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Tripathi A, Pandey VK, Sharma G, Sharma AR, Taufeeq A, Jha AK, Kim JC. Genomic Insights into Dementia: Precision Medicine and the Impact of Gene-Environment Interaction. Aging Dis 2024; 15:2113-2135. [PMID: 38607741 PMCID: PMC11346410 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis, treatment, and management of dementia provide significant challenges due to its chronic cognitive impairment. The complexity of this condition is further highlighted by the impact of gene-environment interactions. A recent strategy combines advanced genomics and precision medicine methods to explore the complex genetic foundations of dementia. Utilizing the most recent research in the field of neurogenetics, the importance of precise genetic data in explaining the variation seen in dementia patients can be investigated. Gene-environment interactions are important because they influence genetic susceptibilities and aid in the development and progression of dementia. Modified to each patient's genetic profile, precision medicine has the potential to detect groups at risk and make previously unheard-of predictions about the course of diseases. Precision medicine techniques have the potential to completely transform treatment and diagnosis methods. Targeted medications that target genetic abnormalities will probably appear, providing the possibility for more efficient and customized medical interventions. Investigating the relationship between genes and the environment may lead to preventive measures that would enable people to change their surroundings and minimize the risk of dementia, leading to the improved lifestyle of affected people. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the genomic insights into dementia, emphasizing the pivotal role of precision medicine, and gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Pandey
- Division of Research & Innovation (DRI), School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Garima Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Science & Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Anam Taufeeq
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science & Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Hossain R, Noonong K, Nuinoon M, Lao-On U, Norris CM, Sompol P, Rahman MA, Majima HJ, Tangpong J. Alzheimer's diseases in America, Europe, and Asian regions: a global genetic variation. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17339. [PMID: 38756443 PMCID: PMC11097964 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the multifaceted neurodegenerative diseases influenced by many genetic and epigenetic factors. Genetic factors are merely not responsible for developing AD in the whole population. The studies of genetic variants can provide significant insights into the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease. Our research aimed to show how genetic variants interact with environmental influences in different parts of the world. Methodology We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for articles exploring the relationship between genetic variations and global regions such as America, Europe, and Asia. We aimed to identify common genetic variations susceptible to AD and have no significant heterogeneity. To achieve this, we analyzed 35 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 17 genes (ABCA7, APOE, BIN1, CD2AP, CD33, CLU, CR1, EPHA1, TOMM40, MS4A6A, ARID5B, SORL1, APOC1, MTHFD1L, BDNF, TFAM, and PICALM) from different regions based on previous genomic studies of AD. It has been reported that rs3865444, CD33, is the most common polymorphism in the American and European populations. From TOMM40 and APOE rs2075650, rs429358, and rs6656401, CR1 is the common investigational polymorphism in the Asian population. Conclusion The results of all the research conducted on AD have consistently shown a correlation between genetic variations and the incidence of AD in the populations of each region. This review is expected to be of immense value in future genetic research and precision medicine on AD, as it provides a comprehensive understanding of the genetic factors contributing to the development of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahni Hossain
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kunwadee Noonong
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Manit Nuinoon
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Udom Lao-On
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Christopher M. Norris
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Pradoldej Sompol
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Md. Atiar Rahman
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Hideyuki J. Majima
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Jitbanjong Tangpong
- School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Wurz AI, Zheng KS, Hughes RM. Optogenetic Regulation of EphA1 RTK Activation and Signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579139. [PMID: 38370612 PMCID: PMC10871282 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Eph receptors are ubiquitous class of transmembrane receptors that mediate cell-cell communication, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. EphA1 receptors specifically play an important role in angiogenesis, fetal development, and cancer progression; however, studies of this receptor can be challenging as its ligand, ephrinA1, binds and activates several EphA receptors simultaneously. Optogenetic strategies could be applied to circumvent this requirement for ligand activation and enable selective activation of the EphA1 subtype. In this work, we designed and tested several iterations of an optogenetic EphA1 - Cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) fusion, investigating their capacity to mimic EphA1-dependent signaling in response to light activation. We then characterized the key cell signaling target of MAPK phosphorylation activated in response to light stimulation. The optogenetic regulation of Eph receptor RTK signaling without the need for external stimulus promises to be an effective means of controlling individual Eph receptor-mediated activities and creates a path forward for the identification of new Eph-dependent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I. Wurz
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kevin S. Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Robert M. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States
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Busch L, Eggert S, Endres K, Bufe B. The Hidden Role of Non-Canonical Amyloid β Isoforms in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:3421. [PMID: 36359817 PMCID: PMC9654995 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have placed the pro-inflammatory activity of amyloid β (Aβ) on microglia cells as the focus of research on Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Researchers are confronted with an astonishing spectrum of over 100 different Aβ variants with variable length and chemical modifications. With the exception of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40, the biological significance of most peptides for AD is as yet insufficiently understood. We therefore aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of these neglected Aβ variants to microglia activation. First, the impact of Aβ receptors, signaling cascades, scavenger mechanisms, and genetic variations on the physiological responses towards various Aβ species is described. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of different types of amyloid precursor protein processing for the generation of these Aβ variants in microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, and highlight how alterations in secondary structures and oligomerization affect Aβ neurotoxicity. In sum, the data indicate that gene polymorphisms in Aβ-driven signaling pathways in combination with the production and activity of different Aβ variants might be crucial factors for the initiation and progression of different forms of AD. A deeper assessment of their interplay with glial cells may pave the way towards novel therapeutic strategies for individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Busch
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Bufe
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
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Gao S, Hao JW, Zhao YN, Li X, Wang T, Han ZF, Sun BL, Sun JY, Liu GY. An updated analysis of the association between CD2-associated protein gene rs9349407 polymorphism and Alzheimer’s disease in Chinese population. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:1006164. [DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.1006164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSince 2011, three large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have confirmed that the CD2AP rs9349407 polymorphism is significantly connected with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in individuals of European descent. Subsequently, this association has been replicated in European populations, but is unclear whether it can be replicated in Chinese. Recently, the correlation between rs9349407 and AD in the Chinese population has become a research hotspot.ObjectiveTo explore the association between rs9349407 polymorphism and AD in the Chinese population.Materials and methodsFirstly, based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria, we selected 11 independent studies from 8 articles exploring the correlation between rs9349407 variation and AD in Chinese. Secondly, we conducted a meta-analysis based on fixed and random effect models and conducted a heterogeneity test. Thirdly, we used the additive model, dominant model, and recessive model for subgroup analysis.ResultsWe demonstrated that the CD2AP rs9349407 polymorphism increases AD susceptibility in Chinese populations (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.08–1.64, P = 7.45E-03), which is consistent with the effect observed in Caucasian populations. Additionally, subgroup analysis showed that rs9349407 under the additive model (GG + CC vs. GC, OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.61–0.97, P = 2.04E-02) and dominant model (GG + GC vs. CC, OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.32–0.74, P = 8.51E-04) were also significantly correlated with AD susceptibility, but not under the recessive model (GG vs. GC + CC, OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.58–1.03, P = 7.44E-02).ConclusionThese existing data suggest that rs9349307 is significantly correlated with the susceptibility to AD in the Chinese population, but future studies with large samples are needed to confirm our findings.
