative homecare, this is not always realistic, as was found in this study. Therefore alternative ways to retard or prevent plaque accumulation that are practical for both dogs and their owners are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrin Wallis
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - Ilaria Pesci
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Alison Colyer
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Lisa Milella
- The Veterinary Dental Surgery, Byfleet, Surrey, KT14 7AA, UK
| | - Peter Southerden
- Eastcott Veterinary Clinic and Hospital, Swindon, Wiltshire, SN3 3FR, UK
| | - Lucy J Holcombe
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Neil Desforges
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
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Gawor J, Jank M, Jodkowska K, Klim E, Svensson UK. Effects of Edible Treats Containing Ascophyllum nodosum on the Oral Health of Dogs: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Single-Center Study. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:168. [PMID: 30109236 PMCID: PMC6080642 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study (designed according to evidence based medicine standards) was to determine the effect of 90-day administration of edible treats containing the brown algae, Ascophyllum nodosum, on plaque and dental calculus accumulation on the teeth of dogs, as well as on other parameters characterizing canine oral health status, including: plaque index (PI), calculus index (CI), oral health index (OHI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), and volatile sulfur compound (VSC) concentration. Sixty client-owned dogs, including Japanese chin, miniature Schnauzer, Chihuahua, Pomeranian, and West Highland White Terrier (WHWT) breeds, underwent professional dental cleaning and were randomly subdivided into two groups receiving daily edible treats containing the brown algae A. nodosum, or placebo, adjusted to their bodyweight. After a comprehensive oral health assessment, including a professional dental cleaning, which were both performed under general anesthesia, clinical assessments of PI, CI, OHI, GBI, and VSC concentration were performed under sedation after 30, 60, and 90 days of treatment. Oral administration of edible treats containing A. nodosum significantly improved PI, CI, and VSC concentration, compared with the placebo-treated group. The consumption of edible treats containing A. nodosum efficiently decreased plaque and calculus accumulation in the investigated dogs. Dogs treated with A. nodosum also exhibited significantly lower concentrations of VSC and better oral health status (e.g., OHI and GBI) than those in the placebo-control group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Jank
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jodkowska
- Department of Small Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Wallis C, Patel KV, Marshall M, Staunton R, Milella L, Harris S, Holcombe LJ. A longitudinal assessment of periodontal health status in 53 Labrador retrievers. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:560-569. [PMID: 30006940 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence and rates of progression of gingivitis and periodontitis in Labrador retrievers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-three dogs, aged 1·1 to 5·9 years, had their periodontal health assessed every 6 months for up to 2 years. The extent of gingivitis and periodontitis was measured around the whole gingival margin of every tooth under general anaesthesia. RESULTS All dogs had gingivitis at the initial assessment. The majority (64·2%) of tooth aspects had very mild gingivitis. The palatal/lingual aspect of all tooth types was most likely to show bleeding when probed: 63·0% of these aspects had mild or moderate gingivitis. Over 2 years, 56·6% of dogs developed periodontitis and dogs as young as 1·9 years were affected. There was a significant positive correlation between the proportion of teeth with periodontitis and age. In total, 124 teeth (5·7%) developed periodontitis; 88 (71·0%) of these were incisors. The palatal/lingual aspect of the incisors developed the disease first (2·8% of incisor aspects). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Periodontitis developed in regions that are difficult to see in conscious dogs implying that detection and treatment of disease requires periodic sedation or anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wallis
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - K V Patel
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - M Marshall
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - R Staunton
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - L Milella
- The Veterinary Dental Surgery, 53 Parvis Road, Byfleet, Surrey KT14 7AA, UK
| | - S Harris
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - L J Holcombe
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
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Mestrinho LA, Louro JM, Gordo IS, Niza MMRE, Requicha JF, Force JG, Gawor JP. Oral and dental anomalies in purebred, brachycephalic Persian and Exotic cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:66-72. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Queck KE, Chapman A, Herzog LJ, Shell-Martin T, Burgess-Cassler A, McClure GD. Oral-Fluid Thiol-Detection Test Identifies Underlying Active Periodontal Disease Not Detected by the Visual Awake Examination. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:132-137. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Periodontal disease in dogs is highly prevalent but can only be accurately diagnosed by performing an anesthetized oral examination with periodontal probing and dental radiography. In this study, 114 dogs had a visual awake examination of the oral cavity and were administered an oral-fluid thiol-detection test prior to undergoing a a full-mouth anesthetized oral examination and digital dental radiographs. The results show the visual awake examination underestimated the presence and severity of active periodontal disease. The thiol-detection test was superior to the visual awake examination at detecting the presence and severity of active periodontal disease and was an indicator of progression toward alveolar bone loss. The thiol-detection test detected active periodontal disease at early stages of development, before any visual cues were present, indicating the need for intervention to prevent periodontal bone loss. Early detection is important because without intervention, dogs with gingivitis (active periodontal disease) progress to irreversible periodontal bone loss (stage 2+). As suggested in the current AAHA guidelines, a thiol-detection test administered in conjunction with the visual awake examination during routine wellness examinations facilitates veterinarian-client communication and mitigates under-diagnosis of periodontal disease and underutilization of dental services. The thiol-detection test can be used to monitor the periodontal health status of the conscious patient during follow-up examinations based on disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Queck
- From the Carolinas Animal Hospital and Dental Clinic P.A., Charlotte, North Carolina (K.E.Q.), and PDx BioTech, Lexington, Kentucky (A.C., L.J.H., T.S-M., A.B-C., G.D.M.)
