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Balusu S, De Strooper B. The necroptosis cell death pathway drives neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:96. [PMID: 38852117 PMCID: PMC11162975 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Although apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis have been implicated in AD, none fully explains the extensive neuronal loss observed in AD brains. Recent evidence shows that necroptosis is abundant in AD, that necroptosis is closely linked to the appearance of Tau pathology, and that necroptosis markers accumulate in granulovacuolar neurodegeneration vesicles (GVD). We review here the neuron-specific activation of the granulovacuolar mediated neuronal-necroptosis pathway, the potential AD-relevant triggers upstream of this pathway, and the interaction of the necrosome with the endo-lysosomal pathway, possibly providing links to Tau pathology. In addition, we underscore the therapeutic potential of inhibiting necroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, as this presents a novel avenue for drug development targeting neuronal loss to preserve cognitive abilities. Such an approach seems particularly relevant when combined with amyloid-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Balusu
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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2
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Deshpande P, Chen CY, Chimata AV, Li JC, Sarkar A, Yeates C, Chen CH, Kango-Singh M, Singh A. miR-277 targets the proapoptotic gene-hid to ameliorate Aβ42-mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's model. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:71. [PMID: 38238337 PMCID: PMC10796706 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder, exhibits reduced cognitive function with no cure to date. One of the reasons for AD is the accumulation of Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) plaque(s) that trigger aberrant gene expression and signaling, which results in neuronal cell death by an unknown mechanism(s). Misexpression of human Aβ42 in the developing retina of Drosophila exhibits AD-like neuropathology. Small non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of their target genes and thereby regulate different signaling pathways. In a forward genetic screen, we identified miR-277 (human ortholog is hsa-miR-3660) as a genetic modifier of Aβ42-mediated neurodegeneration. Loss-of-function of miR-277 enhances the Aβ42-mediated neurodegeneration. Whereas gain-of-function of miR-277 in the GMR > Aβ42 background downregulates cell death to maintain the number of neurons and thereby restores the retinal axonal targeting defects indicating the functional rescue. In addition, gain-of-function of miR-277 rescues the eclosion- and climbing assays defects observed in GMR > Aβ42 background. Thus, gain-of-function of miR-277 rescues both structurally as well as functionally the Aβ42-mediated neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we identified head involution defective (hid), an evolutionarily conserved proapoptotic gene, as one of the targets of miR-277 and validated these results using luciferase- and qPCR -assays. In the GMR > Aβ42 background, the gain-of-function of miR-277 results in the reduction of hid transcript levels to one-third of its levels as compared to GMR > Aβ42 background alone. Here, we provide a novel molecular mechanism where miR-277 targets and downregulates proapoptotic gene, hid, transcript levels to rescue Aβ42-mediated neurodegeneration by blocking cell death. These studies shed light on molecular mechanism(s) that mediate cell death response following Aβ42 accumulation seen in neurodegenerative disorders in humans and provide new therapeutic targets for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao-Yi Chen
- Institution of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jian-Chiuan Li
- Institution of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ankita Sarkar
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA
| | - Catherine Yeates
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- Institution of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
- Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
- Integrative Science and Engineering (ISE), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
- Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
- Integrative Science and Engineering (ISE), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
- Center for Genomic Advocacy (TCGA), Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.
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3
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Insights on the molecular mechanism of neuroprotection exerted by edible bird’s nest and its bioactive constituents. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Kumari S, Dhapola R, Reddy DH. Apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease: insight into the signaling pathways and therapeutic avenues. Apoptosis 2023:10.1007/s10495-023-01848-y. [PMID: 37186274 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid-β (Aβ) protein resulting in synaptic loss and apoptosis. Aβ and tau deposition trigger apoptotic pathways that result in neuronal death. Apoptosis is considered to be responsible for manifestations associated with AD under pathological conditions. It regulates via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. It activates various proteins including Bcl-2 family proteins like Bax, Bad, Bid, Bcl-XS, Bcl-XL and caspases comprising of initiator, effector and inflammatory caspases carried out through a cascade of events that finally lead to cell disintegration. The apoptotic elements interact with trophic factors, signaling molecules including Ras-ERK, JNK, GSK-3β, BDNF/TrkB/CREB and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Ras-ERK signaling is involved in the progression of cell cycle and apoptosis. JNK pathway is also upregulated in AD which results in decreased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. JAK-STAT triggers caspase-3 mediated apoptosis leading to neurodegeneration. The imbalance between autophagy and apoptosis is regulated by PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. GSK-3β is involved in the stimulation of pro-apoptotic factors resulting in dysregulation of apoptosis. Drugs like filgrastim, epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, nicergoline and minocycline are under development which target these pathways and modulate the disease condition. This study sheds light on apoptotic pathways that are cardinal for neuronal survival and perform crucial role in the occurrence of AD along with the trends in therapeutics targeting apoptosis induced AD. To develop prospective treatments for AD, it is desirable to elucidate potential targets including restoration apoptotic balance, regulation of caspases, Bcl-2 and other crucial proteins involved in apoptosis mediated AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Rishika Dhapola
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Dibbanti HariKrishna Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India.
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5
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Han BH, Cofell B, Everhart E, Humpal C, Kang SS, Lee SK, Kim-Han JS. Amentoflavone Promotes Cellular Uptake and Degradation of Amyloid-Beta in Neuronal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115885. [PMID: 35682567 PMCID: PMC9180170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deposition of fibrillar forms of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is commonly found in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated with cognitive decline. Impaired clearance of Aβ species is thought to be a major cause of late-onset sporadic AD. Aβ secreted into the extracellular milieu can be cleared from the brain through multiple pathways, including cellular uptake in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Recent studies have showed that the naturally-occurring polyphenol amentoflavone (AMF) exerts anti-amyloidogenic effects. However, its effects on metabolism and cellular clearance of Aβ remain to be tested. In the present study, we demonstrated that AMF significantly increased the cellular uptake of both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, but not inverted Aβ42-1 in mouse neuronal N2a cells. Though AMF promoted internalization of cytotoxic Aβ1-42, it significantly reduced cell death in our assay condition. Our data further revealed that the internalized Aβ is translocated to lysosomes and undergoes enzymatic degradation. The saturable kinetic of Aβ uptake and our pharmacologic experiments showed the involvement of receptor-mediated endocytosis, in part, through the class A scavenger receptors as a possible mechanism of action of AMF. Taken together, our findings indicate that AMF can lower the levels of extracellular Aβ by increasing their cellular uptake and clearance, suggesting the therapeutic potential of AMF for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hee Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA; (B.C.); (E.E.); (C.H.); (J.S.K.-H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Brooke Cofell
- Department of Pharmacology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA; (B.C.); (E.E.); (C.H.); (J.S.K.-H.)
| | - Emily Everhart
- Department of Pharmacology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA; (B.C.); (E.E.); (C.H.); (J.S.K.-H.)
| | - Courtney Humpal
- Department of Pharmacology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA; (B.C.); (E.E.); (C.H.); (J.S.K.-H.)
| | - Sam-Sik Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-S.K.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.-S.K.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Jeong Sook Kim-Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA; (B.C.); (E.E.); (C.H.); (J.S.K.-H.)
