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Mosalam EM, Abdel-Bar HM, Elberri AI, Abdallah MS, Zidan AAA, Batakoushy HA, Abo Mansour HE. Enhanced neuroprotective effect of verapamil-loaded hyaluronic acid modified carbon quantum dots in an in-vitro model of amyloid-induced Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133742. [PMID: 38986998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms and the neuroprotective effect of hyaluronic acid modified verapamil-loaded carbon quantum dots (VRH-loaded HA-CQDs) against an in-vitro Alzheimer's disease model induced by amyloid beta (Aβ) in SH-SY5Y and Neuro 2a neuroblastoma cells. Briefly, different HA-CQDs were prepared using hydrothermal method and optimized by Box-Behnken design to maximize quantum yield and minimize particle size. Serum stable negatively charged VRH-loaded HA-CQDs was successfully prepared by admixing the optimized HA-CQDs and VRH with association efficiency and loading capacity of 81.25 ± 3.65 % and 5.11 ± 0.81 %, respectively. Cells were pretreated with VRH solution or loaded-HA-CQDs followed by exposure to Aβ. Compared to the control group, amyloidosis led to reduction in cellular proliferation, mitochondrial membrane potential, expression of cytochrome P450, cytochrome c oxidase, CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 3, and mitotic index, along with marked increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines. Pretreatment with VRH, either free or loaded HA-CQDs, enhanced cell survival, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitotic index, and gene expression. It also reduced inflammation and ROS. However, VRH-loaded HA-CQDs exhibited superior effectiveness in the measured parameters. These findings suggest that VRH-loaded HA-CQDs have enhanced therapeutic potential compared to free VRH in mitigating amyloidosis negative features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa M Mosalam
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin EL-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Hend Mohamed Abdel-Bar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City (USC), 32897 Sadat City, Egypt.
| | - Aya Ibrahim Elberri
- Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud S Abdallah
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City (USC), 32897 Sadat City, Egypt; Department of Pharm D, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan.
| | | | - Hany A Batakoushy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin EL-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Hend E Abo Mansour
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin EL-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
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Ritson M, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Stolp HB. Endothelial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Is endothelial inflammation an overlooked druggable target? J Neuroimmunol 2024; 391:578363. [PMID: 38728929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurological diseases with a neurodegenerative component have been associated with alterations in the cerebrovasculature. At the anatomical level, these are centred around changes in cerebral blood flow and vessel organisation. At the molecular level, there is extensive expression of cellular adhesion molecules and increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Together, these has been found to negatively impact blood-brain barrier integrity. Systemic inflammation has been found to accelerate and exacerbate endothelial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and degeneration. Here, we review the role of cerebrovasculature dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease and discuss the potential contribution of intermittent pro-inflammatory systemic disease in causing endothelial pathology, highlighting a possible mechanism that may allow broad-spectrum therapeutic targeting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ritson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | | | - Helen B Stolp
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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Ishiyama H, Kim H, Saito S, Takeda S, Takegami M, Yamamoto Y, Abe S, Nakazawa S, Tanaka T, Washida K, Morita Y, Oh ST, Jung HJ, Choi JC, Nakaoku Y, Nakahara J, Koga M, Toyoda K, Amemiya K, Ikeda Y, Hatakeyama K, Mizuta I, Mizuno T, Kim KK, Ihara M. Pro-Hemorrhagic Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy Associated with NOTCH3 p.R75P Mutation with Low Vascular NOTCH3 Aggregation Property. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:1040-1054. [PMID: 38520151 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and cerebral microbleeds (CMB) in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy are more common in East Asian populations than in people of white European ancestry. We hypothesized that the ethnic difference is explained by the East Asian-specific NOTCH3 p.R75P mutation. METHODS This retrospective observational study included 118 patients with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy in Japanese and Korean cohorts. We investigated whether the p.R75P mutation is associated with symptomatic ICH and multiple CMB (>5) using quasi-Poisson regression models. We predicted the NOTCH3 extracellular domain protein structures in silico and graded NOTCH3 extracellular domain immunostaining in skin vessels of some patients, with subsequent comparisons between p.R75P and other conventional mutations. RESULTS Among 63 Japanese patients (median age 55 years; 56% men), 15 had a p.R75P mutation, significantly associated with symptomatic ICH (adjusted relative risk 9.56, 95% CI 2.45-37.31), multiple CMB (3.00, 1.34-6.71), and absence of temporopolar lesions (4.91, 2.29-10.52) after adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, and antithrombotics. In the Korean cohort (n = 55; median age 55 years; 51% men), the p.R75P mutation (n = 13) was also associated with symptomatic ICH (8.11, 1.83-35.89), multiple CMB (1.90, 1.01-3.56), and absence of temporopolar lesions (2.32, 1.08-4.97). Structural analysis revealed solvent-exposed free cysteine thiols in conventional mutations, directly causing aggregation, whereas a stereochemically incompatible proline residue structure in p.R75P lowers correct disulfide bond formation probability, indirectly causing aggregation. Pathologically, the p.R75P mutation resulted in less vascular NOTCH3 extracellular domain accumulation than the other conventional mutations. INTERPRETATION NOTCH3 p.R75P mutation is associated with hemorrhagic presentations, milder temporopolar lesions, and distinct mutant protein structure properties. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:1040-1054.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ishiyama
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Soichi Takeda
- Department of Advanced Medical Technologies, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Misa Takegami
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Soichiro Abe
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Nakazawa
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Washida
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Morita
- Department of Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seung-Taek Oh
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Jung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jay Chol Choi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju City, South Korea
| | - Yuriko Nakaoku
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kisaki Amemiya
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kinta Hatakeyama
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuko Mizuta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kwang-Kuk Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
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Wu YC, Bogale TA, Koistinaho J, Pizzi M, Rolova T, Bellucci A. The contribution of β-amyloid, Tau and α-synuclein to blood-brain barrier damage in neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:39. [PMID: 38347288 PMCID: PMC10861401 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) accumulation of fibrillary deposits made of Amyloid β (Aβ), hyperphosphorylated Tau or α-synuclein (α-syn), present either alone or in the form of mixed pathology, characterizes the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) as well as the aging brain. Compelling evidence supports that acute neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, are also accompanied by increased deposition of toxic Aβ, Tau and α-syn species. While the contribution of these pathological proteins to neurodegeneration has been experimentally ascertained, the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving Aβ, Tau and α-syn-related brain damage remain to be fully clarified. In the last few years, studies have shown that Aβ, Tau and α-syn may contribute to neurodegeneration also by inducing and/or promoting blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. These pathological proteins can affect BBB integrity either directly by affecting key BBB components such as pericytes and endothelial cells (ECs) or indirectly, by promoting brain macrophages activation and dysfunction. Here, we summarize and critically discuss key findings showing how Aβ, Tau and α-syn can contribute to BBB damage in most common NDDs, TBI and stroke. We also highlight the need for a deeper characterization of the role of these pathological proteins in the activation and dysfunction of brain macrophages, pericytes and ECs to improve diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chieh Wu
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tizibt Ashine Bogale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Taisia Rolova
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy.
