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Doeven L, Cardy T, Crawford AH. Investigation of neutering status and age of neutering in female Dachshunds with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:637-641. [PMID: 38622029 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate neutering status and age of neutering in female Dachshunds with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. We hypothesised that neutered Dachshunds presented with intervertebral disc extrusion at an earlier age, with a higher grade of neurological deficits and with more extensive extrusion of disc material compared with intact females. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective multi-centre study of client-owned female Dachshunds with surgically confirmed thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. Dogs were classified as early, late or not neutered (intact). Age, body condition score, duration of clinical signs before presentation, modified Frankel score at presentation, length of extruded disc material, maximum spinal cord compression and whether dogs presented for a subsequent intervertebral disc extrusion were recorded. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-four dogs were included: 36 early neutered, 69 late neutered and 49 intact. No significant difference was found between early neutered, late neutered and entire female Dachshunds in any of the variables studied. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this cohort of female dogs, neuter status and age of neutering were not found to affect age at onset nor severity of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Doeven
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - T Cardy
- Neurology and Neurosurgery, Cave Veterinary Specialists, West Buckland, Somerset, TA21 9LE, UK
| | - A H Crawford
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
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Abdallah AN, Shamaa AA, El-Tookhy OS, Bahr MM. Comparison between stem cell therapy and stem cell derived exosomes on induced multiple sclerosis in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:90. [PMID: 38459498 PMCID: PMC10921795 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic condition that primarily manifests as demyelination of neuronal axons in the central nervous system, due to the loss or attack of oligodendroglia cells that form myelin. Stem cell therapy has shown promising results for the treatment of MS due to its capability to halt the immune attack, stop apoptosis and axonal degeneration, and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Stem cell-derived Exosomes (Exosomes) have shown great capabilities for neuronal diseases as they have growth factors, complex sets of miRNA, enzymes, proteins, major peptides, lipids, and macromolecules with anti-inflammatory, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis activities. METHODS This study aimed to compare the healing properties of stem cells, against Exosomes for the treatment of an experimentally induced MS dog model. Dog models of MS received either a single treatment of stem cells or a single treatment of Exosomes intrathecally and the treatment process was evaluated clinically, radiologically, histopathologically, and electron microscopy and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. RESULTS showed marked amelioration of the clinical signs in both treated groups compared to the control one, magnetic resonance scans showed the resolution of the hyperintense lesions at the end of the study period, the histopathology and electron microscopy showed marked healing properties and remyelination in treated groups with superiority of the stem cells compared to Exosomes. CONCLUSIONS Although stem cell results were superior to Exosomes therapy; Exosomes have proven to be effective and safe important actors in myelin regeneration, and their use in diseases like MS helps to stimulate remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed N Abdallah
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Shamaa
- Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omar S El-Tookhy
- Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Bahr
- Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Sherif T, Twele F, Meller S, Müller-Anders A, Volk HA. Quantification of spinal ataxia in dogs with thoracolumbar spinal cord injury. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1183755. [PMID: 37614460 PMCID: PMC10442642 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1183755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical sign of ataxia is related to several neurological diseases and is seen in conjunction with paresis in dogs with spinal cord injury (SCI). Endeavours to objectify canine spinal ataxia in SCI remain limited. The aim of this clinical study was to determine and quantify differences between gait characteristics of ataxic dogs with thoracolumbar myelopathy and healthy control dogs using a computer-and treadmill-based gait analysis system. Five dogs with spinal ataxia and six healthy dogs underwent video-and computer-assisted gait analysis while walking on a four-ground reaction force plate treadmill system (maximum speed of 0.7 m/s). Spatio-temporal and kinetic gait characteristics regarding the dogs' locomotion were analysed with a focus on the individual coefficient of variation (CV), as a potential measure for quantification of the level of ataxia. Ataxic dogs with thoracolumbar SCI showed no effect on symmetry indices but higher variability in spatio-temporal and kinetic gait parameters mainly in the pelvic, but also in the thoracic limbs. Double support phase of the individual limb was prolonged in SCI dogs at the cost of the single support and swing phase. Reduced peaks of ground reaction forces (GRF) could potentially be explained by reduction of muscle strength, as a strategy of avoiding falling by taking enthusiastic steps, or by alteration of the rhythmogenic spinal circuits between the pelvic and thoracic limb pattern generators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Sherif T, Twele F, Meller S, Müller-Anders A, Volk HA. Quantification of phenobarbital-induced ataxia in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1168335. [PMID: 37275612 PMCID: PMC10232958 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1168335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia is a clinical sign seen in several neurological diseases and has been reported as an adverse effect of anti-seizure medication such as phenobarbital (PB). Efforts to objectify canine ataxia in order to provide appropriate treatment or monitor adverse effects of drugs remain limited. Automated quantitative gait analysis can be useful for the acquisition of objective data for the evaluation and monitoring of ataxia in dogs. The aim of this prospective clinical study was to examine the gait characteristics of dogs with PB induced ataxia and compare them with healthy dogs using a computer- and treadmill-based gait analysis system. Six healthy dogs and five dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) with PB-induced ataxia underwent video- and computer-assisted gait analysis during slow walking (maximum speed of 0.7 m/s) on a treadmill with four ground reaction force plates (one plate per limb). Kinetic and spatio-temporal gait parameters of dogs' locomotion were analyzed, including individually calculated coefficients of variation. Dogs with IE treated with PB showed higher variability in spatio-temporal but not in kinetic gait parameters. Double support phase of gait cycles was increased on the cost of single support and swing phases. Body weight standardized ground reaction forces in vertical, craniocaudal, and mediolateral direction were severely affected by ataxia. Compensatory mechanisms in locomotion of dogs with PB-induced ataxia included spatio-temporal and kinetic gait characteristics, most likely in order to compensate imbalance caused by limb incoordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sherif
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Müller-Anders
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Henea ME, Șindilar EV, Burtan LC, Mihai I, Grecu M, Anton A, Solcan G. Recovery of Spinal Walking in Paraplegic Dogs Using Physiotherapy and Supportive Devices to Maintain the Standing Position. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081398. [PMID: 37106961 PMCID: PMC10135265 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraplegic patients have always been ideal candidates for physiotherapy due to their body's inability to recover on its own. Regardless of the cause that led to the onset of paraplegia (traumatic or degenerative), physiotherapy helps these patients with devices and methods designed to restore the proper functioning of their motility, as well as their quality of life. A total of 60 paraplegic dogs without deep pain in the hindlimbs caused by intervertebral disc extrusion or thoracolumbar fractures underwent physiotherapy sessions: manual therapy (massage), electrostimulation (10-20 min with possible repetition on the same day), ultrasound therapy, laser therapy, hydrotherapy, and assisted gait in supportive devices or on treadmills to stimulate and relearn walking, which was the main focus of the study. To maintain the standing position over time, we developed different devices adapted for each patient depending on the degree of damage and the possible associated pathologies: harnesses, trolleys, straps, exercise rollers, balancing platforms and mattresses, physio balls and rollers for recovery of proprioception. The main objective of our study was to demonstrate that physiotherapy and assisted gait in supportive devices to maintain the standing position may help paraplegic dogs to develop spinal walking. Concurrent pathologies (skin wounds, urinary infections, etc.) were managed concomitantly. Recovery of SW was evaluated by progression in regaining the reflectivity, nociception, gait score, and quality of life. After 125 to 320 physiotherapy sessions (25 to 64 weeks), 35 dogs (58.33%) developed spinal walking and were able to walk without falling or falling only sometimes in the case of a quick look (gait score 11.6 ± 1.57, with 14 considered normal), with a lack of coordination between the thoracic and pelvic limbs or difficulties in turning, especially when changing direction, but with the recovery of the quadrupedal position in less than 30 s. The majority of dogs recovering SW were of small size, with a median weight of 6.83 kg (range: 1.5-15.7), mixed breed (n = 9; 25.71%), Teckel (n = 4; 11.43%), Bichon (n = 5; 14.28%), Pekingese (n = 4; 11.43%), and Caniche (n = 2; 5.71%), while those who did not recover SW were larger in size, 15.59 kg (range: 5.5-45.2), and mixed breed (n = 16; 64%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mădălina Elena Henea