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Fernandes F, Barroso MF, De Simone A, Emriková E, Dias-Teixeira M, Pereira JP, Chlebek J, Fernandes VC, Rodrigues F, Andrisano V, Delerue-Matos C, Grosso C. Multi-target neuroprotective effects of herbal medicines for Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 290:115107. [PMID: 35176467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, but its treatment options remain few and ineffective. To find new therapeutic strategies, natural products have gained interest due to their neuroprotective potential, being able to target different pathological hallmarks associated with this disorder. Several plant species are traditionally used due to their empirical neuroprotective effects and it is worth to explore their mechanism of action. AIM OF THE STUDY This study intended to explore the neuroprotective potential of seven traditional medicinal plants, namely Scutellaria baicalensis, Ginkgo biloba, Hypericum perforatum, Curcuma longa, Lavandula angustifolia, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Rosmarinus officinalis. The safety assessment with reference to pesticides residues was also aimed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Decoctions prepared from these species were chemically characterized by HPLC-DAD and screened for their ability to scavenge four different free radicals (DPPH•, ABTS•+, O2•‒ and •NO) and to inhibit enzymes related to neurodegeneration (cholinesterases and glycogen synthase kinase-3β). Cell viability through MTT assay was also evaluated in two different brain cell lines, namely non-tumorigenic D3 human brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) and NSC-34 motor neurons. Furthermore, and using GC, 21 pesticides residues were screened. RESULTS Regarding chemical composition, chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of several flavonoids, phenolic acids, curcuminoids, phenolic diterpenoids, one alkaloid and one naphthodianthrone in the seven decoctions. All extracts were able to scavenge free radicals and were moderate glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors; however, they displayed weak to moderate acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition. G. biloba and L. angustifolia decoctions were the less cytotoxic to hCMEC/D3 and NSC-34 cell lines. No pesticides residues were detected. CONCLUSIONS The results extend the knowledge on the potential use of plant extracts to combat multifactorial disorders, giving new insights into therapeutic avenues for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Fátima Barroso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology University of Turin, via P.Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Eliška Emriková
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Mónica Dias-Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal; NICiTeS-Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Escola Superior de Saúde Ribeiro Sanches, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Pereira
- NICiTeS-Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Escola Superior de Saúde Ribeiro Sanches, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jakub Chlebek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Virgínia Cruz Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal.
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Karaboğa MNS, Sezgintürk MK. Biosensor approaches on the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: Sensing the past to the future. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 209:114479. [PMID: 34861607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of neurodegeneration-oriented diseases that develop with the aging world is essential for improving the patient's living conditions as well as the treatment of the disease. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are prominent examples of neurodegeneration characterized by dementia leading to the death of nerve cells. The clinical diagnosis of these diseases only after the symptoms appear, delays the treatment process. Detection of biomarkers, which are distinctive molecules in biological fluids, involved in neurodegeneration processes, has the potential to allow early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Studies on biosensors, whose main responsibility is to detect the target analyte with high specificity, has gained momentum in recent years with the aim of high detection of potential biomarkers of neurodegeneration process. This study aims to provide an overview of neuro-biosensors developed on the basis of biomarkers identified in biological fluids for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), and to provide an overview of the urgent needs in this field, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis in the general lines of the neurodegeneration pathway. In this review, biosensor systems developed for the detection of biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, especially in the last 5 years, are discussed.
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Hoshino Y, Hanaoka K, Sakamoto K, Yasunaga M, Kojima T, Kotani D, Nomoto A, Sasaki E, Komatsu T, Ueno T, Takamaru H, Saito Y, Seto Y, Urano Y. Molecular design of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes targeting exo-peptidase and application for detection of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) activity. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:859-867. [PMID: 35866167 PMCID: PMC9257614 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00253h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the activities of proteases in vivo is an important requirement in biological and medical research. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are particularly useful for in vivo fluorescence imaging, due to the high penetration of NIR and the low autofluorescence in tissue for this wavelength region, but most current NIR fluorescent probes for proteases are targeted to endopeptidase. Here, we describe a new molecular design for NIR fluorescent probes that target exopeptidase by utilizing the >110 nm blueshift of unsymmetrical Si–rhodamines upon amidation of the N atom of their xanthene moiety. Based on this molecular design, we developed Leu-SiR640 as a probe for leucine amino peptidase (LAP). Leu-SiR640 shows a one order of magnitude larger fluorescence increment (669-fold) upon reaction with LAP than existing NIR fluorescent probes. We similarly designed and synthesized EP-SiR640, a NIR fluorescent probe that targets dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4). We show that this probe can monitor DPP-4 activity not only in living cells but also in mouse organs and tumors. This probe could also detect esophageal cancer in human clinical specimens, based on the overexpression of DPP-4 activity. We developed a new molecular design for NIR fluorescent probes that target exopeptidase by utilizing the >110 nm blueshift of unsymmetrical Si–rhodamines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hoshino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8512 Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasunaga
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-8577 Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa-shi Chiba 277-8577 Japan
| | - Daisuke Kotani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa-shi Chiba 277-8577 Japan
| | - Ayumu Nomoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Eita Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8512 Japan
| | - Toru Komatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tasuku Ueno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takamaru
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital 5-1-1 Tsukiji Chuo-ku Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Yutaka Saito
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital 5-1-1 Tsukiji Chuo-ku Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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Alam M, Ali S, Ahmed S, Elasbali AM, Adnan M, Islam A, Hassan MI, Yadav DK. Therapeutic Potential of Ursolic Acid in Cancer and Diabetic Neuropathy Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12162. [PMID: 34830043 PMCID: PMC8621142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid frequently found in medicinal herbs and plants, having numerous pharmacological effects. UA and its analogs treat multiple diseases, including cancer, diabetic neuropathy, and inflammatory diseases. UA inhibits cancer proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and induced cell death, scavenging free radicals and triggering numerous anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins. The biochemistry of UA has been examined broadly based on the literature, with alterations frequently having been prepared on positions C-3 (hydroxyl), C12-C13 (double bonds), and C-28 (carboxylic acid), leading to several UA derivatives with increased potency, bioavailability and water solubility. UA could be used as a protective agent to counter neural dysfunction via anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It is a potential therapeutic drug implicated in the treatment of cancer and diabetic complications diseases provide novel machinery to the anti-inflammatory properties of UA. The pharmacological efficiency of UA is exhibited by the therapeutic theory of one-drug → several targets → one/multiple diseases. Hence, UA shows promising therapeutic potential for cancer and diabetic neuropathy diseases. This review aims to discuss mechanistic insights into promising beneficial effects of UA. We further explained the pharmacological aspects, clinical trials, and potential limitations of UA for the management of cancer and diabetic neuropathy diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.A.); (S.A.); (A.I.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Sabeeha Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.A.); (S.A.); (A.I.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Sarfraz Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali
- Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.A.); (S.A.); (A.I.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.A.); (S.A.); (A.I.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Hambakmoeiro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21924, Korea
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Hanif S, Muhammad P, Niu Z, Ismail M, Morsch M, Zhang X, Li M, Shi B. Nanotechnology‐Based Strategies for Early Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Disorders. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Hanif
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Pir Muhammad
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Zheng Niu
- Province's Key Lab of Brain Targeted Bionanomedicine School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Marco Morsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Macquarie University Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research Macquarie University NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou Henan 450003 China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine The Third Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510630 China
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine & Health & Human Sciences Macquarie University NSW 2109 Australia
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Fathi E, Yarbro JM, Homayouni R. NIPSNAP protein family emerges as a sensor of mitochondrial health. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100014. [PMID: 33852167 PMCID: PMC10577685 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery over two decades ago, the molecular and cellular functions of the NIPSNAP family of proteins (NIPSNAPs) have remained elusive until recently. NIPSNAPs interact with a variety of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic proteins. They have been implicated in multiple cellular processes and associated with different physiologic and pathologic conditions, including pain transmission, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. Recent evidence demonstrated a direct role for NIPSNAP1 and NIPSNAP2 proteins in regulation of mitophagy, a process that is critical for cellular health and maintenance. Importantly, NIPSNAPs contain a 110 amino acid domain that is evolutionary conserved from mammals to bacteria. However, the molecular function of the conserved NIPSNAP domain and its potential role in mitophagy have not been explored. It stands to reason that the highly conserved NIPSNAP domain interacts with a substrate that is ubiquitously present across all species and can perhaps act as a sensor for mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Fathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
- Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Jay M. Yarbro
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ramin Homayouni
- Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
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12
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Komalla V, Mehta M, Achi F, Dua K, Haghi M. The Potential for Phospholipids in the Treatment of Airway Inflammation: An Unexplored Solution. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 14:333-349. [PMID: 33557743 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210208114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF) are major inflammatory respiratory diseases. Current mainstay therapy for asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are corticosteroids, which have well-established side effect profiles. Phospholipids (PLs) are ubiquitous, diverse compounds with varying functions such as their structural role incell membrane, energy storage, and cell signaling.Recent advances in understanding PLs role as inflammatory mediators in the body as well as their widespread long-standing use as carrier molecules in drug delivery demonstrate the potential application of phospholipids in modulating inflammatory conditions. This review briefly explains the main mechanisms of inflammation in chronic respiratory diseases, currentanti-inflammatory treatments and areas of unmet need. The structural features, roles of endogenous and exogenous phospholipids, including their use as pharmaceutical excipients are reviewed. Current research on the immunomodulatory properties of PLs and their potentialapplication in inflammatory diseasesis the major section of this review. Considering the roles of PLs as inflammatory mediators and their safety profile established in pharmaceutical formulations, these small molecules demonstrate great potential as candidates in respiratory inflammation. Future studies need to focus on the immunomodulatory properties and the underlying mechanisms of phospholipids in respiratory inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Komalla
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Chippendale NSW 2008. Australia
| | - Meenu Mehta
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Chippendale NSW 2008. Australia
| | - Fatima Achi
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Chippendale NSW 2008. Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Chippendale NSW 2008. Australia
| | - Mehra Haghi
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Chippendale NSW 2008. Australia
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13
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Taxonomic Distribution of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cue to Novel Drugs. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/7603015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder manifested by decline in memory and mild cognitive impairment leading to dementia. Despite global occurrence of AD, the severity and hence onset of dementia vary among different regions, which was correlated with the customary use of medicinal herbs and exposure level to the causatives. In spite of execution of versatile therapeutic strategies to combat AD and other neurodegenerative diseases, success is only limited to symptomatic treatment. The role of natural remedies remained primitive and irreplaceable in all ages. In some examples, the extracted drugs failed to show comparable results due to lack of micro ingredients. Micro ingredients impart a peerless value to natural remedies which are difficult to isolate and/or determine their precise role during treatment. A variety of plants have been used for memory enhancement and other dementia-related complications since ages. Acetyl choline esterase inhibition, antioxidant potential, neuroprotection, mitochondrial energy restoration, and/or precipitated protein clearance put a vast taxonomic variety into a single group of anti-AD plants. Secondary metabolites derived from these medicinal plants have the potential to treat AD and other brain diseases of common pathology. This review summarizes the potential of taxonomically diverse medicinal plants in the treatment of AD serving as a guide to further exploration.
