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Spindola CZ, Figueiredo FB, Arruda MM, Campos MP, Biffi LJ, Sebolt APR, Godinho NM, Chryssafidis AL, de Moura AB. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Seroprevalence and georeferencing in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 52:101054. [PMID: 38880562 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has long been considered an endemic disease in the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil, while the southern region remains non-endemic. However, in recent years, several cases of CVL have been reported in southern states. The objective of this work was to determine the seroprevalence of CVL in dogs in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, through immunochromatographic tests (DPP®) and ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and its correlation with environmental characteristics through georeferencing. Blood samples from dogs (n = 1227) were collected in six mesoregions of the state and evaluated by the rapid test (DPP®). Positive samples were sent to Lacen (Central Public Health Laboratory) in Santa Catarina to be tested using ELISA. Information obtained from the epidemiological questionnaire was subjected to statistical analysis (Chi-square and Student's t-test; P < 0.05) to verify the correlation between serology and the analyzed variables. The locations (GPS) of the samples were used for georeferencing and creating heatmaps (Kernel Method). Four animals that died from CVL were necropsied and organ samples were collected for molecular analysis (PCR), immunohistochemistry, and histopathology (HE). Of the 1227 dogs analyzed, 22 (1.8%) were reactive in the DPP® and of these, 7 (0.6%) were also positive in the ELISA. A correlation (P < 0.01) was observed between positive serology and region, environment, access to the street, and clinical signs. The positive cases were concentrated in the eastern region of the state, in low-altitude areas with average rainfall and higher average temperatures, and in more populated areas close to forest fragments. PCR, HE, and immunohistochemistry, along with serology, have proven to be efficient for characterizing positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Zomer Spindola
- Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Center for Agroveterinary Sciences (CAV), Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine, 2090 Luiz de Camões Ave, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil; University Center Barriga Verde (UNIBAVE), 601 Pe. João Leonir Dall'Alba St, Orleans, SC 88870-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Carlos Chagas Institute, 3775 Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader St, Curitiba, PR 81310-020, Brazil
| | - Mauro Maciel Arruda
- University Center Barriga Verde (UNIBAVE), 601 Pe. João Leonir Dall'Alba St, Orleans, SC 88870-000, Brazil
| | - Monique Paiva Campos
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Carlos Chagas Institute, 3775 Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader St, Curitiba, PR 81310-020, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Josoé Biffi
- Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Center for Agroveterinary Sciences (CAV), Laboratory for Geocomputation, Department of Environmental and Sanitation Engineering, 2090 Luiz de Camões Ave, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Remor Sebolt
- Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Center for Agroveterinary Sciences (CAV), Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine, 2090 Luiz de Camões Ave, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Natã Medeiros Godinho
- Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Center for Agroveterinary Sciences (CAV), Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine, 2090 Luiz de Camões Ave, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Andreas Lazaros Chryssafidis
- Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Center for Agroveterinary Sciences (CAV), Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine, 2090 Luiz de Camões Ave, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Barbosa de Moura
- Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Center for Agroveterinary Sciences (CAV), Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine, 2090 Luiz de Camões Ave, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil.
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Vilas-Boas DF, Nakasone EKN, Gonçalves AAM, Lair DF, de Oliveira DS, Pereira DFS, Silva GG, Conrado IDSS, Resende LA, Zaldívar MF, Mariano RMDS, Dutra WO, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Galdino AS, Silveira-Lemos D, Giunchetti RC. Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease. Pathogens 2024; 13:455. [PMID: 38921753 PMCID: PMC11206782 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoa of the species Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (syn = Leishmania chagasi) and Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani, which are transmitted by hematophagous insects of the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is considered the main urban reservoir of the parasite due to the high parasite load on its skin, serving as a source of infection for sandfly vectors and, consequently, perpetuating the disease in the urban environment. Some factors are considered important in the perpetuation and spread of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in urban areas, such as stray dogs, with their errant behavior, and houses that have backyards with trees, shade, and organic materials, creating an attractive environment for sandfly vectors. CVL is found in approximately 50 countries, with the number of infected dogs reaching millions. However, due to the difficulty of controlling and diagnosing the disease, the number of infected animals could be even greater. In the four continents endemic for CVL, there are reports of disease expansion in endemic countries such as Brazil, Italy, Morocco, and Tunisia, as well as in areas where CVL is not endemic, for example, Uruguay. Socio-environmental factors, such as migration, drought, deforestation, and global warming, have been pointed out as reasons for the expansion into areas where it had been absent. Thus, the objective of this review is to address (i) the distribution of CVL in endemic areas, (ii) the role of the dog in the visceral leishmaniasis epidemiology and the factors that influence dog infection and the spread of the disease, and (iii) the challenges faced in the control of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernandes Vilas-Boas
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Eiji Kevin Nakasone Nakasone
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Daniel Ferreira Lair
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Diana Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Diogo Fonseca Soares Pereira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Geralda Gabriele Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Ingrid dos Santos Soares Conrado
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Maykelin Fuentes Zaldívar
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Midwest Campus, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil;
| | - Denise Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
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Ribeiro FN, de Souza TL, Menezes RC, Keidel L, dos Santos JPR, da Silva IJ, Pelajo-Machado M, Morgado FN, Porrozzi R. Anatomical Vascular Differences and Leishmania-Induced Vascular Morphological Changes Are Associated with a High Parasite Load in the Skin of Dogs Infected with Leishmania infantum. Pathogens 2024; 13:371. [PMID: 38787223 PMCID: PMC11123845 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, affects several organs, including the skin. Dogs are considered the major domestic reservoir animals for leishmaniasis, and through their highly parasitized skin, they can serve as a source of infection for sandfly vectors. Therefore, studies of the skin parasite-host relationship can contribute to the understanding of the infectious dissemination processes of parasites in the dermis and help to identify targets for diagnosis and treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of anatomical vascular differences and Leishmania-induced vascular morphological changes with clinical signs and parasite load by analyzing the ear and abdominal skin from dogs naturally infected with L. infantum. Paired samples of ear and abdominal skin from L. infantum-positive dogs (n = 26) were submitted for histological and immunohistochemistry analyses. The ear skin samples showed a more intense and more diffusely distributed granulomatous inflammatory reaction, a higher number and larger diameter of blood vessels, increased parasite load, higher expression of VEGF+ (vascular endothelial growth factor) and MAC 387+ (calprotectin) recently infiltrating cells, and more intense collagen disruption compared to the abdominal skin samples. Intracellular amastigotes were observed in blood vessels and inside endothelial cells and were diffusely distributed throughout the dermis in the ear skin samples. The NOS2/MAC387+ cell ratio was lower in the ear skin samples than in those of the abdomen, suggesting that in the ear dermis, the inflammatory infiltrate was less capable of producing NO and thereby control the parasite load. Together, these findings indicate how parasites and immune cells are distributed in the skin and suggest an important role for dermal vascularization in cellular influx and thereby in parasite dissemination through the skin of naturally infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francini N. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (F.N.R.); (T.L.d.S.)
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Tainã L. de Souza
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (F.N.R.); (T.L.d.S.)
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C. Menezes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.C.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Lucas Keidel
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.C.M.); (L.K.)
| | - João Paulo R. dos Santos
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (J.P.R.d.S.); (I.J.d.S.); (M.P.-M.)
| | - Igor J. da Silva
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (J.P.R.d.S.); (I.J.d.S.); (M.P.-M.)
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (J.P.R.d.S.); (I.J.d.S.); (M.P.-M.)
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N. Morgado
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (F.N.R.); (T.L.d.S.)