| | - Angela Chapman
- From the Carolinas Animal Hospital and Dental Clinic P.A., Charlotte, North Carolina (K.E.Q.), and PDx BioTech, Lexington, Kentucky (A.C., L.J.H., T.S-M., A.B-C., G.D.M.)
| | - Leslie J. Herzog
- From the Carolinas Animal Hospital and Dental Clinic P.A., Charlotte, North Carolina (K.E.Q.), and PDx BioTech, Lexington, Kentucky (A.C., L.J.H., T.S-M., A.B-C., G.D.M.)
| | - Tamara Shell-Martin
- From the Carolinas Animal Hospital and Dental Clinic P.A., Charlotte, North Carolina (K.E.Q.), and PDx BioTech, Lexington, Kentucky (A.C., L.J.H., T.S-M., A.B-C., G.D.M.)
| | - Anthony Burgess-Cassler
- From the Carolinas Animal Hospital and Dental Clinic P.A., Charlotte, North Carolina (K.E.Q.), and PDx BioTech, Lexington, Kentucky (A.C., L.J.H., T.S-M., A.B-C., G.D.M.)
| | - George David McClure
- From the Carolinas Animal Hospital and Dental Clinic P.A., Charlotte, North Carolina (K.E.Q.), and PDx BioTech, Lexington, Kentucky (A.C., L.J.H., T.S-M., A.B-C., G.D.M.)
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Pasha S, Inui T, Chapple I, Harris S, Holcombe L, Grant MM. The Saliva Proteome of Dogs: Variations Within and Between Breeds and Between Species. Proteomics 2018; 18:1700293. [PMID: 29327448 PMCID: PMC5969230 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex multifunctional fluid that bathes the oral cavity to assist in soft and hard tissue maintenance, lubrication, buffering, defense against microbes, and initiating digestion of foods. It has been extensively characterized in humans but its protein composition in dogs remains poorly characterized, yet saliva composition could explain (patho) physiological differences between individuals, breeds and with humans. This pilot discovery study aimed to characterize canine saliva from two breeds, Labrador retrievers and Beagles, and to compare this with human saliva using quantitative mass spectrometry. The analysis demonstrated considerable inter-individual variation and difference between breeds; however these were small in comparison to the differences between species. Functional mapping suggested roles of detected proteins similar to those found in human saliva with the exception of the initiation of digestion as salivary amylase was lacking or at very low abundance in canine saliva samples. Many potential anti-microbial proteins were detected agreeing with the notion that the oral cavity is under continuous microbial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Pasha
- Periodontal Research GroupSchool of DentistryInstitute of Clinical SciencesCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Healthcare Foundation TrustEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Taichi Inui
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet NutritionWaltham‐on‐the‐WoldsMelton MowbrayLeicestershireUK
| | - Iain Chapple
- Periodontal Research GroupSchool of DentistryInstitute of Clinical SciencesCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Healthcare Foundation TrustEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Stephen Harris
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet NutritionWaltham‐on‐the‐WoldsMelton MowbrayLeicestershireUK
| | - Lucy Holcombe
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet NutritionWaltham‐on‐the‐WoldsMelton MowbrayLeicestershireUK
| | - Melissa M. Grant
- Periodontal Research GroupSchool of DentistryInstitute of Clinical SciencesCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Healthcare Foundation TrustEdgbastonBirminghamUK
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Iacopetti I, Perazzi A, Badon T, Bedin S, Contiero B, Ricci R. Salivary pH, calcium, phosphorus and selected enzymes in healthy dogs: a pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:330. [PMID: 29126424 PMCID: PMC5681786 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saliva in dogs, as in humans, is a complex fluid secreted by different salivary glands in the oral cavity to protect the oral mucosa and teeth. The use of saliva as a substitute for blood in diagnosing and prognosticating disease in humans is widely accepted. Salivary biochemistry has also been used as a marker for periodontal disease in humans. No studies have as yet investigated the relation between salivary biochemistry and periodontal disease in dogs, however; neither has the salivary composition of healthy dogs with no oral disease been assessed. The purpose of this study was to obtain an overview on pH distribution and a set of salivary biochemical analytes (calcium, phosphorus, lactate dehydrogenase, lysozyme and amylase) commonly related to oral health in humans in a subset population of healthy young dogs with no periodontal disease or previous oral disease. Data were analyzed to gather salivary reference ranges for pH and each parameter and to assess a possible correlation between salivary and serum analytes. RESULTS Twenty-nine adult client-owned dogs were recruited for the study. Lactate dehydrogenase and lysozyme showed higher concentrations in saliva than in serum, whereas amylase showed the contrary. Salivary biochemistry values did not differ between males and females or between non-neutered and neutered individuals. No significant correlations between salivary and serum calcium, phosphorus, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase and lysozyme were identified in this study. Data allowed intervals for the salivary pH and other analytes investigated to be obtained from healthy dogs with healthy oral conditions. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data can contribute to enlarge our understanding of the functional role of saliva and its relation to oral health in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Iacopetti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Anna Perazzi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Tamara Badon
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Silvia Bedin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Rebecca Ricci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (Padua), Italy