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14
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Sonuç Karaboga MN, Sezgintürk MK. Analysis of Tau-441 protein in clinical samples using rGO/AuNP nanocomposite-supported disposable impedimetric neuro-biosensing platform: Towards Alzheimer's disease detection. Talanta 2020; 219:121257. [PMID: 32887148 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Changes in isoforms of Tau protein, which are critical for microtubule functioning, are accepted as being responsible for diseases characterized by dementia, in particular Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this comprehensive study, a single-use neuro-biosensing probe for the determination of Tau-441 protein was developed by utilizing the power of nanocomposites consisting of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The nanocomposite surface (rGO-AuNP) was modified with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) act as covalent anchorer to increase the sensitivity of the assay. Surface coverage value and pinhole ratio were calculated using EIS data. Kramers-kronig data, which helps to interpret instrumental errors, are also calculated. The immunoreaction of Tau-441 with anti-Tau was monitored simultaneously with Single Frequency Impedance (SFI). The changes in surface morphology were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The designed immunosensor showed a linear response within the concentration range of 1-500 pg/mL for the target analyte Tau-441 and the limit of detection was found to be 0.091 pg/mL. The promising point of the study is that this neuro-biosensor system can capture the Tau-441 target protein in both serum fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples with recoveries ranging from 96% to 108%.
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15
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Lenahan C, Sanghavi R, Huang L, Zhang JH. Rhodopsin: A Potential Biomarker for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:326. [PMID: 32351353 PMCID: PMC7175229 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal alterations have recently been associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Rhodopsin is a G-protein coupled receptor found in the rod cells of the retina. As a biomarker associated with retinal thinning and degeneration, it bears potential in the early detection and monitoring of several neurodegenerative diseases. In this review article, we summarize the findings of correlations between rhodopsin and several neurodegenerative disorders as well as the potential of a novel technique, cSLO, in the quantification of rhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Lenahan
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States.,Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Rajvee Sanghavi
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Lei Huang
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - John H Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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16
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Choi EY, Kang SS, Lee SK, Han BH. Polyphenolic Biflavonoids Inhibit Amyloid-Beta Fibrillation and Disaggregate Preformed Amyloid-Beta Fibrils. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:145-151. [PMID: 31697876 PMCID: PMC7059817 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease and a major cause of dementia in elderly individuals world-wide. Increased deposition of insoluble amyloid β (Aβ) fibrils in the brain is thought be a key neuropathological hallmark of AD. Many recent studies show that natural products such as polyphenolic flavonoids inhibit the formation of insoluble Aβ fibrils and/or destabilize β-sheet-rich Aβ fibrils to form non-cytotoxic aggregates. In the present study, we explored the structure-activity relationship of naturally-occurring biflavonoids on Aβ amyloidogenesis utilizing an in vitro thioflavin T assay with Aβ1–42 peptide which is prone to aggregate more rapidly to fibrils than Aβ1–40 peptide. Among the biflavonoids we tested, we found amentoflavone revealed the most potent effects on inhibiting Aβ1–42 fibrillization (IC50: 0.26 μM), as well as on disassembling preformed Aβ1–42 fibrils (EC50: 0.59 μM). Our structure-activity relationship study suggests that the hydroxyl groups of biflavonoid compounds play an essential role in their molecular interaction with the dynamic process of Aβ1–42 fibrillization. Our atomic force microscopic imaging analysis demonstrates that amentoflavone directly disrupts the fibrillar structure of preformed Aβ1–42 fibrils, resulting in conversion of those fibrils to amorphous Aβ1–42 aggregates. These results indicate that amentoflavone affords the most potent anti-amyloidogenic effects on both inhibition of Aβ1–42 fibrillization and disaggregation of preformed mature Aβ1–42 fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Y Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
| | - Sam Sik Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hee Han
- Department of Pharmacology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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17
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Effects of computerised cognitive training on cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. J Neurol 2019; 268:1680-1688. [PMID: 31650255 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Computerised cognitive training (CCT) has been shown to enhance cognitive function in elderly individuals with cognitive deterioration, but evidence is controversial. Additionally, whether specific CCT is most effective and which stages of cognitive impairment benefit most is unclear. METHODS We systematically searched nine medical and technological databases to collect randomized controlled trials related to CCT primarily conducted in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). RESULTS We identified 12 studies in patients with SCD and MCI. Pooled analysis showed that CCT could significantly improve cognitive function (g = 0.518, p = 0.000), especially related to memory. In terms of different types of cognitive training, specific CCT was more efficacious than non-specific CCT (g = 0.381, p = 0.007) or placebo (g = 0.734, p = 0.000) but not traditional CT (p = 0.628). In terms of stages of cognitive deterioration, the effect of CCT on SCD (g = 0.926, p = 0.002) was almost double that of its effect on MCI (g = 0.502, p = 0.000). CONCLUSION CCT was most effective in cognitive rehabilitation, particularly in the subdomain of memory. Early intervention in SCD is better.