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Gao C, Shen X, Tan Y, Chen S. Pathogenesis, therapeutic strategies and biomarker development based on "omics" analysis related to microglia in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:215. [PMID: 36058959 PMCID: PMC9441025 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. Among various pathophysiological aspects, microglia are considered to play important roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) showed that the majority of AD risk genes are highly or exclusively expressed in microglia, underscoring the critical roles of microglia in AD pathogenesis. Recently, omics technologies have greatly advanced our knowledge of microglia biology in AD. Omics approaches, including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics/lipidomics, present remarkable opportunities to delineate the underlying mechanisms, discover novel diagnostic biomarkers, monitor disease progression, and shape therapeutic strategies for diseases. In this review, we summarized research based on microglial "omics" analysis in AD, especially the recent research advances in the identification of AD-associated microglial subsets. This review reinforces the important role of microglia in AD and advances our understanding of the mechanism of microglia in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, we proposed the value of microglia-based omics in the development of therapeutic strategies and biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Saha S, Khan N, Comi T, Verhagen A, Sasmal A, Diaz S, Yu H, Chen X, Akey JM, Frank M, Gagneux P, Varki A. Evolution of Human-Specific Alleles Protecting Cognitive Function of Grandmothers. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6637508. [PMID: 35809046 PMCID: PMC9356730 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelomonocytic receptor CD33 (Siglec-3) inhibits innate immune reactivity by extracellular V-set domain recognition of sialic acid (Sia)-containing "self-associated molecular patterns" (SAMPs). We earlier showed that V-set domain-deficient CD33-variant allele, protective against late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD), is derived and specific to the hominin lineage. We now report multiple hominin-specific CD33 V-set domain mutations. Due to hominin-specific, fixed loss-of-function mutation in the CMAH gene, humans lack N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), the preferred Sia-ligand of ancestral CD33. Mutational analysis and molecular dynamics (MD)-simulations indicate that fixed change in amino acid 21 of hominin V-set domain and conformational changes related to His45 corrected for Neu5Gc-loss by switching to N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac)-recognition. We show that human-specific pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Group B Streptococcus selectively bind human CD33 (huCD33) as part of immune-evasive molecular mimicry of host SAMPs and that this binding is significantly impacted by amino acid 21 modification. In addition to LOAD-protective CD33 alleles, humans harbor derived, population-universal, cognition-protective variants at several other loci. Interestingly, 11 of 13 SNPs in these human genes (including CD33) are not shared by genomes of archaic hominins: Neanderthals and Denisovans. We present a plausible evolutionary scenario to compile, correlate, and comprehend existing knowledge about huCD33-evolution and suggest that grandmothering emerged in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Saha
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Anthropology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Naazneen Khan
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Anthropology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Troy Comi
- Department of Genetics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Andrea Verhagen
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Anthropology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aniruddha Sasmal
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Anthropology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Anthropology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joshua M Akey
- Department of Genetics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Buhl E, Kim YA, Parsons T, Zhu B, Santa-Maria I, Lefort R, Hodge JJ. Effects of Eph/ephrin signalling and human Alzheimer's disease-associated EphA1 on behaviour and neurophysiology. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105752. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Szabo MP, Mishra S, Knupp A, Young JE. The role of Alzheimer's disease risk genes in endolysosomal pathways. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 162:105576. [PMID: 34871734 PMCID: PMC9071255 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample pathological and biological evidence for endo-lysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and emerging genetic studies repeatedly implicate endo-lysosomal genes as associated with increased AD risk. The endo-lysosomal network (ELN) is essential for all cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), yet each unique cell type utilizes cellular trafficking differently (see Fig. 1). Challenges ahead involve defining the role of AD associated genes in the functionality of the endo-lysosomal network (ELN) and understanding how this impacts the cellular dysfunction that occurs in AD. This is critical to the development of new therapeutics that will impact, and potentially reverse, early disease phenotypes. Here we review some early evidence of ELN dysfunction in AD pathogenesis and discuss the role of selected AD-associated risk genes in this pathway. In particular, we review genes that have been replicated in multiple genome-wide association studies(Andrews et al., 2020; Jansen et al., 2019; Kunkle et al., 2019; Lambert et al., 2013; Marioni et al., 2018) and reviewed in(Andrews et al., 2020) that have defined roles in the endo-lysosomal network. These genes include SORL1, an AD risk gene harboring both rare and common variants associated with AD risk and a role in trafficking cargo, including APP, through the ELN; BIN1, a regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis whose expression correlates with Tau pathology; CD2AP, an AD risk gene with roles in endosome morphology and recycling; PICALM, a clathrin-binding protein that mediates trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes; and Ephrin Receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases with AD associations and interactions with other AD risk genes. Finally, we will discuss how human cellular models can elucidate cell-type specific differences in ELN dysfunction in AD and aid in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell P Szabo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuronal and synaptic loss and inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). The majority of AD research has been dedicated to the understanding of two major AD hallmarks (i.e. Aβ and NFTs); however, recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data indicate neuroinflammation as having a critical role in late-onset AD (LOAD) development, thus unveiling a novel avenue for AD therapeutics. Recent evidence has provided much support to the innate immune system's involvement with AD progression; however, much remains to be uncovered regarding the role of glial cells, specifically microglia, in AD. Moreover, numerous variants in immune and/or microglia-related genes have been identified in whole-genome sequencing and GWAS analyses, including such genes as TREM2, CD33, APOE, API1, MS4A, ABCA7, BIN1, CLU, CR1, INPP5D, PICALM and PLCG2. In this review, we aim to provide an insight into the function of the major LOAD-associated microglia response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Jonas
- Weill Cornell, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tanya Jain
- Weill Cornell, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Weill Cornell, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Kiianitsa K, Kurtz I, Beeman N, Matsushita M, Chien WM, Raskind WH, Korvatska O. Novel TREM2 splicing isoform that lacks the V-set immunoglobulin domain is abundant in the human brain. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:829-837. [PMID: 34061398 PMCID: PMC10433532 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2hi0720-463rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an immunoglobulin-like receptor expressed by certain myeloid cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, osteoclasts, and microglia. In the brain, TREM2 plays an important role in the immune function of microglia, and its dysfunction is linked to various neurodegenerative conditions in humans. Ablation of TREM2 or its adaptor protein TYROBP causes polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (also known as Nasu-Hakola disorder) with early onset of dementia, whereas some missense variants in TREM2 are associated with an increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The human TREM2 gene is subject to alternative splicing, and its major, full-length canonic transcript encompasses 5 exons. Herein, we report a novel alternatively spliced TREM2 isoform without exon 2 (Δe2), which constitutes a sizable fraction of TREM2 transcripts and has highly variable inter-individual expression in the human brain (average frequency 10%; range 3.7-35%). The protein encoded by Δe2 lacks a V-set immunoglobulin domain from its extracellular part but retains its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. We demonstrated Δe2 protein expression in TREM2-positive THP-1 cells, in which the expression of full-length transcript was precluded by CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of the exon 2 coding frame. Similar to the full-length TREM2, Δe2 is sorted to the plasma membrane and is subject to receptor shedding. In "add-back" experiments, Δe2 TREM2 had diminished capacity to restore phagocytosis of amyloid beta peptide and promote IFN-I response as compared to full-length TREM2. Our findings suggest that changes in the balance of two mutually exclusive TREM2 isoforms may modify the dosage of full-length transcript potentially weakening some TREM2 receptor functions in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Kurtz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Neal Beeman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mark Matsushita
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Wei-Ming Chien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Wendy H. Raskind
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Medical Center, Seattle, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Medical Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Olena Korvatska
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Heidari F, Ansstas G, Ajamian F. CD33 mRNA Has Elevated Expression Levels in the Leukocytes of Peripheral Blood in Patients with Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Gerontology 2021; 68:421-430. [PMID: 34569532 DOI: 10.1159/000518820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In despite of conflicting results among different ethnic groups, the rs3865444 of CD33 gene has previously been identified as a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).This study was aimed to evaluate the association between rs3865444 SNP with LOAD occurrence, and to investigate whether CD33 mRNA expression will change in the leukocytes of peripheral blood in LOAD patients. METHODS The rs3865444 polymorphism was genotyped in 233 LOAD and 238 control subjects using the Tetra-ARMS-PCR method. CD33 mRNAs expression in leukocytes were assessed and analyzed using the real-time qPCR method. We used in silico approach to analyze potential effects imparted by rs3865444 polymorphism in LOAD pathogenesis. RESULTS Our results show a significant increase in CD33 mRNA expression levels in white blood cells of LOAD patients, however, the association between CD33 rs3865444 polymorphism and LOAD was found to be not significant. We also noticed that LOAD patients with the C/A genotype had higher CD33 mRNA levels in their peripheral blood than those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS rs3865444, located upstream of the 5'CD33 coding region, might positively influence CD33 mRNAs expression in leukocytes of LOAD versus healthy people. This is likely to happen through interfering rs3865444 (C) with the functional activity of several other transcription factors given that rs3865444 is in linkage disequilibrium with other functional polymorphisms in this coding region according to an in silico study. We propose that CD33 mRNAs elevation in peripheral immune cells - as a potential biomarker in LOAD - is related to peripheral immune system impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Heidari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - George Ansstas
- Division of Oncology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Farzam Ajamian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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13
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Bhattacherjee A, Jung J, Zia S, Ho M, Eskandari-Sedighi G, St. Laurent CD, McCord KA, Bains A, Sidhu G, Sarkar S, Plemel JR, Macauley MS. The CD33 short isoform is a gain-of-function variant that enhances Aβ 1-42 phagocytosis in microglia. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:19. [PMID: 33766097 PMCID: PMC7992807 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD33 is genetically linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility through differential expression of isoforms in microglia. The role of the human CD33 short isoform (hCD33m), preferentially encoded by an AD-protective CD33 allele (rs12459419T), is unknown. Here, we test whether hCD33m represents a loss-of-function or gain-of-function variant. METHODS We have developed two models to test the role of hCD33m. The first is a new strain of transgenic mice expressing hCD33m in the microglial cell lineage. The second is U937 cells where the CD33 gene was disrupted by CRISPR/Cas9 and complemented with different variants of hCD33. Primary microglia and U937 cells were tested in phagocytosis assays and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) was carried out on the primary microglia. Furthermore, a new monoclonal antibody was developed to detect hCD33m more efficiently. RESULTS In both primary microglia and U937 cells, we find that hCD33m enhances phagocytosis. This contrasts with the human CD33 long isoform (hCD33M) that represses phagocytosis, as previously demonstrated. As revealed by scRNAseq, hCD33m+ microglia are enriched in a cluster of cells defined by an upregulated expression and gene regulatory network of immediate early genes, which was further validated within microglia in situ. Using a new hCD33m-specific antibody enabled hCD33m expression to be examined, demonstrating a preference for an intracellular location. Moreover, this newly discovered gain-of-function role for hCD33m is dependent on its cytoplasmic signaling motifs, dominant over hCD33M, and not due to loss of glycan ligand binding. CONCLUSIONS These results provide strong support that hCD33m represents a gain-of-function isoform and offers insight into what it may take to therapeutically capture the AD-protective CD33 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhattacherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Sameera Zia
