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Aragona F, Rizzo M, Arfuso F, Acri G, Fazio F, Piccione G, Giannetto C. Eye Temperature Measured with Infrared Thermography to Assess Stress Responses to Road Transport in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1877. [PMID: 38997989 PMCID: PMC11240744 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate eye temperature modifications after road transport in athletic horses habituated to travel. Eight adult Italian saddle horses traveled 100 km and, two weeks later, 300 km. Eye temperature (ET), rectal temperature (RT) and serum cortisol concentration were assessed before (T1), after (T2) and 60 min (T3) after the road transport. ET was evaluated with infrared thermography (IRT) in three regions of interest: EL1 (medial canthus), EL2 (central cornea) and EL3 (lateral canthus). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures showed statistically higher values at T2 and T3 for EL1 (p < 0.01), EL2 (p < 0.01) and EL3 (p < 0.01) following the 100 km journey. RT (p < 0.01) showed higher values at T2 and T3 after the 100 km journey and higher values at T2 (p < 0.01) following the 300 km journey. ET values were positively correlated with RT at T1, T2 and T3 following the 100 km journey and at T2 following the 300 km journey and positively correlated with serum cortisol concentration at T1, T2 and T3 following the 100 km journey and at T2 and T3 following the 300 km journey. Eye temperature monitoring with IRT allows quick and practical strategies to monitor an animal's physiological state and welfare during daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Maria Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Acri
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.P.); (C.G.)
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Sanigavatee K, Poochipakorn C, Huangsaksri O, Wonghanchao T, Yalong M, Poungpuk K, Thanaudom K, Chanda M. Hematological and physiological responses in polo ponies with different field-play positions during low-goal polo matches. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303092. [PMID: 38753824 PMCID: PMC11098493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Strenuous exercise in traditional polo matches creates enormous stress on horses. Hematological and physiological measures may vary across different field-play positions. This study aimed to investigate the effort intensity and the impact of exertion on hematology and heart rate variability (HRV) in polo ponies with different positions. Thirty-two ponies, divided equally into eight teams, were studied. Each comprises forwards (number 1), midfielders (numbers 2 and 3), and defenders (number 4). Team pairs played the first chukka in four low-goal polo matches. Percent maximum heart rate (%HRmax), indicating ponies' effort intensity, was classified into five zones, including zones 1 (<70%), 2 (70-80%), 3 (80-90%), 4 (90-95%) and 5 (>95%). Hematological and HRV parameters were determined before, immediately after, and at 30-minute intervals for 180 minutes after chukkas; HRV variables were also obtained during warm-up and exercise periods. Results indicated that the number two ponies spent more time in zone 4 (p < 0.05) but less in zone 2 (p < 0.01) than the number four ponies. Cortisol levels increased immediately and 30 minutes afterward (p < 0.0001 for both) and then returned to baseline 60-90 minutes after exertion. Other measures (Hct, Hb, RBC, WBC, neutrophils, and CK enzyme) increased immediately (p < 0.0001 for all) and lasted at least 180 minutes after exertion (p < 0.05-0.0001). HRV decreased during the chukka until approximately 90 minutes afterward (p < 0.05-0.0001). The stress index increased during the chukka and declined to baseline at 60 minutes in number 1-3 ponies but lasted 90 minutes in those at number four. Effort intensity distribution differed among field-play positions. Decreased HRV indicated reduced parasympathetic activity during exercise, extending to 90 minutes after exertion in polo ponies. Defenders seem to experience more stress than those in other positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokpan Sanigavatee
- Veterinary Clinical Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chanoknun Poochipakorn
- Veterinary Clinical Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Onjira Huangsaksri
- Veterinary Clinical Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Thita Wonghanchao
- Veterinary Clinical Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Mona Yalong
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kanoknoot Poungpuk
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kemika Thanaudom
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Metha Chanda
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
- Thailand Equestrian Federation, Sports Authority of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ireland JL, Lester A, Banse HE. Factors affecting measurement of basal adrenocorticotropic hormone in adult domestic equids: A scoping review. Vet J 2024; 304:106071. [PMID: 38341024 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Measurement of basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration is the most commonly used diagnostic test for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Although several pre-analytical and analytical factors have been reported to affect basal ACTH concentrations in equids, the extent to which these have been evaluated in the context of PPID diagnosis is unclear. The objectives of this scoping review were to identify and systematically chart current evidence about pre-analytical and analytical factors affecting basal ACTH concentrations in adult domestic equids. Systematic searches of electronic databases and conference proceedings were undertaken in June 2022, repeated in October 2022 and updated in August 2023. English language publications published prior to these dates were included. Screening and data extraction were undertaken individually by the authors, using predefined criteria and a modified scoping review data extraction template. After removal of duplicates, 903 publications were identified, of which 235 abstracts were screened for eligibility and 134 publications met inclusion criteria. Time of year, exercise, breed/type and transportation were the factors most frequently associated with significant increases in ACTH concentration (n = 26, 16, 13 and 10 publications, respectively). Only 25 publications reported inclusion of PPID cases in the study population, therefore the relationship between many factors affecting basal ACTH concentration and diagnostic accuracy for PPID remains undefined. However, several factors were identified that could impact interpretation of basal ACTH results. Findings also highlight the need for detailed reporting of pre-analytical and analytical conditions in future research to facilitate translation of evidence to practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ireland
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, Cheshire, UK.