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Islam MS, Lai CC, Wang LH, Lin HH. Inhibition of NMDA Receptor Activation in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla by Amyloid-β Peptide in Rats. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1736. [PMID: 38136607 PMCID: PMC10741979 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors, are important in regulating sympathetic tone and cardiovascular function in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) is linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cerebro- and cardiovascular diseases might be the risk factors for developing AD. The present study examines the acute effects of soluble Aβ on the function of NMDA receptors in rats RVLM. We used the magnitude of increases in the blood pressure (pressor responses) induced by microinjection of NMDA into the RVLM as an index of NMDA receptor function in the RVLM. Soluble Aβ was applied by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection. Aβ1-40 at a lower dose (0.2 nmol) caused a slight reduction, and a higher dose (2 nmol) showed a significant decrease in NMDA-induced pressor responses 10 min after administration. ICV injection of Aβ1-42 (2 nmol) did not affect NMDA-induced pressor responses in the RVLM. Co-administration of Aβ1-40 with ifenprodil or memantine blocked the inhibitory effects of Aβ1-40. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed a significant increase in the immunoreactivity of phosphoserine 1480 of GluN2B subunits (pGluN2B-serine1480) in the neuron of the RVLM without significant changes in phosphoserine 896 of GluN1 subunits (pGluN1-serine896), GluN1 and GluN2B, 10 min following Aβ1-40 administration compared with saline. Interestingly, we found a much higher level of Aβ1-40 compared to that of Aβ1-42 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 10 min following ICV administration of the same dose (2 nmol) of the peptides. In conclusion, the results suggest that ICV Aβ1-40, but not Aβ1-42, produced an inhibitory effect on NMDA receptor function in the RVLM, which might result from changes in pGluN2B-serine1480 (regulated by casein kinase II). The different elimination of the peptides in the CSF might contribute to the differential effects of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 on NMDA receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sharyful Islam
- Master and Ph.D. Programs in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Chia Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacy, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Hsun-Hsun Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
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6
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Hood RJ, Sanchez-Bezanilla S, Beard DJ, Rust R, Turner RJ, Stuckey SM, Collins-Praino LE, Walker FR, Nilsson M, Ong LK. Leakage beyond the primary lesion: A temporal analysis of cerebrovascular dysregulation at sites of hippocampal secondary neurodegeneration following cortical photothrombotic stroke. J Neurochem 2023; 167:733-752. [PMID: 38010732 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a cortical stroke causes persistent impairment of hippocampal-dependent cognitive tasks concomitant with secondary neurodegenerative processes such as amyloid-β accumulation in the hippocampus, a region remote from the primary infarct. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence suggesting that deposition of amyloid-β around cerebral vessels may lead to cerebrovascular structural changes, neurovascular dysfunction, and disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity. However, there is limited knowledge about the temporal changes of hippocampal cerebrovasculature after cortical stroke. In the current study, we aimed to characterise the spatiotemporal cerebrovascular changes after cortical stroke. This was done using the photothrombotic stroke model targeting the motor and somatosensory cortices of mice. Cerebrovascular morphology as well as the co-localisation of amyloid-β with vasculature and blood-brain barrier integrity were assessed in the cortex and hippocampal regions at 7, 28 and 84 days post-stroke. Our findings showed transient cerebrovascular remodelling in the peri-infarct area up to 28 days post-stroke. Importantly, the cerebrovascular changes were extended beyond the peri-infarct region to the ipsilateral hippocampus and were sustained out to 84 days post-stroke. When investigating vessel diameter, we showed a decrease at 84 days in the peri-infarct and CA1 regions that were exacerbated in vessels with amyloid-β deposition. Lastly, we showed sustained vascular leakage in the peri-infarct and ipsilateral hippocampus, indicative of a compromised blood-brain-barrier. Our findings indicate that hippocampal vasculature may represent an important therapeutic target to mitigate the progression of post-stroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Hood
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonia Sanchez-Bezanilla
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel J Beard
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Renée J Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shannon M Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Zhang Y, Karamanova N, Morrow KT, Madine J, Truran S, Lozoya M, Weissig V, Li M, Nikkhah M, Park JG, Migrino RQ. Transcriptomic analyses reveal proinflammatory activation of human brain microvascular endothelial cells by aging-associated peptide medin and reversal by nanoliposomes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18802. [PMID: 37914766 PMCID: PMC10620412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Medin is a common vascular amyloidogenic peptide recently implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia and its pathology remains unknown. We aim to identify changes in transcriptomic profiles and pathways in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) exposed to medin, compare that to exposure to β-amyloid (Aβ) and evaluate protection by monosialoganglioside-containing nanoliposomes (NL). HBMVECs were exposed for 20 h to medin (5 µM) without or with Aβ(1-42) (2 µM) or NL (300 µg/mL), and RNA-seq with signaling pathway analyses were performed. Separately, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of select identified genes was done in HBMVECs treated with medin (5 µM) without or with NFκB inhibitor RO106-9920 (10 µM) or NL (300 µg/mL). Medin caused upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes that was not aggravated by Aβ42 co-treatment but reversed by NL. Pathway analysis on differentially expressed genes revealed multiple pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, such as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the nuclear factor-κB (NFkB) signaling pathways, were affected specifically by medin treatment. RO106-9920 and NL reduced medin-induced pro-inflammatory activation. Medin induced endothelial cell pro-inflammatory signaling in part via NFκB that was reversed by NL. This could have potential implications in the pathogenesis and treatment of vascular aging, AD and vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nina Karamanova
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 650 E. Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85022, USA
| | - Kaleb T Morrow
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 650 E. Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85022, USA
| | | | - Seth Truran
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 650 E. Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85022, USA
| | | | | | - Ming Li
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 650 E. Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85022, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Jin G Park
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Raymond Q Migrino
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 650 E. Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85022, USA.
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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8
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Fang X, Tang C, Zhang H, Border JJ, Liu Y, Shin SM, Yu H, Roman RJ, Fan F. Longitudinal characterization of cerebral hemodynamics in the TgF344-AD rat model of Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2023; 45:1471-1490. [PMID: 36933144 PMCID: PMC10400494 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global healthcare crisis. The TgF344-AD rat is an AD model exhibiting age-dependent AD pathological hallmarks. We confirmed that AD rats developed cognitive deficits at 6 months without alteration of any other major biophysical parameters. We longitudinally characterized cerebral hemodynamics in AD rats at 3, 4, 6, and 14 months. The myogenic responses of the cerebral arteries and arterioles were impaired at 4 months of age in the AD rats. Consistent with the ex vivo results, the AD rat exhibited poor autoregulation of surface and deep cortical cerebral blood flow 2 months preceding cognitive decline. The dysfunction of cerebral hemodynamics in AD is exacerbated with age associated with reduced cerebral perfusion. Further, abolished cell contractility contributes to cerebral hemodynamics imbalance in AD. This may be attributed to enhanced ROS production, reduced mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, and disrupted actin cytoskeleton in cerebral vascular contractile cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Chengyun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1462 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Jane J Border
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Seung Min Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1462 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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9
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Zhukov O, He C, Soylu-Kucharz R, Cai C, Lauritzen AD, Aldana BI, Björkqvist M, Lauritzen M, Kucharz K. Preserved blood-brain barrier and neurovascular coupling in female 5xFAD model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1089005. [PMID: 37261266 PMCID: PMC10228387 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1089005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysfunction of the cerebral vasculature is considered one of the key components of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms affecting individual brain vessels are poorly understood. Methods Here, using in vivo two-photon microscopy in superficial cortical layers and ex vivo imaging across brain regions, we characterized blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and neurovascular coupling (NVC) at the level of individual brain vessels in adult female 5xFAD mice, an aggressive amyloid-β (Aβ) model of AD. Results We report a lack of abnormal increase in adsorptive-mediated transcytosis of albumin and preserved paracellular barrier for fibrinogen and small molecules despite an extensive load of Aβ. Likewise, the NVC responses to somatosensory stimulation were preserved at all regulatory segments of the microvasculature: penetrating arterioles, precapillary sphincters, and capillaries. Lastly, the Aβ plaques did not affect the density of capillary pericytes. Conclusion Our findings provide direct evidence of preserved microvascular function in the 5xFAD mice and highlight the critical dependence of the experimental outcomes on the choice of preclinical models of AD. We propose that the presence of parenchymal Aβ does not warrant BBB and NVC dysfunction and that the generalized view that microvascular impairment is inherent to Aβ aggregation may need to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Zhukov
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chen He
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rana Soylu-Kucharz
- Biomarkers in Brain Disease, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Changsi Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Björkqvist
- Biomarkers in Brain Disease, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krzysztof Kucharz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Kim S, Fuselier J, Latoff A, Manges J, Jazwinski SM, Zsombok A. Upregulation of extracellular proteins in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6998. [PMID: 37117484 PMCID: PMC10147640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Various risk factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are known, such as advanced age, possession of certain genetic variants, accumulation of toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, and unhealthy lifestyle. An estimate of heritability of AD ranges from 0.13 to 0.25, indicating that its phenotypic variation is accounted for mostly by non-genetic factors. DNA methylation is regarded as an epigenetic mechanism that interfaces the genome with non-genetic factors. The Tg2576 mouse model has been insightful in AD research. These transgenic mice express a mutant form of human amyloid precursor protein linked to familial AD. At 9-13 months of age, these mice show elevated levels of Aβ peptides and cognitive impairment. The current literature lacks integrative multiomics of the animal model. We applied transcriptomics and DNA methylomics to the same brain samples from ~ 11-month-old transgenic mice. We found that genes involved in extracellular matrix structures and functions are transcriptionally upregulated, and genes involved in extracellular protein secretion and localization are differentially methylated in the transgenic mice. Integrative analysis found enrichment of GO terms related to memory and synaptic functionability. Our results indicate a possibility of transcriptional modulation by DNA methylation underlying AD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyu Kim