- Phisiotherapy Unit, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Eusebiu Viorel Șindilar
- Surgery Unit, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Liviu Cătălin Burtan
- Surgery Unit, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Iuliana Mihai
- Surgery Unit, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Grecu
- Pharmacy Unit, Preclinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Anton
- Internal Medicine Unit, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Solcan
- Internal Medicine Unit, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700490 Iasi, Romania
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Rosen S, Grzegorzewski JL, Heath S, Schocke C, Jeffery N. A 50-step walking test for analysis of recovery after decompressive surgery for thoracolumbar disc herniation in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1733-1741. [PMID: 36161381 PMCID: PMC9511074 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its importance, there is no agreed definition of recovery of ambulation in dogs with spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVES To validate a new walking test in dogs recovering from thoracolumbar spinal cord injury. ANIMALS Two hundred twenty-four dogs weighing <20 kg: 120 normally ambulatory dogs, plus 104 dogs undergoing decompressive surgery for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation. METHODS Prospective cohort studies. The distance each freely-ambulatory dog walked during 50 step cycles was regressed on ulna length. For each postsurgical dog, we recorded when the calculated 50-step distance was completed without falling, or their inability to complete this distance by 4 months or more after surgery. Bayesian analysis compared outcomes for presurgical neurologic categories; association of recovery with several preoperative variables was explored using logistic and time-to-event regression. RESULTS For control dogs, 50-step distance (m) = 1.384 × ulnar length (cm) + 2.773. In postsurgical dogs, the 50-step test provided decisive evidence that deep pain-negative dogs were less likely to recover ambulation than dogs with intact pain perception (12/29 recovered vs 71/75; Bayes factor [BF] = 5.9 × 106 ) and, if they did recover, it took much longer (median 91 days vs median 14 days; BF = 1.5 × 103 ). Exploratory analysis suggested that presurgical neurologic status (subhazard ratio [SHR] = 0.022; P < .001) and duration of presurgical anesthesia (SHR = 0.740; P = .04) were associated with rapidity of recovery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This straightforward 50-step walking test provides robust data on ambulatory recovery well-suited to large scale pragmatic trials on treatment of thoracolumbar spinal cord injury in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Rosen
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | | | - Stephanie Heath
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Cynthia Schocke
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Nicholas Jeffery
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
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Lewis MJ, Bowditch J, Laflen B, Perry N, Yoquelet R, Thomovsky SA. Pilot Study on Feasibility of Sensory-Enhanced Rehabilitation in Canine Spinal Cord Injury. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:921471. [PMID: 35774972 PMCID: PMC9237616 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.921471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical rehabilitation is frequently recommended in dogs recovering from acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL-IVDE), but protocols vary widely. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating sensory-integrated neurorehabilitation strategies into a post-operative rehabilitation protocol in dogs with TL-IVDE. Non-ambulatory dogs with acute TL-IVDE managed surgically were prospectively recruited to this unblinded cross-over feasibility study. Eligible dogs were randomized to start with tactile-enhanced (artificial grass) or auditory-enhanced (floor piano) basic rehabilitation exercises performed twice daily for the first 4 weeks before switching to the opposite surface for the subsequent 4 weeks. Neurologic examination, open field gait scoring, girth measurements and an owner-completed feasibility questionnaire were performed at baseline and 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-operatively. Twenty-four dogs were enrolled, 12 randomized to each order of exercises. Gait scores did not differ between the two groups at baseline, 4 or 8 week visits. All modified exercises could be performed and compliance was high. Adverse events potentially attributable to the study surface were mild, self-limiting and occurred in 2/24 dogs. The most common surface-related limitations were that the piano was slippery and that both surfaces were too short. The artificial grass was preferred by owners and dogs compared to the floor piano surface, but this was influenced by which surface was utilized first. Auditory and tactile modifications were feasible and safe to incorporate into a standardized rehabilitation protocol. This pilot study could prompt larger efficacy studies investigating the benefit of sensory-integrated rehabilitation in dogs with TL-IVDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Farid MF, S Abouelela Y, Rizk H. Stem cell treatment trials of spinal cord injuries in animals. Auton Neurosci 2022; 238:102932. [PMID: 35016045 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious neurological spinal cord damage that resulted in the loss of temporary or permanent function. However, there are even now no effective therapies for it. So, a new medical promising therapeutic hotspot over the previous decades appeared which was (Stem cell (SC) cure of SCI). Otherwise, animal models are considered in preclinical research as a model for humans to trial a potential new treatment. METHODOLOGY Following articles were saved from different databases (PubMed, Google scholar, Egyptian knowledge bank, Elsevier, Medline, Embase, ProQuest, BMC) on the last two decades, and data were obtained then analyzed. RESULTS This review discusses the type and grading of SCI. As well as different types of stem cells therapy for SCI, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The review focuses on the transplantation pathways, clinical evaluation, and clinical signs of different types of SC on different animal models which are summarized in tables to give an easy to reach. CONCLUSION Pharmacological and physiotherapy have limited regenerative power in comparison with stem cells medication in the treatment of SCI. Among several sources of cell therapies, mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) one is being progressively developed as a trusted important energetic way to repair and regenerate. Finally, a wide-ranged animal models have been condensed that helped in human clinical trial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam F Farid
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Yara S Abouelela
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - Hamdy Rizk
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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Farré Mariné A, De Risio L, Mascort J, Jiménez Peláez M, López M, Stabile F, Luján Feliu-Pascual A. Transthoracic Vertebral Distraction and Stabilization in 10 Dogs with Congenital Thoracic Vertebral Malformations. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2021; 34:367-374. [PMID: 34293809 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the surgical technique and outcomes of dogs with congenital thoracic vertebral body malformations (CTVBM) treated with unilateral vertebral distraction and stabilization with monocortical screws and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). STUDY DESIGN Medical records of 10 client-owned dogs with CTVBM were retrospectively searched for signalment, history, neurological examination, neurological grade based on the modified Frankel scale (MFS), diagnostic method, CTVBM location, Cobb's angle, and vertebral canal angle (VCA), surgical procedure, complications and long-term follow-up. RESULTS One dog suffered cardiac arrest 24 hours post-surgery and died. Median follow-up in nine dogs was 26.5 months (12-50 months). Cobb's angle improved from 33-83 to 10-46 degrees and the VCA ratio from 97-138 to 122-164 degrees. The MFS improved from 3 (n = 3)-4 (n = 7) to 4 (n = 2)-6 (n = 7). Seven dogs recovered full function. Nine dogs improved after surgery compared with preoperative status, recovering ambulation when lost or achieving normal neurological examination in seven cases. No complications were reported during the follow-up period (12-50 months). CONCLUSION Unilateral transthoracic vertebral distraction and stabilization with monocortical screws and PMMA for treatment of compressive myelopathy due to CTVBM achieved long-term neurological improvement in 9 of 10 dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marta López