| | - A Lester
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, Cheshire, UK
| | - H E Banse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Menzies-Gow NJ, Banse HE, Duff A, Hart N, Ireland JL, Knowles EJ, McFarlane D, Rendle D. BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: Diagnosis and management of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:220-242. [PMID: 37795557 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a prevalent, age-related chronic disorder in equids. Diagnosis of PPID can be challenging because of its broad spectrum of clinical presentations and disparate published diagnostic criteria, and there are limited available treatment options. OBJECTIVES To develop evidence-based primary care guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of equine PPID based on the available literature. STUDY DESIGN Evidence-based clinical guideline using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. METHODS Research questions were proposed by a panel of veterinarians and developed into PICO or another structured format. VetSRev and Veterinary Evidence were searched for evidence summaries, and systematic searches of the NCBI PubMed and CAB Direct databases were conducted using keyword searches in July 2022 and updated in January 2023. The evidence was evaluated using the GRADE framework. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The research questions were categorised into four areas: (A) Case selection for diagnostic testing, pre-test probability and diagnostic test accuracy, (B) interpretation of test results, (C) pharmacological treatments and other treatment/management options and (D) monitoring treated cases. Relevant veterinary publications were identified and assessed using the GRADE criteria. The results were developed into recommendations: (A) Case selection for diagnostic testing and diagnostic test accuracy: (i) The prevalence of PPID in equids aged ≥15 years is between 21% and 27%; (ii) hypertrichosis or delayed/incomplete hair coat shedding provides a high index of clinical suspicion for PPID; (iii) the combination of clinical signs and age informs the index of clinical suspicion prior to diagnostic testing; (iv) estimated pre-test probability of PPID should be considered in interpretation of diagnostic test results; (v) pre-test probability of PPID is low in equids aged <10 years; (vi) both pre-test probability of disease and season of testing have strong influence on the ability to diagnose PPID using basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or ACTH after thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation. The overall diagnostic accuracy of basal ACTH concentrations for diagnosing PPID ranged between 88% and 92% in the autumn and 70% and 86% in the non-autumn, depending on the pre-test probability. Based on a single study, the overall diagnostic accuracy of ACTH concentrations in response to TRH after 30 minutes for diagnosing PPID ranged between 92% and 98% in the autumn and 90% and 94% in the non-autumn, depending on the pre-test probability. Thus, it should be remembered that the risk of a false positive result increases in situations where there is a low pre-test probability, which could mean that treatment is initiated for PPID without checking for a more likely alternative diagnosis. This could compromise horse welfare due to the commencement of lifelong therapy and/or failing to identify and treat an alternative potentially life-threatening condition. (B) Interpretation of diagnostic tests: (i) There is a significant effect of breed on plasma ACTH concentration, particularly in the autumn with markedly higher ACTH concentrations in some but not all 'thrifty' breeds; (ii) basal and/or post-TRH ACTH concentrations may also be affected by latitude/location, diet/feeding, coat colour, critical illness and trailer transport; (iii) mild pain is unlikely to have a large effect on basal ACTH, but caution may be required for more severe pain; (iv) determining diagnostic thresholds that allow for all possible contributory factors is not practical; therefore, the use of equivocal ranges is supported; (v) dynamic insulin testing and TRH stimulation testing may be combined, but TRH stimulation testing should not immediately follow an oral sugar test; (vi) equids with PPID and hyperinsulinaemia appear to be at higher risk of laminitis, but ACTH is not an independent predictor of laminitis risk. (C) Pharmacologic treatments and other treatment/management options: (i) Pergolide improves most clinical signs associated with PPID in the majority of affected animals; (ii) Pergolide treatment lowers basal ACTH concentrations and improves the ACTH response to TRH in many animals, but measures of insulin dysregulation (ID) are not altered in most cases; (iii) chasteberry has no effect on ACTH concentrations and there is no benefit to adding chasteberry to pergolide therapy; (iv) combination of cyproheptadine with pergolide is not superior to pergolide alone; (v) there is no evidence that pergolide has adverse cardiac effects in horses; (vi) Pergolide does not affect insulin sensitivity. (D) Monitoring pergolide-treated cases: (i) Hormone assays provide a crude indication of pituitary control in response to pergolide therapy, however it is unknown whether monitoring of ACTH concentrations and titrating of pergolide doses accordingly is associated with improved endocrinological or clinical outcome; (ii) it is unknown whether monitoring the ACTH response to TRH or clinical signs is associated with an improved outcome; (iii) there is very weak evidence to suggest that increasing pergolide dose in autumn months may be beneficial; (iv) there is little advantage in waiting for more than a month to perform follow-up endocrine testing following initiation of pergolide therapy; there may be merit in performing repeat tests sooner; (v) timing of sampling in relation to pergolide dosing does not confound measurement of ACTH concentration; (vi) there is no evidence that making changes after interpretation of ACTH concentrations measured at certain times of the year is associated with improved outcomes; (vii) evidence is very limited, however, compliance with PPID treatment appears to be poor and it is unclear whether this influences clinical outcome; (viii) evidence is very limited, but horses with clinical signs of PPID are likely to shed more nematode eggs than horses without clinical signs of PPID; it is unclear whether this results in an increased risk of parasitic disease or whether there is a need for more frequent assessment of faecal worm egg counts. MAIN LIMITATIONS Limited relevant publications in the veterinary scientific literature. CONCLUSIONS These findings should be used to inform decision-making in equine primary care practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi E Banse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Aimi Duff
- Rainbow Equine Hospital, North Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - Joanne L Ireland
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, UK