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Madelene Ho
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Ghazaleh Eskandari-Sedighi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Chris D. St. Laurent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Kelli A. McCord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Arjun Bains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Gaurav Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Susmita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jason R. Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
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14
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Wang YJ, Wan Y, Wang HF, Tan CC, Li JQ, Yu JT, Tan L. Effects of CD33 Variants on Neuroimaging Biomarkers in Non-Demented Elders. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:757-766. [PMID: 30883353 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Two CD33 common variants, rs3826656 and rs3865444, have been identified to be correlated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our study examined the effects of the two AD-related CD33 common variants (rs3826656 and rs3865444) on the chosen AD-related brain regions (including hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampus, middle temporal, entorhinal cortex, and total brain volume) in non-demented elders recruited from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database at baseline and during four-year follow-up. We further tested the effects in an Aβ-positive group (including preclinical and prodromal stage of AD) and an Aβ-negative group. In the total non-demented elderly population, no associations reached significant levels after FDR correction. In the Aβ-positive group, we found that rs3826656 was associated with hippocampal and amygdala volumes (Hippocampus-R: pc = 0.0022; Amygdala-L: pc = 0.0044; Amygdala-R: pc = 0.0066), and rs3865444 was associated with right entorhinal volume (pc = 0.0286). The associations of rs3826656 with hippocampal and amygdala volumes in the Aβ-positive group were successfully replicated in the prodromal AD group (Hippocampus-R: pc = 0.0022; Amygdala-L: pc = 0.0022; Amygdala-R: pc = 0.0088). These changes became more obvious over time during four-year follow-up. No associations were found between the two CD33 variants and neuroimaging biomarkers in the Aβ-negative and preclinical AD groups after FDR correction. These results suggested that the two CD33 common variants (rs3826656 and rs3865444) influenced volumes and atrophy rates of AD-related brain regions in non-demented elders. Subgroup analyses showed the effects mainly existed in the Aβ-positive group instead of the Aβ-negative group, and the effects began in the prodromal AD stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, China.,Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
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15
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Javor J, Ďurmanová V, Párnická Z, Minárik G, Králová M, Pečeňák J, Vašečková B, Režnáková V, Šutovský S, Gmitterová K, Hromádka T, Peterajová Ľ, Shawkatová I. Association of CD33 rs3865444:C˃A polymorphism with a reduced risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Slovaks is limited to subjects carrying the APOE ε4 allele. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 47:397-405. [PMID: 32333488 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD33 rs3865444:C>A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been previously associated with the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD); however, the results have been inconsistent across different populations. CD33 is a transmembrane receptor that plays an important role in AD pathogenesis by inhibiting amyloid β42 uptake by microglial cells. In this study, we aimed to validate the association between rs3865444 and LOAD risk in the Slovak population and to evaluate whether it was affected by the carrier status of the major LOAD risk allele apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4. CD33 rs3865444 and APOE variants were genotyped in 206 LOAD patients and 487 control subjects using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method and direct sequencing, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association of rs3865444 A allele with a reduced LOAD risk that was only present in APOE ε4 allele carriers (AA + CA versus CC: p = .0085; OR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.25-0.82). On the other hand, no such association was found in subjects without the APOE ε4 (p = .75; OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.61-1.42). Moreover, regression analysis detected a significant interaction between CD33 rs3865444 A and APOE ε4 alleles (p = .021 for APOE ε4 allele dosage and p = .051 for APOE ε4 carriage status), with synergy factor (SF) value of 0.49 indicating an antagonistic effect between the two alleles in LOAD risk. In conclusion, our results suggest that CD33 rs3865444:C˃A substitution may reduce the risk of LOAD in Slovaks by antagonizing the effect conferred by the major susceptibility allele APOE ε4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Javor
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Ďurmanová
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Párnická
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Minárik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Králová
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Pečeňák
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Vašečková
- Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic, University Hospital with Polyclinic the Brothers of Saint John of God, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Stanislav Šutovský
- 1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karin Gmitterová
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Hromádka
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubica Peterajová
- Haematology Outpatient Clinic, University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Shawkatová
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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16
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Does the CD33 rs3865444 Polymorphism Confer Susceptibility to Alzheimer’s Disease? J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:851-860. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Frost GR, Jonas LA, Li YM. Friend, Foe or Both? Immune Activity in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:337. [PMID: 31920620 PMCID: PMC6916654 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by the presence of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), neuronal death and synaptic loss, and inflammation in the brain. AD research has, in large part, been dedicated to the understanding of Aβ and NFT deposition as well as to the pharmacological reduction of these hallmarks. However, recent GWAS data indicates neuroinflammation plays a critical role in AD development, thereby redirecting research efforts toward unveiling the complexities of AD-associated neuroinflammation. It is clear that the innate immune system is intimately associated with AD progression, however, the specific roles of glia and neuroinflammation in AD pathology remain to be described. Moreover, inflammatory processes have largely been painted as detrimental to AD pathology, when in fact, many immune mechanisms such as phagocytosis aid in the reduction of AD pathologies. In this review, we aim to outline the delicate balance between the beneficial and detrimental aspects of immune activation in AD as a more thorough understanding of these processes is critical to development of effective therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia R. Frost
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - Lauren A. Jonas
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Manhattan, NY, United States
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Manhattan, NY, United States
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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18
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Tao QQ, Chen YC, Wu ZY. The role of CD2AP in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2019; 10:901-907. [PMID: 31440393 PMCID: PMC6675523 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by irreversible decline in cognition with unclear pathogenesis. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed that CD2 associated protein (CD2AP), a scaffolding molecule regulates signal transduction and cytoskeletal molecules, is implicated in AD pathogenesis. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CD2AP gene are associated with higher risk for AD and mRNA levels of CD2AP are decreased in peripheral lymphocytes of sporadic AD patients. Furthermore, CD2AP loss of function is linked to enhanced Aβ production, Tau-induced neurotoxicity, abnormal neurite structure modulation and reduced blood-brain barrier integrity. This review is to summarize the recent discoveries about the genetics and known functions of CD2AP. The recent evidence concerning the roles of CD2AP in the AD pathogenesis is summarized and CD2AP can be a promising therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chao Chen
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Teter B, Morihara T, Lim GP, Chu T, Jones MR, Zuo X, Paul RM, Frautschy SA, Cole GM. Curcumin restores innate immune Alzheimer's disease risk gene expression to ameliorate Alzheimer pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:432-448. [PMID: 30951849 PMCID: PMC8092921 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetics implies a causal role for innate immune genes, TREM2 and CD33, products that oppose each other in the downstream Syk tyrosine kinase pathway, activating microglial phagocytosis of amyloid (Aβ). We report effects of low (Curc-lo) and high (Curc-hi) doses of curcumin on neuroinflammation in APPsw transgenic mice. Results showed that Curc-lo decreased CD33 and increased TREM2 expression (predicted to decrease AD risk) and also increased TyroBP, which controls a neuroinflammatory gene network implicated in AD as well as phagocytosis markers CD68 and Arg1. Curc-lo coordinately restored tightly correlated relationships between these genes' expression levels, and decreased expression of genes characteristic of toxic pro-inflammatory M1 microglia (CD11b, iNOS, COX-2, IL1β). In contrast, very high dose curcumin did not show these effects, failed to clear amyloid plaques, and dysregulated gene expression relationships. Curc-lo stimulated microglial migration to and phagocytosis of amyloid plaques both in vivo and in ex vivo assays of sections of human AD brain and of mouse brain. Curcumin also reduced levels of miR-155, a micro-RNA reported to drive a neurodegenerative microglial phenotype. In conditions without amyloid (human microglial cells in vitro, aged wild-type mice), Curc-lo similarly decreased CD33 and increased TREM2. Like curcumin, anti-Aβ antibody (also reported to engage the Syk pathway, increase CD68, and decrease amyloid burden in human and mouse brain) increased TREM2 in APPsw mice and decreased amyloid in human AD sections ex vivo. We conclude that curcumin is an immunomodulatory treatment capable of emulating anti-Aβ vaccine in stimulating phagocytic clearance of amyloid by reducing CD33 and increasing TREM2 and TyroBP, while restoring neuroinflammatory networks implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Teter
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centerand, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America; Departments of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America; Alzheimer's Translational Center, Veterans Administration (Research 151), Bldg. 114, Rm. 114-1, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States of America.
| | - T Morihara
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centerand, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America; Departments of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America.
| | - G P Lim
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centerand, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America; Departments of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America
| | - T Chu
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centerand, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America; Departments of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America
| | - M R Jones
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centerand, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America
| | - X Zuo
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centerand, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America; Departments of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America
| | - R M Paul
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centerand, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America; Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America
| | - S A Frautschy
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centerand, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America; Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America; Departments of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America.
| | - G M Cole
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centerand, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America; Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America; Departments of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America.