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Verçosa BLA, Muniz-Junqueira MI, Barradas ALB, Costa FAL, Melo MN, Vasconcelos AC. Enhanced apoptotic index in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and inflammatory infiltrate showed positive correlation with hepatic lesion intensity, parasite load, and clinical status in naturally Leishmania-infected dogs. Microb Pathog 2023:106194. [PMID: 37269879 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown if Leishmania amastigote infections affect hepatocytes and Kupffer cell apoptosis, and the role played by apoptosis in liver lesions in leishmaniasis is still unclear. Clinically affected and subclinically infected dogs with leishmaniosis and uninfected controls were assessed. Parasite load, biochemical markers for evaluation of liver damage, morphometry (area, perimeter, number of inflammatory focus, major and minor diameters), apoptosis in hepatic tissue (hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and inflammatory infiltrates) and cellularity in inflammatory foci were quantified. The parasite load in clinically affected dogs proved to be higher than in the other groups. All morphometric parameters (area, perimeter, number of inflammatory focus, major and minor diameters) from clinically affected were higher than the values found in the subclinically infected and uninfected control dogs. Only clinically affected dogs presented high levels of ALT, FA, GGT and cholesterol in serum. Strong positive correlation was observed between biochemical markers for evaluation of liver damage (ALT, FA, GGT and cholesterol) and hepatic apoptosis (hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and inflammation). Clinically affected dogs showed a more intense hepatic lesion. Hepatocytes showed a higher rate of apoptosis in Leishmania-infected dogs than in uninfected control dogs. The Kupffer cell apoptotic index and apoptosis within the inflammatory infiltrates were higher in clinically affected dogs. The apoptotic index evaluated in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and inflammatory infiltrates showed a positive correlation with the intensity of the hepatic lesion, parasite load, and clinical status. Apoptotic cells also showed positive immunostaining for TUNEL, Bcl2, and Bax. Our data showed that hepatic apoptosis was related to the severity of liver damage, the progression of infection, and the parasite load in leishmaniasis. Apoptotic regulated cell recruitment modulated the inflammatory response and favored the survival and dissemination of parasites, depending on the clinical status of the Leishmania-infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Laurice Araujo Verçosa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde Pitágoras de Codó, Maranhão, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Lys Bezerra Barradas
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francisco Assis Lima Costa
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Maria Norma Melo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anilton Cesar Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Verçosa BLA, Muniz-Junqueira MI, Menezes-Souza D, Fujiwara RT, Borges LDF, Melo MN, Vasconcelos AC. MCP-1/IL-12 ratio expressions correlated with adventitial collagen depositions in renal vessels and IL-4/IFN-γ expression correlated with interstitial collagen depositions in the kidneys of dogs with canine leishmaniasis. Mol Immunol 2023; 156:61-76. [PMID: 36889187 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Collagen deposition is a common event in chronic inflammation, and canine Leishmaniosis (CanL) is generally associated with a long and chronic evolution. Considering that the kidney shows fibrinogenic changes during CanL, and the balance of cytokines/chemokines regulates the profibrinogenic and antifibrinogenic immune responses differently, it can be hypothesized that the balance of cytokines/chemokines can be differentially expressed in the renal tissue in order to determine the expression of collagen depositions in the kidneys. This study aimed to measure collagen deposition and to evaluate cytokine/chemokine expressions in the kidney by means of qRT-PCR in sixteen Leishmania-infected dogs and six uninfected controls. Kidney fragments were stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), Masson's Trichrome, Picrosirius Red, and Gomori's reticulin. Intertubular and adventitial collagen depositions were evaluated by the morphometric approach. Cytokine RNA expressions were measured by means of qRT-PCR to identify molecules involved in chronic collagen depositions in kidneys with CanL. Collagen depositions were related to the presence of clinical signs, and more intense intertubular collagen depositions occurred in infected dogs. Adventitial collagen deposition, as morphometrically measured by the average area of the collagen, was more intense in clinically affected dogs than in subclinically infected dogs. TNF-α/TGF-β, MCP1/IL-12, CCL5/IL-12, IL-4/IFN-γ, and IL-12/TGF-β expressions were associated with clinical manifestations in dogs with CanL. The IL-4/IFN-α ratio was more commonly expressed and upregulated in clinically affected dogs, and downregulated in subclinically infected dogs. Furthermore, MCP-1/IL-12 and CCL5/IL-12 were more commonly expressed in subclinically infected dogs. Strong positive correlations were detected between morphometric values of interstitial collagen depositions and MCP-1/IL-12, IL-12, and IL-4 mRNA expression levels in the renal tissues. Adventitial collagen deposition was correlated with TGF-β, IL-4/IFN-γ, and TNF-α/TGF-β. In conclusion, our results showed the association of MCP-1/IL-12 and CCL5/IL-12 ratios with an absence of clinical signs, as well as an IL-4/IFN-α ratio with adventitial and intertubular collagen depositions in dogs with visceral leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Laurice Araújo Verçosa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciano de F Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Norma Melo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anilton Cesar Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Segura GBR, Ochoa WHS, da Matta VLR, Martínez M, Tercero CR, Gonzalez RR, Pacheco CMS, Flores GVA, Silveira FT, Henriquez MMR, Laurenti MD. Can domestic dogs be considered a good reservoir of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in an endemic area of nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southern Honduras? Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e24. [PMID: 36995877 PMCID: PMC10041965 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are considered to be the main domestic reservoir associated with the transmission of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi to humans in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in America. However, little is known about the role of canines as a source of infection in endemic areas of nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the role of dogs as a possible reservoir of the parasite in Southern Honduras. Dogs (n = 107) living with individuals affected by NUCL were clinically examined and biological material was collected for parasitological and immunological diagnosis. Most animals showed a healthy appearance and a few presented slight weight loss (64%), alopecia (7%), onychogryphosis (5%) and skin lesions (1%). The overall seroprevalence of Leishmania infection based on the DDP ® quick test and/or in-house ELISA serological test was 41%. The presence of the parasite’s DNA was confirmed in 94% of the dogs; however, the average parasite load in the buffy coat was low at 6.09 parasites/µL, ranging between 0.221 and 50.2. The skin of seropositive dogs examined by histopathology using paraffin sections stained by hematoxylin and immunohistochemistry did not show cutaneous lesions or parasite amastigotes. Based on the absence of parasites in the skin and the low parasite load detected in the buffy coat, it seems that the dog does not represent a good source of infection for the vector in the endemic area of NUCL transmission in Southern Honduras. Other domestic and/or wild animals should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Beatriz Rodriguez Segura
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Posgrado en Salud Pública , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
| | - Wilfredo Humberto Sosa Ochoa
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
| | - Vânia Lúcia Ribeiro da Matta
- Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Medicina , Hospital das Clínicas , Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-50), São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mercedes Martínez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Posgrado en Salud Pública , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
| | - Carol Rodriguez Tercero
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
| | - Raquel Romero Gonzalez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
| | - Carmen M. Sandoval Pacheco
- Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Medicina , Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas , São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gabriela V. Araujo Flores
- Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Medicina , Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas , São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Instituto Evandro Chagas , Laboratório de Leishmanioses , Belém , Pará , Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará , Núcleo de Medicina Tropical , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Medicina , Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas , São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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7
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Arumugam S, Scorza BM, Petersen C. Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Skin: Dermal Parasite Transmission to Sand Flies. Pathogens 2022; 11:610. [PMID: 35745464 PMCID: PMC9228576 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease with significant dermal tropism. The skin is an important site of infection contributing to parasite transmission to naïve sand flies, but understanding how parasitism of host skin and the related immune microenvironment supports or prevents skin parasite replication is now the focus of major investigation in the field of leishmaniasis research. Here, we review dermatoimmunology during visceral leishmaniasis (VL), dermal Leishmania parasite burden, and the role of skin parasitism in transmissibility to sand fly vectors. First, we discuss the epidemiology of VL amongst dogs, the primary zoonotic reservoir for human infection. We explore the association between spatial distribution and the burden of parasites in the skin in driving outward transmission. Factors associated with parasite persistence in the skin are examined. We discuss systemic immunity during VL and what is known about immunological correlates in the skin microenvironment. Finally, we touch on factors egested into the skin during Leishmania inoculation by sand flies. Throughout, we discuss factors associated with the early and chronic establishment of Leishmania parasites in the skin and the role of the dermal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahaana Arumugam
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.A.); (B.M.S.)
- Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.A.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Christine Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.A.); (B.M.S.)
- Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
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8
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Verçosa BL, Muniz-Junqueira MI, Batista JF, Socarrás TO, Dias Magalhães LM, Fujiwara RT, Melo MN, Vasconcelos AC. Nucleolar organizer region proteins enhancement in nucleoplasm’s of renal tubular cells is an indication of kidney impairment in Leishmania-infected dogs. Vet Parasitol 2022; 303:109666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Araújo Verçosa BL, Muniz-Junqueira MI, Menezes-Souza D, Mourão Dias Magalhães L, Fujiwara RT, Melo MN, Vasconcelos AC. Enhanced apoptotic index, chemokines and inflammatory recruitment in renal tissues shows relationship with the clinical signs in Leishmania-infected dogs. Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109611. [PMID: 34763155 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is associated with resolution of inflammation. However, apoptosis may also occur in active inflammation, balancing inflammatory recruitment instead of a resolution event. To test that hypothesis, we measured apoptosis and chemokines expression, involved in recruitment of inflammatory cells. Clinical affected and subclinically infected dogs with canine leishmaniosis (CanL) and uninfected controls were assessed. Apoptosis in renal tissue (glomeruli, tubules, and inflammatory infiltrate) and cellularity in inflammatory foci were quantified. Messenger RNA of CCL5, CCL4, MCP-1, MCP-2, Caspase (Casp) 3, Casp 8, Casp 9, Bax, Bcl2 and Fas were quantified by qRT PCR. Clinical affected dogs showed more intense inflammation and higher cellularity in the inflammatory infiltrates than subclinically infected ones, which were higher than controls. Glomerular and tubular cells showed higher apoptotic index in clinical affected dogs when compared to controls. Apoptosis within the inflammatory infiltrates was higher in clinical affected dogs. Bax/Bcl2 ratio and CCL4 showed higher expression in kidney from clinical affected when compared to subclinically infected dogs. Casp 3/CCL4 ratio expression were higher in subclinically infected dogs than in the clinical affected group. Additionally, results suggest that Casp 3/CCL4 ratio is balancing towards an inflammatory recruitment and CCL4 and Bax/Bcl2 ratio expression is associated with active inflammation in clinical affected CanL. Data demonstrate that apoptosis was not always correlated with resolution of inflammation, when a morphometric and a molecular evaluation were performed concomitantly. In kidneys of Leishmania infected dogs, apoptosis and chemokines may be balancing inflammatory recruitment. In conclusion, Bax/Bcl2 ratio, chemokines, Casp 8, Casp 3 and Fas were associated with renal apoptosis, active inflammation and increased inflammatory recruitment observed in clinical affected animals, influencing the clinical presentation of leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Laurice Araújo Verçosa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luísa Mourão Dias Magalhães
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Norma Melo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anilton Cesar Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Scorza BM, Mahachi KG, Cox AC, Toepp AJ, Leal-Lima A, Kumar Kushwaha A, Kelly P, Meneses C, Wilson G, Gibson-Corley KN, Bartholomay L, Kamhawi S, Petersen CA. Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009366. [PMID: 34613967 PMCID: PMC8523039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs are the primary reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. Phlebotomine sand flies maintain zoonotic transmission of parasites between dogs and humans. A subset of dogs is infected transplacentally during gestation, but at what stage of the clinical spectrum vertically infected dogs contribute to the infected sand fly pool is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined infectiousness of dogs vertically infected with L. infantum from multiple clinical states to the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis using xenodiagnosis and found that vertically infected dogs were infectious to sand flies at differing rates. Dogs with mild to moderate disease showed significantly higher transmission to the vector than dogs with subclinical or severe disease. We documented a substantial parasite burden in the skin of vertically infected dogs by RT-qPCR, despite these dogs not having received intradermal parasites via sand flies. There was a highly significant correlation between skin parasite burden at the feeding site and sand fly parasite uptake. This suggests dogs with high skin parasite burden contribute the most to the infected sand fly pool. Although skin parasite load and parasitemia correlated with one another, the average parasite number detected in skin was significantly higher compared to blood in matched subjects. Thus, dermal resident parasites were infectious to sand flies from dogs without detectable parasitemia. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Together, our data implicate skin parasite burden and earlier clinical status as stronger indicators of outward transmission potential than blood parasite burden. Our studies of a population of dogs without vector transmission highlights the need to consider canine vertical transmission in surveillance and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kurayi G. Mahachi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Arin C. Cox
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Angela J. Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Adam Leal-Lima
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Patrick Kelly
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Claudio Meneses
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Geneva Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Lyric Bartholomay
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Borges LM, Oliveira AGD, Mateus NLF, de Oliveira EF, Arrua AEC, Infran JDOM, Taketa LB, Monteiro PEDO, Fernandes CEDS, Piranda EM. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Area of Sporadic Transmission in Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:539-545. [PMID: 34030472 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum in Latin America. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) diagnosis in Brazil includes two serological tests according to the Ministry of Health (MH) protocol. Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests, as well as clinical signs of VL, are usually reported in disease-endemic areas; however, it is known that local epidemiological factors can influence these results. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical features, sensitivity, and specificity of TR-DPP® and EIE-LVC in naturally infected dogs in a region of sporadic VL transmission to humans in Brazil. A total of 288 dogs were clinically evaluated and serological and parasitological (lymph node aspirates) samples were collected for VL diagnosis. TR-DPP and EIE-LVC showed poor sensitivity (0.62 and 0.44, respectively) to detect infected animals, compared with the direct parasitological examination, which is considered a gold standard method. Thus, the protocol of MH presented low sensitivity (0.42) to estimate prevalence and control measures in this region. TR-DPP presented a high negative predictive value (0.89), resulting in its indication as a confirmatory test in sporadic transmission areas. Classical clinical signs of VL were not frequently observed; therefore, clinical scoring systems might not be useful in this region. Veterinarians of nonendemic areas should be alert for asymptomatic dogs, especially those presenting lymph adenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Machado Borges
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Camapuã/MS - Setor de Zoonoses, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Nathália Lopes Fontoura Mateus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Everton Falcão de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.,Instituto Integrado de Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Aline Etelvina Casaril Arrua
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Jucelei de Oliveira Moura Infran
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Lucas Bezerra Taketa
- Programa de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | | | | | - Eliane Mattos Piranda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
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12
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Gizzarelli M, Bosco A, Foglia Manzillo V, Bongiorno G, Bianchi R, Giaquinto D, Ben Fayala NEH, Varloud M, Crippa A, Gradoni L, Cringoli G, Maurelli MP, Rinaldi L, Oliva G. Examining the Relationship of Clinical and Laboratory Parameters With Infectiousness to Phlebotomus perniciosus and Its Potential Infectivity in Dogs With Overt Clinical Leishmaniasis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:667290. [PMID: 34017871 PMCID: PMC8129199 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.667290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infected dogs are considered the main domestic animal reservoirs for Leishmania infantum parasite. Infectiousness to competent phlebotomine vectors has been associated with many factors, the main being the severity of the disease exhibited by infected dogs. This study examines the relationship between different clinical parameters and the infectiousness to colonized Phlebotomus perniciosus sand flies having a blood meal on dogs. Data obtained in the present study come from an untreated group of Leishmania sick dogs submitted to xenodiagnosis for the evaluation of a spot on insecticide solution. Seventeen dogs were diagnosed as affected by leishmaniasis through clinical examination, immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) serology, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The disease severity (clinical score) was staged by using a numeric value derived from eight clinical and parasitological parameters. Xenodiagnosis was performed on caged dogs exposed for 1.5 h to sand-fly bites. The following parameters related to sand flies were examined: blood feeding (% of blood engorged females), promastigote detection (% of promastigote-positive sand flies), promastigote burden, and the promastigote stage maturation (potential transmissibility rate). Statistical relationship between the clinical score and entomological parameters was investigated, as well as the possible correlation between each clinical and laboratory parameters and sand fly infection/infectivity. The severity of clinical score may influence the blood feeding by, and the probability of promastigote detection in, sand flies; skin lesions seem to be the main factor that influences the rate of blood feeding. Promastigote burden is related to IFAT titer, skin lesions, and clinical score. All entomological parameters are strongly related among them. This study confirms that both P. perniciosus infection and infectivity are influenced by a dog's clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gizzarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Foglia Manzillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gioia Bongiorno
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bianchi
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Giaquinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nour El Houda Ben Fayala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Luigi Gradoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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13
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Cloots K, Singh OP, Singh AK, Van der Auwera G, Kumar P, Gedda MR, Rai TK, Hasker E, Sundar S, Boelaert M. Assessing L. donovani Skin Parasite Load: A Proof of Concept Study of a Microbiopsy Device in an Indian Setting. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:645121. [PMID: 33791246 PMCID: PMC8006290 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.645121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the endgame of the elimination initiative of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) on the Indian subcontinent, one of the main questions remaining is whether asymptomatically infected individuals also contribute to transmission. We piloted a minimally invasive microbiopsy device that could help answer this question. While the potential of this device has been previously illustrated in Ethiopia, no such information is available for the setting of the Indian subcontinent. In this proof of concept study we aimed to assess 1) to what extent skin parasite load obtained with the new microbiopsy device correlates with disease status, 2) to what extent skin parasite load correlates with blood parasite load in the same subject, and 3) to what extent the skin parasite load obtained from different sampling sites on the body correlates with one another. Methods We performed a pilot study in Bihar, India, including 29 VL patients, 28 PKDL patients, 94 asymptomatically infected individuals, 22 endemic controls (EC), and 28 non-endemic controls (NEC). Presence of infection with L. donovani in the blood was assessed using Direct Agglutination Test, rK39 ELISA, Whole Blood Analysis measuring IFN-γ and qPCR. A skin sample was collected with the microbiopsy device on two different locations on the body. PKDL patients provided a third skin sample from the edge of a PKDL lesion. Parasite load in the skin was measured by qPCR. Findings We found a clear correlation between the skin parasite load obtained with the microbiopsy device and disease status, with both higher skin parasite loads and higher proportions of positive skin samples in VL and PKDL patients compared to asymptomatics, EC, and NEC. No clear correlation between skin parasite load and blood parasite load was found, but a moderate correlation was present between the skin parasite load in arm and neck samples. In addition, we found four positive skin samples among asymptomatic individuals, and 85% of PKDL lesions tested positive using this microbiopsy device. Conclusions In line with previous pilot studies, our results from an Indian setting suggest that the microbiopsy device provides a promising tool to measure skin parasite load, and – if validated by xenodiagnosis studies – could facilitate much needed larger scale studies on infectiousness of human subgroups. In addition, we advocate further evaluation of this device as a diagnostic tool for PKDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Cloots
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.,Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Gert Van der Auwera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Tulika Kumari Rai
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Epco Hasker
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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The balance between IL-12/IL4 in renal tissue switches the inflammatory response arm and shows relationship with the clinical signs in Leishmania-infected dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110196. [PMID: 33582406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is associated with altered cytokine expression and parasitic tissue shows a lot of inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the renal inflammation and cytokine expression in eight symptomatic and eight asymptomatic Leishmania- infected dogs, and seven uninfected control dogs. Kidney fragments were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for morphometric evaluation. mRNA expression levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 were assessed in the kidney fragments using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Inflammation, quantified by the average area of the infiltrated immune cells, was greater in symptomatic dogs than in those asymptomatic, whereas asymptomatic dogs exhibited higher inflammation than the control dogs (p > 0.05, Tukey's test). Expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 were upregulated in symptomatic dogs and downregulated in asymptomatic dogs compared with those of the uninfected group. Furthermore, IL-4 showed higher expression in symptomatic dogs than in asymptomatic ones (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test), which was directly associated with clinical manifestations (p < 0.05, Chi-square test). However, IL-12 was predominantly expressed in symptomatic dogs, shifting the balance from IL-12/IL-4 to IL-12, which elicits a change in the inflammatory response. Leishmania was not found in the renal tissues in any one of the studied groups. Our data suggests that the balance between IL-12 and IL-4 plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation in renal tissue and clinical presentations in CanL.