- Tulane Center for Aging and Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., MBC 8513, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Jessica Fuselier
- Tulane Center for Aging and Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Data Science Department, Catalytic Data Science, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Anna Latoff
- Tulane Center for Aging and Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Justin Manges
- Tulane Center for Aging and Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - S Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Center for Aging and Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Andrea Zsombok
- Tulane Center for Aging and Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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11
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Eisenmenger LB, Peret A, Famakin BM, Spahic A, Roberts GS, Bockholt JH, Johnson KM, Paulsen JS. Vascular contributions to Alzheimer's disease. Transl Res 2023; 254:41-53. [PMID: 36529160 PMCID: PMC10481451 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Understanding the pathophysiology underlying AD is paramount for the management of individuals at risk of and suffering from AD. The vascular hypothesis stipulates a relationship between cardiovascular disease and AD-related changes although the nature of this relationship remains unknown. In this review, we discuss several potential pathological pathways of vascular involvement in AD that have been described including dysregulation of neurovascular coupling, disruption of the blood brain barrier, and reduced clearance of metabolite waste such as beta-amyloid, a toxic peptide considered the hallmark of AD. We will also discuss the two-hit hypothesis which proposes a 2-step positive feedback loop in which microvascular insults precede the accumulation of Aß and are thought to be at the origin of the disease development. At neuroimaging, signs of vascular dysfunction such as chronic cerebral hypoperfusion have been demonstrated, appearing early in AD, even before cognitive decline and alteration of traditional biomarkers. Cerebral small vessel disease such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy, characterized by the aggregation of Aß in the vessel wall, is highly prevalent in vascular dementia and AD patients. Current data is unclear whether cardiovascular disease causes, precipitates, amplifies, precedes, or simply coincides with AD. Targeted imaging tools to quantitatively evaluate the intracranial vasculature and longitudinal studies in individuals at risk for or in the early stages of the AD continuum could be critical in disentangling this complex relationship between vascular disease and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Eisenmenger
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Anthony Peret
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bolanle M Famakin
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Alma Spahic
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Grant S Roberts
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jeremy H Bockholt
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jane S Paulsen
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
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12
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Saka E, Atay LO, Akdemir UO, Yetim E, Balci E, Arsava EM, Topcuoglu MA. Cerebral vasomotor reactivity across the continuum of subjective cognitive impairment, amnestic mild cognitive impairment and probable Alzheimer's dementia: A transcranial Doppler and PET/MRI study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:129-137. [PMID: 36314070 PMCID: PMC9875349 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221124656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction has been suggested as a physiomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated neuronal degeneration, but the underlying mechanisms are still debated. Herein cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR, breath-hold index: BHI), metabolic activity (lobar SUVs, FDG PET MRI), amyloid load (Centiloid score, Flutemetamol PET MRI), hemispheric cortical thickness, white matter lesion load and cerebral blood flow (ASL) were studied in 43 consecutive subjects (mean age: 64 years, female 13), diagnosed with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI, n = 10), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, n = 15), and probable Alzheimer's dementia (AD, n = 18). BHI was significantly reduced in AD and aMCI patients compared to SCI subjects. A highly significant inverse correlation was found between BHI and the centiloid score (r = -0.648, p < 0.001). There was moderate positive correlation between BHI and frontal, temporal and parietal FDG SUV and ASL values, and a borderline negative correlation with age and white matter lesion volume. The link between amyloid burden and VMR was independent and strong in linear regression models where all these parameters were included (β from -0.580 to -0.476, p < 0.001). In conclusion, our study confirms the negative association of cerebral amyloid accumulation and vasomotor reactivity in Alzheimer's disease with the most direct data to date in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Saka
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Hacettepe
University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lutfiye Ozlem Atay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gazi
University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umit Ozgur Akdemir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gazi
University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Yetim
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Hacettepe
University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdem Balci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gazi
University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ethem Murat Arsava
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Hacettepe
University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Fisher RA, Miners JS, Love S. Pathological changes within the cerebral vasculature in Alzheimer's disease: New perspectives. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13061. [PMID: 35289012 PMCID: PMC9616094 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease underpins vascular dementia (VaD), but structural and functional changes to the cerebral vasculature contribute to disease pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we discuss the contribution of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and non‐amyloid small vessel disease in AD, and the accompanying changes to the density, maintenance and remodelling of vessels (including alterations to the composition and function of the cerebrovascular basement membrane). We consider how abnormalities of the constituent cells of the neurovascular unit – particularly of endothelial cells and pericytes – and impairment of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) impact on the pathogenesis of AD. We also discuss how changes to the cerebral vasculature are likely to impair Aβ clearance – both intra‐periarteriolar drainage (IPAD) and transport of Aβ peptides across the BBB, and how impaired neurovascular coupling and reduced blood flow in relation to metabolic demand increase amyloidogenic processing of APP and the production of Aβ. We review the vasoactive properties of Aβ peptides themselves, and the probable bi‐directional relationship between vascular dysfunction and Aβ accumulation in AD. Lastly, we discuss recent methodological advances in transcriptomics and imaging that have provided novel insights into vascular changes in AD, and recent advances in assessment of the retina that allow in vivo detection of vascular changes in the early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Fisher
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - J Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
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14
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Ouellette J, Lacoste B. From Neurodevelopmental to Neurodegenerative Disorders: The Vascular Continuum. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:749026. [PMID: 34744690 PMCID: PMC8570842 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.749026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional integrity of the cerebral vasculature ensures proper brain development and function, as well as healthy aging. The inability of the brain to store energy makes it exceptionally dependent on an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients from the blood stream for matching colossal demands of neural and glial cells. Key vascular features including a dense vasculature, a tightly controlled environment, and the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) all take part in brain health throughout life. As such, healthy brain development and aging are both ensured by the anatomical and functional interaction between the vascular and nervous systems that are established during brain development and maintained throughout the lifespan. During critical periods of brain development, vascular networks remodel until they can actively respond to increases in neural activity through neurovascular coupling, which makes the brain particularly vulnerable to neurovascular alterations. The brain vasculature has been strongly associated with the onset and/or progression of conditions associated with aging, and more recently with neurodevelopmental disorders. Our understanding of cerebrovascular contributions to neurological disorders is rapidly evolving, and increasing evidence shows that deficits in angiogenesis, CBF and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are causally linked to cognitive impairment. Moreover, it is of utmost curiosity that although neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders express different clinical features at different stages of life, they share similar vascular abnormalities. In this review, we present an overview of vascular dysfunctions associated with neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, Down Syndrome) and neurodegenerative (multiple sclerosis, Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases) disorders, with a focus on impairments in angiogenesis, CBF and the BBB. Finally, we discuss the impact of early vascular impairments on the expression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ouellette
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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15
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Cerebrovascular alterations in NAFLD: Is it increasing our risk of Alzheimer's disease? Anal Biochem 2021; 636:114387. [PMID: 34537182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multisystem disease, which has been classified as an emerging epidemic not only confined to liver-related morbidity and mortality. It is also becoming apparent that NAFLD is associated with moderate cerebral dysfunction and cognitive decline. A possible link between NAFLD and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has only recently been proposed due to the multiple shared genes and pathological mechanisms contributing to the development of these conditions. Although AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, the exact pathophysiological mechanism remains ambiguous and similarly to NAFLD, currently available pharmacological therapies have mostly failed in clinical trials. In addition to the usual suspects (inflammation, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier alterations and ageing) that could contribute to the NAFLD-induced development and progression of AD, changes in the vasculature, cerebral perfusion and waste clearance could be the missing link between these two diseases. Here, we review the most recent literature linking NAFLD and AD, focusing on cerebrovascular alterations and the brain's clearance system as risk factors involved in the development and progression of AD, with the aim of promoting further research using neuroimaging techniques and new mechanism-based therapeutic interventions.