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20
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Mehdizadeh E, Khalaj-Kondori M, Shaghaghi-Tarakdari Z, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Talebi M, Andalib S. Association of MS4A6A, CD33, and TREM2 gene polymorphisms with the late-onset Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 9:219-225. [PMID: 31799158 PMCID: PMC6879710 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2019.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, causes structural and functional brain disruption. MS4A6A, TREM2, and CD33 gene polymorphisms loci have been found to be associated with the pathobiology of late-onset AD (LOAD). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis of association of LOAD with rs983392, rs75932628, and rs3865444 polymorphisms in MS4A6A, TREM2, CD33 genes, respectively.
Methods: In the present study, 113 LOAD patients and 100 healthy unrelated age- and gender-matched controls were selected. DNA was extracted from blood samples by the salting-out method and the genotyping was performed by RFLP-PCR. Electrophoresis was carried out on agarose gel. Sequencing was thereafter utilized for the confirmation of the results.
Results: Only CD33 rs3865444 polymorphism revealed a significant difference in the genotypic frequencies of GG (P = 0.001) and GT (P = 0.001), and allelic frequencies of G (P = 0.033) and T (P = 0.03) between LOAD patients and controls.
Conclusion: The evidence from the present study suggests that T allele of CD33 rs3865444 polymorphism is associated with LOAD in the studied Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mehdizadeh
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Zeinab Shaghaghi-Tarakdari
- Department of Genetics, Animal Biology Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Talebi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sasan Andalib
- Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Department of Neurosurgery, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Applied Neuroscience, Brain Research - Interdisciplinary Guided Excellence, BRIDGE, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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21
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Berg CN, Sinha N, Gluck MA. ABCA7 Risk Genotype Diminishes the Neuroprotective Value of Aerobic Fitness in Healthy Older African Americans. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:73. [PMID: 31024289 PMCID: PMC6466967 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the association of ABCA7 risk variants with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been established worldwide, its effect size on the relative odds of being diagnosed with AD is significantly higher in African Americans. Across ethnicities, two common ABCA7 loci (rs115550680 and rs3764650) have been confirmed to increase the risk of AD. While ABCA7 rs115550680 has been linked to the development of late-onset AD in African Americans, no association between ABCA7 variant rs3764650 and AD has been found in this population. In order to elucidate the influence of ABCA7 rs3764650 on AD risk in African Americans, we sought to investigate the relationship between this variant, aerobic fitness, and cognition. The present study tested the hypothesis that in African Americans, ABCA7 rs3764650 confers an indirect risk for AD via its interaction with aerobic fitness, a modifiable lifestyle factor known to attenuate AD-related neuropathology. In a case-control sample of 100 healthy African Americans, we observed that ABCA7 rs3764650 genotype modulates the association between aerobic fitness and a cognitive assessment of generalization following rule learning. For carriers of the non-risk genotype, higher levels of aerobic fitness were significantly associated with fewer generalization errors, while carriers of the risk genotype did not show any relationship between aerobic fitness and generalization. Our findings imply that ABCA7 rs3764650 risk genotype may diminish the neuroprotective effects of aerobic fitness, and, they suggest differing risk patterns between cognitive decline and fitness by ABCA7 genotype. Thus, in African Americans the interactive effects of ABCA7 rs3764650 and aerobic fitness likely compound overall ABCA7-related AD risk, and may contribute to health disparities whereby African Americans are at a higher risk for dementia, with double the prevalence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark A. Gluck
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, United States
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22
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Smith AR, Smith RG, Pishva E, Hannon E, Roubroeks JAY, Burrage J, Troakes C, Al-Sarraj S, Sloan C, Mill J, van den Hove DL, Lunnon K. Parallel profiling of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation highlights neuropathology-associated epigenetic variation in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:52. [PMID: 30898171 PMCID: PMC6429761 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is hypothesized to involve epigenetic dysfunction. Previous studies of DNA modifications in Alzheimer's disease have been unable to distinguish between DNA methylation and DNA hydroxymethylation. DNA hydroxymethylation has been shown to be enriched in the human brain, although its role in Alzheimer's disease has not yet been fully explored. Here, we utilize oxidative bisulfite conversion, in conjunction with the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450K microarray, to identify neuropathology-associated differential DNA methylation and DNA hydroxymethylation in the entorhinal cortex. RESULTS We identified one experiment-wide significant differentially methylated position residing in the WNT5B gene. Next, we investigated pathology-associated regions consisting of multiple adjacent loci. We identified one significant differentially hydroxymethylated region consisting of four probes spanning 104 bases in the FBXL16 gene. We also identified two significant differentially methylated regions: one consisting of two probes in a 93 base-pair region in the ANK1 gene and the other consisting of six probes in a 99-base pair region in the ARID5B gene. We also highlighted three regions that show alterations in unmodified cytosine: two probes in a 39-base pair region of ALLC, two probes in a 69-base pair region in JAG2, and the same six probes in ARID5B that were differentially methylated. Finally, we replicated significant ANK1 disease-associated hypermethylation and hypohydroxymethylation patterns across eight CpG sites in an extended 118-base pair region in an independent cohort using oxidative-bisulfite pyrosequencing. CONCLUSIONS Our study represents the first epigenome-wide association study of both DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in Alzheimer's disease entorhinal cortex. We demonstrate that previous estimates of DNA hypermethylation in ANK1 in Alzheimer's disease were underestimates as it is confounded by hypohydroxymethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Smith
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, RILD Building Level 4, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Rebecca G Smith
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, RILD Building Level 4, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Ehsan Pishva
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, RILD Building Level 4, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eilis Hannon
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, RILD Building Level 4, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Janou A Y Roubroeks
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, RILD Building Level 4, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joe Burrage
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, RILD Building Level 4, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carolyn Sloan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Mill
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, RILD Building Level 4, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Daniel L van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katie Lunnon
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, RILD Building Level 4, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
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23
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Liu G, Zhang Y, Wang L, Xu J, Chen X, Bao Y, Hu Y, Jin S, Tian R, Bai W, Zhou W, Wang T, Han Z, Zong J, Jiang Q. Alzheimer's Disease rs11767557 Variant Regulates EPHA1 Gene Expression Specifically in Human Whole Blood. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:1077-1088. [PMID: 29332039 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association studies have reported EPHA1 rs11767557 variant to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk in the European population. However, it is still unclear how this variant functionally contributes to the underlying disease pathogenesis. The rs11767557 variant is located approximately 3 kb upstream of EPHA1 gene. We think that rs11767557 may modify the expression of nearby genes such as EPHA1 and further cause AD risk. Until now, the potential association between rs11767557 and the expression of nearby genes has not been reported in previous studies. Here, we evaluate the potential expression association between rs11767557 and EPHA1 using multiple large-scale eQTLs datasets in human brain tissues and the whole blood. The results show that rs11767557 variant could significantly regulate EPHA1 gene expression specifically in human whole blood. These findings may further provide important supplementary information about the regulating mechanisms of rs11767557 variant in AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyou Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Longcai Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jianyong Xu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yunjuan Bao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yang Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shuilin Jin
- Department of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Weiyang Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wenyang Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhifa Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Zong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qinghua Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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24
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Ryan KJ, White CC, Patel K, Xu J, Olah M, Replogle JM, Frangieh M, Cimpean M, Winn P, McHenry A, Kaskow BJ, Chan G, Cuerdon N, Bennett DA, Boyd JD, Imitola J, Elyaman W, De Jager PL, Bradshaw EM. A human microglia-like cellular model for assessing the effects of neurodegenerative disease gene variants. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/421/eaai7635. [PMID: 29263232 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aai7635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are emerging as a key cell type in neurodegenerative diseases, yet human microglia are challenging to study in vitro. We developed an in vitro cell model system composed of human monocyte-derived microglia-like (MDMi) cells that recapitulated key aspects of microglia phenotype and function. We then used this model system to perform an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) study examining 94 genes from loci associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. We found six loci (CD33, PILRB, NUP160, LRRK2, RGS1, and METTL21B) in which the risk haplotype drives the association with both disease susceptibility and altered expression of a nearby gene (cis-eQTL). In the PILRB and LRRK2 loci, the cis-eQTL was found in the MDMi cells but not in human peripheral blood monocytes, suggesting that differentiation of monocytes into microglia-like cells led to the acquisition of a cellular state that could reveal the functional consequences of certain genetic variants. We further validated the effect of risk haplotypes at the protein level for PILRB and CD33, and we confirmed that the CD33 risk haplotype altered phagocytosis by the MDMi cells. We propose that increased LRRK2 gene expression by MDMi cells could be a functional outcome of rs76904798, a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the LRKK2 locus that is associated with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Ryan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Charles C White