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Davis IJ, Jones AW, Creese AJ, Staunton R, Atwal J, Chapple ILC, Harris S, Grant MM. Longitudinal quantification of the gingival crevicular fluid proteome during progression from gingivitis to periodontitis in a canine model. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:584-94. [PMID: 26990150 PMCID: PMC5089638 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aim Inflammatory periodontal disease is widespread in dogs. This study evaluated site‐specific changes in the canine gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) proteome during longitudinal progression from very mild gingivitis to mild periodontitis. Periodontitis diagnosis in dogs requires general anaesthesia with associated risks and costs; our ultimate aim was to develop a periodontitis diagnostic for application in conscious dogs. The objective of this work was to identify potential biomarkers of periodontal disease progression in dogs. Material and Methods Gingival crevicular fluid was sampled from a total of 10 teeth in eight dogs at three different stages of health/disease and samples prepared for quantitative mass spectrometry (data available via ProteomeXchange; identifier PXD003337). A univariate mixed model analysis determined significantly altered proteins between health states and six were evaluated by ELISA. Results Four hundred and six proteins were identified with 84 present in all samples. The prevalence of 40 proteins was found to be significantly changed in periodontitis relative to gingivitis. ELISA measurements confirmed that haptoglobin was significantly increased. Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time that proteins detected by mass spectrometry have potential to identify novel biomarkers for canine periodontal disease. Further work is required to validate additional biomarkers for a periodontitis diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Davis
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Andrew W Jones
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew J Creese
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruth Staunton
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Jujhar Atwal
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Iain L C Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen Harris
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Melissa M Grant
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Oliveira M, Tavares M, Gomes D, Touret T, São Braz B, Tavares L, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Virulence traits and antibiotic resistance among enterococci isolated from dogs with periodontal disease. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 46:27-31. [PMID: 27260807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease - PD - is one of the most widespread diseases in dogs, but the role of this odontogenic infection in the dissemination of pathogenic bacteria present in the oral mucosa to other animals or pet owners is understudied. Trying to unveil the putative pathogenicity of enterococci present in the gums of dogs diagnosed with PD, thirty-two animals were investigated during routine visits to a private veterinary clinic. Seventy-one enterococci were recovered and characterized regarding species, genomic variability, virulence traits, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-forming ability. Isolates were mainly identified as Enterococcus faecalis, with the large majority (95%) being able to produce biofilm. Regarding antibiotic resistance, all dog-enterococci were susceptible to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, gentamicin-120, imipenem and vancomycin; while distinct levels of resistance were observed for chloramphenicol (10%), erythromycin (20%), streptomycin-300 (35%) and tetracycline (95%). For virulence traits incidence levels of 35% were observed for β-hemolysis and 25% for cylA, 25% for gelatinase and 35% for gelE; 85% harbor efaAfs and ebpABC; while ace, agg and esp are present respectively in 50, 30 and 10% of the dog-enterococci; efaAfm and acm were detected in all the Enterococcus faecium. Overall, the widespread prevalence of PD in dogs, associated with the close contact between companion animals, other animals and humans, may act as source for the dissemination of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. Hence, aforementioned data on virulence and resistance features, emphasizes the need for active surveillance measures, such as the diagnose of PD in companion animals during routine visits to the veterinary clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Tavares
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Gomes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Touret
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Berta São Braz
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Semedo-Lemsaddek T, Tavares M, São Braz B, Tavares L, Oliveira M. Enterococcal Infective Endocarditis following Periodontal Disease in Dogs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146860. [PMID: 26752198 PMCID: PMC4709084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, one of the major factors associated with infective endocarditis (IE) is the concurrent presence of periodontal disease (PD). However, in veterinary medicine, the relevance of PD in the evolution of dogs’ endocarditis remains poorly understood. In order to try to establish a correlation between mouth-associated Enterococcus spp. and infective endocarditis in dogs, the present study evaluated the presence and diversity of enterococci in the gum and heart of dogs with PD. Samples were collected during necropsy of 32 dogs with PD and visually diagnosed with IE, which died of natural causes or euthanasia. Enterococci were isolated, identified and further characterized by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE); susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and pathogenicity potential was also evaluated. In seven sampled animals, PFGE-patterns, resistance and virulence profiles were found to be identical between mouth and heart enterococci obtained from the same dog, allowing the establishment of an association between enterococcal periodontal disease and endocarditis in dogs. These findings represent a crucial step towards understanding the pathogenesis of PD-driven IE, and constitute a major progress in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300–477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Tavares