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16
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Sun Y, Xu S, Jiang M, Liu X, Yang L, Bai Z, Yang Q. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:707466. [PMID: 34512308 PMCID: PMC8430252 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.707466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with complex pathological characteristics, whose etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Over the past few decades, the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has gained importance in neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we describe the role of the ECM in AD, focusing on the aspects of synaptic transmission, amyloid-β-plaque generation and degradation, Tau-protein production, oxidative-stress response, and inflammatory response. The function of ECM in the pathological process of AD will inform future research on the etiology and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Sen Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Liang Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Zhantao Bai
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Qinghu Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
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17
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Li S, Wang C, Wang Z, Tan J. Involvement of cerebrovascular abnormalities in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease: an adrenergic approach. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:21791-21806. [PMID: 34479211 PMCID: PMC8457611 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the most common neurodegenerative disease in elder population, is pathologically characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles composed of highly-phosphorylated tau protein and consequently progressive neurodegeneration. However, both Aβ and tau fails to cover the whole pathological process of AD, and most of the Aβ- or tau-based therapeutic strategies are all failed. Increasing lines of evidence from both clinical and preclinical studies have indicated that age-related cerebrovascular dysfunctions, including the changes in cerebrovascular microstructure, blood-brain barrier integrity, cerebrovascular reactivity and cerebral blood flow, accompany or even precede the development of AD-like pathologies. These findings may raise the possibility that cerebrovascular changes are likely pathogenic contributors to the onset and progression of AD. In this review, we provide an appraisal of the cerebrovascular alterations in AD and the relationship to cognitive impairment and AD pathologies. Moreover, the adrenergic mechanisms leading to cerebrovascular and AD pathologies were further discussed. The contributions of early cerebrovascular factors, especially through adrenergic mechanisms, should be considered and treasured in the diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic approaches to address AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Che Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
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18
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Bracko O, Cruz Hernández JC, Park L, Nishimura N, Schaffer CB. Causes and consequences of baseline cerebral blood flow reductions in Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1501-1516. [PMID: 33444096 PMCID: PMC8221770 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20982383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reductions of baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) of ∼10-20% are a common symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that appear early in disease progression and correlate with the severity of cognitive impairment. These CBF deficits are replicated in mouse models of AD and recent work shows that increasing baseline CBF can rapidly improve the performance of AD mice on short term memory tasks. Despite the potential role these data suggest for CBF reductions in causing cognitive symptoms and contributing to brain pathology in AD, there remains a poor understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms causing them. This review compiles data on CBF reductions and on the correlation of AD-related CBF deficits with disease comorbidities (e.g. cardiovascular and genetic risk factors) and outcomes (e.g. cognitive performance and brain pathology) from studies in both patients and mouse models, and discusses several potential mechanisms proposed to contribute to CBF reductions, based primarily on work in AD mouse models. Future research aimed at improving our understanding of the importance of and interplay between different mechanisms for CBF reduction, as well as at determining the role these mechanisms play in AD patients could guide the development of future therapies that target CBF reductions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bracko
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jean C Cruz Hernández
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chris B Schaffer
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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19
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Bian Z, Yamashita T, Shi X, Feng T, Yu H, Hu X, Hu X, Bian Y, Sun H, Tadokoro K, Takemoto M, Omote Y, Morihara R, Abe K. Accelerated accumulation of fibrinogen peptide chains with Aβ deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice and human AD brains. Brain Res 2021; 1767:147569. [PMID: 34197775 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of intracellular and extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) as well as disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB). Fibrinogen plays an essential role in regulating thrombosis, wound healing, and other biological functions. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between three polypeptide chains α, β, and γ (FGA, FGB, and FGG) and Aβ deposition in the APP23 plus chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) mice model as well as the human AD brain. FGA, FGB, and FGG accumulated when Aβ was deposited in neural cells and cerebral vessels. This deposition was significantly higher in AD plus CCH mice models relative to wild-type brains, and in human AD brains compared to control brains. The present study demonstrates that FGA, FGB, and FGG are associated with AD progress, and can thus be potential targets for the diagnosis and therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Bian
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Haibo Yu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Xinran Hu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuting Bian
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hongming Sun
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koh Tadokoro
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mami Takemoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshio Omote
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ryuta Morihara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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20
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Wang NY, Li JN, Liu WL, Huang Q, Li WX, Tan YH, Liu F, Song ZH, Wang MY, Xie N, Mao RR, Gan P, Ding YQ, Zhang Z, Shan BC, Chen LD, Zhou QX, Xu L. Ferulic Acid Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathology and Repairs Cognitive Decline by Preventing Capillary Hypofunction in APP/PS1 Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1064-1080. [PMID: 33786807 PMCID: PMC8423929 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain capillaries are crucial for cognitive functions by supplying oxygen and other nutrients to and removing metabolic wastes from the brain. Recent studies have demonstrated that constriction of brain capillaries is triggered by beta-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers via endothelin-1 (ET1)-mediated action on the ET1 receptor A (ETRA), potentially exacerbating Aβ plaque deposition, the primary pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, direct evidence is still lacking whether changes in brain capillaries are causally involved in the pathophysiology of AD. Using APP/PS1 mouse model of AD (AD mice) relative to age-matched negative littermates, we identified that reductions of density and diameter of hippocampal capillaries occurred from 4 to 7 months old while Aβ plaque deposition and spatial memory deficit developed at 7 months old. Notably, the injection of ET1 into the hippocampus induced early Aβ plaque deposition at 5 months old in AD mice. Conversely, treatment of ferulic acid against the ETRA to counteract the ET1-mediated vasoconstriction for 30 days prevented reductions of density and diameter of hippocampal capillaries as well as ameliorated Aβ plaque deposition and spatial memory deficit at 7 months old in AD mice. Thus, these data suggest that reductions of density and diameter of hippocampal capillaries are crucial for initiating Aβ plaque deposition and spatial memory deficit at the early stages, implicating the development of new therapies for halting or curing memory decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Jin-Nan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Wei-Lin Liu
- The Academy of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Xing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Ya-Hong Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Fang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Zi-Hua Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences At the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Meng-Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Natural Drugs and Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections, Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Corporations, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Ning Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Natural Drugs and Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections, Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Corporations, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Rong-Rong Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ping Gan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Centre for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences At the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Bao-Ci Shan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Li-Dian Chen
- The Academy of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Qi-Xin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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21
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Howarth C, Mishra A, Hall CN. More than just summed neuronal activity: how multiple cell types shape the BOLD response. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190630. [PMID: 33190598 PMCID: PMC7116385 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging techniques are widely applied to investigations of human cognition and disease. The most commonly used among these is blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging. The BOLD signal occurs because neural activity induces an increase in local blood supply to support the increased metabolism that occurs during activity. This supply usually outmatches demand, resulting in an increase in oxygenated blood in an active brain region, and a corresponding decrease in deoxygenated blood, which generates the BOLD signal. Hence, the BOLD response is shaped by an integration of local oxygen use, through metabolism, and supply, in the blood. To understand what information is carried in BOLD signals, we must understand how several cell types in the brain-local excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, astrocytes and vascular cells (pericytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells), and their modulation by ascending projection neurons-contribute to both metabolism and haemodynamic changes. Here, we review the contributions of each cell type to the regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, and discuss situations where a simplified interpretation of the BOLD response as reporting local excitatory activity may misrepresent important biological phenomena, for example with regards to arousal states, ageing and neurological disease. This article is part of the theme issue 'Key relationships between non-invasive functional neuroimaging and the underlying neuronal activity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Howarth
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 2LT, UK
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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22
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Crumpler R, Roman RJ, Fan F. Capillary Stalling: A Mechanism of Decreased Cerebral Blood Flow in AD/ADRD. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 2:149-153. [PMID: 35028643 PMCID: PMC8754422 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.2.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementias (ADRD) are debilitating conditions that are highly associated with aging populations, especially those with comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. In addition to the classical pathological findings of AD, such as beta-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation, vascular dysfunction is also associated with the progression of the disease. Vascular dysfunction in AD is associated with decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF). Impaired CBF is an early and persistent symptom of AD/ADRD and is thought to be associated with deficient autoregulation and neurovascular coupling. Another recently elucidated mechanism that contributes to cerebral hypoperfusion is capillary stalling, or the temporary arrest of capillary blood flow usually precipitated by a stalled leukocyte or constriction of actin-containing capillary pericytes. Stalled capillaries are associated with decreased CBF and impaired cognitive performance. AD/ADRD are associated with chronic, low-level inflammation, which contributes to capillary stalling by increased cell adhesion molecules, circulating leukocytes, and reactive oxygen species production. Recent research has shed light on potential targets to decrease capillary stalling in AD mice. Separate inhibition of Ly6G and VEGF-A has been shown to decrease capillary stalling and increase CBF in AD mice. These results suggest that targeting stalled capillaries could influence the outcome of AD and potentially be a target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Crumpler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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23