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kruti Patel
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jishu Xu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marta Olah
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joseph M Replogle
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael Frangieh
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Maria Cimpean
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Phoebe Winn
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Allison McHenry
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Belinda J Kaskow
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gail Chan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nicole Cuerdon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB168, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Justin D Boyd
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wassim Elyaman
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. .,Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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25
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Moreno-Grau S, Hernández I, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Ruiz S, Rosende-Roca M, Mauleón A, Vargas L, Rodríguez-Gómez O, Alegret M, Espinosa A, Ortega G, Aguilera N, Abdelnour C, Neuroimaging Initiative AD, Gil S, Maier W, Sotolongo-Grau O, Tárraga L, Ramirez A, López-Arrrieta J, Antúnez C, Serrano-Ríos M, Boada M, Ruiz A. Genome-wide significant risk factors on chromosome 19 and the APOE locus. Oncotarget 2018; 9:24590-24600. [PMID: 29872490 PMCID: PMC5973862 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene on chromosome 19q13.32, was the first, and remains the strongest, genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Additional signals associated with AD have been located in chromosome 19, including ABCA7 (19p13.3) and CD33 (19q13.41). The ABCA7 gene has been replicated in most populations. However, the contribution to AD of other signals close to APOE gene remains controversial. Possible explanations for inconsistency between reports include long range linkage disequilibrium (LRLD). We analysed the contribution of ABCA7 and CD33 loci to AD risk and explore LRLD patterns across APOE region. To evaluate AD risk conferred by ABCA7 rs4147929:G>A and CD33 rs3865444:C>A, we used a large Spanish population (1796 AD cases, 2642 controls). The ABCA7 rs4147929:G>A SNP effect was nominally replicated in the Spanish cohort and reached genome-wide significance after meta-analysis (odds ratio (OR)=1.15, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.12–1.19; P = 1.60 x 10-19). CD33 rs3865444:C>A was not associated with AD in the dataset. The meta-analysis was also negative (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.93–1.04; P=0.48). After exploring LRLD patterns between APOE and CD33 in several datasets, we found significant LD (D’ >0.20; P <0.030) between APOE-Ɛ2 and CD33 rs3865444C>A in two of five datasets, suggesting the presence of a non-universal long range interaction between these loci affecting to some populations. In conclusion, we provide here evidence of genetic association of the ABCA7 locus in the Spanish population and also propose a plausible explanation for the controversy on the contribution of CD33 to AD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Moreno-Grau
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susana Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maitée Rosende-Roca
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Mauleón
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liliana Vargas
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavio Rodríguez-Gómez
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Alegret
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Ortega
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Aguilera
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Abdelnour
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Memory Unit, University Hospital La Paz-Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.,Dementia Unit, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Spain, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Gil
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oscar Sotolongo-Grau
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Tárraga
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Carmen Antúnez
- Dementia Unit, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Spain, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Univesitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Jiang YT, Li HY, Cao XP, Tan L. Meta-analysis of the association between CD33 and Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:169. [PMID: 29951491 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.04.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33) gene is compelling among the susceptibility genes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Genome-wide association study (GWAS). Researches of the relationship between AD and polymorphism in CD33 have showed conflicting results. In order to more precisely evaluate whether CD33 variants are associated with AD, we performed the meta-analysis presented in this manuscript. Methods We searched from three databases including PubMed, Cochrane library and EMbase for related case-control researches based on criteria of determination. A total of 18 case-control studies, containing 50,030 cases and 77,405 controls were involved in CD33 rs3865444 polymorphism. And a total of 4 case-control studies, containing 826 cases and 984 controls were involved in CD33 rs3826656 polymorphism. Results This study demonstrated that different variants in CD33 were associated with AD (rs3865444: OR =0.94; 95% CI, 0.90-0.98, P<0.01; rs3826656: OR =0.94; 95% CI, 0.62-1.41, P<0.01). We made subgroup analysis which was stratified by race. There were protective associations in Caucasians but not in Asians among CD33 rs3865444 polymorphism (Caucasians: OR =0.92; 95% CI, 0.90-0.94, P=0.05; Asians: OR =0.87; 95% CI, 0.65-1.17, P<0.01). Conclusions The CD33 rs3865444 polymorphism could be a protective factor in AD. Meanwhile, there was no association between the CD33 rs3826656 polymorphism and AD. Further confirmation is needed in larger and better-designed researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Weihai Wei People's Hospital, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Xi-Peng Cao
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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27
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Abstract
Microglia and non-parenchymal macrophages in the brain are mononuclear phagocytes that are increasingly recognized to be essential players in the development, homeostasis and diseases of the central nervous system. With the availability of new genetic, molecular and pharmacological tools, considerable advances have been made towards our understanding of the embryonic origins, developmental programmes and functions of these cells. These exciting discoveries, some of which are still controversial, also raise many new questions, which makes brain macrophage biology a fast-growing field at the intersection of neuroscience and immunology. Here, we review the current knowledge of how and where brain macrophages are generated, with a focus on parenchymal microglia. We also discuss their normal functions during development and homeostasis, the disturbance of which may lead to various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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28
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Genetics of Alzheimer's disease: From pathogenesis to clinical usage. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 45:1-8. [PMID: 28869135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and has caused a major global health concern. Understanding the etiology of AD can be beneficial for the diagnosis and intervention of this disease. Genetics plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of AD. Research methods in genetics such as the linkage analysis, study of candidate genes, genome-wide association study (GWAS), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology help us map the genetic information in AD, which can not only provide a new insight into the pathogenesis of AD but also be beneficial for early targeted intervention of AD. This review summarizes the pathogenesis as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic value of genetics in AD.
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29
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Decreased gene expression of CD2AP in Chinese patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:212.e5-212.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Dos Santos LR, Pimassoni LHS, Sena GGS, Camporez D, Belcavello L, Trancozo M, Morelato RL, Errera FIV, Bueno MRP, de Paula F. Validating GWAS Variants from Microglial Genes Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:215-221. [PMID: 28477215 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that corresponds to most Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. Inflammation is frequently related to AD, whereas microglial cells are the major phagocytes in the brain and mediate the removal of Aβ peptides. Microglial cell dsyregulation might contribute to the formation of amyloid plaques, a hallmark of AD. Genome-wide association studies have reported genetic loci associated with the inflammatory pathway involved in AD. Among them, rs3865444 CD33, rs3764650 ABCA7, rs6656401 CR1, and rs610932 MS4A6A variants in microglial genes are associated with LOAD. These variants are proposed to participate in the clearance of Aβ peptides. However, their association with LOAD was not validated in all case-control studies. Thus, the present work aimed to assess the involvement of CD33 (rs3865444), ABCA7 (rs3764650), CR1 (rs6656401), and MS4A6A (rs610932) with LOAD in a sample from southeastern Brazil. The genotype frequencies were assessed in 79 AD patients and 145 healthy elders matched for sex and age. We found that rs3865444 CD33 acts as a protective factor against LOAD. These results support a role for the inflammatory pathway in LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Ramos Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | | | - Geralda Gillian Silva Sena
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.,Departamento de Educação Integrada em Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Daniela Camporez
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Luciano Belcavello
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Maíra Trancozo
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Renato Lírio Morelato
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Flavia Imbroisi Valle Errera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Flavia de Paula
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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31