- Hospital Veterinari Glòries, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Abdallah AN, Shamaa AA, El-Tookhy OS, Bahr MM. Effect of combined intrathecal/intravenous injection of bone marrow derived stromal cells in platelet-rich plasma on spinal cord injury in companion animals. Open Vet J 2021; 11:270-276. [PMID: 34307083 PMCID: PMC8288736 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Companion animals are prone to spinal cord injuries commonly associated with severe locomotor and sensory complications, which can escalate to a state of irreversible paralysis. Stem cell therapies propose a hope for treating spinal cord injuries via differentiation into neurons and associated glial cells, halting the immune attacks, inhibiting apoptosis and necrosis, and secretion of neurotrophic factors that stimulate the regeneration process. Aim: The study aims to evaluate the use of autologous bone marrow derived stromal cells in platelet-rich plasma carrier for selected clinical cases having chronic spinal cord injuries in dogs and cats via a one-time combined intrathecal/intravenous injection. Methods: Cells were injected in five dogs and three cats suffering from disc protrusion leading to spinal cord injury and in thosewho did not respond to conventional treatment during a clinical trial. Results: Results indicated that the transplanted cells led to the restoration of the weight bearing locomotor function and spinal reflexes in a period less than 90 days with physical rehabilitation. The treatment showed minor changes in the magnetic resonance images of extruded discs. Conclusion: This study concluded that the combined intrathecal/intravenous injection of bone marrow stromal cells is a safe and promising procedure for treating chronic spinal cord injuries in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed N Abdallah
- Pathology department, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Shamaa
- Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omar S El-Tookhy
- Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Bahr
- Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Linder JE, Thomovsky S, Bowditch J, Lind M, Kazmierczak KA, Breur GJ, Lewis MJ. Development of a simple method to measure static body weight distribution in neurologically and orthopedically normal mature small breed dogs. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:110. [PMID: 33676494 PMCID: PMC7937222 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objective outcome measures capable of tracking different aspects of functional recovery in dogs with acute intervertebral disc herniation are needed to optimize physical rehabilitation protocols. Normal, pre-injury distribution of body weight in this population is unknown. The aims of this study were to quantify static weight distribution (SWD) using digital scales and to establish the feasibility of different scale methods in neurologically normal, mature, chondrodystrophic small breed dogs predisposed to intervertebral disc herniation. Results Twenty-five healthy, mature dogs were enrolled with a mean age of 4.6 years (SD 2.7) and a mean total body weight of 11.5 kg (SD 3.6). SWD for the thoracic and pelvic limbs and between individual limbs was acquired in triplicate and expressed as a percentage of total body weight using commercially available digital scales in four combinations: two bathroom, two kitchen (with thoracic and pelvic limbs combined), four bathroom and four kitchen (with limbs measured individually). SWD was also obtained using a pressure sensing walkway for comparison to scale data. Feasibility for each method was determined and coefficients of variation were used to calculate inter-trial variability. Mean SWD values were compared between methods using an ANOVA. The two bathroom scales method had the highest feasibility and lowest inter-trial variability and resulted in mean thoracic and pelvic limb SWD of 63 % (SD 3 %) and 37 % (SD 3 %), respectively. Thoracic limb mean SWD was higher for the PSW compared to any of the scale methods (p < 0.0001). Conclusions SWD in a population of healthy chondrodystrophic dogs was simple to obtain using inexpensive and readily available digital scales. This study generated SWD data for subsequent comparison to dogs recovering from acute intervertebral disc herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Linder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, FL, 32608, Gainesville, USA
| | - Stephanie Thomovsky
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Jessica Bowditch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Mallory Lind
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Kristine A Kazmierczak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Gert J Breur
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Melissa J Lewis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA.
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12
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Lee NN, Kramer JS, Stoker AM, Bozynski CC, Cook CR, Stannard JT, Choma TJ, Cook JL. Canine models of spine disorders. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1109. [PMID: 33392448 PMCID: PMC7770205 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neck and low back pain are common among the adult human population and impose large social and economic burdens on health care and quality of life. Spine-related disorders are also significant health concerns for canine companions with etiopathogeneses, clinical presentations, and diagnostic and therapeutic options that are very similar to their human counterparts. Historically, induced and spontaneous pathology in laboratory rodents, dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used for study of human spine disorders. While each of these can serve as useful preclinical models, they all have inherent limitations. Spontaneously occurring spine disorders in dogs provide highly translatable data that overcome many of the limitations of other models and have the added benefit of contributing to veterinary healthcare as well. For this scoping review, peer-reviewed manuscripts were selected from PubMed and Google Scholar searches using keywords: "intervertebral disc," "intervertebral disc degeneration," "biomarkers," "histopathology," "canine," and "mechanism." Additional keywords such as "injury," "induced model," and "nucleus degeneration" were used to further narrow inclusion. The objectives of this review were to (a) outline similarities in key features of spine disorders between dogs and humans; (b) describe relevant canine models; and (c) highlight the applicability of these models for advancing translational research and clinical application for mechanisms of disease, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment, with a focus on intervertebral disc degeneration. Best current evidence suggests that dogs share important anatomical, physiological, histological, and molecular components of spinal disorders in humans, such that induced and spontaneous canine models can be very effective for translational research. Taken together, the peer-reviewed literature supports numerous advantages for use of canine models for study of disorders of the spine when the potential limitations and challenges are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Medicine ProgramUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jacob S. Kramer
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Aaron M. Stoker
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Chantelle C. Bozynski
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Cristi R. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James T. Stannard
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Theodore J. Choma
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James L. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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13
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Olby N, Griffith E, Levine J. Comparison of Gait Assessment Scales in Dogs with Spinal Cord Injury from Intervertebral Disc Herniation. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1991-1998. [PMID: 31914849 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (SCI) is common in dogs, and multi-center veterinary clinical studies can serve as translational tools to identify potentially effective therapies for human clinical trials. Assessment of gait is a key outcome, and several scales are used in dogs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an international group of researchers could score gait reliably, to compare and contrast the performance of gait scales and to describe appropriate data analysis techniques. A training module was developed for a binary scale, modified Frankel Scale (MFS), Texas SCI Scale (TSCIS), and Open Field Scale (OFS). Raters viewed the training module, scored five training video clips to achieve proficiency, then scored 30 video clips from 10 dogs recovering from SCI. Interrater reliability was calculated, and correlation between scales was examined. Ceiling effect was described. Twenty raters with differing experience participated. The training module took 16 min to view. Raters chose identical binary outcomes in 597 of 600 observations. Intraclass correlation for MFS, TSCIS, and OFS was excellent at 0.85, 0.96, and 0.96, respectively, regardless of rater expertise. Ceiling effect occurred in all dogs that recovered ambulation, particularly using MFS and binary outcome. The TSCIS and OFS captured recovery of ambulatory dogs better, and addition of scores on hopping and proprioception mitigated ceiling effect. We conclude that gait in dogs with SCI can be scored reliably after training. A variety of different gait scales can be used in multi-center trials to capture outcome in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,The Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily Griffith
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University College of Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jon Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, Texas, USA
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14
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Cook L, Byron J, Moore S. Urological Sequelae to Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Pet Dogs: A Natural Disease Model of Neuropathic Bladder Dysfunction. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2020; 25:205-213. [PMID: 31548787 DOI: 10.1310/sci2503-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The authors review urologic dysfunction, including urine retention, incontinence, and recurrent and resistant urinary tract infection, in dogs as a sequela to acute spinal cord injury. Urologic sequelae to acute spinal cord injury (SCI) pose significant complications in human and canine patients impacting quality of life and long-term cost of treatment. Dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion may serve as a natural disease model of acute SCI for investigating translational interventions, both prophylactic and therapeutic, for urologic dysfunction in human SCI patients.