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15
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Courtenay O, Dilger E, Calvo-Bado LA, Kravar-Garde L, Carter V, Bell MJ, Alves GB, Goncalves R, Makhdoomi MM, González MA, Nunes CM, Bray DP, Brazil RP, Hamilton JGC. Sand fly synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone co-located with insecticide reduces the incidence of infection in the canine reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis: A stratified cluster randomised trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007767. [PMID: 31652261 PMCID: PMC6834291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone of the sand fly vector Lu. longipalpis, co-located with residual insecticide, to reduce the infection incidence of Leishmania infantum in the canine reservoir. METHODS A stratified cluster randomised trial was designed to detect a 50% reduction in canine incident infection after 24 months in 42 recruited clusters, randomly assigned to one of three intervention arms (14 cluster each): synthetic pheromone + insecticide, insecticide-impregnated dog collars, or placebo control. Infection incidence was measured by seroconversion to anti-Leishmania serum antibody, Leishmania parasite detection and canine tissue parasite loads. Changes in relative Lu. longipalpis abundance within households were measured by setting three CDC light traps per household. RESULTS A total 1,454 seronegative dogs were followed-up for a median 15.2 (95% C.I.s: 14.6, 16.2) months per cluster. The pheromone + insecticide intervention provided 13% (95% C.I. 0%, 44.0%) protection against anti-Leishmania antibody seroconversion, 52% (95% C.I. 6.2%, 74·9%) against parasite infection, reduced tissue parasite loads by 53% (95% C.I. 5.4%, 76.7%), and reduced household female sand fly abundance by 49% (95% C.I. 8.2%, 71.3%). Variation in the efficacy against seroconversion varied between trial strata. Equivalent protection attributed to the impregnated-collars were 36% (95% C.I. 14.4%, 51.8%), 23% (95% C.I. 0%, 57·5%), 48% (95% C.I. 0%, 73.4%) and 43% (95% C.I. 0%, 67.9%), respectively. Comparison of the two interventions showed no statistically consistent differences in their efficacies; however, the errors were broad for all outcomes. Reductions in sand fly numbers were predominant where insecticide was located (chicken and dog sleeping sites), with no evidence of insecticide-induced repellence onto humans or dogs. CONCLUSION The synthetic pheromone co-located with insecticide provides protection particularly against canine L. infantum parasite transmission and sand fly vector abundance. The effect estimates are not dissimilar to those of the insecticide-impregnated collars, which are documented to reduce canine infection incidence, human infection and clinical VL disease incidence, in different global regions. The trialled novel lure-and-kill approach is a low-cost potential vector control tool against ZVL in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OC); (JGCH)
| | - Erin Dilger
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Leo A. Calvo-Bado
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lidija Kravar-Garde
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky Carter
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa J. Bell
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Graziella B. Alves
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Goncalves
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad M. Makhdoomi
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mikel A. González
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Caris M. Nunes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel P. Bray
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Reginaldo P. Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OC); (JGCH)
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16
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Duthie MS, Lison A, Courtenay O. Advances toward Diagnostic Tools for Managing Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:881-890. [PMID: 30131210 PMCID: PMC6168404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening outcome of Leishmania infantum or Leishmania donovani infection. Dogs are the primary domestic reservoir of L. infantum parasites, and ownership of infected dogs increases the risk of human VL. Controlling infection within dog populations is regarded as critical to VL management in endemic countries, both preventing progression of canine disease and limiting parasite transmission to humans and dogs. Here we discuss various strategies that are used to diagnose canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and the possibilities of adapting these for use within population screening and control programs. In addition, given the variable transmissibility of L. infantum to the sand fly vector, we outline some possibilities for the preferential identification of 'super-spreader' dogs among the overall infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Aurore Lison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Orin Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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17
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Comparative analysis of real-time PCR assays in the detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3341-3346. [PMID: 30088073 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are important hosts and reservoirs of leishmaniasis, a disease caused by protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania, affecting ~12 million people worldwide. The detection of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in dogs by real-time PCR (qPCR) may improve on diagnosis, but the different qPCR methods available for Leishmania DNA detection have not been established as routine in diagnostic tools and/or epidemiologic studies for canine VL. Here, we compared three qPCR assays (DNApol, Linj31, and LDON) in the detection of VL by Leishmania infantum in spleen (n = 48; 7), skin (n = 48; 7), and whole blood (n = 44; 7) samples from serologically positive and negative dogs, respectively. Overall, the DNApol performed better than the Linj31 and LDON assays in the detection of positive samples in all tissues tested, yielding from 66.7 to 100.0% of positivity for both skin and spleen samples. For spleen samples, we observed no statistically significant differences between positive detection by the LDON and DNApol assays. Whole blood samples yielded the lowest rates of positive detection, regardless of the qPCR assay used. In contrast, positive detection of Leishmania DNA was as efficient from skin samples using the DNApol assay as from spleen samples using either the DNApol or the LDON assay. Although qPCR assays from skin samples may not be practical for use in the field, our study suggests that the DNApol and LDON assays from skin samples could be used in future to evaluate canine VL treatment in veterinary clinics.
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18
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Pereira-Fonseca DCM, Oliveira-Rovai FM, Rodas LAC, Beloti CAC, Torrecilha RBP, Ito PKRK, Avanço SV, Cipriano RS, Utsunomiya YT, Hiramoto RM, Calvo-Bado L, Courtenay O, Machado GF, Lima VMF, Nunes CM. Dog skin parasite load, TLR-2, IL-10 and TNF-α expression and infectiousness. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. C. M. Pereira-Fonseca
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - F. M. Oliveira-Rovai
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - L. A. C. Rodas
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. A. C. Beloti
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - R. B. P. Torrecilha
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - P. K. R. K. Ito
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - S. V. Avanço
- Center for Zoonosis Control; Rua Doutor Luiz de Almeida; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - R. S. Cipriano
- Center for Zoonosis Control; Rua Doutor Luiz de Almeida; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Y. T. Utsunomiya
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - L. Calvo-Bado
- School of Life Sciences; The University of Warwick; Coventry UK
| | - O. Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences; The University of Warwick; Coventry UK
| | - G. F. Machado
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - V. M. F. Lima
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. M. Nunes
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
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19
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Serological and molecular diagnostic tests for canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazilian endemic area: one out of five seronegative dogs are infected. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2436-2444. [PMID: 28726597 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Euthanasia of infected dogs is one of the measures adopted in Brazil to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in endemic areas. To detect infected dogs, animals are screened with the rapid test DPP® Visceral Canine Leishmaniasis for detection of antibodies against K26/K39 fusion antigens of amastigotes (DPP). DPP-positives are confirmed with an immunoenzymatic assay probing soluble antigens of promastigotes (ELISA), while DPP-negatives are considered free of infection. Here, 975 dogs from an endemic region were surveyed by using DPP, ELISA and real-time PCR (qPCR) for the diagnosis of VL. When DPP-negative dogs were tested by qPCR applied in blood and lymph node aspirates, 174/887 (19·6%) were positive in at least one sample. In a second sampling using 115 cases, the DPP-negative dogs were tested by qPCR in blood, lymph node and conjunctival swab samples, and 36/79 (45·6%) were positive in at least one sample. Low-to-moderate pairwise agreement was observed between all possible pair of tests. In conclusion, the official diagnosis of VL in dogs in Brazilian endemic areas failed to accuse an expressive number of infected animals and the impact of the low accuracy of serological tests in the success of euthanasia-based measure for VL control need to be assessed.