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18
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Martin RM, Stallrich J, Bereman MS. Mixture designs to investigate adverse effects upon co-exposure to environmental cyanotoxins. Toxicology 2019; 421:74-83. [PMID: 31029734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to implement powerful mixture design techniques, commonly used in process optimization, to investigate enhanced adverse effects upon co-exposure to environmental cyanotoxins. Exposure to cyanobacteria, which are found ubiquitously in environmental water reservoirs, have been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the known co-occurrence of various cyanotoxins, the majority of studies investigating this link have focused on the investigation of a single cyanotoxin, a noncanonical amino acid called β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), which poorly recapitulates an actual environmental exposure. Interactions amongst cyanotoxic compounds is an area of great concern and remains poorly understood. To this end, we describe the use of a simplex axial mixture design to screen for interactive adverse effects of cyanotoxic mixtures. Using a combination of basic toxicity assays coupled with contemporary proteomic techniques, our results show the existence of a significant (p ≤ 0.01) interaction between BMAA and its isomers aminoethyl glycine (AEG) and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (2,4DAB). Cyanotoxic mixtures significantly decreased cell viability by an average of 19% and increased caspases 3/7 activities by an average of 110% when compared to individual cyanotoxins (p ≤ 0.05). Cyanotoxic mixtures perturbed various biological pathways associated with neurodegeneration, including inhibition of protective autophagy and activation of mitochondrial dysfunction (z-score >|2|). Additionally, exposure to mixtures perturbed important upstream regulators involved in cellular dysfunction, morbidity, and development. Taken together, our results highlight: (1) the need to study combinations of cyanotoxins when investigating the link between cyanobacteria and neurodegenerative pathologies and (2) the application of design of experiment (DoE) as an efficient methodology to study mixtures of relevant environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia M Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jonathan Stallrich
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Michael S Bereman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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19
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Brennan S, Keon M, Liu B, Su Z, Saksena NK. Panoramic Visualization of Circulating MicroRNAs Across Neurodegenerative Diseases in Humans. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7380-7407. [PMID: 31037649 PMCID: PMC6815273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and dementia pose one of the greatest health challenges this century. Although these NDs have been looked at as single entities, the underlying molecular mechanisms have never been collectively visualized to date. With the advent of high-throughput genomic and proteomic technologies, we now have the opportunity to visualize these diseases in a whole new perspective, which will provide a clear understanding of the primary and secondary events vital in achieving the final resolution of these diseases guiding us to new treatment strategies to possibly treat these diseases together. We created a knowledge base of all microRNAs known to be differentially expressed in various body fluids of ND patients. We then used several bioinformatic methods to understand the functional intersections and differences between AD, PD, ALS, and MS. These results provide a unique panoramic view of possible functional intersections between AD, PD, MS, and ALS at the level of microRNA and their cognate genes and pathways, along with the entities that unify and separate them. While the microRNA signatures were apparent for each ND, the unique observation in our study was that hsa-miR-30b-5p overlapped between all four NDS, and has significant functional roles described across NDs. Furthermore, our results also show the evidence of functional convergence of miRNAs which was associated with the regulation of their cognate genes represented in pathways that included fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, ECM receptor interactions, prion diseases, and several signaling pathways critical to neuron differentiation and survival, underpinning their relevance in NDs. Envisioning this group of NDs together has allowed us to propose new ways of utilizing circulating miRNAs as biomarkers and in visualizing diverse NDs more holistically . The critical molecular insights gained through the discovery of ND-associated miRNAs, overlapping miRNAs, and the functional convergence of microRNAs on vital pathways strongly implicated in neurodegenerative processes can prove immensely valuable in the identifying new generation of biomarkers, along with the development of miRNAs into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Brennan
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew Keon
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bing Liu
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zheng Su
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nitin K. Saksena
- Neurodegenerative Disease section, Iggy Get Out, 19a Boundary Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030719. [PMID: 30743990 PMCID: PMC6386829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect around one billion people worldwide. They can arise from a combination of genomic, epigenomic, metabolic, and environmental factors. Aging is the leading risk factor for most chronic illnesses of old age, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. A progressive neurodegenerative process and neuroinflammation occur, and no current therapies can prevent, slow, or halt disease progression. To date, no novel disease-modifying therapies have been shown to provide significant benefit for patients who suffer from these devastating disorders. Therefore, early diagnosis and the discovery of new targets and novel therapies are of upmost importance. Neurodegenerative diseases, like in other age-related disorders, the progression of pathology begins many years before the onset of symptoms. Many efforts in this field have led to the conclusion that exits some similar events among these diseases that can explain why the aging brain is so vulnerable to suffer neurodegenerative diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge about these diseases by summarizing the most common features of major neurodegenerative disorders, their causes and consequences, and the proposed novel therapeutic approaches.
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21
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Dai W, Ryu T, Kim H, Jin YH, Cho YC, Kim K. Effects of δ-Catenin on APP by Its Interaction with Presenilin-1. Mol Cells 2019; 42:36-44. [PMID: 30622228 PMCID: PMC6354058 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent age-related human neurological disorder. The characteristics of AD include senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of synapses and neurons in the brain. β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptide is the predominant proteinaceous component of senile plaques. The amyloid hypothesis states that Aβ initiates the cascade of events that result in AD. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing plays an important role in Aβ production, which initiates synaptic and neuronal damage. δ-Catenin is known to be bound to presenilin-1 (PS-1), which is the main component of the γ-secretase complex that regulates APP cleavage. Because PS-1 interacts with both APP and δ-catenin, it is worth studying their interactive mechanism and/or effects on each other. Our immunoprecipitation data showed that there was no physical association between δ-catenin and APP. However, we observed that δ-catenin could reduce the binding between PS-1 and APP, thus decreasing the PS-1 mediated APP processing activity. Furthermore, δ-catenin reduced PS-1-mediated stabilization of APP. The results suggest that δ-catenin can influence the APP processing and its level by interacting with PS-1, which may eventually play a protective role in the degeneration of an Alzheimer's disease patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Dai
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Taeyong Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Hangun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922,
Korea
| | - Yun Hye Jin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Kwonseop Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
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22
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A small molecule ApoE4-targeted therapeutic candidate that normalizes sirtuin 1 levels and improves cognition in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17574. [PMID: 30514854 PMCID: PMC6279743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the results from the testing of a small molecule first-in-class apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4)-targeted sirtuin1 (SirT1) enhancer, A03, that increases the levels of the neuroprotective enzyme SirT1 while not affecting levels of neurotoxic sirtuin 2 (SirT2) in vitro in ApoE4-transfected cells. A03 was identified by high-throughput screening (HTS) and found to be orally bioavailable and brain penetrant. In vivo, A03 treatment increased SirT1 levels in the hippocampus of 5XFAD-ApoE4 (E4FAD) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model mice and elicited cognitive improvement while inducing no observed toxicity. We were able to resolve the enantiomers of A03 and show using in vitro models that the L-enantiomer was more potent than the corresponding D-enantiomer in increasing SirT1 levels. ApoE4 expression has been shown to decrease the level of the NAD-dependent deacetylase and major longevity determinant SirT1 in brain tissue and serum of AD patients as compared to normal controls. A deficiency in SirT1 level has been recently implicated in increased tau acetylation, a dominant post-translational modification and key pathological event in AD and tauopathies. Therefore, as a novel approach to therapeutic development for AD, we targeted identification of compounds that enhance and normalize brain SirT1 levels.
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23
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Jazvinšćak Jembrek M, Slade N, Hof PR, Šimić G. The interactions of p53 with tau and Aß as potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:104-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Falls N, Singh D, Anwar F, Verma A, Kumar V. Amelioration of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment by Lemon oil in experimental model of Stressed mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:575-583. [PMID: 29990845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrous lemon (Rutaceae) an Indian folk medicine has been used for the treatment of various pathological diseases viz., diabetes, cardiovascular, inflammation, hepatobiliary dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorder. Can lemon oil altered the memory of unstressed and stressed mice, a basic question for which the present work was put on trial. The present investigation was intended to assess the impact of Lemon oil on memory of unstressed and Stressed Swiss young Albino mice. Lemon oil (50 and 100 mg/kg o.r.) and donepezil (10 mg/kg) were guided for three weeks to different groups of stressed and unstressed mice. The nootropic movement was assessed utilizing elevated plus maze and Hebbs Williams Maze. Cerebrum acetylcholinesterase (AChE), plasmacorticosterone, decreased glutathione, lipid per oxidation alongside superoxide dismutase and catalase was surveyed as marker for disease. Histopathology was performed for estimation of drug effects. Acute immobilized stress was induce, lemon oil (100 mg/kg) and donepezil together indicated memory enhancing movement both in stressed and unstressed mice. Lemon oil significantly (p < 0.001) altered and lowered brain AChE activity both in stressed and unstressed mice. Scopolamine induced amnesia was also significantly altered and reversed both in stressed and unstressed mice by lemon oil at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg. Lemon oil (50 and 100 mg/kg) was further able to control the corticosterone level in plasma for stressed mice. Lemon oil significantly (p < 0.001) elevated the level of catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione levels both in stressed and unstressed animals with respect to controlled group along with TBARS both in stressed and unstressed compared with control group. Hence it can be concluded that memory enhancing activity might be related to reduction in AChE and TBARS activity and by elevated GSH, SOD and catalase through decrease in raised plasma corticosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Falls
- Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, 211007, India
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amita Verma
- Bio-organic & Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India.