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15
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Branco É, Alves JGR, Pinheiro LL, Coutinho LN, Gomes CRM, Galvão GR, de Oliveira Dos Santos GR, Moreira LFM, David MBM, Martins DM, de Oliveira EHC, de Souza MPC, Beltrão-Braga PCB, Russo FB, Pignatari GC, de Carvalho Miranda CMF, de Lima AR. Can Paraplegia by Disruption of the Spinal Cord Tissue Be Reversed? The Signs of a New Perspective. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1812-1820. [PMID: 31520456 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) trauma is often related to tissue loss, leading to partial or complete disruption of spinal cord function due to neuronal death. Although generally irreversible, traditional therapeutic efforts, such as physical therapy exercises, are generally recommended, but with a poor or reduced improvement of the microenvironment, which in turn stimulates neuroplasticity and neuroregeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have paracrine, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. Here we use stem cells to see if they can promote not only physical but also the functional regeneration of neuronal tissue in dogs with CNS traumas. Two dogs, one with chronic spinal cord injury and one with subacute spinal cord injury, underwent infusion of autologous MSCs in association with physiotherapy. The two treatments in combination were able to partially or completely recover the dog's walking movement again. The treatment of MSCs in association with physical therapy improved the microenvironment, which could be evidence of a paradigm shift that the CNS is not capable of functional regeneration after aggressive traumas. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:1812-1820, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika Branco
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - José G R Alves
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luane L Pinheiro
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leandro N Coutinho
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carolina R M Gomes
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Gilvando R Galvão
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz F M Moreira
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maridelzira B M David
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Danielle M Martins
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo H C de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Tissue Culture and Cytogenetics, SAMAM, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Michel P C de Souza
- Laboratory of Tissue Culture and Cytogenetics, SAMAM, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C B Beltrão-Braga
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiele B Russo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graciela C Pignatari
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana R de Lima
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
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16
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Giebels F, Pieper L, Kohn B, Volk HA, Shihab N, Loderstedt S. Comparison of interobserver agreement between the evaluation of bicipital and the patellar tendon reflex in healthy dogs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219171. [PMID: 31291315 PMCID: PMC6619687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The reliability of reflex-assessment is currently debatable, with current literature regarding the patellar tendon reflex (PTR) as highly reliable, while the biceps tendon reflex (BTR) is regarded to be of low reliability in the dog. Such statements are, however, based on subjective observations rather than on an empirical study. The goals of this study were three-fold: (1) the quantification of the interobserver agreement (IA) on the evaluation of the canine bicipital (BTR) and patellar tendon (PTR) reflex in healthy dogs, (2) to compare the IA of the BTR and PTR evaluation and (3) the identification of intrinsic (sex, age, fur length, weight) and extrinsic (observer´s expertise, body side) risk factors on the IA of both reflexes. The observers were subdivided into three groups based on their expected level of expertise (neurologists = highest -, practitioners = middle–and veterinary students = lowest level of expertise). For the BTR, 54 thoracic limbs were analyzed and compared to the evaluation of the PTR on 64 pelvic limbs. Each observer had to evaluate the reflex presence (RP) (present or absent) and the reflex activity (RA) using a 5-point ordinal scale. Multiple reliability coefficients were calculated. The influence of the risk factors has been calculated using a mixed regression-model. The Odds Ratio for each factor was presented. The higher the level of expertise the higher was the IA of the BTR. For RP(BTR), IA was highest for neurologists and for RA(BTR) the IA was lowest for students. The level of expertise had a significant impact on the degree of the IA in the evaluation of the bicipital tendon reflex: for the RA(BTR), practitioners had a 3.4-times (p = 0.003) and students a 7.0-times (p < 0.001) higher chance of discordance. In longhaired dogs the chance of disagreement was 2.6-times higher compared to shorthaired dogs in the evaluation of RA(BTR) (p = 0.003). Likewise, the IA of the RP(PTR) was the higher the higher the observers´ expertise was with neurologists having significantly highest values (p < 0.001). The RA(PTR) has been evaluated more consistent by practitioners and students than the RA(BTR). For practitioners this difference was significant (< 0.01). Our data suggests that neurologists assess the bicipital and patellar tendon reflex in dogs most reliably. None of the examined risk factors had a significant impact on the degree of IA in the evaluation of RP(PTR), while students had a 4.4-times higher chance of discordance when evaluating the RA(PTR) compared to the other groups. This effect was significant (p < 0.001). Neurologists can reliably assess the bicipital and patellar tendon reflex in healthy dogs. Observer´s level of expertise and the fur length of the dog affect the degree of IA of RA(BTR). The influence of the observer´s expertise is higher on the evaluation of the BTR than on the PTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Giebels
- Small Animal Clinic (WE20), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Pieper
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic (WE20), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadia Shihab
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Forest Corner Farm, Hangersley, Ringwood, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Shenja Loderstedt
- Small Animal Clinic (WE20), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Small Animal Department, Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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17
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Lewis MJ, Williams KD, Langley T, Jarvis LM, Sawicki GS, Olby NJ. Development of a Novel Gait Analysis Tool Measuring Center of Pressure for Evaluation of Canine Chronic Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3018-3025. [PMID: 31044646 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gait evaluation after spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important component of determining functional status. Analysis of center of pressure (COP) provides a dynamic reflection of global locomotion and postural control and has been used to quantify various gait abnormalities. We hypothesized that COP variability would be greater for SCI versus normal dogs and that COP would be able to differentiate varying injury severity. Our objective was to investigate COP, COP variability, and body weight support percentage in dogs with chronic SCI. Eleven chronically non-ambulatory dogs after acute severe thoracolumbar SCI were enrolled. COP measurements in x (right-to-left, COPx) and y (craniocaudal, COPy) directions were captured while dogs walked on a pressure-sensitive treadmill with pelvic limb sling support. Root mean square values (RMS_COPx and RMS_COPy) were calculated to assess variability in COP. Body weight support percentage was measured using a load cell. Gait also was quantified using an open field scale (OFS) and treadmill-based stepping and coordination scores (SS, RI). Mean COPx, COPy, RMS_COPx, and RMS_COPy were compared between dogs with SCI and previously evaluated healthy controls. RMS measurements and support percentage were compared with standard gait scales (OFS, SS, RI). Mean COPy was more cranial and RMS_COPx and RMS_COPy were greater in SCI versus normal dogs (p < 0.001). Support percentage moderately correlated with SS (p = 0.019; R2 = 0.47). COP analysis and body weight support measurements offer information about post-injury locomotion. Further development is needed before consideration as an outcome measure to complement validated gait analysis methods in dogs with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Taylor Langley
- Campbell University Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | - Gregory S Sawicki
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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18
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Evaluation of treatment of experimentally induced canine model of multiple sclerosis using laser activated non-expanded adipose derived stem cells. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:71-81. [PMID: 31152923 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that destroys oligodendrocytes. This work aims to evaluate the treatment of experimentally induced MS in dogs using laser activated non-expanded adipose derived stem cells. The results showed amelioration of the clinical signs over time confirmed by the resolution of the previous lesions on MRI. Positive migration of the injected cells to the site of lesion, increased remyelination detected by Myelin Basic Proteins, positive differentiation into Olig2 positive oligodendrocytes, prevented the glial scar formation and restored axonal architecture. The study concluded that treatment using laser activated stem cells holds a promising therapeutic option for treatment of MS in a canine model.