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20
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Batista LFDS, Matta VLRD, Tomokane TY, Pacheco AD, Silveira FT, Rossi CN, Marcondes M, Laurenti MD. Canine antibody response to Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva in endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 49:361-4. [PMID: 27384835 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0360-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Canine exposure to Lutzomyia longipalpis bites and the potential of Leishmania infantum transmissibility for the vector were evaluated. METHODS Immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-Lu longipalpis saliva and -L. infantum, and blood parasite load were determined in dogs from endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis. RESULTS Blood parasitism was similar between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. IgG anti-L. infantum was higher in symptomatic dogs, but IgG anti-Lu. longipalpis saliva was mostly observed in higher titers in asymptomatic dogs, indicating vector preference for feeding on asymptomatic dogs. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a pivotal role of asymptomatic dogs in L. infantum transmission in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Fábio da Silva Batista
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vânia Lúcia Ribeiro da Matta
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Thaise Yumie Tomokane
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Acácio Duarte Pacheco
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brasil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | | | - Mary Marcondes
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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21
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Borja LS, Sousa OMFD, Solcà MDS, Bastos LA, Bordoni M, Magalhães JT, Larangeira DF, Barrouin-Melo SM, Fraga DBM, Veras PST. Parasite load in the blood and skin of dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum is correlated with their capacity to infect sand fly vectors. Vet Parasitol 2016; 229:110-117. [PMID: 27809965 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis is primarily responsible for the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World, and dogs are considered to be the main urban reservoir of this disease. In order to improve the efficacy of control measures, it is essential to assess the transmission capacity of Leishmania infantum to the sand fly vector by naturally infected dogs. The present study investigated the existence of correlations between canine clinical presentation and the intensity of parasite load in the blood, skin and spleen of naturally infected dogs. In addition, we also attempted to establish correlations between the intensity of parasite load in canine tissue and the parasite load detected in sandflies five days after feeding on naturally infected dogs. A total of 23 dogs were examined and classified according to clinical manifestation of canine VL. Blood samples, splenic aspirate and skin biopsies were collected and parasite DNA was quantified by qPCR. Canine capacity to infect Lu. longipalpis with parasites was evaluated by xenodiagnosis and parasite loads were measured five days after feeding. No significant differences were observed with respect to canine clinical manifestation and the parasite loads detected in the blood, skin and spleen samples obtained from naturally infected dogs. Regardless of clinical canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) presentation and the degree of parasite burden, almost half of the dogs successfully infected sandflies with parasites, albeit to a low number of sandflies with correspondingly low parasite loads. Parasite loads in both canine blood and skin were shown to be positively correlated with the canine infectiousness to the sand fly vector, and positive correlations were also observed with respect to these tissues and the sand fly infection rate, as well as the parasite load detected in sandflies following xenodiagnosis. In conclusion, this indicates that parasite loads in both blood and skin can function as potentially reliable markers of canine capacity to infect sand fly vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lairton Souza Borja
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Orlando Marcos Farias de Sousa
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manuela da Silva Solcà
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leila Andrade Bastos
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bordoni
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jairo Torres Magalhães
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, 40170-110 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Daniela Farias Larangeira
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, 40170-110 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, 40170-110 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, 40170-110 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT - DT, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT - DT, Bahia, Brazil.
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22
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Xenodiagnosis on dogs with visceral leishmaniasis: Canine and sand fly aspects related to the parasite transmission. Vet Parasitol 2016; 223:120-6. [PMID: 27198788 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the main limitations for the effective control of canine leishmaniasis in endemic areas is the difficulty in identifying infectious dogs. The objective of this study was to determine factors, related to dogs and to parasite detection in sand flies, which are associated with the positive xenodiagnosis of Leishmania infantum using the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. The xenodiagnosis was performed in 50 owned dogs residing in endemic areas, which were divided into three different groups: G1-26 dogs proved to be infected and classified by severity of VL clinical signs on physical examination; G2-15 dogs proved to be infected and classified by severity of clinical signs and intensity of laboratory abnormalities; G3-nine dogs that were seropositive for anti-Leishmania IgG in ELISA tests. Parasite search in the sand flies after having fed on dogs in the xenodiagnosis was performed by both methodologies, PCR and dissection followed by microscopy. In G1, 58% (15/26) of dogs were able to transmit Leishmania to the vector, when parasite detection in sand flies were performed by PCR technique, 5 days after blood meal, whereas in G2, 53% (8/15) transmitted the parasite to the vector, however, confirmation was performed by direct observation of parasite through optical miscroscopy held 10 days after blood meal. Rate of infectiousness of dogs to sand flies was positively associated to severity of disease (p=0.042 and p=0.040), regardless the method used for clinical classification or for parasite detection in sand flies after xenodiagnosis. In G1 30% (3/10) of dogs with subclinical infection were infectious to the vector, while 80% (12/16) of dogs with clinical disease were also infectious. Even more, 17% (1/6) of dogs that had moderate disease were infectious to the sand flies, while 78% (7/9) of dogs with severe disease were infectious in G2. Still in G2, the proportion of sand flies infected (grade of infectiousness) was significantly lower (p=0.0098) when they fed on dogs with moderate disease (1%) in comparison with dogs with severe disease (38%). The dogs from G3 presented a rate of infectiousness of 11% (1/9), demonstrating that the indirect ELISA is not a good indicator of infectiousness and, therefore, should not be used as a confirmatory test for the euthanasia of dogs, as it is currently done in Brazil.
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Aslan H, Oliveira F, Meneses C, Castrovinci P, Gomes R, Teixeira C, Derenge CA, Orandle M, Gradoni L, Oliva G, Fischer L, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S. New Insights Into the Transmissibility of Leishmania infantum From Dogs to Sand Flies: Experimental Vector-Transmission Reveals Persistent Parasite Depots at Bite Sites. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1752-61. [PMID: 26768257 PMCID: PMC4857470 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a chronic fatal disease of dogs and a major source of human infection through propagation of parasites in vectors. Here, we infected 8 beagles through multiple experimental vector transmissions with Leishmania infantum–infected Lutzomyia longipalpis. CanL clinical signs varied, although live parasites were recovered from all dog spleens. Splenic parasite burdens correlated positively with Leishmania-specific interleukin 10 levels, negatively with Leishmania-specific interferon γ and interleukin 2 levels, and negatively with Leishmania skin test reactivity. A key finding was parasite persistence for 6 months in lesions observed at the bite sites in all dogs. These recrudesced following a second transmission performed at a distal site. Notably, sand flies efficiently acquired parasites after feeding on lesions at the primary bite site. In this study, controlled vector transmissions identify a potentially unappreciated role for skin at infectious bite sites in dogs with CanL, providing a new perspective regarding the mechanism of Leishmania transmissibility to vector sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamide Aslan
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research Faculty of Health Science, Selahaddin Eyyubi University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Philip Castrovinci
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Regis Gomes
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escritório Regional da Fiocruz Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Teixeira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escritório Regional da Fiocruz Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Candace A Derenge
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Marlene Orandle
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
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Ulchar I, Celeska I, Stefanovska J, Jakimovska A. Hematological and biochemical parameters in symptomatic and asymptomatic leishmania-seropositive dogs. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.14432/j.macvetrev.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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25
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Mol JPS, Soave SA, Turchetti AP, Pinheiro GRG, Pessanha AT, Malta MCC, Tinoco HP, Figueiredo LA, Gontijo NF, Paixão TA, Fujiwara RT, Santos RL. Transmissibility of Leishmania infantum from maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) to Lutzomyia longipalpis. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:86-91. [PMID: 26342623 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is the cause of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. The disease is transmitted mostly through the bite of the invertebrate vector, the phlebotomine Lutzomyia longipalpis in the New World. Although the domestic dog is considered the most important reservoir of the disease, other mammalian, including wildlife, are susceptible to infection. The goal of this study was to perform xenodiagnosis to evaluate the capacity of naturally infected maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) to transmit Leishmania infantum to female sand flies (L. longipalpis). Xenodiagnoses were performed in February and August, 2013, when 77.7% (three maned wolves and four bush dogs) or 100% of the animals were positive, respectively. However, parasite loads in the engorged sand flies was low (<200 promastigotes and <150.2 parasites/μg of DNA). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two species or the two time points (February and August). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that maned wolves (C. brachyurus) and bush dogs (S. venaticus) asymptomatically infected with L. infantum are capable of transmitting L. infantum to the invertebrate host L. longipalpis, although the parasite loads in engorged phlebotomines exposed to these animals were very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P S Mol
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Semíramis A Soave
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico da Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andréia P Turchetti
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R G Pinheiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Angela T Pessanha
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico da Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C C Malta
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico da Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Herlandes P Tinoco
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico da Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiza A Figueiredo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nelder F Gontijo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiane A Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato L Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Serna ME, Maldonado M, Torres S, Schinini A, Lima APDA, Pandolfi E, de Arias AR. Finding of leishmanicidal activity of 14-hydroxylunularin in mice experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:295-8. [PMID: 25843766 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the in vivo efficacy of 14-hydroxylunularin evaluated in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with promastigotes of Leishmania infantum (syn L. chagasi), the major causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Latin America. Seven days post-infection, treatment with 14-hydroxylunularin started and it was administered by oral and subcutaneous routes in doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg of weight for ten days using Glucantime® as reference drug. In the liver, the evaluated compound showed parasite reduction above 90% by both administration routes being the oral route the most effective at both doses. Significant decreased numbers of parasites were also observed when the treated group was compared with the control group (p≤0.05). The subcutaneous route presented a remarkable difference with at least 80% parasite suppression in liver and spleen at 10 mg/kg dose and 90% in liver at 25 mg/kg. The leishmanicidal activity of 14-hydroxylunularin against L. infantum revealed by this study is another evidence in favor of this compound as a potential candidate for the development of a new oral treatment for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Elva Serna
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS), Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Río de la Plata y Lagerenza, CC 2511, Asunción, Paraguay.