| | | | - Dianne McFarlane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Jacquay ET, Harris PA, Adams AA. Age-Related Differences in Short-Term Transportation Stress Responses of Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104879. [PMID: 37399910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Transportation of horses on short journeys can lead to an increase in stress. There are known age-associated changes in immune and metabolic responses in horses; however, no research exists evaluating how age may influence these responses to transportation stress. Eleven mares within two age groups, aged (n = 5, 22 ± 1 year) or young (n = 6, 2 ± 1 year), were transported 1 hour and 20 minutes. Peripheral blood and saliva were collected before and after transportation at baseline (2 to 3 weeks prior to transportation), 24 hours pre-transport, 1 hour before loading, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 to 3 hours, 24 hours and 8 days post-transport. Heart rates, rectal temperatures, under the tail temperatures, serum cortisol, plasma ACTH, serum insulin, salivary cortisol and salivary IL-6 were measured. Whole blood gene expression of the cytokines IL-1b, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNFα were determined through qPCR, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, stimulated, and stained to determine IFNγ and TNFα production. Serum cortisol (P < .0001), salivary cortisol (P < .0001) and heart rate (P = .0002) increased in response to transportation with no age differences. Rectal (P = .03) and under the tail temperatures (P = .02) were increased in young versus aged horses. ACTH was higher in aged horses (P = .007) and post-transportation (P = .0001). Aged horses showed a greater increase in insulin compared with young horses (P < .0001). While age does not seem to impact cortisol responses to short-term transportation in horses, it did influence the post transportation insulin response to stress in aged horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T Jacquay
- Department of Veterinary Science, MARS EQUESTRIAN Scholar, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
| | - Patricia A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, England, UK
| | - Amanda A Adams
- Department of Veterinary Science, MARS EQUESTRIAN Research Fellow, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Maurício LS, Leme DP, Hötzel MJ. How to Understand Them? A Review of Emotional Indicators in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104249. [PMID: 36806715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Stabled horses often experience negative emotions due to the inappropriate living conditions imposed by humans. However, identifying what emotions horses experience and what can trigger positive and negative emotions in stabled horses can be challenging. In this article we present a brief history of the study of emotions and models that explain emotions from a scientific point of view and the physiological bases and functions of emotions. We then review and discuss physiological and behavioral indicators and cognitive bias tests developed to assess emotions in horses. Hormone concentrations, body temperature, the position of the ears, facial expressions and behaviors, such as approach and avoidance behaviors, can provide valuable information about emotional states in horses. The cognitive bias paradigm is a recent and robust tool to assess emotions in horses. Knowing how to evaluate the intensity and frequency of an individual's emotions can guide horse owners and caretakers to identify practices and activities that should be stimulated, avoided or even banned from the individual's life, in favor of a life worth living. The development and validation of novel indicators of emotions considering positive and negative contexts can help in these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Santos Maurício
- Laboratory of Applied Ethology and Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science and Rural Development, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Denise Pereira Leme
- Laboratory of Applied Ethology and Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science and Rural Development, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria José Hötzel
- Laboratory of Applied Ethology and Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science and Rural Development, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Kovac M, Vladimirovna Ippolitova T, Pozyabin S, Aliev R, Lobanova V, Drakul N, S. Rutland C. Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.105045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents new aspects to understanding the neuroendocrine regulation of equine stress responses, and their influences on the physiological, pathophysiological, and behavioral processes. Horse management, in essence, is more frequently confirmed by external and internal stress factors, than in other domestic animals. Regardless of the nature of the stimulus, the equine stress response is an effective and highly conservative set of interconnected relationships designed to maintain physiological integrity even in the most challenging circumstances (e.g., orthopedic injuries, abdominal pain, transport, competitions, weaning, surgery, and inflammation). The equine stress response is commonly a complementary homeostatic mechanism that provides protection (not an adaptation) when the body is disturbed or threatened. It activates numerous neural and hormonal networks to optimize metabolic, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and immunological functions. This review looks into the various mechanisms involved in stress responses, stress-related diseases, and assessment, prevention or control, and management of these diseases and stress. Stress-related diseases can not only be identified and assessed better, given the latest research and techniques but also prevented or controlled.
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Barton A, Lindenberg I, Einspanier A, Merle R, Gehlen H. Evaluation of the effect of tongue ties on stress parameters, behaviour and heart-rate variability in racehorses. Anim Welf 2022. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.31.2.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fixation of the tongue to the mandible using so-called tongue ties (TTs) is common practice in Standardbred (SB) and Thoroughbred (TB) racing, but little is known about their impact on animal welfare. In this study, the influence of TTs on heart-rate variability (HRV), stress parameters
in plasma (cortisol, glucose, lactate) and behaviour was evaluated in 30 SBs and 29 TBs (n = 59) presenting with exercise insufficiency. Overall, 36/59 horses (24 SBs, 12 TBs) were familiar with TTs. Blood was taken at rest, after TT application and after racing in all horses, additionally
samples were taken without TT in SBs another day. HRV was calculated over 3 min before, during and after racing. Additionally, SBs' behaviour during TT application and racing was documented in real time. TT application did not increase cortisol levels significantly, while highly significant
increases in cortisol levels were found after racing. Lactate levels were not influenced by TT application, but also significantly increased after racing. No significant differences were found for glucose. Seventeen out of 30 SBs showed mild (n = 8), moderate (n = 8) and severe (n = 1) reactions
during TT application, none during or after race training. At rest, 23/30 SBs had a low/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio < 1.5 (1.05 [± 0.61], n = 30, dominating parasympathetic activity). After TT application, the LF/HF ratio increased to 1.4 (± 0.45) (increased sympathetic activity).