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Lewis MJ, Laber E, Olby NJ. Predictors of Response to 4-Aminopyridine in Chronic Canine Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:1428-1434. [PMID: 30235970 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Aminopyridine (4AP), a potassium channel antagonist, can improve hindlimb motor function in dogs with chronic thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (SCI); however, individual response is variable. We hypothesized that injury characteristics would differ between dogs that do and do not respond to 4AP. Our objective was to compare clinical, electrodiagnostic, gait, and imaging variables between dogs that do and do not respond to 4AP, to identify predictors of response. Thirty-four dogs with permanent deficits after acute thoracolumbar SCI were enrolled. Spasticity, motor and sensory evoked potentials (MEPs, SEPs), H-reflex, F-waves, gait scores, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were evaluated at baseline and after 4AP administration. Baseline variables were assessed as predictors of response; response was defined as ≥1 point change in open field gait score. Variables were compared pre- and post-4AP to evaluate 4AP effects. Fifteen of 33 (45%) dogs were responders, 18/33 (55%) were non-responders and 1 was eliminated because of an adverse event. Pre-H-reflex threshold <1.2 mA predicted non-response; pre-H-reflex threshold >1.2 mA and Canine Spasticity Scale overall score <7 were predictive of response. All responders had translesional connections on DTI. MEPs were more common post-4AP than pre-4AP (10 vs. 6 dogs) and 4AP decreased H-reflex threshold and increased spasticity in responders. 4-AP impacts central conduction and motor neuron pool excitability in dogs with chronic SCI. Severity of spasticity and H-reflex threshold might allow prediction of response. Further exploration of electrodiagnostic and imaging characteristics might elucidate additional factors contributing to response or non-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Lewis
- 1 Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Eric Laber
- 2 Department of Statistics, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Natasha J Olby
- 3 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,4 Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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20
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Boström AF, Hyytiäinen HK, Koho P, Cizinauskas S, Hielm-Björkman AK. Development of the Finnish neurological function testing battery for dogs and its intra- and inter-rater reliability. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:56. [PMID: 30223905 PMCID: PMC6142623 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Finnish neurological function testing battery for dogs (FINFUN) was developed to meet the increasing demand for objective outcome measures in veterinary physiotherapy. The testing battery should provide consistent, reproducible results and have established face and content validity. Internal consistency and intra- and inter-rater reliability of the FINFUN were also investigated. Results The FINFUN comprised 11 tasks: lying, standing up from lying, sitting, standing up from sitting, standing, proprioceptive positioning, starting to walk, walking, trotting, walking turns and walking stairs. A score from 0 to 4, (0: unable to perform task, 4: performing task with normal motor function) was given for each task, the maximum score being 44. Twenty-six dogs were filmed when performing the FINFUN. Seven observers scored the performances from the video recordings. The FINFUN was considered to have appropriate face and content validity based on a pilot study, clinical experience and critical reflection of the development process. Its internal consistency was excellent, with no Cronbach’s alpha values below 0.922. The intra-rater reliability for total score of experienced observers was almost perfect: 0.999 (observer 1) and 0.994 (observer 2). The inter-rater reliability for both experienced and novice observers’ total scores was also almost perfect (0.919–0.993). Analysis of each individual task showed substantial intra-rater and inter-rater agreement for the tasks “lying” and “sitting”. Conclusions The FINFUN is an objective, valid and reliable tool with standardized scoring criteria for evaluation of motor function in dogs recovering from spinal cord injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13028-018-0408-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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21
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Zidan N, Fenn J, Griffith E, Early PJ, Mariani CL, Muñana KR, Guevar J, Olby NJ. The Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Post-Operative Pain and Locomotor Recovery in Dogs with Acute, Severe Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled, Prospective Clinical Trial. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1726-1736. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zidan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Joe Fenn
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Griffith
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Peter J. Early
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Chris L. Mariani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Karen R. Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Julien Guevar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Natasha J. Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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22
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Zidan N, Sims C, Fenn J, Williams K, Griffith E, Early PJ, Mariani CL, Munana KR, Guevar J, Olby NJ. A randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial of postoperative rehabilitation in dogs after surgical decompression of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1133-1144. [PMID: 29635872 PMCID: PMC5980307 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental evidence shows benefit of rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) but there are limited objective data on the effect of rehabilitation on recovery of dogs after surgery for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations (TL-IVDH). OBJECTIVE Compare the effect of basic and intensive post-operative rehabilitation programs on recovery of locomotion in dogs with acute TL-IVDH in a randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS Thirty non-ambulatory paraparetic or paraplegic (with pain perception) dogs after decompressive surgery for TL-IVDH. METHODS Blinded, prospective clinical trial. Dogs were randomized (1:1) to a basic or intensive 14-day in-house rehabilitation protocol. Fourteen-day open field gait score (OFS) and coordination (regulatory index, RI) were primary outcomes. Secondary measures of gait, post-operative pain, and weight were compared at 14 and 42 days. RESULTS Of 50 dogs assessed, 32 met inclusion criteria and 30 completed the protocol. There were no adverse events associated with rehabilitation. Median time to walking was 7.5 (2 - 37) days. Mean change in OFS by day 14 was 6.13 (confidence intervals: 4.88, 7.39, basic) versus 5.73 (4.94, 6.53, intensive) representing a treatment effect of -0.4 (-1.82, 1.02) which was not significant, P=.57. RI on day 14 was 55.13 (36.88, 73.38, basic) versus 51.65 (30.98, 72.33, intensive), a non-significant treatment effect of -3.47 (-29.81, 22.87), P = .79. There were no differences in secondary outcomes between groups. CONCLUSIONS Early postoperative rehabilitation after surgery for TL-IVDH is safe but doesn't improve rate or level of recovery in dogs with incomplete SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zidan
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Cory Sims
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Joe Fenn
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, HatfieldLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kim Williams
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Emily Griffith
- Department of StatisticsNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Peter J. Early
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Chris L. Mariani
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleighNorth Carolina
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Karen R. Munana
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleighNorth Carolina
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Julien Guevar
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Natasha J. Olby
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleighNorth Carolina
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
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23
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Functional Test Scales for Evaluating Cell-Based Therapies in Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5160261. [PMID: 29109741 PMCID: PMC5646345 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5160261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, spinal cord researchers have focused on multifaceted approaches for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, as there is no cure for the deficits produced by SCI, various therapeutic strategies have been examined using animal models. Due to the lack of standardized functional assessment tools for use in such models, it is important to choose a suitable animal model and precise behavioral test when evaluating the efficacy of potential SCI treatments. In the present review, we discuss recent evidence regarding functional recovery in various animal models of SCI, summarize the representative models currently used, evaluate recent cell-based therapeutic approaches, and aim to identify the most precise and appropriate scales for functional assessment in such research.