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De la Rosa A, Olaso-Gonzalez G, Arc-Chagnaud C, Millan F, Salvador-Pascual A, García-Lucerga C, Blasco-Lafarga C, Garcia-Dominguez E, Carretero A, Correas AG, Viña J, Gomez-Cabrera MC. Physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:394-404. [PMID: 32780691 PMCID: PMC7498620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is one of the greatest global challenges for health and social care in the 21st century. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is by no means an inevitable consequence of growing old. Several lifestyle factors may increase, or reduce, an individual's risk of developing AD. Much has been written over the ages about the benefits of exercise and physical activity. Among the risk factors associated with AD is a low level of physical activity. The relationship between physical and mental health was established several years ago. In this review, we discuss the role of exercise (aerobic and resistance) training as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of AD. Older adults who exercise are more likely to maintain cognition. We address the main protective mechanism on brain function modulated by physical exercise by examining both human and animal studies. We will pay especial attention to the potential role of exercise in the modulation of amyloid β turnover, inflammation, synthesis and release of neurotrophins, and improvements in cerebral blood flow. Promoting changes in lifestyle in presymptomatic and predementia disease stages may have the potential for delaying one-third of dementias worldwide. Multimodal interventions that include the adoption of an active lifestyle should be recommended for older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian De la Rosa
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Gloria Olaso-Gonzalez
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Coralie Arc-Chagnaud
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain; INRA, UMR866 Muscle dynamics and metabolism, University of Montpellier, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Fernando Millan
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Andrea Salvador-Pascual
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | | | | | - Esther Garcia-Dominguez
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Aitor Carretero
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Angela G Correas
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Jose Viña
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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24
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Ahmed HA, Ishrat T. The Brain AT2R-a Potential Target for Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Cognitive Impairment: a Comprehensive Review of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3458-3484. [PMID: 32533467 PMCID: PMC8109287 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a potentially avertable tragedy, currently considered among the top 10 greatest global health challenges of the twenty-first century. Dementia not only robs individuals of their dignity and independence, it also has a ripple effect that starts with the inflicted individual's family and projects to the society as a whole. The constantly growing number of cases, along with the lack of effective treatments and socioeconomic impact, poses a serious threat to the sustainability of our health care system. Hence, there is a worldwide effort to identify new targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia. Due to its multifactorial etiology and the recent clinical failure of several novel amyloid-β (Aβ) targeting therapies, a comprehensive "multitarget" approach may be most appropriate for managing this condition. Interestingly, renin angiotensin system (RAS) modulators were shown to positively impact all the factors involved in the pathophysiology of dementia including vascular dysfunction, Aβ accumulation, and associated cholinergic deficiency, in addition to tau hyperphosphorylation and insulin derangements. Furthermore, for many of these drugs, the preclinical evidence is also supported by epidemiological data and/or preliminary clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the major causes of dementia including the risk factors, current diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and contemporary treatment strategies. Moreover, we highlight the angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2R) as an effective drug target and present ample evidence supporting its potential role and clinical applications in cognitive impairment to encourage further investigation in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Bldg, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Bldg, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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25
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Baker TL, Sun M, Semple BD, Tyebji S, Tonkin CJ, Mychasiuk R, Shultz SR. Catastrophic consequences: can the feline parasite Toxoplasma gondii prompt the purrfect neuroinflammatory storm following traumatic brain injury? J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:222. [PMID: 32711529 PMCID: PMC7382044 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, treatment development is hindered by the heterogenous nature of TBI presentation and pathophysiology. In particular, the degree of neuroinflammation after TBI varies between individuals and may be modified by other factors such as infection. Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite that infects approximately one-third of the world’s population, has a tropism for brain tissue and can persist as a life-long infection. Importantly, there is notable overlap in the pathophysiology between TBI and T. gondii infection, including neuroinflammation. This paper will review current understandings of the clinical problems, pathophysiological mechanisms, and functional outcomes of TBI and T. gondii, before considering the potential synergy between the two conditions. In particular, the discussion will focus on neuroinflammatory processes such as microglial activation, inflammatory cytokines, and peripheral immune cell recruitment that occur during T. gondii infection and after TBI. We will present the notion that these overlapping pathologies in TBI individuals with a chronic T. gondii infection have the strong potential to exacerbate neuroinflammation and related brain damage, leading to amplified functional deficits. The impact of chronic T. gondii infection on TBI should therefore be investigated in both preclinical and clinical studies as the possible interplay could influence treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shiraz Tyebji
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Tonkin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE To review the recent developments on the effect of chronic high mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation and supporting the notion that CBF autoregulation impairment has connection with chronic cerebral diseases. Method: A narrative review of all the relevant papers known to the authors was conducted. Results: Our understanding of the connection between cerebral perfusion impairment and chronic high MAP and cerebral disease is rapidly evolving, from cerebral perfusion impairment being the result of cerebral diseases to being the cause of cerebral diseases. We now better understand the intertwined impact of hypertension and Alzheimer's disease (AD) on cerebrovascular sensory elements and recognize cerebrovascular elements that are more vulnerable to these diseases. Conclusion: We conclude with the suggestion that the sensory elements pathology plays important roles in intertwined mechanisms of chronic high MAP and AD that impact cerebral perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Yazdani
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark S Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA.,Biomedical Research, James A. Haley VA Medical Center , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Saeid Taheri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA.,Byrd Neuroscience Institute, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
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27
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Hong J, Hong SG, Lee J, Park JY, Eriksen JL, Rooney BV, Park Y. Exercise training ameliorates cerebrovascular dysfunction in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease: role of the P2Y2 receptor and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1559-H1569. [PMID: 32383993 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00129.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction is a critical risk factor for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purinergic P2Y2 receptor and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are tightly associated with vascular dysfunction and the pathogenesis of AD. However, the protective effects of exercise training on P2Y2 receptor- and ER stress-associated cerebrovascular dysfunction in AD are mostly unknown. Control (C57BL/6, CON) and AD (APP/PS1dE9, AD) mice underwent treadmill exercise training (EX). 2-MeS-ATP-induced dose-dependent vasoreactivity was determined by using a pressurized posterior cerebral artery (PCA) from 10-12-mo-old mice. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) were exposed to laminar shear stress (LSS) at 20 dyn/cm2 for 30 min, 2 h, and 24 h. The expression of P2Y2 receptors, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and ER stress signaling were quantified by Western blot analysis. Notably, exercise converted ATP-induced vasoconstriction in the PCA from AD mice to vasodilation in AD+EX mice to a degree commensurate to the vascular reactivity observed in CON mice. Exercise reduced the expression of amyloid peptide precursor (APP) and increased the P2Y2 receptor and Akt/eNOS expression in AD mice brain. Mechanistically, LSS increased the expression of both P2Y2 receptor and eNOS protein in HBMECs, but these increases were blunted by a P2Y2 receptor antagonist in HBMECs. Exercise also reduced the expression of aberrant ER stress markers p-IRE1, p/t-eIF2α, and CHOP, as well as Bax/Bcl-2, in AD mice brain. Collectively, our results demonstrate for the first time that exercise mitigates cerebrovascular dysfunction in AD through modulating P2Y2 receptor- and ER stress-dependent endothelial dysfunction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A limited study has investigated whether exercise training can improve cerebrovascular function in Alzheimer's disease. The novel findings of the study are that exercise training improves cerebrovascular dysfunction through enhancing P2Y2 receptor-mediated eNOS signaling and reducing ER stress-associated pathways in AD. These data suggest that exercise training, which regulates P2Y2 receptor and ER stress in AD brain, is a potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyoung Hong
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Soon-Gook Hong
- Department of Kinesiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonghae Lee
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Joon-Young Park
- Department of Kinesiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason L Eriksen
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Bridgette V Rooney
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Geocontrol Systems, Incorporated, Johnson Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, Texas
| | - Yoonjung Park
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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28
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Klohs J. An Integrated View on Vascular Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 19:109-127. [PMID: 32062666 DOI: 10.1159/000505625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular disease is a common comorbidity in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is believed to contribute additively to the cognitive impairment and to lower the threshold for the development of dementia. However, accumulating evidence suggests that dysfunction of the cerebral vasculature and AD neuropathology interact in multiple ways. Vascular processes even proceed AD neuropathology, implicating a causal role in the etiology of AD. Thus, the review aims to provide an integrated view on vascular dysfunction in AD. SUMMARY In AD, the cerebral vasculature undergoes pronounced cellular, morphological and structural changes, which alters regulation of blood flow, vascular fluid dynamics and vessel integrity. Stiffening of central blood vessels lead to transmission of excessive pulsatile energy to the brain microvasculature, causing end-organ damage. Moreover, a dysregulated hemostasis and chronic vascular inflammation further impede vascular function, where its mediators interact synergistically. Changes of the cerebral vasculature are triggered and driven by systemic vascular abnormalities that are part of aging, and which can be accelerated and aggravated by cardiovascular diseases. Key Messages: In AD, the cerebral vasculature is the locus where multiple pathogenic processes converge and contribute to cognitive impairment. Understanding the molecular mechanism and pathophysiology of vascular dysfunction in AD and use of vascular blood-based and imaging biomarker in clinical studies may hold promise for future prevention and therapy of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, .,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,
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29
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Nortley R, Korte N, Izquierdo P, Hirunpattarasilp C, Mishra A, Jaunmuktane Z, Kyrargyri V, Pfeiffer T, Khennouf L, Madry C, Gong H, Richard-Loendt A, Huang W, Saito T, Saido TC, Brandner S, Sethi H, Attwell D. Amyloid β oligomers constrict human capillaries in Alzheimer's disease via signaling to pericytes. Science 2019; 365:science.aav9518. [PMID: 31221773 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav9518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow is reduced early in the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because most of the vascular resistance within the brain is in capillaries, this could reflect dysfunction of contractile pericytes on capillary walls. We used live and rapidly fixed biopsied human tissue to establish disease relevance, and rodent experiments to define mechanism. We found that in humans with cognitive decline, amyloid β (Aβ) constricts brain capillaries at pericyte locations. This was caused by Aβ generating reactive oxygen species, which evoked the release of endothelin-1 (ET) that activated pericyte ETA receptors. Capillary, but not arteriole, constriction also occurred in vivo in a mouse model of AD. Thus, inhibiting the capillary constriction caused by Aβ could potentially reduce energy lack and neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Nortley
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nils Korte
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pablo Izquierdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Chanawee Hirunpattarasilp
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Vasiliki Kyrargyri
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas Pfeiffer
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lila Khennouf
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christian Madry
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Angela Richard-Loendt
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Molecular Physiology, CIPMM, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Centre for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Centre for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Huma Sethi
- Division of Neurosurgery, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Faraci
- From the Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa.