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Bott NT, Bettcher BM, Yokoyama JS, Frazier DT, Wynn M, Karydas A, Yaffe K, Kramer JH. Youthful Processing Speed in Older Adults: Genetic, Biological, and Behavioral Predictors of Cognitive Processing Speed Trajectories in Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:55. [PMID: 28344553 PMCID: PMC5344896 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine the impact of genetic, inflammatory, cardiovascular, lifestyle, and neuroanatomical factors on cognitive processing speed (CPS) change over time in functionally intact older adults. Methods: This observational study conducted over two time points, included 120 community dwelling cognitively normal older adults between the ages of 60 and 80 from the University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center. Participants were followed with composite measures of CPS, calculated based on norms for 20–30 year-olds. Variables of interest were AD risk genes (APOE, CR1), markers of inflammation (interleukin 6) and cardiovascular health (BMI, LDL, HDL, mean arterial pressure, fasting insulin), self-reported physical activity, and corpus callosum (CC) volumes. The sample was divided into three groups: 17 “resilient-agers” with fast and stable processing speed; 56 “average-agers” with average and stable processing speed; and 47 “sub-agers” with average baseline speed who were slower at follow-up. Results: Resilient-agers had larger baseline CC volumes than sub-agers (p < 0.05). Resilient-agers displayed lower levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and insulin (ps < 0.05) than sub-agers, and reported more physical activity than both average- and sub-agers (ps < 0.01). In a multinomial logistic regression, physical activity and IL-6 predicted average- and sub-ager groups. Resilient-agers displayed a higher frequency of APOE e4 and CR1 AA/AG alleles. Conclusion: Robust and stable CPS is associated with larger baseline CC volumes, lower levels of inflammation and insulin, and greater self-reported physical activity. These findings highlight the relevance of neuroanatomical, biological, and lifestyle factors in the identification and prediction of heterogeneous cognitive aging change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Bott
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, StanfordCA, USA; Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoCA, USA
| | - Brianne M Bettcher
- Neurosurgery and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora CO, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Darvis T Frazier
- Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Matthew Wynn
- Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Anna Karydas
- Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
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32
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Naj AC, Schellenberg GD. Genomic variants, genes, and pathways of Alzheimer's disease: An overview. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:5-26. [PMID: 27943641 PMCID: PMC6179157 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) (MIM: 104300) is a highly heritable disease with great complexity in its genetic contributors, and represents the most common form of dementia. With the gradual aging of the world's population, leading to increased prevalence of AD, and the substantial cost of care for those afflicted, identifying the genetic causes of disease represents a critical effort in identifying therapeutic targets. Here we provide a comprehensive review of genomic studies of AD, from the earliest linkage studies identifying monogenic contributors to early-onset forms of AD to the genome-wide and rare variant association studies of recent years that are being used to characterize the mosaic of genetic contributors to late-onset AD (LOAD), and which have identified approximately ∼20 genes with common variants contributing to LOAD risk. In addition, we explore studies employing alternative approaches to identify genetic contributors to AD, including studies of AD-related phenotypes and multi-variant association studies such as pathway analyses. Finally, we introduce studies of next-generation sequencing, which have recently helped identify multiple low-frequency and rare variant contributors to AD, and discuss on-going efforts with next-generation sequencing studies to develop statistically well- powered and comprehensive genomic studies of AD. Through this review, we help uncover the many insights the genetics of AD have provided into the pathways and pathophysiology of AD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Naj
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology/Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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33
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Abstract
Genetic characterization of individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), i.e. people having amyloid deposits in the brain without symptoms, people suffering from subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), has spurred the interests of researchers. However, their pre-dementia genetic profile remains mostly unexplored. In this study, we reviewed the loci related to phenotypes of AD, MCI and SCD from literature and performed the first meta-analyses evaluating the role of apolipoprotein E (APOE) in the risk of conversion from a healthy status to MCI and SCD. For AD dementia risk, an increased number of loci have been identified; to date, 28 genes have been associated with Late Onset AD. In MCI syndrome, APOE is confirmed as a pheno-conversion factor leading from MCI to AD, and clusterin is a promising candidate. Additionally, our meta-analyses revealed APOE as genetic risk factor to convert from a healthy status to MCI [OR = 1.849 (1.587-2.153); P = 2.80 × 10-15] and to a lesser extent from healthy status to SCD [OR = 1.151 (1.015-1.304); P = 0.028]. Thus, we believe that genetic studies in longitudinal SCD and MCI series may provide new therapeutic targets and improve the existing knowledge of AD. This type of studies must be completed on healthy subjects to better understand the natural disease resistance to brain insults and neurodegeneration.
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Impacts of CD33 Genetic Variations on the Atrophy Rates of Hippocampus and Parahippocampal Gyrus in Normal Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1111-1118. [PMID: 26803496 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33) has been proved as a susceptibility locus associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) based on recent genetic studies. Numerous studies have shown that multiple neuroimaging measures are potent predictors of AD risk and progression, and these measures are also affected by genetic variations in AD. Figuring out the association between CD33 genetic variations and AD-related brain atrophy may shed light on the underlying mechanisms of CD33-related AD pathogenesis. Thus, we investigated the influence of CD33 genotypes on AD-related brain atrophy to clarify the possible means by which CD33 impacts AD. A total of 48 individuals with probable AD, 483 mild cognitive impairment, and 281 cognitively normal controls were recruited from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. We investigated the influence of CD33 SNPs on hippocampal volume, parahippocampal gyrus volume, posterior cingulate volume, middle temporal volume, hippocampus CA1 subregion volume, and entorhinal cortex thickness. We found that brain regions significantly affected by CD33 genetic variations were restricted to hippocampal and parahippocampal gyrus in hybrid population, which were further validated in subpopulation (MCI and NC) analysis. These findings reaffirm the importance of the hippocampal and parahippocampal gyrus in AD pathogenesis, and present evidences for the CD33 variations influence on the atrophy of specific AD-related brain structures. Our findings raise the possibility that CD33 polymorphisms contribute to the AD risk by altering the neuronal degeneration of hippocampal and parahippocampal gyrus.
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Bao J, Wang XJ, Mao ZF. Associations Between Genetic Variants in 19p13 and 19q13 Regions and Susceptibility to Alzheimer Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:234-43. [PMID: 26795201 PMCID: PMC4727495 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) has become an epidemic within the growing elderly population and effective therapies of AD have not been discovered. Genetic factors accounted for over 70% of the incidence of AD and the disease-related polymorphisms are located on chromosome 19, which is one of several prominent chromosomes related to the development of AD. Many inconsistent associations between polymorphisms in ABCA7, CD33, and TOMM40 genes and the susceptibility to AD have been suggested by several independent studies. MATERIAL/METHODS A comprehensive literature search for studies involving the association between gene polymorphisms and AD was performed, and we finally selected 3 genes (4 polymorphisms) for the meta-analysis: ABCA7 (rs3764650), CD33 (rs3865444), and TOMM40 (rs157580, rs2075650). RESULTS A total of 25 articles investigating 3 genes (4 polymorphisms) were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results of 4 polymorphisms were all significantly associated with the susceptibility to AD. The pooled effect of ABCA7 rs3764605 allele G was significantly associated with an increased the risk of AD (OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.14-1.26, P value <0.001). Similarly, our evidence suggested that allele A of TOMM40 rs2075650 polymorphism was a risk factor for AD (OR=2.87, 95% CI: 2.46-3.34, P value <0.001). Alleles A of CD33 rs3865444 and A of TOMM40 rs157580 were both protective factors for AD onset (OR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.90-0.98, P value=0.003; OR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.57-0.66, P value <0.001). CONCLUSIONS" Results from the meta-analysis revealed that the pooled ABCA7 rs376465, CD33 rs3865444, TOMM40 rs157580, and rs2075650 variants were significantly associated with the susceptibility to AD. However, the association differed significantly between Asian and Caucasian groups for SNPs of CD33 rs3865444, TOMM40 rs157580, and rs2075650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bao
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-jie Wang
- Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zong-fu Mao
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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36
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Li QS, Parrado AR, Samtani MN, Narayan VA. Variations in the FRA10AC1 Fragile Site and 15q21 Are Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Aβ1-42 Level. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134000. [PMID: 26252872 PMCID: PMC4529186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic fragments of amyloid and post-translational modification of tau species in Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as cerebral amyloid deposition are important biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease. We conducted genome-wide association study to identify genetic factors influencing CSF biomarker level, cerebral amyloid deposition, and disease progression. The genome-wide association study was performed via a meta-analysis of two non-overlapping discovery sample sets to identify genetic variants other than APOE ε4 predictive of the CSF biomarker level (Aβ1–42, t-Tau, p-Tau181P, t-Tau:Aβ1–42 ratio, and p-Tau181P:Aβ1–42 ratio) in patients enrolled in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study. Loci passing a genome-wide significance threshold of P < 5 x 10−8 were followed-up for replication in an independent sample set. We also performed joint meta-analysis of both discovery sample sets together with the replication sample set. In the discovery phase, we identified variants in FRA10AC1 associated with CSF Aβ1–42 level passing the genome-wide significance threshold (directly genotyped SNV rs10509663 PFE = 1.1 x 10−9, imputed SNV rs116953792 PFE = 3.5 x 10−10), rs116953792 (Pone-sided = 0.04) achieved replication. This association became stronger in the joint meta-analysis (directly genotyped SNV rs10509663 PFE = 1.7 x 10−9, imputed SNV rs116953792 PFE = 7.6 x 10−11). Additionally, we identified locus 15q21 (imputed SNV rs1503351 PFE = 4.0 x 10−8) associated with CSF Aβ1–42 level. No other variants passed the genome-wide significance threshold for other CSF biomarkers in either the discovery sample sets or joint analysis. Gene set enrichment analyses suggested that targeted genes mediated by miR-33, miR-146, and miR-193 were enriched in various GWAS analyses. This finding is particularly important because CSF biomarkers confer disease susceptibility and may be predictive of the likelihood of disease progression in Alzheimer’s Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqin S. Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio R. Parrado