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25
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Luo W, Tweedie D, Beedie SL, Vargesson N, Figg WD, Greig NH, Scerba MT. Design, synthesis and biological assessment of N-adamantyl, substituted adamantyl and noradamantyl phthalimidines for nitrite, TNF-α and angiogenesis inhibitory activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1547-1559. [PMID: 29472124 PMCID: PMC5891396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A library of 15 novel and heretofore uncharacterized adamantyl and noradamantyl phthalimidines was synthesized and evaluated for neuroprotective and anti-angiogenic properties. Phthalimidine treatment in LPS-challenged cells effected reductions in levels of secreted TNF-α and nitrite relative to basal amounts. The primary SAR suggests nitration of adamantyl phthalimidines has marginal effect on TNF-α activity but promotes anti-nitrite activity; thioamide congeners retain anti-nitrite activity but are less effective reducing TNF-α. Site-specific nitration and thioamidation provided phthalimidine 24, effecting an 88.5% drop in nitrite concurrent with only a 4% drop in TNF-α. Notable anti-angiogenesis activity was observed for 20, 21 and 22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Luo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shaunna L Beedie
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; Molecular Pharmacology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - William D Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Michael T Scerba
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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26
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The long-lived Octodon degus as a rodent drug discovery model for Alzheimer's and other age-related diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2018. [PMID: 29514054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial progressive neurodegenerative disease. Despite decades of research, no disease modifying therapy is available and a change of research objectives and/or development of novel research tools may be required. Much AD research has been based on experimental models using animals with a short lifespan that have been extensively genetically manipulated and do not represent the full spectrum of late-onset AD, which make up the majority of cases. The aetiology of AD is heterogeneous and involves multiple factors associated with the late-onset of the disease like disturbances in brain insulin, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, metabolic syndrome, retinal degeneration and sleep disturbances which are all progressive abnormalities that could account for many molecular, biochemical and histopathological lesions found in brain from patients dying from AD. This review is based on the long-lived rodent Octodon degus (degu) which is a small diurnal rodent native to South America that can spontaneously develop cognitive decline with concomitant phospho-tau, β-amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation in brain. In addition, the degu can also develop several other conditions like type 2 diabetes, macular and retinal degeneration and atherosclerosis, conditions that are often associated with aging and are often comorbid with AD. Long-lived animals like the degu may provide a more realistic model to study late onset AD.
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27
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Ramos-Hryb AB, Pazini FL, Kaster MP, Rodrigues ALS. Therapeutic Potential of Ursolic Acid to Manage Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:1029-1041. [PMID: 29098660 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in several plants. Despite its initial use as a pharmacologically inactive emulsifier in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, several biological activities have been reported for this compound so far, including anti-tumoural, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective properties. The biological effects of ursolic acid have been evaluated in vitro, in different cell types and against several toxic insults (i.e. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, amyloid-β peptides, kainic acid and others); in animal models of brain-related disorders (Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression, traumatic brain injury) and ageing; and in clinical studies with cancer patients and for muscle atrophy. Most of the protective effects of ursolic acid are related to its ability to prevent oxidative damage and excessive inflammation, common mechanisms associated with multiple brain disorders. Additionally, ursolic acid is capable of modulating the monoaminergic system, an effect that might be involved in its ability to prevent mood and cognitive dysfunctions associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions. This review presents and discusses the available evidence of the possible beneficial effects of ursolic acid for the management of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. We also discuss the chemical features, major sources and potential limitations of the use of ursolic acid as a pharmacological treatment for brain-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Ramos-Hryb
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Francis L Pazini
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Manuella P Kaster
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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28
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Yi JH, Baek SJ, Heo S, Park HJ, Kwon H, Lee S, Jung J, Park SJ, Kim BC, Lee YC, Ryu JH, Kim DH. Direct pharmacological Akt activation rescues Alzheimer's disease like memory impairments and aberrant synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:282-292. [PMID: 29079294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) is a key mediator for synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the precise mechanism of the toxic effect of Aβ is still not completely understood. Moreover, there is currently no treatment for AD. Protein kinase B (PKB, also termed Akt) is known to be aberrantly regulated in the AD brain. However, its potential function as a therapeutic target for AD-associated memory impairment has not been studied. Here, we examined the role of a direct Akt activator, SC79, in hippocampus-dependent memory impairments using Aβ-injected as well as 5XFAD AD model mice. Oligomeric Aβ injections into the 3rd ventricle caused concentration-dependent and time-dependent impairments in learning/memory and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, Aβ aberrantly regulated caspase-3, GSK-3β, and Akt signaling, which interact with each other in the hippocampus. Caspase-3 and GSK-3β inhibitor ameliorated memory impairments and synaptic deficits in Aβ-injected AD model mice. We also found that pharmacological activation of Akt rescued memory impairments and aberrant synaptic plasticity in both Aβ-treated and 5XFAD mice. These results suggest that Akt could be a therapeutic target for memory impairment observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun Yi
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Soo Ji Baek
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoo Heo
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Park
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Huiyoung Kwon
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungheon Lee
- Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Science, College of Ocean Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwook Jung
- Department of Herbal Medicinal Pharmacology, College of Herbal Bio-industry, Daegu Haany University, Kyungsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, ChoonCheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung C Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemoon-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemoon-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Kinetics and Molecular Docking Studies of 6-Formyl Umbelliferone Isolated from Angelica decursiva as an Inhibitor of Cholinesterase and BACE1. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101604. [PMID: 28946641 PMCID: PMC6151429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coumarins, which have low toxicity, are present in some natural foods, and are used in various herbal remedies, have attracted interest in recent years because of their potential medicinal properties. In this study, we report the isolation of two natural coumarins, namely umbelliferone (1) and 6-formyl umbelliferone (2), from Angelica decursiva, and the synthesis of 8-formyl umbelliferone (3) from 1. We investigated the anti-Alzheimer disease (anti-AD) potential of these coumarins by assessing their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). Among these coumarins, 2 exhibited poor inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE, and modest activity against BACE1. Structure–activity relationship analysis showed that 2 has an aldehyde group at the C-6 position, and exhibited strong anti-AD activity, whereas the presence or absence of an aldehyde group at the C-8 position reduced the anti-AD activity of 3 and 1, respectively. In addition, 2 exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of peroxynitrite-mediated protein tyrosine nitration. A kinetic study revealed that 2 and 3 non-competitively inhibited BACE1. To confirm enzyme inhibition, we predicted the 3D structures of AChE and BACE1, and used AutoDock 4.2 to simulate binding of coumarins to these enzymes. The blind docking studies demonstrated that these molecules could interact with both the catalytic active sites and peripheral anionic sites of AChE and BACE1. Together, our results indicate that 2 has an interesting inhibitory activity in vitro, and can be used in further studies to develop therapeutic modalities for the treatment of AD.