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31
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Disturbances in the control of capillary flow in an aged APP swe/PS1ΔE9 model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 62:82-94. [PMID: 29131981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular changes are thought to contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease, and both cerebral blood flow and its responses during neural activation are reduced before Alzheimer's disease symptoms onset. One hypothetical explanation is that capillary dysfunction reduces oxygen extraction efficacy. This study compares the morphology and hemodynamics of the microvasculature in the somatosensory cortex of 18-month-old APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 (transgenic [Tg]) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. In particular, the extent to which their capillary transit times homogenize during functional activation was measured and compared. Capillary length density was similar in both groups but capillary blood flow during rest was lower in the Tg mice, indicating that cortical oxygen availability is reduced. The capillary hemodynamic response to functional activation was larger, and lasted longer in Tg mice than in WT mice. The homogenization of capillary transit times during functional activation, which we previously demonstrated in young mice, was absent in the Tg mice. This study demonstrates that both neurovascular coupling and capillary function are profoundly disturbed in aged Tg and WT mice.
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d'Uscio LV, He T, Katusic ZS. Expression and Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Vascular Endothelium. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:20-32. [PMID: 27927802 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00021.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is evolutionary conserved protein expressed in endothelial cells of cerebral and peripheral arteries. In this review, we discuss mechanisms responsible for expression and proteolytic cleavage of APP in endothelial cells. We focus on physiological and pathological implications of APP expression in vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livius V d'Uscio
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tongrong He
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Jayne T, Newman M, Verdile G, Sutherland G, Münch G, Musgrave I, Moussavi Nik SH, Lardelli M. Evidence For and Against a Pathogenic Role of Reduced γ-Secretase Activity in Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:781-99. [PMID: 27060961 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of mutations causing familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD) have been found in the gene PRESENILIN1 (PSEN1) with additional mutations in the related gene PRESENILIN2 (PSEN2). The best characterized function of PRESENILIN (PSEN) proteins is in γ-secretase enzyme activity. One substrate of γ-secretase is encoded by the gene AMYLOID BETA A4 PRECURSOR PROTEIN (AβPP/APP) that is a fAD mutation locus. AβPP is the source of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide enriched in the brains of people with fAD or the more common, late onset, sporadic form of AD, sAD. These observations have resulted in a focus on γ-secretase activity and Aβ as we attempt to understand the molecular basis of AD pathology. In this paper we briefly review some of the history of research on γ-secretase in AD. We then discuss the main ideas regarding the role of γ-secretase and the PSEN genes in this disease. We examine the significance of the "fAD mutation reading frame preservation rule" that applies to PSEN1 and PSEN2 (and AβPP) and look at alternative roles for AβPP and Aβ in fAD. We present a case for an alternative interpretation of published data on the role of γ-secretase activity and fAD-associated mutations in AD pathology. Evidence supports a "PSEN holoprotein multimer hypothesis" where PSEN fAD mutations generate mutant PSEN holoproteins that multimerize with wild type holoprotein and dominantly interfere with an AD-critical function(s) such as autophagy or secretion of Aβ. Holoprotein multimerization may be required for the endoproteolysis that activates PSENs' γ-secretase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Jayne
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute - Biosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Foundation, Hollywood Private Hospital, Hollywood Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Greg Sutherland
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Molecular Medicine Research Group & School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Musgrave
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Seyyed Hani Moussavi Nik
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide SA, Australia
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Joo IL, Lai AY, Bazzigaluppi P, Koletar MM, Dorr A, Brown ME, Thomason LAM, Sled JG, McLaurin J, Stefanovic B. Early neurovascular dysfunction in a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46427. [PMID: 28401931 PMCID: PMC5388880 DOI: 10.1038/srep46427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), pathologically characterized by amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and neurodegeneration, is thought to involve early-onset neurovascular abnormalities. Hitherto studies on AD-associated neurovascular injury have used animal models that exhibit only a subset of AD-like pathologies and demonstrated some Aβ-dependent vascular dysfunction and destabilization of neuronal network. The present work focuses on the early stage of disease progression and uses TgF344-AD rats that recapitulate a broader repertoire of AD-like pathologies to investigate the cerebrovascular and neuronal network functioning using in situ two-photon fluorescence microscopy and laminar array recordings of local field potentials, followed by pathological analyses of vascular wall morphology, tau hyperphosphorylation, and amyloid plaques. Concomitant to widespread amyloid deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, cerebrovascular reactivity was strongly attenuated in cortical penetrating arterioles and venules of TgF344-AD rats in comparison to those in non-transgenic littermates. Blood flow elevation to hypercapnia was abolished in TgF344-AD rats. Concomitantly, the phase-amplitude coupling of the neuronal network was impaired, evidenced by decreased modulation of theta band phase on gamma band amplitude. These results demonstrate significant neurovascular network dysfunction at an early stage of AD-like pathology. Our study identifies early markers of pathology progression and call for development of combinatorial treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illsung L. Joo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Aaron Y. Lai
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2R1, Canada
| | - Margaret M. Koletar
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Adrienne Dorr
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Mary E. Brown
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Lynsie A. M. Thomason
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - John G. Sled
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
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Chakraborty A, de Wit NM, van der Flier WM, de Vries HE. The blood brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 89:12-18. [PMID: 27894893 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting millions of people worldwide. One of the prominent causative factors of AD pathogenesis is cerebral vascular dysfunction, which results in diminished cerebral perfusion. Moreover, due to the loss of the protective function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), impaired clearance of excess neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) occurs, causing vascular perturbation and diminished cognitive functioning. The relationship between the prevalence of AD and vascular risk factors is complex and not fully understood. In this review we illustrate the vascular risk factors, their effects on BBB function and their contributions to the onset of AD. Additionally, we discuss the underlying factors that may lead to altered neurovascular function and/or cerebral hypoperfusion in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chakraborty
- Blood-brain barrier research group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - N M de Wit
- Blood-brain barrier research group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H E de Vries
- Blood-brain barrier research group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Calycosin and Formononetin Induce Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation by the Activation of Large-Conductance Ca 2+-Activated K + Channels (BK Ca). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5272531. [PMID: 27994632 PMCID: PMC5141325 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5272531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calycosin and formononetin are two structurally similar isoflavonoids that have been shown to induce vasodilation in aorta and conduit arteries, but study of their actions on endothelial functions is lacking. Here, we demonstrated that both isoflavonoids relaxed rat mesenteric resistance arteries in a concentration-dependent manner, which was reduced by endothelial disruption and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition, indicating the involvement of both endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. In addition, the endothelium-dependent vasodilation, but not the endothelium-independent vasodilation, was blocked by BKCa inhibitor iberiotoxin (IbTX). Using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as a model, we showed calycosin and formononetin induced dose-dependent outwardly rectifying K+ currents using whole cell patch clamp. These currents were blocked by tetraethylammonium chloride (TEACl), charybdotoxin (ChTX), or IbTX, but not apamin. We further demonstrated that both isoflavonoids significantly increased nitric oxide (NO) production and upregulated the activities and expressions of endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS). These results suggested that calycosin and formononetin act as endothelial BKCa activators for mediating endothelium-dependent vasodilation through enhancing endothelium hyperpolarization and NO production. Since activation of BKCa plays a role in improving behavioral and cognitive disorders, we suggested that these two isoflavonoids could provide beneficial effects to cognitive disorders through vascular regulation.