| | - Marisel Maldonado
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS), Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Río de la Plata y Lagerenza, CC 2511, Asunción, Paraguay.
| | - Susana Torres
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS), Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Río de la Plata y Lagerenza, CC 2511, Asunción, Paraguay.
| | - Alicia Schinini
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS), Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Río de la Plata y Lagerenza, CC 2511, Asunción, Paraguay.
| | | | - Enrique Pandolfi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Antonieta Rojas de Arias
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC/FMB/Díaz Gill Medicina Laboratorial), Asunción, Paraguay.
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Fiuza JA, Gannavaram S, Santiago HDC, Selvapandiyan A, Souza DM, Passos LSA, de Mendonça LZ, Lemos-Giunchetti DDS, Ricci ND, Bartholomeu DC, Giunchetti RC, Bueno LL, Correa-Oliveira R, Nakhasi HL, Fujiwara RT. Vaccination using live attenuated Leishmania donovani centrin deleted parasites induces protection in dogs against Leishmania infantum. Vaccine 2014; 33:280-8. [PMID: 25475955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Live attenuated Leishmania donovani parasites such as LdCen(-/-) have been shown elicit protective immunity against leishmanial infection in mice and hamster models. Previously, we have reported on the induction of strong immunogenicity in dogs upon vaccination with LdCen(-/-) including an increase in immunoglobulin isotypes, higher lymphoproliferative response, higher frequencies of activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, IFN-γ production by CD8(+) T cells, increased secretion of TNF-α and IL-12/IL-23p40 and, finally, decreased secretion of IL-4. To further explore the potential of LdCen(-/-) parasites as vaccine candidates, we performed a 24-month follow up of LdCen(-/-) immunized dogs after challenge with virulent Leishmania infantum, aiming determination of parasite burden by qPCR, antibody production (ELISA) and cellular responses (T cell activation and cytokine production) by flow cytometry and sandwich ELISA. Our data demonstrated that vaccination with a single dose of LdCen(-/-) (without any adjuvant) resulted in the reduction of up to 87.3% of parasite burden after 18 months of virulent challenge. These results are comparable to those obtained with commercially available vaccine in Brazil (Leishmune(®)). The protection was associated with antibody production and CD4(+) and CD8(+) proliferative responses, as well as T cell activation and significantly higher production of IFN-γ, IL-12/IL-23p40 and TNF-α, which was comparable to responses induced by immunization with Leishmune(®), with significant differences when compared to control animals (Placebo). Moreover, only animals immunized with LdCen(-/-) expressed lower levels of IL-4 when compared to animals vaccinated either with Leishmune(®) or PBS. Our results support further studies aiming to demonstrate the potential of genetically modified live attenuated L. donovani vaccine to control L. infantum transmission in endemic areas for CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Araújo Fiuza
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Angamuthu Selvapandiyan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, 254 Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III., New Delhi 110020, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Papadogiannakis EI, Koutinas AF. Cutaneous immune mechanisms in canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:94-102. [PMID: 25555497 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum is a systemic disease with variable clinical signs. The disease is endemic in the Mediterranean countries and dogs are the main domestic reservoir of the parasite. The quite complicated immune response against the parasite is crucial for the evolution of CanL infection with the skin playing a major role in its immunopathogenesis. After the inoculation of Leishmania promastigotes into the dermis by sand fly bites, complement factors, Langerhan's cells, neutrophils, fibroblasts and keratinocytes are involved in the activation of the innate arm of the skin immune system, with the macrophages and dendritic cells to play a major key role. The effective activation of cellular immunity is the cornerstone of dog's resistance against the parasite. Promastigotes reaching the dermis are engulfed, processed and transferred by APCs to draining lymph nodes to stimulate naïve T-cells for proliferation and differentiation into armed effector T-cells. Th1 cells activate the infected macrophages to kill Leishmania, whereas Th2 cells divert the immune response to humoral immunity and down regulation of cellular immunity with Th1 cell anergy. Inhibition of co-stimulatory molecules expression by infected macrophages contributes to T-cell anergy. In canine subclinical infections cutaneous lymphocytic infiltrate and parasites are absent, as opposed to dogs with clinical leishmaniosis. CD8+ cells constitute a significant population of cellular immunity in CanL since they outnumber CD4+ cells in the dermis, producing IFN-γ in sub clinically infected dogs and high levels of IL-4 in dogs with clinical leishmaniosis. Numerous B-lymphocytes have been shown to heavily infiltrate the dermis at least in exfoliative dermatitis in CanL. A mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile has been found in the dermis of naturally infected with L. infantum dogs. In the skin of dogs with clinical leishmaniosis, where plasma cells outnumber T lymphocytes in the dermal infiltrate, there is an overproduction of IL-4, IL-13 and TNF-α leading to Th2-biased humoral immune response. The issue of humoral immunity polarization in CanL remains controversial. Much still needs to be learned about other mechanisms underlying the complex interaction between the skin immune system and the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Papadogiannakis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece.