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Lewis MJ, Olby NJ. Development of a clinical spasticity scale for evaluation of dogs with chronic thoracolumbar spinal cord injury. Am J Vet Res 2017. [PMID: 28650240 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.7.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a spasticity scale for dogs with chronic deficits following severe spinal cord injury (SCI) for use in clinical assessment and outcome measurement in clinical trials. ANIMALS 20 chronically paralyzed dogs with a persistent lack of hind limb pain perception caused by an acute SCI at least 3 months previously. PROCEDURES Spasticity was assessed in both hind limbs via tests of muscle tone, clonus, and flexor and extensor spasms adapted from human scales. Measurement of patellar clonus duration and flexor spasm duration and degree was feasible. These components were used to create a canine spasticity scale (CSS; overall score range, 0 to 18). Temporal variation for individual dogs and interrater reliability were evaluated. Gait was quantified with published gait scales, and CSS scores were compared with gait scores and clinical variables. Owners were questioned regarding spasticity observed at home. RESULTS 20 dogs were enrolled: 18 with no apparent hind limb pain perception and 2 with blunted responses; 5 were ambulatory. Testing was well tolerated, and scores were repeatable between raters. Median overall CSS score was 7 (range, 3 to 11), and flexor spasms were the most prominent finding. Overall CSS score was not associated with age, SCI duration, lesion location, or owner-reported spasticity. Overall CSS score and flexor spasm duration were associated with gait scores. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The CSS could be used to quantify hind limb spasticity in dogs with chronic thoracolumbar SCI and might be a useful outcome measure. Flexor spasms may represent an integral part of stepping in dogs with severe SCI.
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Lewis MJ, Howard JF, Olby NJ. The Relationship between Trans-Lesional Conduction, Motor Neuron Pool Excitability, and Motor Function in Dogs with Incomplete Recovery from Severe Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2994-3002. [PMID: 28462632 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous, acute, complete thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (TL-SCI) in dogs frequently results in permanent deficits modeling chronic paralysis in people. Recovery of walking without recovery of sensation has been interpreted in dogs as reflexive spinal walking. To evaluate this assumption, this study characterized the electrophysiological status of motor and sensory long tracts and local reflex circuitry in dogs with absent recovery of sensation after acute TL-SCI and correlated findings to gait scores. Twenty dogs with permanent deficits after acute, clinically complete TL-SCI and 6 normal dogs were prospectively enrolled. Transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials (MEPs), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), H-reflex, and F-waves were evaluated. Gait was quantified using an ordinal, open field scale (OFS) and treadmill-based stepping and coordination scores (SS, RI). MEP latency and H-reflex variables were compared between cases and controls. Associations between presence of MEPs, SSEPs, F-waves or H-reflex variables, and gait scores were determined. Pelvic limb MEPs were detected in 4 cases; no case had trans-lesional sensory conduction. Latency was longer and conduction velocity slower in cases than controls (pa = 0.0064, 0.0023, respectively). Three of 4 cases with pelvic limb MEPs were ambulatory, and gait scores (OFS, SS, RI) were each associated with presence of trans-lesional conduction (pa = 0.006, 0.006, 0.003, respectively). H threshold in cases (mean, 3.2mA ±2.5) was lower than controls (mean, 7.9mA ±3.1; pa = 0.011) and was inversely associated with treadmill-based scores, SS, and RI (pa = 0.042, 0.043, respectively). The association between pelvic limb MEPs and gait scores supports the importance of descending influence on regaining walking after severe TL-SCI in dogs rather than just activation of spinal walking. The inverse association between H-reflex threshold and gait scores implies that increases in motor neuron pool excitability might also contribute to motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Lewis
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,2 Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - James F Howard
- 3 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Natasha J Olby
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,2 Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
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Safety of Allogeneic Canine Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Intraspinal Transplantation in Dogs with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3053759. [PMID: 28611846 PMCID: PMC5458383 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3053759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a pilot clinical study primarily designed to assess the feasibility and safety of X-ray-guided percutaneous intraspinal injection of allogeneic canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury. Six dogs with chronic paraplegia (≥six months) were intraparenchymally injected with allogeneic cells in the site of lesion. Cells were obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue of a healthy dog, cultured to passage 3, labeled with 99mTechnetium, and transplanted into the lesion by percutaneous X-ray-guided injection. Digital X-ray efficiently guided cell injection as 99mTechnetium-labeled cells remained in the injection site for at least 24 hours after transplantation. No adverse effects or complications (infection, neuropathic pain, or worsening of neurological function) were observed during the 16-week follow-up period after transplantation. Three animals improved locomotion as assessed by the Olby scale. One animal walked without support, but no changes in deep pain perception were observed. We conclude that X-ray-guided percutaneous intraspinal transplantation of allogeneic cells in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury is feasible and safe. The efficacy of the treatment will be assessed in a new study involving a larger number of animals.