In TBs, sympathetic activity dominated at rest. No differences in LF, HF and LF/HF were found after TT application or comparing HRV after racing with/without TT. The stress response (blood parameters and HRV) was not influenced by horses' naivety to TTs, however an increased stress response
was observed in SB mares. Overall, obvious adverse behaviour, but only slight evidence of an increased systemic stress response, was found in this study. These results might provide objective evidence for future decisions from equine sports organisations concerning further regulations on TTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barton
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - I Lindenberg
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Physiological Chemistry, An den Tierkliniken 7/7a, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - R Merle
- Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Golubova TF, Nuvoli AV. [Effect of iodine-bromine baths on stress-systems indicators in children with autism spectrum disorders]. VOPROSY KURORTOLOGII, FIZIOTERAPII, I LECHEBNOI FIZICHESKOI KULTURY 2022; 99:42-49. [PMID: 35236065 DOI: 10.17116/kurort20229901142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The continuous increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the population, the debatable nature of many aspects of etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of these disorders justify the urgent need for the development of effective medical rehabilitation methods affecting the pathogenetic mechanisms.Exposure of children with ASD to external stimuli in excessive force often leads to the stress-systems response not corresponding to the compensation abilities of the body. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of iodine-bromine baths on stress-system indicators in children with ASD. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 74 children with ASD (F84) aged 3 to 14 years (mean age 6.23±0.37 years) included in the main group (MG). The control group (CG) consisted of 25 healthy children.The examination included detailed history taking, examination by specialists, assessment of disease severity using CARS scale, evaluation of β-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol levels in blood serum by ELISA. Thirty-four (45.9%) children had a moderate autism level (total score 30-37), and 40 (54.1%) children had severe autism (total score 37-60). In the MG, there were 27 (36.5%) children with mild symptoms of hyperactivity (subgroup A) and 47 (63.5%) children with severe aggression, tantrums, and increased hyperactivity (subgroup B). All MG patients were assigned into two subgroups by randomization: Subgroup 1: 30 children with ASD received health resort treatment (HRT) without iodine-bromine baths (IB); Subgroup 2: 44 children with ASD received similar HRT and IB. RESULTS Statistically significant increase of β-endorphin, ACTH and cortisol levels (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively) in children with ASD (compared to those in CG children) was identified. In children without hyperactivity, a moderate increase of these parameters was noted; significantly higher values were observed in children with severe hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and aggression (p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). After treatment, there was a statistically significant increase in β-endorphin level in subgroup 1 children who received HRT without IB, while in children of subgroups A and B (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively), there was a decrease in ACTH level (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001 respectively) and a trend towards a cortisol level decrease. Inclusion of IB in HRT course associated with a significant decrease of β-endorphin level in children of subgroups A and B (p<0.001), a decrease of ACTH level (p<0.001) and cortisol (p<0.001, p<0.01, p<0.001, respectively), which resulted in vicious circle breaking and normalization of relations between stress-limiting and stress-releasing parts of pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Most children with autism spectrum disorders showed significant increases in β-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol levels, indicating dysfunction between the stress-limiting and stress-releasing systems, as well as between the central and peripheral parts of the stress-releasing chain. The tonic effect of resort treatment was noted, limiting its use in children with autism spectrum disorders, increased hyperactivity, and aggression. The inclusion of iodine-bromine baths in resort treatment has a calming non-medicinal effect and can be recommended for use in children with symptoms of severe hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Golubova
- Research Institute of Children's Resorts, Physiotherapy and Medical Rehabilitation, Yevpatoria, Russia
| | - A V Nuvoli
- Research Institute of Children's Resorts, Physiotherapy and Medical Rehabilitation, Yevpatoria, Russia
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Effects of transport stress on immune response, physiological state, and WSSV concentration in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tavanaeimanesh H, Dashli-Boroon OJ, Corley K. Comparison of β-endorphin, lactate and cortisol concentrations in winning and losing racehorses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 110:103857. [PMID: 34965409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the physiological and biochemical changes in racehorses can be invaluable. Accurate information in this area could result in better understanding of needs of sport horses. The aim of this study was to prove the hypothesis that biochemical changes could influence the outcome of competitions. In this study, β-endorphin was evaluated as an indicator of analgesia, lactate as an indicator of fatigue and cortisol as an indicator of stress in the first two horses and the last ones that cross the finish line. This study was performed on 44 horses participating in the 1000-meter national championship. In Group 1, 22 winners and second place horses were included; for Group 2, 22 last and penultimate horses were included. Blood samples were obtained in the doping room after race (T0) and 20 minutes after finishing (T20). Results for beta endorphin at T0 and T20 were higher (P>0.05) for Group 1 compared to Group 2; on the contrary, lactate concentration was lower (P>0.05) for Group 1 than Group 2 at T0 and T20. However, differences (P<0.05) were obtained within groups at T0 and T20 for beta endorphin and lactate concentrations. No significant differences were found for cortisol concentration.The results of this study showed that winning horses had higher levels of β-endorphin and lower levels of lactate than losers. Further and deeper experimental studies are needed to prove the hypothesis that biochemical changes could influence the outcome of competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Tavanaeimanesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Jahed Dashli-Boroon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kevin Corley
- Veterinary Advances, The Curragh, Co Kildare, Ireland