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BAMOROVAT M, SHARIFI I, MOHAMMADI MA, FASIHI HARANDI M, MOHEBALI M, MALEKPOUR AFSHAR R, BABAEI Z, ZIAALI N, AFLATOONIAN MR. Canine visceral leishmaniasis in kerman, southeast of iran: a seroepidemiological, histopathological and molecular study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 9:342-9. [PMID: 25678918 PMCID: PMC4316565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a systemic disease with a high mortality rate, caused by a diphasic protozoan parasite, Leishmania infantum/chagasi in the world. The objective of the present study was to determine the presence of CVL in the city and suburbs of Kerman, using a range of serological, histopathological and molecular methods. METHODS Blood samples were taken from 80 clinically symptomatic stray dogs All the collected blood samples were tested by direct agglutination test (DAT) to detect the anti-Leishmania antibodies in dogs, using a cut-off value of ≥1:320. Pathological specimens including spleen, liver and lymph nodes were prepared for paraffin blocks, sectioning, staining and final microscopic examination in the pathology laboratory. PCR amplification of kDNA from 9 samples of DAT positive stray dogs was studied. RESULTS The anti-Leishmania antibody was detected in 9 dogs (11.25 %) of the total 80 studied dogs. No significant difference was found between VL infection and gender. In contrast, there was a significant difference between seropositivity and age (P<0.05). Pathological samples showed changes including hyperplasia of infected macrophages and inflammatory cells that occupied sinusoids and splenic cords. Among the samples which was characterized by PCR, only one specimen revealed to be mixed infection between L. infantum and L. tropica. CONCLUSION The results revealed a high prevalence of L. infantum infection in stray dogs in Kerman. This kind of information is needed for implementation of future control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi BAMOROVAT
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj SHARIFI
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Correspondence
| | | | | | - Mehdi MOHEBALI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Publice Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Zahra BABAEI
- Department of Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nasser ZIAALI
- Department of Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza AFLATOONIAN
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Fernandes CB, Junior JTM, de Jesus C, Souza BMPDS, Larangeira DF, Fraga DBM, Tavares Veras PS, Barrouin-Melo SM. Comparison of two commercial vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis in dogs from endemic areas: IgG, and subclasses, parasitism, and parasite transmission by xenodiagnosis. Vaccine 2014; 32:1287-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Saridomichelakis MN, Koutinas AF. Cutaneous involvement in canine leishmaniosis due toLeishmania infantum(syn.L.chagasi). Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:61-71, e22. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N. Saridomichelakis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Clinic of Medicine; University of Thessaly; Trikalon Str. 224 GR-43100 Karditsa Greece
| | - Alexander F. Koutinas
- Companion Animal Clinic; School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Stavrou Voutyra 11 GR-54627 Thessaloniki Greece
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32
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Courtenay O, Carson C, Calvo-Bado L, Garcez LM, Quinnell RJ. Heterogeneities in Leishmania infantum infection: using skin parasite burdens to identify highly infectious dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2583. [PMID: 24416460 PMCID: PMC3886905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationships between heterogeneities in host infection and infectiousness (transmission to arthropod vectors) can provide important insights for disease management. Here, we quantify heterogeneities in Leishmania infantum parasite numbers in reservoir and non-reservoir host populations, and relate this to their infectiousness during natural infection. Tissue parasite number was evaluated as a potential surrogate marker of host transmission potential. Methods Parasite numbers were measured by qPCR in bone marrow and ear skin biopsies of 82 dogs and 34 crab-eating foxes collected during a longitudinal study in Amazon Brazil, for which previous data was available on infectiousness (by xenodiagnosis) and severity of infection. Results Parasite numbers were highly aggregated both between samples and between individuals. In dogs, total parasite abundance and relative numbers in ear skin compared to bone marrow increased with the duration and severity of infection. Infectiousness to the sandfly vector was associated with high parasite numbers; parasite number in skin was the best predictor of being infectious. Crab-eating foxes, which typically present asymptomatic infection and are non-infectious, had parasite numbers comparable to those of non-infectious dogs. Conclusions Skin parasite number provides an indirect marker of infectiousness, and could allow targeted control particularly of highly infectious dogs. Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is a sandfly-borne disease of humans and dogs caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania infantum. Dogs are the proven reservoir. The disease is usually fatal unless treated, and is of global health significance. Diagnosis of canine infections relies on serum antibody-based tests that measure infection. In some endemic regions, a test-and-slaughter policy of seropositive dogs forms part of the national control policy to reduce human infection. However, this strategy is not considered effective. Since not all infected dogs are infectious to sandfly vectors, one option is to target control at infectious dogs, as only these dogs maintain transmission. We quantify Leishmania numbers in individual host tissues from time of infection using molecular methods. Comparing these results with their infectiousness to sandflies, we also evaluate the performance of molecular and immunological assays to identify infectious animals. Parasite numbers varied substantially between individuals, increasing with duration and severity of disease. Infectiousness to the sandfly vector was associated with high parasite numbers, and parasite loads in the skin was the best predictor of being infectious. The results suggest that molecular quantitation is useful in identifying individuals and populations responsible for maintaining transmission, with potential application in operational control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orin Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences, and Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (WIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Connor Carson
- School of Life Sciences, and Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (WIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Calvo-Bado
- School of Life Sciences, and Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (WIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lourdes M. Garcez
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Imunologia aplicada às Leishmanioses, Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Centro do Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Nicolato RDC, de Abreu RT, Roatt BM, Aguiar-Soares RDDO, Reis LES, Carvalho MDG, Carneiro CM, Giunchetti RC, Bouillet LEM, Lemos DS, Coura-Vital W, Reis AB. Clinical forms of canine visceral Leishmaniasis in naturally Leishmania infantum-infected dogs and related myelogram and hemogram changes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82947. [PMID: 24376612 PMCID: PMC3871677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological analysis has limited applications for disease diagnosis in Leishmania infantum–infected dogs, but it can be very important in evaluating the clinical forms of the disease and in understanding the evolution of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) pathogenesis. Recently, we demonstrated that alterations in leucopoiesis and erythropoiesis are related to clinical status and bone marrow parasite density in dogs naturally infected by L. infantum. To further characterize these alterations, we evaluated the association between the hematological parameters in bone marrow and peripheral blood alterations in groups of L. infantum–infected dogs: asymptomatic I (AD-I: serum negative/PCR+), asymptomatic II (AD-II: serum positive), oligosymptomatic (OD), and symptomatic (SD). Results were compared with those from noninfected dogs (NID). The SD group was found to present a decrease in erythropoietic lineage with concomitant reductions in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit parameters, resulting in anemia. The SD group also had increased neutrophils and precursors and decreased band eosinophils and eosinophils, leading to peripheral blood leucopenia. In the AD-II group, lymphocytosis occurred in both the peripheral blood and the bone marrow compartments. The SD group exhibited lymphocytosis in the bone marrow, with lymphopenia in the peripheral blood. In contrast, the AD-I group, showed no significant changes suggestive of CVL, presenting normal counts in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Our results showed for the first time that important changes in hematopoiesis and hematological parameters occur during ongoing CVL in naturally infected dogs, mainly in symptomatic disease. Taken together, our results based on myelogram and hemogram parameters enable better understanding of the pathogenesis of the anemia, lymphocytosis, and lymphopenia, as well as the leucopenia (eosinopenia and monocytopenia), that contribute to CVL prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roney de Carvalho Nicolato
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel Trópia de Abreu
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Levi Eduardo Soares Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Carvalho
- Laboratório de Hematologia Clínica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leoneide Erica Maduro Bouillet
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise Silveira Lemos
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos – Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Doenças Infecto Parasitárias - Pós-graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Prognosis and monitoring of leishmaniasis in dogs: A working group report. Vet J 2013; 198:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Asymptomatic dogs are highly competent to transmit Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi to the natural vector. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196:296-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bongiorno G, Paparcone R, Foglia Manzillo V, Oliva G, Cuisinier AM, Gradoni L. Vaccination with LiESP/QA-21 (CaniLeish®) reduces the intensity of infection in Phlebotomus perniciosus fed on Leishmania infantum infected dogs--a preliminary xenodiagnosis study. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:691-5. [PMID: 23747102 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ten Beagle dogs at different stages of Leishmania infantum infection, among which 6 had received a full course of LiESP/QA-21 (CaniLeish(®); Virbac) vaccination, were exposed to the bites of reared Phlebotomus perniciosus to assesses their infectiousness potential. This was found to be negligible/nil in 2 seronegative dogs with subpatent infection. Among the 8 dogs with active infection (=positive serology, bone-marrow qualitative PCR and lymph node culture), 2/5 vaccinated (40.0%) and 2/3 nonvaccinated dogs (66.7%) were infectious to the sand flies (p=0.5). However significantly fewer of the sand flies which fed on the vaccinated dogs were infected when compared to those which fed on the control dogs (10/82 compared to 30/49) (chi-squared test, p<0.0001; mixed binomial model with the dog identity included as a random effect, p=0.03). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the proportion of sand flies with >500 parasites in their gut (i.e. a higher risk for subsequent transmission): 3.7% for vaccinated dogs compared with 28.6% for nonvaccinated dogs (Fisher's exact test, p<0.0001; binomial mixed model, p=0.006). Although preliminary, these results suggest value in further investigations on L. infantum transmissibility parameters in LiESP/QA-21 vaccinated dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Bongiorno
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Costa DJ, Carvalho RMDA, Abbehusen M, Teixeira C, Pitombo M, Trigo J, Nascimento F, Amorim L, Abreu-Silva AL, do Socorro Pires Cruz M, Miranda JC, Fukutani K, de Oliveira CI, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Brodskyn C. Experimental infection of dogs with Leishmania and saliva as a model to study Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60535. [PMID: 23577121 PMCID: PMC3618420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, transmitted by the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. Dogs are the main domestic reservoir of the parasite. The establishment of an experimental model that partially reproduces natural infection in dogs is very important to test vaccine candidates, mainly regarding those that use salivary proteins from the vector and new therapeutical approaches. Methodology/Principal Findings In this report, we describe an experimental infection in dogs, using intradermal injection of Leishmania infantum plus salivary gland homogenate (SGH) of Lutzomyia longipalpis. Thirty-five dogs were infected with 1×107 parasites combined with five pairs of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary glands and followed for 450 days after infection and clinical, immunological and parasitological parameters were evaluated. Two hundred and ten days after infection we observed that 31,4% of dogs did not display detectable levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies but all presented different numbers of parasites in the lymph nodes. Animals with a positive xenodiagnosis had at least 3,35×105 parasites in their lymph nodes. An increase of IFN-γ and IL-10 levels was detected during infection. Twenty two percent of dogs developed symptoms of CVL during infection. Conclusion The infection model described here shows some degree of similarity when compared with naturally infected dogs opening new perspectives for the study of CVL using an experimental model that employs the combination of parasites and sand fly saliva both present during natural transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maiana Pitombo
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joelma Trigo
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Flávia Nascimento
- Laboratório de Imunofiosiologia, Departamento de Patologia Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Amorim
- Laboratório de Imunofiosiologia, Departamento de Patologia Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Maria do Socorro Pires Cruz
- Departamento de Morfofisiologia Veterinária Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfofisiologia Veterinária Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Verçosa BLA, Melo MN, Puerto HLD, Mendonça IL, Vasconcelos AC. Apoptosis, inflammatory response and parasite load in skin of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi naturally infected dogs: A histomorphometric analysis. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189:162-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is considered a wild reservoir of many zoonotical diseases, particularly VL. This study reported the presence of Leishmania infantum amastigotes in different organs of one captive C. thous found dead in a zoo. This animal was positive by the indirect fluorescence antibody test and had many clinical signs of VL. Intracellular amastigote forms of L. infantum were seen in neutrophils and macrophages in sample tissues from skin, lymph nodes (popliteal, submandibular, prescapular, and mesenteric), spleen, and liver. The numbers of positive cells and intracellular parasites were higher in macrophages than in neutrophils. In addition, polymerase chain reaction demonstrated extensive distribution of Leishmania DNA in C. thous tissues from multiple organs. The presence of intracellular amastigotes in neutrophils and macrophages as well as DNA of the parasite in tissues, specifically skin demonstrate that this crab-eating fox is an adequate host for L. infantum and reinforce the importance of VL for symptomatic wild canids kept in captivity in endemic areas.