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Moore SA, Granger N, Olby NJ, Spitzbarth I, Jeffery ND, Tipold A, Nout-Lomas YS, da Costa RC, Stein VM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Blight AR, Grossman RG, Basso DM, Levine JM. Targeting Translational Successes through CANSORT-SCI: Using Pet Dogs To Identify Effective Treatments for Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2007-2018. [PMID: 28230415 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of therapeutic interventions for spinal cord injury (SCI) from laboratory to clinic has been historically challenging, highlighting the need for robust models of injury that more closely mirror the human condition. The high prevalence of acute, naturally occurring SCI in pet dogs provides a unique opportunity to evaluate expeditiously promising interventions in a population of animals that receive diagnoses and treatment clinically in a manner similar to persons with SCI, while adhering to National Institutes of Health guidelines for scientific rigor and transparent reporting. In addition, pet dogs with chronic paralysis are often maintained long-term by their owners, offering a similarly unique population for study of chronic SCI. Despite this, only a small number of studies have used the clinical dog model of SCI. The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI) was recently established by a group of veterinarians and basic science researchers to promote the value of the canine clinical model of SCI. The CANSORT-SCI group held an inaugural meeting November 20 and 21, 2015 to evaluate opportunities and challenges to the use of pet dogs in SCI research. Key challenges identified included lack of familiarity with the model among nonveterinary scientists and questions about how and where in the translational process the canine clinical model would be most valuable. In light of these, we review the natural history, outcome, and available assessment tools associated with canine clinical SCI with emphasis on their relevance to human SCI and the translational process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Moore
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Nicolas Granger
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,3 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol , Langford, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha J Olby
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,4 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,5 Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,6 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany .,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Andrea Tipold
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany.,9 Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,10 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ronaldo C da Costa
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Veronika M Stein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,11 Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,12 Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences and Neurological Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew R Blight
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,13 Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. Ardsley, New York
| | - Robert G Grossman
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,14 Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - D Michele Basso
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,15 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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Fenn J, Laber E, Williams K, Rousse CA, Early PJ, Mariani CL, Muñana KR, De Decker S, Volk HA, Olby NJ. Associations Between Anesthetic Variables and Functional Outcome in Dogs With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion Undergoing Decompressive Hemilaminectomy. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:814-824. [PMID: 28295616 PMCID: PMC5435081 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outcome of acute experimental spinal cord injury is strongly associated with tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Cardiopulmonary depression could affect outcome in dogs undergoing general anesthesia for surgical treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE). Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate the effects of general anesthesia on functional outcome in dogs undergoing surgery to treat thoracolumbar IVDE. Animals Eighty‐four client‐owned dogs with acute thoracolumbar IVDE treated by decompressive hemilaminectomy. Methods Exploratory, retrospective observational study. Medical records were reviewed for clinical presentation and anesthetic monitoring variables, including duration of anesthesia and surgery, hypotension, bradycardia, temperature, and respiratory parameters. Multivariable regression tree analysis was performed to explore associations between anesthetic variables and functional outcome scores after 6 weeks, as well as return to ambulatory status. Results Episodes of bradycardia (69%) and hypotension (57%) were frequent. Across all outcome measures, regression tree analysis highlighted functional grade at presentation as the primary determining factor, and among pain perception negative dogs, there was a possible association between increased duration of surgery and poorer outcome. In dogs with intact pain perception, duration of bradycardia, mean body temperature, and mean end‐tidal carbon dioxide were highlighted. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Exploratory statistical methods can facilitate hypothesis‐generating studies to inform prospective investigations in veterinary medicine. Although the mechanism is uncertain, increased duration of surgery might be associated with poorer outcome in pain perception negative dogs with thoracolumbar IVDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fenn
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - E Laber
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - K Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - C A Rousse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - P J Early
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - C L Mariani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - K R Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - S De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - H A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - N J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Nout-Lomas Y, Page K, Kang H, Aanstoos M, Greene H. Objective assessment of gait in xylazine-induced ataxic horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:334-340. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.S. Nout-Lomas
- College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - K.M. Page
- Equine Research Center; Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; California State Polytechnic University Pomona; USA
| | - H.G. Kang
- Department of Kinesiology; California State University San Marcos; USA
| | - M.E. Aanstoos
- College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - H.M. Greene
- Equine Research Center; Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; California State Polytechnic University Pomona; USA
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30
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Suiter EJ, Packer RMA, Volk HA. Comparing the effects of first-line antiepileptic drugs on the gait of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Vet Rec 2016; 178:652. [PMID: 27302918 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is a common chronic neurological disease of the dog. Previous studies of anti-epileptic drug (AED) treatment have indicated that acceptable AED adverse effects are as important to owners as reductions in seizure frequency. AEDs in both dogs and human beings are frequently associated with the adverse-effect ataxia. The aim of this study was to compare ataxia levels in dogs with IE treated chronically with phenobarbitone or imepitoin, the two currently available first-line AED treatments. The gait of 6 imepitoin-treated dogs, 8 phenobarbitone-treated dogs and 10 age-matched healthy control dogs were compared. Fifty strides from a walking gait were analysed for each dog, quantifying ataxia via the variability in six established gait parameters. Three variables differed significantly between groups: lateral distance between (i) pelvic paw placements, (ii) thoracic paw placements and (iii) stance time, which were significantly more variable in the phenobarbitone-treated dogs than imepitoin-treated or control dogs. These results indicate that dogs treated with phenobarbitone experience ataxia compared with controls and imepitoin-treated dogs. Conversely, there was no difference between imepitoin-treated dogs and controls. These results along with further research are needed to quantify AEDs adverse effects, to help vets and owners make more informed drug-choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Suiter
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - R M A Packer
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - H A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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31
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Rousse CA, Olby NJ, Williams K, Harris TL, Griffith EH, Mariani CL, Muñana KR, Early PJ. Recovery of stepping and coordination in dogs following acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations. Vet J 2016; 213:59-63. [PMID: 27240917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prospective data on the recovery of coordination in dogs suffering acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations (TL-IVDH) are limited. The purpose of this study was to use treadmill based and open field scores (OFS) to quantify recovery of stepping ability and forelimb, hindlimb coordination in the 6 weeks following surgical decompression of dogs with TL-IVDH. Sixty-three dogs were grouped at presentation as grades 3 (non-ambulatory paraparetic), 4 (paraplegic) or 5 (paraplegic without pain sensation) and were evaluated 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-operatively. Stepping scores and Regularity Index (RI), a measure of coordination, were calculated from treadmill walking, and an OFS incorporating supported and unsupported walking was assigned. Outcomes for the three measures were compared between groups and correlation between scoring methods was assessed. Grade 3 and 4 dogs recovered ambulation by 2 weeks, reaching median stepping scores of 96 and 90% by 6 weeks, respectively. Recovery of coordination differed between groups 3 and 4 with median RI scores of 93.9% and 63%, respectively, by 6 weeks. Eight grade 5 dogs failed to recover independent ambulation by 6 weeks. Nine dogs recovered with scores that were significantly worse than the grade 3 and 4 dogs at 6 weeks for stepping score (P < 0.001) and RI (P < 0.001). OFS correlated closely with stepping and RI scores and each group was significantly different using this ordinal scale. In conclusion, recovery of coordination was incomplete in dogs that showed good recovery of stepping. The data generated could be used for clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rousse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - N J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - K Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - T L Harris