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Miller AB, Harris PA, Barker VD, Adams AA. Short-term transport stress and supplementation alter immune function in aged horses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254139. [PMID: 34411137 PMCID: PMC8376036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-distance transport is associated with stress-related changes in equine immune function, and shipping-associated illnesses are often reported. Horses are frequently transported short distances, yet the effects of short-term transport on immune function remain largely unknown. Twelve horses, aged 15-30 yr, were assigned to either the control (n = 6) or treatment (n = 6) groups; treatment horses received a daily antioxidant supplement 3 weeks before and after transport. All horses were transported for approximately 1.5-2 hr on Day 0. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture at 15-min pre- and post-transport and on Days -21, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Body temperature, heart rate, body weight, total cortisol, and gene expression of IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12α, IL-17α, SAA1, and TNFα in whole blood were measured. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, stimulated with PMA/ionomycin, and stained for IFNγ and TNFα before analysis via flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed with significance set at P < 0.05 (SAS 9.4). Transport and supplementation did not appear to affect body weight, heart rate, IL-4, IL-8, IL-12α, IL-17α, change (Δ) in the % and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of IFNγ+ lymphocytes after stimulation, or Δ in the % and MFI of TNFα+ lymphocytes after stimulation. Supplementation decreased IL-1β and SAA1 expression. Transport increased total cortisol concentration, body temperature, and IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 expression but decreased IL-1β, TNFα, and IFNγ expression. Short-term transportation affected physiological, endocrine, and immune responses; supplementation may ameliorate inflammation in aged horses. Immune responses were most altered at 15-min post-transport and typically recovered by Day 1, suggesting that horses may be vulnerable to disease during and almost immediately after short-term transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton B. Miller
- Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Patricia A. Harris
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia D. Barker
- Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Amanda A. Adams
- Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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13
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Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of basal plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentration for diagnosing pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses: A systematic review. Vet J 2021; 275:105695. [PMID: 34099343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of basal adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is currently used to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses, yet a systematic review of the evidence for its use has not been undertaken. This study aimed to systematically review evidence regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the basal ACTH diagnostic test. Electronic databases were systematically searched in January 2019, September 2020 and January 2021, for English language publications published prior to these dates. Screening, data extraction and quality assessment of publications was undertaken by the authors using predefined criteria. Study design, methodology and information reported in included studies were assessed using Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) checklists. Risk of bias and applicability were appraised using the Quality Assessment tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) quality assessment tool. Due to identified biases and marked between-study variations, meta-analysis was not undertaken. After removal of duplicates, 415 publications were identified, of which 25 were evaluated in full, with 11 of these meeting inclusion criteria. In most studies, basal ACTH was reported to have good sensitivity (overall median 75.5%; interquartile range [IQR], 64.0-86.5%; range, 36.0-100%) and excellent specificity (overall median, 95.2%; IQR, 84.2-98.9%; range, 63.3-100%). However, QUADAS-2 and STARD assessment highlighted that studies did not utilise optimal study design and/or study populations for the evaluation of a diagnostic test and the majority were subject to bias, or provided insufficient information to fully assess possible biases. Based on this review, basal ACTH performed better at ruling out PPID than detecting it.
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Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: Identifying research priorities for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis through a priority setting partnership. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244784. [PMID: 33395695 PMCID: PMC7781667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is the most prevalent endocrine disorder of older equids. To date, key research areas likely to have the greatest impact on equine health have not been identified. In human medicine, public and patient involvement is widely used to inform research agendas. This study aimed to engage with veterinary surgeons and horse owners to identify evidence gaps ('uncertainties') and prioritise these into a list of the 10 most important PPID research questions. The James Lind Alliance (JLA) Priority Setting Partnership (PSP) Framework was adapted. Questions about the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of PPID were gathered via an online survey targeting veterinary surgeons and horse owners with experience of PPID. Thematic analysis was used to form a longlist of collated indicative research questions (CIRQs), defined by the JLA as true 'evidence uncertainties' when not answered by a published, clinically relevant, up-to-date systematic review. In an interim prioritisation survey, questions were ranked by weighted scores creating a shortlist of 25 that were taken forward to the PSP workshop, where participants reached a consensus on the top 10. Useable responses containing ≥1 question were received from 524 respondents (92.6% owners, n = 485; 7.4% veterinary surgeons, n = 39). After screening for relevance, 1,260 individual questions were included in thematic analysis, resulting in 47 CIRQs. Interim prioritisation votes for the CIRQs were received from 360 respondents. The top 10 questions prioritised at the PSP workshop focused on long-term prognosis, diagnostic accuracy, efficacy of pergolide treatment, alternative treatment/management strategies and potential treatment options for poor responders to pergolide. The quantity of questions generated indicates an extensive number of uncertainties regarding the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of PPID. The top 10 research questions will help to inform key areas for evidence synthesis and knowledge translation, and to direct future research into areas most important to end users involved in caring for and treating animals with PPID.