- Discovery Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19002, United States of America
| | - Mahesh N. Samtani
- Clinical Pharmacology, Advanced PK/PD Modeling and Simulation, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 920 Route 202, Raritan, NJ 08869, United States of America
| | - Vaibhav A. Narayan
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560, United States of America
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37
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the main form of dementia, and is a major public health problem. Despite intensive research efforts, current treatments have only marginal symptomatic benefits and there are no effective disease-modifying or preventive interventions. AD has a strong genetic component, so much research in AD has focused on identifying genetic causes and risk factors. This chapter will cover genetic discoveries in AD and their consequences in terms of improved knowledge regarding the disease and the identification of biomarkers and drug targets. First, we will discuss the study of the rare early-onset, autosomal dominant forms of AD that led to the discovery of mutations in three major genes, APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2. These discoveries have shaped our current understanding of the pathophysiology and natural history of AD as well as the development of therapeutic targets and the design of clinical trials. Then, we will explore linkage analysis and candidate gene approaches, which identified variants in Apolipoprotein E (APOE) as the major genetic risk factor for late-onset, "sporadic" forms of AD (LOAD), but failed to robustly identify other genetic risk factors, with the exception of variants in SORL1. The main focus of this chapter will be on recent genome-wide association studies that have successfully identified common genetic variations at over 20 loci associated with LOAD outside of the APOE locus. These loci are in or near-novel AD genes including BIN1, CR1, CLU, phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), CD33, EPHA1, MS4A4/MS4A6, ABCA7, CD2AP, SORL1, HLA-DRB5/DRB1, PTK2B, SLC24A4-RIN3, INPP5D, MEF2C, NME8, ZCWPW1, CELF1, FERMT2, CASS4, and TRIP4 and each has small effects on risk of AD (relative risks of 1.1-1.3). Finally, we will touch upon the ongoing effort to identify less frequent and rare variants through whole exome and whole genome sequencing. This effort has identified two novel genes, TREM2 and PLD3, and shown a role for APP in LOAD. The identification of these recently identified genes has implicated previously unsuspected biological pathways in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chouraki
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
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Malik M, Chiles J, Xi HS, Medway C, Simpson J, Potluri S, Howard D, Liang Y, Paumi CM, Mukherjee S, Crane P, Younkin S, Fardo DW, Estus S. Genetics of CD33 in Alzheimer's disease and acute myeloid leukemia. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3557-70. [PMID: 25762156 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD33 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3865444 has been associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Rs3865444 is in linkage disequilibrium with rs12459419 which has been associated with efficacy of an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chemotherapeutic agent based on a CD33 antibody. We seek to evaluate the extent to which CD33 genetics in AD and AML can inform one another and advance human disease therapy. We have previously shown that these SNPs are associated with skipping of CD33 exon 2 in brain mRNA. Here, we report that these CD33 SNPs are associated with exon 2 skipping in leukocytes from AML patients and with a novel CD33 splice variant that retains CD33 intron 1. Each copy of the minor rs12459419T allele decreases prototypic full-length CD33 expression by ∼ 25% and decreases the AD odds ratio by ∼ 0.10. These results suggest that CD33 antagonists may be useful in reducing AD risk. CD33 inhibitors may include humanized CD33 antibodies such as lintuzumab which was safe but ineffective in AML clinical trials. Here, we report that lintuzumab downregulates cell-surface CD33 by 80% in phorbol-ester differentiated U937 cells, at concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml. Overall, we propose a model wherein a modest effect on RNA splicing is sufficient to mediate the CD33 association with AD risk and suggest the potential for an anti-CD33 antibody as an AD-relevant pharmacologic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Malik
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
| | - Joe Chiles
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
| | - Hualin S Xi
- Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Christopher Medway
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA and
| | - James Simpson
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Steven Younkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA and
| | - David W Fardo
- Department of Biostatistics, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging ,
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39
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Validating GWAS-Identified Risk Loci for Alzheimer’s Disease in Han Chinese Populations. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:379-390. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Yokel RA, Yenugadhati N, Wisniewski TM, Arnold IMF, Momoli F, Krewski D. Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44 Suppl 4:1-80. [PMID: 25233067 PMCID: PMC4997813 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.934439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. (2007) . Challenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of "total Al"assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al(+3) to target tissues. Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres [Al(O2)(H2O4)(+2) and Al(H2O)6 (+3)] that after complexation with O2(•-), generate Al superoxides [Al(O2(•))](H2O5)](+2). Semireduced AlO2(•) radicals deplete mitochondrial Fe and promote generation of H2O2, O2 (•-) and OH(•). Thus, it is the Al(+3)-induced formation of oxygen radicals that accounts for the oxidative damage that leads to intrinsic apoptosis. In contrast, the toxicity of the insoluble Al oxides depends primarily on their behavior as particulates. Aluminum has been held responsible for human morbidity and mortality, but there is no consistent and convincing evidence to associate the Al found in food and drinking water at the doses and chemical forms presently consumed by people living in North America and Western Europe with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neither is there clear evidence to show use of Al-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of AD or breast cancer. Metallic Al, its oxides, and common Al salts have not been shown to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Aluminum exposures during neonatal and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) can impair bone mineralization and delay neurological development. Adverse effects to vaccines with Al adjuvants have occurred; however, recent controlled trials found that the immunologic response to certain vaccines with Al adjuvants was no greater, and in some cases less than, that after identical vaccination without Al adjuvants. The scientific literature on the adverse health effects of Al is extensive. Health risk assessments for Al must take into account individual co-factors (e.g., age, renal function, diet, gastric pH). Conclusions from the current review point to the need for refinement of the PTWI, reduction of Al contamination in PN solutions, justification for routine addition of Al to vaccines, and harmonization of OELs for Al substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C. Willhite
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert A. Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Thomas M. Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ian M. F. Arnold
- Occupational Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franco Momoli
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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41
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Li X, Shen N, Zhang S, Liu J, Jiang Q, Liao M, Feng R, Zhang L, Wang G, Ma G, Zhou H, Chen Z, Jiang Y, Zhao B, Li K, Liu G. CD33 rs3865444 Polymorphism Contributes to Alzheimer's Disease Susceptibility in Chinese, European, and North American Populations. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:414-21. [PMID: 25186233 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The CD33 rs3865444 polymorphism was first identified to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in European population. However, the following studies reported weak or no significant association in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, American, and Canadian populations. We think that these negative results may have been caused by either relatively small sample sizes compared with those used for the previous GWAS in European ancestry or the genetic heterogeneity of the rs3865444 polymorphism in different populations. Here, we reevaluated this association using the relatively large-scale samples from previous 27 studies (N = 86,759; 31,106 cases and 55,653 controls) by searching the PubMed, AlzGene, and Google Scholar databases. We identified significant heterogeneity and observed no significant association between the rs3865444 polymorphism and AD in pooled populations (P = 0.264, odds ratio (OR) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-1.02). In subgroup analysis, we identified significant heterogeneity only in East Asian population and observed no significant association between the rs3865444 polymorphism and AD. We further identified significant heterogeneity and observed significant association between the rs3865444 polymorphism and AD in Chinese population. We identified no significant heterogeneity and significant association in North American and European populations. Collectively, our analysis shows that the CD33 rs3865444 polymorphism is associated with AD susceptibility in Chinese, European, and North American populations. We believe that our findings will be very useful for future genetic studies on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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42
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Analyzing 54,936 Samples Supports the Association Between CD2AP rs9349407 Polymorphism and Alzheimer's Disease Susceptibility. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1-7. [PMID: 25092125 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) rs9349407 polymorphism was first identified to be significantly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in European ancestry by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, the following studies reported no association in Chinese, Japanese, African-American, Canadian, and European populations. We think that these negative results may have been caused by either relatively small sample sizes compared with those used for the previous GWAS in European ancestry or the genetic heterogeneity of the rs9349407 polymorphism in different populations. Here, we reevaluated this association using the relatively large-scale samples from 15 previous studies (N = 54,936; 23,777 cases and 31,159 controls) by searching the PubMed, AlzGene, and Google Scholar databases. Using an additive genetic model, we did not identify a significant heterogeneity among the 15 studies. Using meta-analysis, we observed a significant association between the rs9349407 polymorphism and AD with P = 8.78E-07, odds ratio (OR) = 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.12. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to investigate the association between rs9349407 polymorphism and AD in East Asian, American, Canadian, and European populations. Our analysis further supports previous findings that the CD2AP rs9349407 polymorphism contributes to AD susceptibility. We believe that our findings will be very useful for future genetic studies on AD.