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30
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Transcriptional Effects of ApoE4: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5243-5254. [PMID: 28879423 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The major genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the lipid binding and transporting carrier protein apolipoprotein E, epsilon 4 allele (ApoE4). One of the unsolved mysteries of AD is how the presence of ApoE4 elicits this age-associated, currently incurable neurodegenerative disease. Recently, we showed that ApoE4 acts as a transcription factor and binds to the promoters of genes involved in a range of processes linked to aging and AD disease pathogenesis. These findings point to novel therapeutic strategies for AD and aging, resulting in an extension of human healthspan, the disease-free and functional period of life. Here, we review the effects and implications of the putative transcriptional role of ApoE4 and propose a model of Alzheimer's disease that focuses on the transcriptional nature of ApoE4 and its downstream effects, with the aim that this knowledge will help to define the role ApoE4 plays as a risk factor for AD, aging, and other processes such as inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
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31
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Mukherjee A, Williams DW. More alive than dead: non-apoptotic roles for caspases in neuronal development, plasticity and disease. Cell Death Differ 2017. [PMID: 28644437 PMCID: PMC5520460 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems are arguably the most fascinating and complex structures in the known universe. How they are built, changed by experience and then degenerate are some of the biggest questions in biology. Regressive phenomena, such as neuron pruning and programmed cell death, have a key role in the building and maintenance of the nervous systems. Both of these cellular mechanisms deploy the caspase family of protease enzymes. In this review, we highlight the non-apoptotic function of caspases during nervous system development, plasticity and disease, particularly focussing on their role in structural remodelling. We have classified pruning as either macropruning, where complete branches are removed, or micropruning, where individual synapses or dendritic spines are eliminated. Finally we discuss open questions and possible future directions within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mukherjee
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Darren W Williams
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
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32
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Spilman PR, Corset V, Gorostiza O, Poksay KS, Galvan V, Zhang J, Rao R, Peters-Libeu C, Vincelette J, McGeehan A, Dvorak-Ewell M, Beyer J, Campagna J, Bankiewicz K, Mehlen P, John V, Bredesen DE. Netrin-1 Interrupts Amyloid-β Amplification, Increases sAβPPα in vitro and in vivo, and Improves Cognition in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:223-42. [PMID: 27060954 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that inoculation of susceptible mice with amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides accelerates Aβ deposition in the brain, supporting the idea that Aβ may be self-amplifying; however, the exact mechanism is not understood. Here we provide evidence that Aβ may self-amplify, in part, by inhibiting α-secretase ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) cleavage of full-length Aβ precursor protein (FL AβPP) and therefore allow greater β-secretase processing, and that Aβ itself is a substrate for ADAM10. Exposure of primary neuronal cultures from PDAβPP mice to exogenous rat Aβ1- 40 resulted in increased de novo human Aβ1-42 production and exposure of cells to Aβ decreased production of ADAM10 cleavage product soluble AβPPα (sAβPPα). In a cell-free assay, Aβ decreased ADAM10 cleavage of the chimeric substrate MBP-AβPPC125 and Aβ itself was apparently cleaved by the enzyme. The axonal guidance and trophic factor netrin-1, however, reduced the Aβ1- 40-induced Aβ1-42 increase, increased sAβPPα, and reversed the Aβ-induced sAβPPα decrease in vitro. In vivo, induction of netrin-1 expression in PDAβPPSwe/Ind transgenic mice resulted in reductions in both Aβ1-42 and Aβ1- 40, and ICV delivery of netrin-1 to PDAβPPSwe/Ind mice increased sAβPPα, decreased Aβ, and improved working memory. Finally, to support further study of netrin-1's potential as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease, pilot gene therapy studies were performed and a netrin mimetic peptide synthesized and tested that, like netrin, can increase sAβPPα and decrease Aβ1-42in vitro. Taken together, these data provide mechanistic insights into Aβ self-amplification and the ability of netrin-1 to disrupt it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Spilman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology & Easton Center for AD Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Veronique Corset
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, University of Lyon Cancer Center, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Junli Zhang
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Rammohan Rao
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Janine Beyer
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience Research, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jesus Campagna
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology & Easton Center for AD Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Krystof Bankiewicz
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience Research, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, University of Lyon Cancer Center, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Varghese John
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology & Easton Center for AD Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dale E Bredesen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology & Easton Center for AD Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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33
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Palop JJ, Mucke L. Network abnormalities and interneuron dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:777-792. [PMID: 27829687 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The function of neural circuits and networks can be controlled, in part, by modulating the synchrony of their components' activities. Network hypersynchrony and altered oscillatory rhythmic activity may contribute to cognitive abnormalities in Alzheimer disease (AD). In this condition, network activities that support cognition are altered decades before clinical disease onset, and these alterations predict future pathology and brain atrophy. Although the precise causes and pathophysiological consequences of these network alterations remain to be defined, interneuron dysfunction and network abnormalities have emerged as potential mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in AD and related disorders. Here, we explore the concept that modulating these mechanisms may help to improve brain function in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Palop
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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34
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Batistela MS, Josviak ND, Sulzbach CD, de Souza RLR. An overview of circulating cell-free microRNAs as putative biomarkers in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:547-558. [PMID: 27381850 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1209754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circulating cell-free microRNAs (miRNAs) are stable in many biological fluids and their expression profiles can suffer changes under different physiological and pathological conditions. In the last few years, miRNAs have been proposed as putative noninvasive biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment for several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Cognitive and/or motor impairments are usually considered for establishing clinical diagnosis, and at this stage, the majority of the neurons may already be lost making difficult attempts of novel therapies. In this review, we intend to survey the circulating cell-free miRNAs found as dysregulated in cerebrospinal fluid, serum and plasma samples in AD and PD patients, and show how those miRNAs can be useful for early and differential diagnosis. Beyond that, we highlighted the miRNAs that are possibly related to common molecular mechanisms in the neurodegeneration process, as well those miRNAs related to specific disease pathways.
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35
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Peters-Libeu C, Campagna J, Mitsumori M, Poksay KS, Spilman P, Sabogal A, Bredesen DE, John V. sAβPPα is a Potent Endogenous Inhibitor of BACE1. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:545-55. [PMID: 26401691 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by the enzyme BACE1 (BACE) is the initial step in production of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), and as such has been a major target of Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug discovery efforts. Overproduction of Aβ results in neuronal cell death and accumulation of amyloid plaques in AD and in traumatic brain injury, and is also associated with stroke due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Herein we report for the first time that sAβPPα, the product of the cleavage of AβPP by α-secretase, is a potent endogenous direct inhibitor of the BACE enzyme, and that its inhibition is likely by an allosteric mechanism. Furthermore, using small-angle X-ray scattering, we show that sAβPPβ, which is identical to sAβPPα except for a 16-amino acid truncation at the carboxy terminus, adopts a completely different structure than sAβPPα and does not inhibit BACE. Our data thus reveal a novel mechanistic role played by sAβPPα in regulating overproduction of Aβ and restoring neuronal homeostasis and neuroprotection. Identification of sAβPPα as a direct BACE inhibitor may lead to design of new therapeutics targeting pathologies associated with overproduction of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesus Campagna
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Patricia Spilman
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex Sabogal
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Dale E Bredesen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Varghese John
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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36
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Hasanbasic S, Jahic A, Karahmet E, Sejranic A, Prnjavorac B. THE ROLE OF CYSTEINE PROTEASE IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE. Mater Sociomed 2016; 28:235-8. [PMID: 27482169 PMCID: PMC4949049 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2016.28.235-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cysteine protease are biological catalysts which play a pivotal role in numerous biological reactions in organism. Much of the literature is inscribed to their biochemical significance, distribution and mechanism of action. Many diseases, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, develop due to enzyme balance disruption. Understanding of cysteine protease's disbalance is therefor a key to unravel the new possibilities of treatment. Cysteine protease are one of the most important enzymes for protein disruption during programmed cell death. Whether protein disruption is part of cell deaths is not enough clear in any cases. Thereafter, any tissue disruption, including proteolysis, generate more or less inflammation appearance. REVIEW This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge about pathological mechanism's that results in AD, with significant reference to the role of cysteine protease in it. Based on the summary, new pharmacological approach and development of novel potent drugs with selective toxicity targeting cysteine protease will be a major challenge in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Hasanbasic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alma Jahic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Emina Karahmet
- Berlin- Chemie Menarini, Representative Office in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Besim Prnjavorac
- General Hospital Tesanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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37
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Abstract
A major unanswered question in biology and medicine is the mechanism by which the product of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele, the lipid-binding protein apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), plays a pivotal role in processes as disparate as Alzheimer's disease (AD; in which it is the single most important genetic risk factor), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, Lewy body dementia, hominid evolution, and inflammation. Using a combination of neural cell lines, skin fibroblasts from AD patients, and ApoE targeted replacement mouse brains, we show in the present report that ApoE4 undergoes nuclear translocation, binds double-stranded DNA with high affinity (low nanomolar), and functions as a transcription factor. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput DNA sequencing, our results indicate that the ApoE4 DNA binding sites include ∼1700 gene promoter regions. The genes associated with these promoters provide new insight into the mechanism by which AD risk is conferred by ApoE4, because they include genes associated with trophic support, programmed cell death, microtubule disassembly, synaptic function, aging, and insulin resistance, all processes that have been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Significance statement: This study shows for the first time that apolipoprotein E4 binds DNA with high affinity and that its binding sites include 1700 promoter regions that include genes associated with neurotrophins, programmed cell death, synaptic function, sirtuins and aging, and insulin resistance, all processes that have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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38