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Tatum RC, McGowan CM, Ireland JL. Efficacy of pergolide for the management of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: A systematic review. Vet J 2020; 266:105562. [PMID: 33323174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pergolide, a dopamine agonist, is commonly administered to manage pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), a progressive neurodegenerative disease prevalent in aged horses. However, available evidence regarding pergolide's efficacy in improving clinical and endocrine parameters is limited. The aim of this systematic review was to assess published literature and evaluate evidence regarding whether pergolide treatment results in improvement of clinical signs and/or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentration compared to no treatment or other unlicensed treatments. Systematic searches of electronic databases were undertaken in April 2019, repeated in August and October 2019, and updated in July 2020. English language publications published prior to these dates were included. Screening, data extraction and quality assessment of publications was undertaken individually by the authors using predefined criteria and subsequently cross-checked. Modified critically appraised topic data collection forms were used to extract data. Due to marked between-study variations, meta-analysis was not undertaken. After removal of duplicate records; 612 publications were identified, of which 129 abstracts were screened for eligibility and 28 publications met criteria for inclusion in the review. Most studies were descriptive case series, cohort studies or non-randomised, uncontrolled field trials. Despite marked variation in study populations, case selection, diagnostic protocols, pergolide dose, follow-up period and outcome measures, in the vast majority of the included studies, pergolide was reported to provide overall clinical improvement in >75% of cases. However, reported improvements in individual clinical signs varied widely. A reduction in plasma ACTH concentrations was reported in 44-74% of cases, while normalisation to within reported reference intervals occurred in 28-74% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Tatum
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK; Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J L Ireland
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK; Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
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Gehlen H, Jaburg N, Merle R, Winter J. Can Endocrine Dysfunction Be Reliably Tested in Aged Horses That Are Experiencing Pain? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081426. [PMID: 32824027 PMCID: PMC7459856 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is an endocrine (secreting internally) disease of aged horses and ponies. An enlargement (hyperplasia) of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland leads to an increased secretion of hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The main tests for a diagnosis of PPID are the measurement of basal ACTH and the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test, where TRH stimulates the secretion of ACTH. Since pain can also lead to elevated concentrations of ACTH, it is unclear whether horses with pain can be tested for PPID correctly. The aim of the present study was to find out whether pain caused a marked increase of ACTH can lead to a false positive result in the diagnosis of PPID. Therefore, we examined fifteen horses treated for different pain conditions, which also served as their own controls as soon as they were pain-free again. The ACTH and cortisol were measured before and after the TRH stimulation test. There was no significant difference in the ACTH concentration in horses with pain and the controls, between different pain intensities or between disease groups. Thus, measuring the basal ACTH concentration and performing the TRH stimulation test for the diagnosis of PPID seem to be possible in horses with a treated low to moderate pain condition. Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate (i) the effects of different intensities and types of treated pain on the basal concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, and (ii) the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test, to determine whether treated pain caused a marked increase of ACTH, which would lead to a false positive result in the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Methods: Fifteen horses with treated low to moderate pain intensities were part of the study. They served as their own controls as soon as they were pain-free again. The horses were divided into three disease groups, depending on their underlying disease (disease group 1 = colic, disease group 2 = laminitis, disease group 3 = orthopedic problems). A composite pain scale was used to evaluate the intensity of the pain. This pain scale contained a general part and specific criteria for every disease. Subsequently, ACTH and cortisol were measured before and after the intravenous application of 1 mg of TRH. Results: There was no significant difference in the basal or stimulated ACTH concentration in horses with pain and controls, between different pain intensities or between disease groups. Descriptive statistics, however, revealed that pain might decrease the effect of TRH on the secretion of ACTH. There was an increase of ACTH 30 min after TRH application (p = 0.007) in the treated pain group, but this difference could not be statistically confirmed. Measuring the basal ACTH concentration and performing the TRH stimulation test for the diagnosis of PPID seem to be possible in horses with low to moderate pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Freie University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.J.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nina Jaburg
- Equine Clinic, Freie University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Veterinary Department, Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology, Freie University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Judith Winter
- Equine Clinic, Freie University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.J.); (J.W.)
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18
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Guarneros M, Sánchez-García O, Martínez-Gómez M, Arteaga L. The underexplored role of chemical communication in the domestic horse, Equus caballus. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Zylkéne to load? The effects of alpha-casozepine on compliance and coping in horses during loading. J Vet Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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21