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de Amorim IFG, da Silva SM, Figueiredo MM, Moura EP, de Castro RS, de Souza Lima TK, de Figueiredo Gontijo N, Michalick MSM, Gollob KJ, Tafuri WL. Toll receptors type-2 and CR3 expression of canine monocytes and its correlation with immunohistochemistry and xenodiagnosis in visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27679. [PMID: 22140456 PMCID: PMC3227600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate TLR2 expression in peripheral blood monocytes from dogs naturally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum to determine whether it correlates with CD11b/CD18 (CR3) expression, and to evaluate the potential of dogs as sources of infection using phlebotomine xenodiagnosis. Forty eight dogs were serologically diagnosed with L. infantum infection by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Parasitological exams from bone-marrow aspirates were positive by PCR analysis. All dogs were clinical defined as symptomatic. Ear skin tissue samples were obtained for immunohistochemistry (IHQ) analysis. The potential of these dogs as a source of infection using phlebotomine xenodiagnosis (XENO) was evaluated. Flow cytometry was carried out on peripheral blood mononuclear cells using superficial receptors including CD14, CD11b, TLR2 and MHCII. IHQ ear skin tissue parasite load and XENO where done where we found a strict correlation (r = 0.5373). Dogs with higher expression of MFI of CD11b inside CD14 monocytes were represented by dogs without parasite ear tissue load that were unable to infect phlebotomines (IHQ⁻/XENO⁻). Dogs with lower expression of MFI of CD11b inside CD14 monocytes were represented by dogs with parasite ear tissue load and able to infect phlebotomines (IHQ⁺/XENO⁺) (p = 0,0032). Comparable results were obtained for MFI of MHCII (p = 0.0054). In addition, considering the population frequency of CD11b⁺TLR2⁺ and CD11b⁺MHCII⁺, higher values were obtained from dogs with IHQ⁻/XENO⁻ than dogs with IHQ⁺/XENO⁺ (p = 0.01; p = 0.0048, respectively). These data, together with the TLR2 and NO assays results (CD11b⁺TLR2⁺ and NO with higher values for dogs with IHQ⁻/XENO⁻ than dogs with IHQ⁺/XENO⁺, led to the conclusion that IHQ⁻/XENO⁻ dogs are more resistant or could modulate the cellular immune response essential for Leishmania tissue clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sydnei Magno da Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maria Marta Figueiredo
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Eliane Perlatto Moura
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Soares de Castro
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Tatjana Keesen de Souza Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Nelder de Figueiredo Gontijo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Kenneth John Gollob
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Wagner Luiz Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Teixeira MCA, Oliveira GGDS, Santos POM, Bahiense TC, Silva VMGD, Rodrigues MS, Larangeira DF, dos-Santos WLC, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC. An experimental protocol for the establishment of dogs with long-term cellular immune reactions to Leishmania antigens. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:182-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Drumond KO, Costa FAL. Forty years of visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Piaui: a review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2011; 53:3-11. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652011000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been known to occur in the state of Piauí since 1934. The typically rural disease began to appear in urban areas over time, being concentrated mainly in Teresina, the capital of Piauí. Teresina was also affected by the first urban epidemic of VL in Brazil. Over 1,000 cases of the disease were reported during urbanization (1981-1986). Human population growth and migration led to land occupation on the outskirts of Teresina. These factors have contributed to vector proliferation, increasing the incidence of VL. At present, the incidence of human and canine disease is quite high and uncontrolled in Piauí. It seems that some measures, such as the elimination of seropositive dogs, failed to significantly reduce the number of new VL cases in Teresina. Despite previously conducted studies, little is known about VL epidemiology in urban areas. The aim of this review is to reveal the situation of VL in Teresina during the last 40 years, focusing on the major factors that may contribute to the high incidence and persistence of VL infection.
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BLA V, ACJ B, FJM M, MLS C, NB P, MN M, IL M, FAL C, AC V. Inflammatory response, parasite load and AgNOR expression in ear skin of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infected dogs. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1678-91992011000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Borges ACJ
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pereira NB
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Melo MN
- Zoonosis Control Center, Brazil
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de Lima VMF, Fattori KR, Michelin ADF, Neto LDS, Vasconcelos RDO. Comparison between ELISA using total antigen and immunochromatography with antigen rK39 in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2010; 173:330-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Calabrese KS, Cortada VMCL, Dorval MEC, Souza Lima MAA, Oshiro ET, Souza CSF, Silva-Almeida M, Carvalho LOP, Gonçalves da Costa SC, Abreu-Silva AL. Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum/chagasi: Histopathological aspects of the skin in naturally infected dogs in two endemic areas. Exp Parasitol 2009; 124:253-7. [PMID: 19854175 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the New World, visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is a progressive disease and frequently fatal, is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum/chagasi. It is endemic in many regions of Brazil and occasionally occurs in non-endemic regions when dogs from an endemic area are introduced. The aim of the present study is to compare different skin infection patterns of dogs from two leishmaniasis endemic areas. A histological analysis of dogs from Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul state, a region where epidemic episodes are currently taking place, showed dermic inflammatory infiltrates, composed of numerous vacuolated parasitized macrophages, few lymphocytes, plasma cells and many degranulated mast cells. In the other region of the study, São Luís, Maranhão state, the skin of dogs presented a remarkable inflammatory reaction composed mainly of plasma cells, lymphocytes and very few parasites. We concluded that there is a difference in the skin lesion patterns of dogs with leishmaniasis that is directly related to the endemic area where the animals live.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Calabrese
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, 20045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum is an important disease of humans and dogs. Here we review aspects of the transmission and control of ZVL. Whilst there is clear evidence that ZVL is maintained by sandfly transmission, transmission may also occur by non-sandfly routes, such as congenital and sexual transmission. Dogs are the only confirmed primary reservoir of infection. Meta-analysis of dog studies confirms that infectiousness is higher in symptomatic infection; infectiousness is also higher in European than South American studies. A high prevalence of infection has been reported from an increasing number of domestic and wild mammals; updated host ranges are provided. The crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, opossums Didelphis spp., domestic cat Felis cattus, black rat Rattus rattus and humans can infect sandflies, but confirmation of these hosts as primary or secondary reservoirs requires further xenodiagnosis studies at the population level. Thus the putative sylvatic reservoir(s) of ZVL remains unknown. Review of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of current control methods highlights the lack of randomized controlled trials of both dog culling and residual insecticide spraying. Topical insecticides (deltamethrin-impregnated collars and pour-ons) have been shown to provide a high level of individual protection to treated dogs, but further community-level studies are needed.
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