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Kurakin A, Bredesen DE. Dynamic self-guiding analysis of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14092-122. [PMID: 26041885 PMCID: PMC4546454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied a self-guiding evolutionary algorithm to initiate the synthesis of the Alzheimer's disease-related data and literature. A protein interaction network associated with amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and a seed model that treats Alzheimer's disease as progressive dysregulation of APP-associated signaling were used as dynamic “guides” and structural “filters” in the recursive search, analysis, and assimilation of data to drive the evolution of the seed model in size, detail, and complexity. Analysis of data and literature across sub-disciplines and system-scale discovery platforms suggests a key role of dynamic cytoskeletal connectivity in the stability, plasticity, and performance of multicellular networks and architectures. Chronic impairment and/or dysregulation of cell adhesions/synapses, cytoskeletal networks, and/or reversible epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transitions, which enable and mediate the stable and coherent yet dynamic and reconfigurable multicellular architectures, may lead to the emergence and persistence of the disordered, wound-like pockets/microenvironments of chronically disconnected cells. Such wound-like microenvironments support and are supported by pro-inflammatory, pro-secretion, de-differentiated cellular phenotypes with altered metabolism and signaling. The co-evolution of wound-like microenvironments and their inhabitants may lead to the selection and stabilization of degenerated cellular phenotypes, via acquisition of epigenetic modifications and mutations, which eventually result in degenerative disorders such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kurakin
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dale E Bredesen
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
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39
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Jembrek MJ, Šimić G, Hof PR, Šegota S. Atomic force microscopy as an advanced tool in neuroscience. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:117-130. [PMID: 28123795 PMCID: PMC4936619 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights relevant issues about applications and improvements of atomic force microscopy (AFM) toward a better understanding of neurodegenerative changes at the molecular level with the hope of contributing to the development of effective therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative illnesses. The basic principles of AFM are briefly discussed in terms of evaluation of experimental data, including the newest PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (QNM) and the evaluation of Young’s modulus as the crucial elasticity parameter. AFM topography, revealed in imaging mode, can be used to monitor changes in live neurons over time, representing a valuable tool for high-resolution detection and monitoring of neuronal morphology. The mechanical properties of living cells can be quantified by force spectroscopy as well as by new AFM. A variety of applications are described, and their relevance for specific research areas discussed. In addition, imaging as well as non-imaging modes can provide specific information, not only about the structural and mechanical properties of neuronal membranes, but also on the cytoplasm, cell nucleus, and particularly cytoskeletal components. Moreover, new AFM is able to provide detailed insight into physical structure and biochemical interactions in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department for Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029 New York, USA
| | - Suzana Šegota
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 180, Zagreb, Croatia
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40
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Inestrosa NC, Ríos JA, Cisternas P, Tapia-Rojas C, Rivera DS, Braidy N, Zolezzi JM, Godoy JA, Carvajal FJ, Ardiles AO, Bozinovic F, Palacios AG, Sachdev PS. Age Progression of Neuropathological Markers in the Brain of the Chilean Rodent Octodon degus, a Natural Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:679-91. [PMID: 25351914 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of age-related dementia worldwide. Several models for AD have been developed to provide information regarding the initial changes that lead to degeneration. Transgenic mouse models recapitulate many, but not all, of the features of AD, most likely because of the high complexity of the pathology. In this context, the validation of a wild-type animal model of AD that mimics the neuropathological and behavioral abnormalities is necessary. In previous studies, we have reported that the Chilean rodent Octodon degus could represent a natural model for AD. In the present work, we further describe the age-related neurodegeneration observed in the O. degus brain. We report some histopathological markers associated with the onset progression of AD, such as glial activation, increase in oxidative stress markers, neuronal apoptosis and the expression of the peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). With these results, we suggest that the O. degus could represent a new model for AD research and a powerful tool in the search for therapeutic strategies against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro UC Síndrome de Down, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juvenal A Ríos
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela S Rivera
- Departamento de Ecología and Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juan M Zolezzi
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Juan A Godoy
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco J Carvajal
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro O Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Centro UC Síndrome de Down, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ecología and Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrián G Palacios
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neurosychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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41
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The multifaceted nature of amyloid precursor protein and its proteolytic fragments: friends and foes. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:1-19. [PMID: 25287911 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has occupied a central position in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, in large part due to the seminal role of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), a proteolytic fragment derived from APP. Although the contribution of Aβ to AD pathogenesis is accepted by many in the research community, recent studies have unveiled a more complicated picture of APP's involvement in neurodegeneration in that other APP-derived fragments have been shown to exert pathological influences on neuronal function. However, not all APP-derived peptides are neurotoxic, and some even harbor neuroprotective effects. In this review, we will explore this complex picture by first discussing the pleiotropic effects of the major APP-derived peptides cleaved by multiple proteases, including soluble APP peptides (sAPPα, sAPPβ), various C- and N-terminal fragments, p3, and APP intracellular domain fragments. In addition, we will highlight two interesting sequences within APP that likely contribute to this duality in APP function. First, it has been found that caspase-mediated cleavage of APP in the cytosolic region may release a cytotoxic peptide, C31, which plays a role in synapse loss and neuronal death. Second, recent studies have implicated the -YENPTY- motif in the cytoplasmic region as a domain that modulates several APP activities through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the first tyrosine residue. Thus, this review summarizes the current understanding of various APP proteolytic products and the interplay among them to gain deeper insights into the possible mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and AD pathophysiology.
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42
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Zhang Q, Descamps O, Hart MJ, Poksay KS, Spilman P, Kane DJ, Gorostiza O, John V, Bredesen DE. Paradoxical effect of TrkA inhibition in Alzheimer's disease models. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 40:605-617. [PMID: 24531152 DOI: 10.3233/jad-130017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An unbiased screen for compounds that block amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) caspase cleavage identified ADDN-1351, which reduced AβPP-C31 by 90%. Target identification studies showed that ADDN-1351 is a TrkA inhibitor, and, in complementary studies, TrkA overexpression increased AβPP-C31 and cell death. TrkA was shown to interact with AβPP and suppress AβPP-mediated transcriptional activation. Moreover, treatment of PDAPP transgenic mice with the known TrkA inhibitor GW441756 increased sAβPPα and the sAβPPα to Aβ ratio. These results suggest TrkA inhibition-rather than NGF activation-as a novel therapeutic approach, and raise the possibility that such an approach may counteract the hyperactive signaling resulting from the accumulation of active NGF-TrkA complexes due to reduced retrograde transport. The results also suggest that one component of an optimal therapy for Alzheimer's disease may be a TrkA inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Darci J Kane
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | - Varghese John
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Dale E Bredesen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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43
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Wang XJ, Cao Q, Zhang Y, Su XD. Activation and regulation of caspase-6 and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:553-72. [PMID: 25340928 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases, are major mediators of apoptosis and inflammation. Caspase-6 is classified as an apoptotic effector, and it mediates nuclear shrinkage during apoptosis, but it possesses unique activation and regulation mechanisms that differ from those of other effector caspases. Furthermore, increasing evidence has shown that caspase-6 is highly involved in axon degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Cleavage at the caspase-6 site in mutated huntingtin protein is a prerequisite for the development of the characteristic behavioral and neuropathological features of Huntington's disease. Active caspase-6 is present in early stages of Alzheimer's disease, and caspase-6 activity is associated with the disease's pathological lesions. In this review, we discuss the evidence relevant to the role of caspase-6 in neurodegenerative diseases and summarize its activation and regulation mechanisms. In doing so, we provide new insight about potential therapeutic approaches that incorporate the modulation of caspase-6 function for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research and
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44
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Bredesen DE. Reversal of cognitive decline: a novel therapeutic program. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 6:707-17. [PMID: 25324467 PMCID: PMC4221920 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a novel, comprehensive, and personalized therapeutic program that is based on the underlying pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and which involves multiple modalities designed to achieve metabolic enhancement for neurodegeneration (MEND). The first 10 patients who have utilized this program include patients with memory loss associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), or subjective cognitive impairment (SCI). Nine of the 10 displayed subjective or objective improvement in cognition beginning within 3-6 months, with the one failure being a patient with very late stage AD. Six of the patients had had to discontinue working or were struggling with their jobs at the time of presentation, and all were able to return to work or continue working with improved performance. Improvements have been sustained, and at this time the longest patient follow-up is two and one-half years from initial treatment, with sustained and marked improvement. These results suggest that a larger, more extensive trial of this therapeutic program is warranted. The results also suggest that, at least early in the course, cognitive decline may be driven in large part by metabolic processes. Furthermore, given the failure of monotherapeutics in AD to date, the results raise the possibility that such a therapeutic system may be useful as a platform on which drugs that would fail as monotherapeutics may succeed as key components of a therapeutic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E. Bredesen
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
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45
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Differential network analyses of Alzheimer's disease identify early events in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 2014:721453. [PMID: 25147748 PMCID: PMC4132486 DOI: 10.1155/2014/721453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple brain regions are not affected simultaneously. Comparing the gene expression of the affected regions to identify the differences in the biological processes perturbed can lead to greater insight into AD pathogenesis and early characteristics. We identified differentially expressed (DE) genes from single cell microarray data of four AD affected brain regions: entorhinal cortex (EC), hippocampus (HIP), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and middle temporal gyrus (MTG). We organized the DE genes in the four brain regions into region-specific gene coexpression networks. Differential neighborhood analyses in the coexpression networks were performed to identify genes with low topological overlap (TO) of their direct neighbors. The low TO genes were used to characterize the biological differences between two regions. Our analyses show that increased oxidative stress, along with alterations in lipid metabolism in neurons, may be some of the very early events occurring in AD pathology. Cellular defense mechanisms try to intervene but fail, finally resulting in AD pathology as the disease progresses. Furthermore, disease annotation of the low TO genes in two independent protein interaction networks has resulted in association between cancer, diabetes, renal diseases, and cardiovascular diseases.