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - E H Griffith
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, 2311 Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - C L Mariani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - K R Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - P J Early
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Olby NJ, Muguet-Chanoit AC, Lim JH, Davidian M, Mariani CL, Freeman AC, Platt SR, Humphrey J, Kent M, Giovanella C, Longshore R, Early PJ, Muñana KR. A Placebo-Controlled, Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial of Polyethylene Glycol and Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate in Dogs with Intervertebral Disk Herniation. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:206-14. [PMID: 26520829 PMCID: PMC4913663 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) is a common cause of spinal cord injury in dogs and currently there is no proven medical treatment to counter secondary injury effects. Use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) as neuroprotectants is advocated but controversial because neither treatment has been tested in placebo-controlled, randomized, blinded trials in dogs. HYPOTHESIS Polyethylene glycol will improve the outcome of severe spinal cord injury caused by IVDH compared to MPSS or placebo. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs with acute onset of thoracolumbar IVDH causing paralysis and loss of nociception for <24 hours. METHODS Dogs were randomized to receive MPSS, PEG, or placebo; drugs appeared identical and group allocation was masked. Drug administration was initiated once the diagnosis of IVDH was confirmed and all dogs underwent hemilaminectomy. Neurologic function was assessed 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively using an open field gait score (OFS) as the primary outcome measure. Outcomes were compared by the Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS Sixty-three dogs were recruited and 47.6% recovered ambulation. 17.5% developed progressive myelomalacia but there was no association with group. There was no difference in OFS among groups. Although full study power was not reached, conditional power analyses indicated the futility of continued case recruitment. CONCLUSIONS This clinical trial did not show a benefit of either MPSS or PEG in the treatment of acute, severe thoracolumbar IVDH when used as adjunctive medical treatment administered to dogs presenting within 24 hours of onset of paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Olby
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - J-H Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M Davidian
- Department of Statistics, NCSU, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C L Mariani
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - A C Freeman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, UGA, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - S R Platt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, UGA, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J Humphrey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M Kent
- College of Veterinary Medicine, UGA, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - R Longshore
- Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, Houston, TX
| | - P J Early
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - K R Muñana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Atlanta, Georgia
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Lee CS, Bentley RT, Weng HY, Breur GJ. A preliminary evaluation of the reliability of a modified functional scoring system for assessing neurologic function in ambulatory thoracolumbar myelopathy dogs. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:241. [PMID: 26403185 PMCID: PMC4583166 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to develop and assess the reliability of a modified scoring system for evaluating the function of the two pelvic limbs separately, in ambulatory thoracolumbar myelopathy dogs. A previously established neurologic score scale for dogs with T3-L3 lesions was modified in order to provide a separate score for each pelvic limb. RESULTS Seventeen ambulatory dogs with thoracolumbar myelopathies were evaluated. Using the new scale, two observers independently performed 22 observational gait analyses (OGAs) in ten dogs without videotape. Another 18 OGAs were performed in seven dogs by watching videotapes of them ambulating. There was poor agreement (concordance correlation coefficient, 0.87) between the two observers for all 40 OGAs. When stratified, the agreement was moderate (concordance correlation coefficient, 0.90) in the OGAs without videotaping and poor (concordance correlation coefficient, 0.80) for the OGAs based on videotapes. For the decision regarding which pelvic limb was more severely affected, a fair agreement (kappa value, 0.30) between the two observers was noted. Without videotape there was only slight agreement (kappa value, 0.05), but with videotape there was moderate agreement (kappa value, 0.56). CONCLUSIONS The modified scoring system in this study provides moderate reliability in assessing the functional neurologic status of each pelvic limb, by OGA without videotape, in canine T3-L3 patients. Further development of this scoring system is required. However, imperfect agreement when visually quantifying neurological deficits is not unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Sheng Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Present Address: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Gert J Breur
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Lim JH, Muguet-Chanoit AC, Smith DT, Laber E, Olby NJ. Potassium channel antagonists 4-aminopyridine and the T-butyl carbamate derivative of 4-aminopyridine improve hind limb function in chronically non-ambulatory dogs; a blinded, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116139. [PMID: 25551385 PMCID: PMC4281252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) blocks voltage gated potassium channels, restoring conduction to demyelinated axons and improving function in demyelinating conditions, but its use is associated with adverse effects and benefit in spinal cord injury is limited. Derivatives of 4-AP have been developed to improve clinical efficacy while reducing toxicity. We compared the therapeutic effects of orally administered 4-AP and its t-butyl carbamate derivative (t-butyl) with placebo in dogs that had suffered an acute spinal cord injury that left them chronically paralyzed. Nineteen dogs were entered into the trial, conducted in two-week treatment blocks starting with placebo, followed by random assignment to 4-AP or t-butyl, a washout and then the opposite medication followed by placebo. Investigators and owners were blinded to treatment group. Primary outcome measures included open field gait score (OFS), and treadmill based stepping score and regularity index, with additional secondary measures also considered. Thirteen of 19 dogs completed the protocol. Two were euthanized due to unrelated heath problems, two developed side effects and two were unable to complete for unrelated reasons. Dogs showed significant improvement in supported stepping score (from 17.39 to 37.24% with 4-AP; 16.85 to 29.18% with t-butyl p<0.0001) and OFS (from 3.63 to 4.73 with 4-AP; 3.78 to 4.45 with t-butyl, p = 0.005). Response was individually variable and most dramatic in three dogs that were able to walk without support with treatment. No significant difference was found between 4-AP and t-butyl. No adverse effects were reported with t-butyl but gastrointestinal upset and seizures were observed in two dogs with 4-AP. In conclusion, both 4-AP and t-butyl significantly improved supported stepping ability in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury with no adverse effects noted with t-butyl. Drug response varied widely between individuals, highlighting the need to understand the factors that influence canine and human patients' response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hey Lim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Audrey C. Muguet-Chanoit
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Smith
- Department Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Eric Laber
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natasha J. Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Granger N, Carwardine D. Acute spinal cord injury: tetraplegia and paraplegia in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 44:1131-56. [PMID: 25441629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common problem in animals for which definitive treatment is lacking, and information gained from its study has benefit for both companion animals and humans in developing new therapeutic approaches. This review provides an overview of the main concepts that are useful for clinicians in assessing companion animals with severe acute SCI. Current available advanced ancillary tests and those in development are reviewed. In addition, the current standard of care for companion animals following SCI and recent advances in the development of new therapies are presented, and new predictors of recovery discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Granger
- The School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5HU, UK.
| | - Darren Carwardine
- The School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5HU, UK
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Sims C, Waldron R, Marcellin-Little DJ. Rehabilitation and physical therapy for the neurologic veterinary patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 45:123-43. [PMID: 25440754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive physiotherapy plan for neurology patients manages pain, prevents secondary complications, and supports the health and function of musculoskeletal tissues during recovery. Neurologically impaired patients range in ability from complete immobility (tetraplegia/paraplegia), partial mobility (tetraparesis/paraparesis), mild ataxia, to pain only. Important considerations for the design of a physiotherapy program include access to the patient, level of staff support, and safety of staff, patient, and client during treatments. A thorough overview of the treatment plan and expected outcome should be discussed with the client at the onset of therapy and should be reviewed frequently, particularly as the patient's status changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Sims
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NCSU CVM VHC #2563, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607-4065, USA
| | - Rennie Waldron
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NCSU CVM VHC #2563, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607-4065, USA
| | - Denis J Marcellin-Little
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NCSU CVM VHC #2563, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607-4065, USA.
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