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Carrasquillo MM, Crook JE, Pedraza O, Thomas CS, Pankratz VS, Allen M, Nguyen T, Malphrus KG, Ma L, Bisceglio GD, Roberts RO, Lucas JA, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Machulda MM, Graff-Radford NR, Petersen RC, Younkin SG, Ertekin-Taner N. Late-onset Alzheimer's risk variants in memory decline, incident mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:60-7. [PMID: 25189118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested association of nine late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk variants from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with memory and progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or LOAD (MCI/LOAD) in older Caucasians, cognitively normal at baseline and longitudinally evaluated at Mayo Clinic Rochester and Jacksonville (n>2000). Each variant was tested both individually and collectively using a weighted risk score. APOE-e4 associated with worse baseline memory and increased decline with highly significant overall effect on memory. CLU-rs11136000-G associated with worse baseline memory and incident MCI/LOAD. MS4A6A-rs610932-C associated with increased incident MCI/LOAD and suggestively with lower baseline memory. ABCA7-rs3764650-C and EPHA1-rs11767557-A associated with increased rates of memory decline in subjects with a final diagnosis of MCI/LOAD. PICALM-rs3851179-G had an unexpected protective effect on incident MCI/LOAD. Only APOE-inclusive risk scores associated with worse memory and incident MCI/LOAD. The collective influence of the nine top LOAD GWAS variants on memory decline and progression to MCI/LOAD appears limited. Discovery of biologically functional variants at these loci may uncover stronger effects on memory and incident disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia E Crook
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Otto Pedraza
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Colleen S Thomas
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - V Shane Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Li Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Rosebud O Roberts
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John A Lucas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Glenn E Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Ivnik
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mary M Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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Sensing the neuronal glycocalyx by glial sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. Neuroscience 2014; 275:113-24. [PMID: 24924144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are cell surface receptors of microglia and oligodendrocytes that recognize the sialic acid cap of healthy neurons and neighboring glial cells. Upon ligand binding, Siglecs typically signal through an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) to keep the cell in a homeostatic status and support healthy neighboring cells. Siglecs can be divided into two groups; the first, being conserved among different species. The conserved Siglec-4/myelin-associated glycoprotein is expressed on oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Siglec-4 protects neurons from acute toxicity via interaction with sialic acids bound to neuronal gangliosides. The second group of Siglecs, named CD33-related Siglecs, is almost exclusively expressed on immune cells and is highly variable among different species. Microglial expression of Siglec-11 is human lineage-specific and prevents neurotoxicity via interaction with α2.8-linked sialic acid oligomers exposed on the neuronal glycocalyx. Microglial Siglec-E is a mouse CD33-related Siglec member that prevents microglial phagocytosis and the associated oxidative burst. Mouse Siglec-E of microglia binds to α2.8- and α2.3-linked sialic acid residues of the healthy glycocalyx of neuronal and glial cells. Recently, polymorphisms of the human Siglec-3/CD33 were linked to late onset Alzheimer's disease by genome-wide association studies. Human Siglec-3 is expressed on microglia and produces inhibitory signaling that decreases uptake of particular molecules such as amyloid-β aggregates. Thus, glial ITIM-signaling Siglecs recognize the intact glycocalyx of neurons and are involved in the modulation of neuron-glia interaction in healthy and diseased brain.
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Carrasquillo MM, Khan QUA, Murray ME, Krishnan S, Aakre J, Pankratz VS, Nguyen T, Ma L, Bisceglio G, Petersen RC, Younkin SG, Dickson DW, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, Ertekin-Taner N. Late-onset Alzheimer disease genetic variants in posterior cortical atrophy and posterior AD. Neurology 2014; 82:1455-62. [PMID: 24670887 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate association of genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) with risk of posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), a syndrome of visual impairment with predominant Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology in posterior cortical regions, and with risk of "posterior AD" neuropathology. METHODS We assessed 81 participants with PCA diagnosed clinically and 54 with neuropathologic diagnosis of posterior AD vs 2,523 controls for association with 11 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from published LOAD risk genome-wide association studies. RESULTS There was highly significant association with APOE ε4 and increased risk of PCA (p = 0.0003, odds ratio [OR] = 3.17) and posterior AD (p = 1.11 × 10(-17), OR = 6.43). No other locus was significant after corrections for multiple testing, although rs11136000 near CLU (p = 0.019, OR = 0.60) and rs744373 near BIN1 (p = 0.025, OR = 1. 63) associated nominally significantly with posterior AD, and rs3851179 at the PICALM locus had significant association with PCA (p = 0.0003, OR = 2.84). ABCA7 locus SNP rs3764650, which was also tested under the recessive model because of Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium, also had nominally significant association with PCA risk. The direction of association at APOE, CLU, and BIN1 loci was the same for participants with PCA and posterior AD. The effects for all SNPs, except rs3851179, were consistent with those for LOAD risk. CONCLUSIONS We identified a significant effect for APOE and nominate CLU, BIN1, and ABCA7 as additional risk loci for PCA and posterior AD. Our findings suggest that at least some of the genetic risk factors for LOAD are shared with these atypical conditions and provide effect-size estimates for their future genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva M Carrasquillo
- From the Departments of Neuroscience (M.M.C., M.E.M., S.K., T.N., L.M., G.B., S.G.Y., D.W.D., N.E.-T.) and Neurology (Q.u.A.K., N.R.G.-R., N.E.-T.), Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville; and Departments of Biostatistics (J.A., V.S.P.) and Neurology (R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester
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Raj T, Ryan KJ, Replogle JM, Chibnik LB, Rosenkrantz L, Tang A, Rothamel K, Stranger BE, Bennett DA, Evans DA, De Jager PL, Bradshaw EM. CD33: increased inclusion of exon 2 implicates the Ig V-set domain in Alzheimer's disease susceptibility. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:2729-36. [PMID: 24381305 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated risk allele, rs3865444(C), results in a higher surface density of CD33 on monocytes. Here, we find alternative splicing of exon 2 to be the primary mechanism of the genetically driven differential expression of CD33 protein. We report that the risk allele, rs3865444(C), is associated with greater cell surface expression of CD33 in both subjects of European and African-American ancestry and that there is a single haplotype influencing CD33 surface expression. A meta-analysis of the two populations narrowed the number of significant SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) (r(2) > 0.8) with rs3865444 to just five putative causal variants associated with increased protein expression. Using gene expression data from flow-sorted CD14(+)CD16(-) monocytes from 398 healthy subjects of three populations, we show that the rs3865444(C) risk allele is strongly associated with greater expression of CD33 exon 2 (pMETA = 2.36 × 10(-60)). Western blotting confirms increased protein expression of the full-length CD33 isoform containing exon 2 relative to the rs3865444(C) allele (P < 0.0001). Of the variants in strong LD with rs3865444, rs12459419, which is located in a putative SRSF2 splice site of exon 2, is the most likely candidate to mediate the altered alternative splicing of CD33's Immunoglobulin V-set domain 2 and ultimately influence AD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Towfique Raj
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
The amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) cascade hypothesis posits that Aβ accumulation is the fundamental initiator of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mounting evidence suggests that impaired Aβ clearance rather than its overproduction is the major pathogenic event for AD. Recent genetic studies have identified cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33) as a strong genetic locus linked to AD. As a type I transmembrane protein, CD33 belongs to the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins, mediating the cell-cell interaction and inhibiting normal functions of immune cells. In the brain, CD33 is mainly expressed on microglial cells. The level of CD33 was found to be increased in the AD brain, which positively correlated with amyloid plaque burden and disease severity. More importantly, CD33 led to the impairment of microglia-mediated clearance of Aβ, which resulted in the formation of amyloid plaques in the brain. In this article, we review the recent epidemiological findings of CD33 that related with AD and discuss the levels and pathogenic roles of CD33 in this disease. Based on the contributing effects of CD33 in AD pathogenesis, targeting CD33 may provide new opportunities for AD therapeutic strategies.
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Thambisetty M, An Y, Tanaka T. Alzheimer's disease risk genes and the age-at-onset phenotype. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2696.e1-5. [PMID: 23870418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent identification of several novel risk genes for Alzheimer's disease (AD), little is known about their influence on the age at onset (AAO) of AD. The AAO is a phenotype with a heritable component distinct from disease risk and may be a useful trait to study in the context of developing interventions for delaying the onset of AD. We studied the influence of 10 recently identified AD risk genes and APOE in relation to AAO in a large cohort of AD patients (N = 2569). We find that the novel AD risk gene, PICALM, exerts a small effect on the AAO of AD with earlier disease onset in risk allele carriers. In addition, we confirmed the previously reported association between the APOE ε4 allele and earlier disease onset. None of the other AD risk genes influenced AAO of AD. Our results suggest that besides APOE, other genes associated with AD risk do not exert large effects on the AAO phenotype of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Thambisetty
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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CD33 Alzheimer's disease locus: altered monocyte function and amyloid biology. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:848-50. [PMID: 23708142 PMCID: PMC3703870 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In our functional dissection of the CD33 Alzheimer's disease susceptibility locus, we found that the rs3865444(C) risk allele was associated with greater cell surface expression of CD33 in the monocytes (t50 = 10.06, P(joint) = 1.3 × 10(-13)) of young and older individuals. It was also associated with diminished internalization of amyloid-β 42 peptide, accumulation of neuritic amyloid pathology and fibrillar amyloid on in vivo imaging, and increased numbers of activated human microglia.
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