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46
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Atkin G, Paulson H. Ubiquitin pathways in neurodegenerative disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:63. [PMID: 25071440 PMCID: PMC4085722 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of proper protein synthesis, function, and turnover is essential for the health of all cells. In neurons these demands take on the additional importance of supporting and regulating the highly dynamic connections between neurons that are necessary for cognitive function, learning, and memory. Regulating multiple unique synaptic protein environments within a single neuron while maintaining cell health requires the highly regulated processes of ubiquitination and degradation of ubiquitinated proteins through the proteasome. In this review, we examine the effects of dysregulated ubiquitination and protein clearance on the handling of disease-associated proteins and neuronal health in the most common neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Atkin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Henry Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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47
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Gao J, Adam BL, Terry AV. Evaluation of nicotine and cotinine analogs as potential neuroprotective agents for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1472-8. [PMID: 24581918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The currently available therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related forms of dementia are limited by modest efficacy, adverse side effects, and the fact that they do not prevent the relentless progression of the illness. The purpose of the studies described here was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the nicotine metabolite cotinine as well as a small series of cotinine and nicotine analogs (including stereoisomers) and to compare their effects to the four clinically prescribed AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CB-3545, Georgia Regents University, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA 30912-2450, United States
| | - Bao-Ling Adam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CB-3545, Georgia Regents University, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA 30912-2450, United States
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CB-3545, Georgia Regents University, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA 30912-2450, United States.
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48
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Spilman P, Descamps O, Gorostiza O, Peters-Libeu C, Poksay KS, Matalis A, Campagna J, Patent A, Rao R, John V, Bredesen DE. The multi-functional drug tropisetron binds APP and normalizes cognition in a murine Alzheimer's model. Brain Res 2013; 1551:25-44. [PMID: 24389031 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tropisetron was identified in a screen for candidates that increase the ratio of the trophic, neurite-extending peptide sAPPα to the anti-trophic, neurite-retractive peptide Aβ, thus reversing this imbalance in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We describe here a hierarchical screening approach to identify such drug candidates, moving from cell lines to primary mouse hippocampal neuronal cultures to in vivo studies. By screening a clinical compound library in the primary assay using CHO-7W cells stably transfected with human APPwt, we identified tropisetron as a candidate that consistently increased sAPPα. Secondary assay testing in neuronal cultures from J20 (PDAPP, huAPP(Swe/Ind)) mice showed that tropisetron consistently increased the sAPPα/Aβ 1-42 ratio. In in vivo studies in J20 mice, tropisetron improved the sAPPα/Aβ ratio along with spatial and working memory in mice, and was effective both during the symptomatic, pre-plaque phase (5-6 months) and in the late plaque phase (14 months). This ameliorative effect occurred at a dose of 0.5mg/kg/d (mkd), translating to a human-equivalent dose of 5mg/day, the current dose for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Although tropisetron is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and an α7nAChR partial agonist, we found that it also binds to the ectodomain of APP. Direct comparison of tropisetron to the current AD therapeutics memantine (Namenda) and donepezil (Aricept), using similar doses for each, revealed that tropisetron induced greater improvements in memory and the sAPPα/Aβ1-42 ratio. The improvements observed with tropisetron in the J20 AD mouse model, and its known safety profile, suggest that it may be suitable for transition to human trials as a candidate therapeutic for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, and therefore it has been approved for testing in clinical trials beginning in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Spilman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Olivier Descamps
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Olivia Gorostiza
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Clare Peters-Libeu
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Karen S Poksay
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Alexander Matalis
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Jesus Campagna
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Alexander Patent
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Rammohan Rao
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Varghese John
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA; Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Dale E Bredesen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Abstract
The canonical pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease links the expression of apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (ApoE) to amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and Aβ peptide accumulation by a set of mechanisms that is incompletely defined. The development of a simple system that focuses not on a single variable but on multiple factors and pathways would be valuable both for dissecting the underlying mechanisms and for identifying candidate therapeutics. Here we show that, although both ApoE3 and ApoE4 associate with APP with nanomolar affinities, only ApoE4 significantly (i) reduces the ratio of soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPα) to Aβ; (ii) reduces Sirtuin T1 (SirT1) expression, resulting in markedly differing ratios of neuroprotective SirT1 to neurotoxic SirT2; (iii) triggers Tau phosphorylation and APP phosphorylation; and (iv) induces programmed cell death. We describe a subset of drug candidates that interferes with the APP-ApoE interaction and returns the parameters noted above to normal. Our data support the hypothesis that neuronal connectivity, as reflected in the ratios of critical mediators such as sAPPα:Aβ, SirT1:SirT2, APP:phosphorylated (p)-APP, and Tau:p-Tau, is programmatically altered by ApoE4 and offer a simple system for the identification of program mediators and therapeutic candidates.
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50
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Sheinerman KS, Umansky SR. Circulating cell-free microRNA as biomarkers for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases and other neurologic pathologies. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:150. [PMID: 24058335 PMCID: PMC3767917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, vascular and frontotemporal dementias, as well as other chronic neurological pathologies, are characterized by slow development with a long asymptomatic period followed by a stage with mild clinical symptoms. As a consequence, these serious pathologies are diagnosed late in the course of a disease, when massive death of neurons has already occurred and effective therapeutic intervention is problematic. Thus, the development of screening tests capable of detecting neurodegenerative diseases during early, preferably asymptomatic, stages is a high unmet need. Since such tests are to be used for screening of large populations, they should be non-invasive and relatively inexpensive. Further, while subjects identified by screening tests can be further tested with more invasive and expensive methods, e.g., analysis of cerebrospinal fluid or imaging techniques, to be of practical utility screening tests should have high sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to developing screening tests based on analysis of circulating cell-free microRNA (miRNA). Applications of circulating miRNA-based tests for diagnosis of acute and chronic brain pathologies, for research of normal brain aging, and for disease and treatment monitoring are also discussed.
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