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Merlini M, Shi Y, Keller S, Savarese G, Akhmedov A, Derungs R, Spescha RD, Kulic L, Nitsch RM, Lüscher TF, Camici GG. Reduced nitric oxide bioavailability mediates cerebroarterial dysfunction independent of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H232-H238. [PMID: 27836896 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00607.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), cerebral arteries, in contrast to cerebral microvessels, show both cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) -dependent and -independent vessel wall pathology. However, it remains unclear whether CAA-independent vessel wall pathology affects arterial function, thereby chronically reducing cerebral perfusion, and, if so, which mechanisms mediate this effect. To this end, we assessed the ex vivo vascular function of the basilar artery and a similar-sized peripheral artery (femoral artery) in the Swedish-Arctic (SweArc) transgenic AD mouse model at different disease stages. Furthermore, we used quantitative immunohistochemistry to analyze CAA, endothelial morphology, and molecular pathways pertinent to vascular relaxation. We found that endothelium-dependent, but not smooth muscle-dependent, vasorelaxation was significantly impaired in basilar and femoral arteries of 15-mo-old SweArc mice compared with that of age-matched wild-type and 6-mo-old SweArc mice. This impairment was accompanied by significantly reduced levels of cyclic GMP, indicating a reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. However, no age- and genotype-related differences in oxidative stress as measured by lipid peroxidation were observed. Although parenchymal capillaries, arterioles, and arteries showed abundant CAA in the 15-mo-old SweArc mice, no CAA or changes in endothelial morphology were detected histologically in the basilar and femoral artery. Thus our results suggest that, in this AD mouse model, dysfunction of large intracranial, extracerebral arteries important for brain perfusion is mediated by reduced NO bioavailability rather than by CAA. This finding supports the growing body of evidence highlighting the therapeutic importance of targeting the cerebrovasculature in AD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that vasorelaxation of the basilar artery, a large intracranial, extracerebral artery important for cerebral perfusion, is impaired independent of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Interestingly, this dysfunction is specifically endothelium related and is mediated by impaired nitric oxide-cyclic GMP bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Merlini
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren, University of Zurich, and Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Yi Shi
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stephan Keller
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren, University of Zurich, and Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Gianluigi Savarese
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren, University of Zurich, and Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Derungs
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Remo D Spescha
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren, University of Zurich, and Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Luka Kulic
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Roger M Nitsch
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren, University of Zurich, and Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Schlieren, University of Zurich, and Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland; .,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
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Yousefirad N, Kaygisiz Z, Aydin Y. The Effects of Beta Amyloid Peptide 1-42 on Isolated Rat Hearts and Ileum Smooth Muscle. Pharmacology 2016; 98:261-266. [DOI: 10.1159/000448590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Smoliński Ł, Członkowska A. Cerebral vasomotor reactivity in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2016; 50:455-462. [PMID: 27553189 DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Small-caliber cerebral vessels change their diameters in response to alterations of key metabolite concentrations such as carbon dioxide or oxygen. This phenomenon, termed the cerebral vasomotor reactivity (CVMR), is the basis for blood flow regulation in the brain in accordance with its metabolic status. Typically, CVMR is determined as the amount of change in cerebral blood flow in response to a vasodilating stimulus, which can be measured by various neuroimaging methods or by transcranial Doppler. It has been shown that CVMR is impaired in cerebrovascular diseases, but there is also evidence of a similar dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review studies that have investigated CVMR in the common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. Moreover, we discuss potential neurodegenerative mechanisms responsible for the impairment of CVMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Smoliński
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Członkowska
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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40
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Microvascular Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:241-58. [PMID: 26988697 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impact of vascular risk factors on cognitive function has garnered much interest in recent years. The appropriate distribution of oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients by the cerebral vasculature is critical for proper cognitive performance. The cerebral microvasculature is a key site of vascular resistance and a preferential target for small vessel disease. While deleterious effects of vascular risk factors on microvascular function are known, the contribution of this dysfunction to cognitive deficits is less clear. In this review, we summarize current evidence for microvascular dysfunction in brain. We highlight effects of select vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, and hyperhomocysteinemia) on the pial and parenchymal circulation. Lastly, we discuss potential links between microvascular disease and cognitive function, highlighting current gaps in our understanding.
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Reynolds MR, Singh I, Azad TD, Holmes BB, Verghese PB, Dietrich HH, Diamond M, Bu G, Han BH, Zipfel GJ. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate Aβ-induced oxidative stress and hypercontractility in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:9. [PMID: 26801396 PMCID: PMC4722750 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial evidence suggests that amyloid-β (Aβ) species induce oxidative stress and cerebrovascular (CV) dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD), potentially contributing to the progressive dementia of this disease. The upstream molecular pathways governing this process, however, are poorly understood. In this report, we examine the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in Aβ-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction in vitro. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that pharmacological depletion of HSPG (by enzymatic degradation with active, but not heat-inactivated, heparinase) in primary human cerebral and transformed rat VSMC mitigates Aβ(1-40⁻) and Aβ(1-42⁻)induced oxidative stress. This inhibitory effect is specific for HSPG depletion and does not occur with pharmacological depletion of other glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family members. We also found that Aβ(1-40) (but not Aβ(1-42)) causes a hypercontractile phenotype in transformed rat cerebral VSMC that likely results from a HSPG-mediated augmentation in intracellular Ca(2+) activity, as both Aβ(1-40⁻)induced VSMC hypercontractility and increased Ca(2+) influx are inhibited by pharmacological HSPG depletion. Moreover, chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) with ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) does not prevent the production of Aβ(1-40⁻) or Aβ(1-42⁻)mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that Aβ-induced ROS and VSMC hypercontractility occur through different molecular pathways. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data indicate that HSPG are critical mediators of Aβ-induced oxidative stress and Aβ(1-40⁻)induced VSMC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Reynolds
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Itender Singh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Tej D Azad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Brandon B Holmes
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Phillip B Verghese
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hans H Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Marc Diamond
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Byung Hee Han
- Department of Pharmacology, AT Still University Health Sciences, Kirksville, Missouri, USA
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Campus Box 8057, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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The neuropathology and cerebrovascular mechanisms of dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:172-86. [PMID: 26174330 PMCID: PMC4758551 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia is increasing in our aging population at an alarming rate. Because of the heterogeneity of clinical presentation and complexity of disease neuropathology, dementia classifications remain controversial. Recently, the National Plan to address Alzheimer’s Disease prioritized Alzheimer’s disease-related dementias to include: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, and mixed dementias. While each of these dementing conditions has their unique pathologic signature, one common etiology shared among all these conditions is cerebrovascular dysfunction at some point during the disease process. The goal of this comprehensive review is to summarize the current findings in the field and address the important contributions of cerebrovascular, physiologic, and cellular alterations to cognitive impairment in these human dementias. Specifically, evidence will be presented in support of small-vessel disease as an underlying neuropathologic hallmark of various dementias, while controversial findings will also be highlighted. Finally, the molecular mechanisms shared among all dementia types including hypoxia, oxidative stress, mitochondrial bioenergetics, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and blood–brain barrier permeability responsible for disease etiology and progression will be discussed.