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300–477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Berta São Braz
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300–477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300–477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300–477 Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Wallis C, Marshall M, Colyer A, O'Flynn C, Deusch O, Harris S. A longitudinal assessment of changes in bacterial community composition associated with the development of periodontal disease in dogs. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:271-82. [PMID: 26507828 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is the most widespread oral disease in dogs. Whilst the involvement of bacteria in the aetiology of periodontitis is well established the role of individual species and their complex interactions with the host is not well understood. The objective of this research was therefore to perform a longitudinal study in dogs to identify the changes that occur in subgingival bacterial communities during the transition from mild gingivitis to the early stages of periodontitis (<25% attachment loss). Subgingival plaque samples were collected from individual teeth of 52 miniature schnauzer dogs every six weeks for up to 60 weeks. The microbial composition of plaque samples was determined using 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA. A group of aerobic Gram negative species, including Bergeyella zoohelcum COT-186, Moraxella sp. COT-017, Pasteurellaceae sp. COT-080, and Neisseria shayeganii COT-090 decreased in proportion as teeth progressed to mild periodontitis. In contrast, there was less evidence that increases in the proportion of individual species were associated with the onset of periodontitis, although a number of species (particularly members of the Firmicutes) became more abundant as gingivitis severity increased. There were small increases in Shannon diversity, suggesting that plaque community membership remains relatively stable but that bacterial proportions change during progression into periodontitis. This is the first study to demonstrate the temporal dynamics of the canine oral microbiota; it showed that periodontitis results from a microbial succession predominantly characterised by a reduction of previously abundant, health associated taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrin Wallis
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - Mark Marshall
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - Alison Colyer
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - Ciaran O'Flynn
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - Oliver Deusch
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - Stephen Harris
- The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK.
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Kaiser SM, Thiel C, Kramer M, Raddatz BB, Failing K, Alldinger S. Immunohistochemical localisation and effect of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors on canine spontaneous periodontitis. Vet Rec 2015; 177:201. [PMID: 26260063 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is commonly observed in dogs. In human medicine, it is well documented that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the destruction of the periodontium. Therefore, the aim of this prospective study was to investigate the impact of MMPs and their inhibitors, the TIMPs (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases), on canine periodontitis. The oral cavities of 57 dogs were examined clinically and radiologically. Gingival biopsies were obtained from the examined dogs and histologically analysed via haematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Immunohistological detection of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8 and MMP-9 as well as TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was performed by the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex technique. All sections were evaluated by light microscopy. Statistically significant positive correlations were detected between the histologically verified degree of inflammation and the expression of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8 and MMP-9 as well as between changes in collagen fibre content and the occurrence of MMP-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9. Concerning TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, non-significant, generally negative correlations were observed. In summary, in canine periodontitis, an increased expression of the above mentioned MMPs and a tendentially decreased expression of TIMPs are present. In conclusion, in canine periodontitis, a MMP-TIMP imbalance is suggestive of contributing to the destruction of the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kaiser
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 108, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - C Thiel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 108, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - M Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 108, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - B B Raddatz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - K Failing
- Department for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Veterinary Division, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 95, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - S Alldinger
- German Veterinary Medical Society, Friedrichstraße 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
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