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Van Nostrand WE. The influence of the amyloid ß-protein and its precursor in modulating cerebral hemostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:1018-26. [PMID: 26519139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes are a significant cause of brain injury leading to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). These deleterious events largely result from disruption of cerebral hemostasis, a well-controlled and delicate balance between thrombotic and fibrinolytic pathways in cerebral blood vessels and surrounding brain tissue. Ischemia and hemorrhage are both commonly associated with cerebrovascular deposition of amyloid ß-protein (Aß). In this regard, Aß directly and indirectly modulates cerebral thrombosis and fibrinolysis. Further, major isoforms of the Aß precursor protein (AßPP) function as a potent inhibitor of pro-thrombotic proteinases. The purpose of this review article is to summarize recent research on how cerebral vascular Aß and AßPP influence cerebral hemostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia, edited by M. Paul Murphy, Roderick A. Corriveau and Donna M. Wilcock.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Van Nostrand
- Department of Neurosurgery, HSC-T12/086, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8122, USA; Department of Medicine, HSC-T12/086, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8122, USA.
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44
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45
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Contribution of reactive oxygen species to cerebral amyloid angiopathy, vasomotor dysfunction, and microhemorrhage in aged Tg2576 mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E881-90. [PMID: 25675483 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414930112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) within walls of cerebral arteries and is an important cause of intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with and without Alzheimer's Disease (AD). NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress plays a key role in soluble Aβ-induced vessel dysfunction, but the mechanisms by which insoluble Aβ in the form of CAA causes cerebrovascular (CV) dysfunction are not clear. Here, we demonstrate evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in particular, NADPH oxidase-derived ROS are a key mediator of CAA-induced CV deficits. First, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, and the nonspecific ROS scavenger, tempol, are shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve CV reactivity in aged Tg2576 mice. Second, the observed improvement in CV function is attributed both to a reduction in CAA formation and a decrease in CAA-induced vasomotor impairment. Third, anti-ROS therapy attenuates CAA-related microhemorrhage. A potential mechanism by which ROS contribute to CAA pathogenesis is also identified because apocynin substantially reduces expression levels of ApoE-a factor known to promote CAA formation. In total, these data indicate that ROS are a key contributor to CAA formation, CAA-induced vessel dysfunction, and CAA-related microhemorrhage. Thus, ROS and, in particular, NADPH oxidase-derived ROS are a promising therapeutic target for patients with CAA and AD.
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Erb L, Cao C, Ajit D, Weisman GA. P2Y receptors in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Cell 2014; 107:1-21. [PMID: 25179475 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201400043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting more than 10% of people over the age of 65. Age is the greatest risk factor for AD, although a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors also contribute to disease development. Common features of AD are the formation of plaques composed of beta-amyloid peptides (Aβ) and neuronal death in brain regions involved in learning and memory. Although Aβ is neurotoxic, the primary mechanisms by which Aβ affects AD development remain uncertain and controversial. Mouse models overexpressing amyloid precursor protein and Aβ have revealed that Aβ has potent effects on neuroinflammation and cerebral blood flow that contribute to AD progression. Therefore, it is important to consider how endogenous signalling in the brain responds to Aβ and contributes to AD pathology. In recent years, Aβ has been shown to affect ATP release from brain and blood cells and alter the expression of G protein-coupled P2Y receptors that respond to ATP and other nucleotides. Accumulating evidence reveals a prominent role for P2Y receptors in AD pathology, including Aβ production and elimination, neuroinflammation, neuronal function and cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Erb
- Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, U.S.A
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Milner E, Zhou ML, Johnson AW, Vellimana AK, Greenberg JK, Holtzman DM, Han BH, Zipfel GJ. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy increases susceptibility to infarction after focal cerebral ischemia in Tg2576 mice. Stroke 2014; 45:3064-9. [PMID: 25190447 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We and others have shown that soluble amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) cause significant cerebrovascular dysfunction in mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) mice, and that these deficits are greater in aged APP mice having CAA compared with young APP mice lacking CAA. Amyloid β-peptide in young APP mice also increases infarction after focal cerebral ischemia, but the impact of CAA on ischemic brain injury is unknown. METHODS To determine this, we assessed cerebrovascular reactivity, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and extent of infarction and neurological deficits after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in aged APP mice having extensive CAA versus young APP mice lacking CAA (and aged-matched littermate controls). RESULTS We found that aged APP mice have more severe cerebrovascular dysfunction that is CAA dependent, have greater CBF compromise during and immediately after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and develop larger infarctions after middle cerebral artery occlusion. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate CAA induces a more severe form of cerebrovascular dysfunction than amyloid β-peptide alone, leading to intra- and postischemic CBF deficits that ultimately exacerbate cerebral infarction. Our results shed mechanistic light on human studies identifying CAA as an independent risk factor for ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Milner
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Andrew W Johnson
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ananth K Vellimana
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jacob K Greenberg
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - David M Holtzman
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Byung Hee Han
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
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Adipose and leptomeningeal arteriole endothelial dysfunction induced by β-amyloid peptide: a practical human model to study Alzheimer's disease vasculopathy. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 235:123-9. [PMID: 25004204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence point to vascular dysfunction and hypoperfusion as early abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease (AD); probing their mechanistic bases can lead to new therapeutic approaches. We tested the hypotheses that β-amyloid peptide induces endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in human microvasculature and that response will be similar between peripheral adipose and brain leptomeningeal arterioles. NEW METHOD Abdominal subcutaneous arterioles from living human subjects (n=17) and cadaver leptomeningeal arterioles (n=6) from rapid autopsy were exposed to Aβ1-42 (Aβ) for 1-h and dilation response to acetylcholine/papaverine were measured and compared to baseline response. Adipose arteriole reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and nitrotyrosine content were measured. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Methods described allow direct investigation of human microvessel functional response that cannot be replicated by human noninvasive imaging or post-mortem histology. RESULTS Adipose arterioles exposed to 2 μM Aβ showed impaired dilation to acetylcholine that was reversed by antioxidant polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) (Aβ-60.9 ± 6%, control-93.2 ± 1.8%, Aβ+PEGSOD-84.7 ± 3.9%, both p<0.05 vs. Aβ). Aβ caused reduced dilation to papaverine. Aβ increased adipose arteriole ROS production and increased arteriole nitrotyrosine content. Leptomeningeal arterioles showed similar impaired response to acetylcholine when exposed to Aβ (43.0 ± 6.2% versus 81.1 ± 5.7% control, p<0.05). CONCLUSION Aβ exposure induced adipose arteriole endothelial and non-endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress that were reversed by antioxidant treatment. Aβ-induced endothelial dysfunction was similar between peripheral adipose and leptomeningeal arterioles. Ex vivo living adipose and cadaver leptomeningeal arterioles are viable, novel and practical human tissue models to study Alzheimer's vascular pathophysiology.
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Yang J, d'Esterre CD, Amtul Z, Cechetto DF, Lee TY. Hemodynamic effects of combined focal cerebral ischemia and amyloid protein toxicity in a rat model: a functional CT study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100575. [PMID: 24971942 PMCID: PMC4074060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Clinical evidence indicates that cerebral ischemia (CI) and a pathological factor of Alzheimer's disease, the β-amyloid (Aβ) protein, can increase the rate of cognitive impairment in the ageing population. Using the CT Perfusion (CTP) functional imaging, we sought to investigate the interaction between CI and the Aβ protein on cerebral hemodynamics. Methods A previously established rat model of CI and Aβ was used for the CTP study. Iodinated contrast was given intravenously, while serial CT images of sixteen axial slices were acquired. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood volume (CBV) parametric maps were co-registered to a rat brain atlas and regions of interest were drawn on the maps. Microvascular alteration was investigated with histopathology. Results CTP results revealed that ipsilateral striatum of Aβ+CI and CI groups showed significantly lower CBF and CBV than control at the acute phase. Striatal CBF and CBV increased significantly at week 1 in the CI and Aβ+CI groups, but not in the Aβ alone or control group. Histopathology showed that average density of dilated microvessels in the ipsilateral striatum in CI and Aβ+CI groups was significantly higher than control at week 1, indicating this could be associated with hyperperfusion and hypervolemia observed from CTP results. Conclusion These results demonstrate that CTP can quantitatively measure the hemodynamic disturbance on CBF and CBV functional maps in a rat model of CI interacting with Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher D. d'Esterre
- Department of Radiology, Foothills Medical Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zareen Amtul
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F. Cechetto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ting Yim Lee
- Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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