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Sauer FJ, Bruckmaier RM, Ramseyer A, Vidondo B, Scheidegger MD, Gerber V. Diagnostic accuracy of post-ACTH challenge salivary cortisol concentrations for identifying horses with equine glandular gastric disease. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2154-2161. [PMID: 29762691 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to better characterize the adrenal response to i.v. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in horses with and without gastric disease and to validate and simplify the ACTH stimulation test by determining the diagnostic accuracy of six consecutive sampling time points after ACTH administration for equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) and equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD). Twenty-six endurance and eventing horses without clinical disease [Sport Horse Population (SHP)] and an independent population of 62 horses [General Population (GP)] were grouped by gastroscopic findings (no/mild vs. moderate/severe EGGD, grade 0-1 vs. 2-4 ESGD, respectively) and underwent an ACTH stimulation test. Salivary cortisol (ng/mL) was analyzed before and 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min after i.v. injection of 1 µg/kg BW synthetic ACTH1-24. The association between having moderate or severe EGGD or ESGD and the amount of salivary cortisol was analyzed by means of receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The following explanatory variables were considered: cortisol values for every time point, the area under the curve (AUC)-including all time points and corrected for the baseline-and the partial areas under the curve AUC0-90 and AUC90-150. Sampling after 60 min had highest association with moderate/severe EGGD. The diagnostic potential of the ACTH test was higher for the SHP [sensitivity 100% (95% CI 54% to 100%), specificity 75% (95% CI 51% to 91%), ROC-AUC 91% (95% CI 69% to 98%), 1-sided P-value < 0.001] than for the GP [sensitivity 75% (95% CI 48% to 93%), specificity 52% (95% CI 37% to 67%), ROC-AUC 68% (95% CI 51% to 79%), 1-sided P-value = 0.0064]. There were, however, no significant associations with ESGD. The superiority of sampling after 60 min suggests that the initial release of cortisol rather than its peak or the AUC are relevant regarding EGGD. Even though the wide confidence intervals and thus the lack of diagnostic accuracy do not presently support clinical use, characterization of the adrenal response to an ACTH stimulus improves the understanding of EGGD pathophysiology and its relation to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay J Sauer
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Ramseyer
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz Vidondo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Milena D Scheidegger
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Circannual variability in adrenocorticotropic hormone responses to administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in clinically normal horses in Australia. Vet J 2018; 238:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Connysson M, Muhonen S, Jansson A. Road transport and diet affect metabolic response to exercise in horses. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:4869-4879. [PMID: 29293735 PMCID: PMC6292253 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of transport and diet on metabolic response during a subsequent race-like test in Standardbred horses in training fed a forage-only diet and a 50:50 forage:oats diet. Six trained and raced Standardbred trotter mares were used. Two diets, 1 forage-only diet (FONLY) and 1 diet with 50% of DM intake from forage and 50% from oats (FOATS), were fed for two 29-d periods in a crossover design. At Day 21, the horses were subjected to transport for 100 km before and after they performed an exercise test (transport test [TT]). At Day 26, the horses performed a control test (CT), in which they were kept in their stall before and after the exercise test. Blood samples were collected throughout the study, and heart rate and water intake were recorded. Heart rate and plasma cortisol, glucose, and NEFA concentrations were greater for the TT than for the CT (P = 0.008, P = 0.020, P = 0.010, and P = 0.0002, respectively) but were not affected by diet. Plasma acetate concentration was lower during the TT than during the CT (P = 0.034) and greater for the FONLY than for the FOATS (P = 0.003). There were no overall effects of the TT compared with the CT on total plasma protein concentration (TPP), but TPP was lower with the FONLY than with the FOATS (P = 0.016). There was no overall effect of the TT compared with the CT on water intake, but water intake was greater with the FONLY than the FOATS (P = 0.011). There were no overall effects of transport or diet on BW, plasma lactate, or plasma urea concentration. It was concluded that both transport and diet affect metabolic response during exercise in horses. Aerobic energy supply was most likely elevated by transportation and by the FONLY. The FONLY also decreased exercise-induced effects on extracellular fluid regulation. These results highlight the importance of experimental design in nutrition studies. If the aim is to examine how a diet affects exercise response in competition horses, transport should preferably be included in the experimental design, because horses are likely to be transported before a competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Connysson
- Wången National Center for Education in Trotting, Vången 110, S-835 93 Alsen, Sweden
- Corresponding author:
| | - S. Muhonen
- Hästforsk, Sörsvedje 120, S-893 91 Bjästa, Sweden
| | - A. Jansson
- Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Heitman K, Rabquer B, Heitman E, Streu C, Anderson P. The Use of Lavender Aromatherapy to Relieve Stress in Trailered Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jacob SI, Geor RJ, Weber PSD, Harris PA, McCue ME. Effect of dietary carbohydrates and time of year on ACTH and cortisol concentrations in adult and aged horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 63:15-22. [PMID: 29195115 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) remains a challenge as multiple factors (stress, exercise, and time of year) influence ACTH and cortisol concentrations. To assess endocrine status in a study designed to evaluate the effects of age and diet on glucose and insulin dynamics, we performed thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation tests and overnight dexamethasone suppression tests in March, May, August, and October on 16 healthy Thoroughbred and Standardbred mares and geldings. Horses were grouped by age: adult (mean ± SD; 8.8 ± 2.9 yr; n = 8) and aged (20.6 ± 2.1 yr; n = 8). None of the horses showed clinical signs (hypertrichosis, regional adiposity, skeletal muscle atrophy, lethargy) of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Horses were randomly assigned to groups of 4, blocked for age, and fed grass hay plus 4 isocaloric concentrate diets (control, starch-rich, fiber-rich, and sugar-rich) using a balanced Latin square design. Data were analyzed using a multivariable linear mixed regression model. Baseline ACTH was significantly higher in aged horses (mean ± standard error of the mean; 60.0 ± 10.7 pg/mL) adapted to the starch-rich diet compared to adult horses (15.7 ± 12.0 pg/mL) on the same diet (P = 0.017). After controlling for age and diet, baseline ACTH concentrations were significantly increased in October (57.7 ± 7.1 pg/mL) compared to March (13.2 ± 7.1 pg/mL; P < 0.001), May (12.4 ± 7.1 pg/mL; P < 0.001), and August (24.2 ± 7.1 pg/mL; P < 0.001), whereas post-TRH ACTH was higher in August (376.6 ± 57.6 pg/mL) and October (370.9 ± 57.5 pg/mL) compared to March (101.9 ± 57.3 pg/mL; P < 0.001) and May (74.5 ± 57.1 pg/mL; P < 0.001). Aged horses had significantly higher post-dexamethasone cortisol on the starch-rich diet (0.6 ± 0.1 μg/dL) compared to the sugar-rich diet (0.2 ± 0.1 μg/dL; P = 0.021). Post-dexamethasone cortisol was significantly higher in October (0.6 ± 0.1 μg/dL) compared to March (0.3 ± 0.1 μg/dL; P = 0.005), May (0.2 ± 0.1 μg/dL; P < 0.001), and August (0.3 ± 0.1 μg/dL; P = 0.004). Breed did not influence ACTH or cortisol measurements. In conclusion, in addition to age and time of year, diet is a potential confounder as animals on a starch-rich diet may be incorrectly diagnosed with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Jacob
- Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - R J Geor
- Massey University College of Sciences, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - P S D Weber
- Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - P A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Leicestershire, UK
| | - M E McCue
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Padalino B, Raidal SL, Knight P, Celi P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. Behaviour during transportation predicts stress response and lower airway contamination in horses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194272. [PMID: 29566072 PMCID: PMC5863983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to document the effects of an eight hour journey on behavioural, clinical, haematological, environmental and respiratory parameters, and to identify possible associations between factors. Twelve horses underwent clinical examination, respiratory endoscopy with tracheal wash (TW) aspiration, and collection of venous and arterial blood before (BJ) and after the journey (AJ). TW were submitted for conventional quantitative bacteriological evaluation and genetic microbiome analyses. Behaviour was assessed in stables prior to transportation and throughout the journey. Transportation caused mild, but significant, effects on fluid and electrolyte balance and an acute phase response, characterized by neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenaemia and hyperglobulinaemia. The proportion of neutrophils in TW, tracheal mucus and TW bacterial concentration was increased AJ, with preferential replication of Pasteurellaceae. Horse behaviour en route predicted clinical and respiratory outcomes. The frequency of stress related behaviours was greatest in the first hour of the journey, and balance-related behaviours were most common in the final hour of the journey. Horses which lowered their heads less frequently en route and showed more stress-related behaviours had higher physiological stress (serum cortisol and heart rate on arrival), increased tracheal mucus and inflammation scores, and higher TW bacterial concentration AJ (P<0.05). Six horses with abnormal lung auscultation AJ proved to have had higher tracheal inflammation scores at preloading (P = 0.017), an overall higher concentration of bacteria in their TW (P = 0.013), and an increased percentage of neutrophils in TW at five days AJ (P = 0.003) in comparison to the other horses. While transport-related health problems are multifactorial, clinical examination, including auscultation and endoscopic inspection of the lower respiratory tract before and after journey, and behavioural observation en route may identify animals at increased risk of transport associated respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Padalino
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, HKSAR
- * E-mail:
| | - Sharanne L. Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Stuart University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Knight
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
| | - Pietro Celi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leo Jeffcott
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary Muscatello
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kędzierski W, Bełkot Z. Does road transport influence plasma leptin concentrations in horses? Preliminary study. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/aoas-2017-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Transport is one of the most common stressors for horses leading to an increase in cortisol secretion. Cortisol promotes leptin synthesis and release. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of short transport on circulating leptin and cortisol concentrations. A total of 16 crossbred naïve horses (7 geldings, 9 mares) aged 2-11 years, and weighing 530-680 kg were included in the study. The horses were transported in a commercial horse-truck to an unknown holding pen for temporary housing. To measure plasma leptin and cortisol concentrations, three blood samples were collected from each horse: before transport, immediately after unloading from the truck, and nine hours after transport at the arrival point. Transport caused a significant increase in mean plasma cortisol concentration determined at unloading, and after nine hours of unloading, in comparison to values obtained before loading. Plasma leptin concentrations did not change during the study. In conclusion, transportation procedures did not influence plasma leptin concentration in horses, despite significantly increased cortisol release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Kędzierski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin , Poland
| | - Zbigniew Bełkot
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin , Poland
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Medica P, Cravana C, Bruschetta G, Ferlazzo A, Fazio E. Breeding season and transport interactions on the pituitary-adrenocortical and biochemical responses of horses. J Vet Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Medica P, Bruschetta G, Cravana C, Ferlazzo A, Fazio E. Effect of transportation on the sympatho-adrenal system responses in horses. Res Vet Sci 2017; 125:401-404. [PMID: 29126628 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of current study was to evaluate the effect of transportation stress on the circulating adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) responses of stallions, according to the different distances. Forty-two stallions were studied before and after road transportation of 100, 200 and 300km, for a period of 1-3h. An increase in plasma A after 100km (P<0.001) was observed. A similar result was seen in plasma NA after 100km (P<0.001), and 300km (P<0.001). Increases in plasma DA after 100 and 200km (P<0.0001) were observed, with a decrease after 300km (P<0.0001). Significant interactions among groups and times for A (P<0.0001), NA (P<0.0006) and DA (P<0.0001) changes were observed. These results indicate that the sympatho-adrenal system response of horses was greater after short (100km), than medium-longer period of transportation (200 and 300km). This may indicate an adaptation process during transport, considering A and NA as the primary candidate neurotransmitters for the maintenance of homeostatic process to alleviate the effects of the perceived transportation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Biochemistry, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Cravana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Adriana Ferlazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Secombe CJ, Tan RHH, Perara DI, Byrne DP, Watts SP, Wearn JG. The Effect of Geographic Location on Circannual Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Plasma Concentrations in Horses in Australia. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1533-1540. [PMID: 28661009 PMCID: PMC5598888 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Longitudinal evaluation of plasma endogenous ACTH concentration in clinically normal horses has not been investigated in the Southern Hemisphere. Objectives To longitudinally determine monthly upper reference limits for plasma ACTH in 2 disparate Australian geographic locations and to examine whether location affected the circannual rhythm of endogenous ACTH in the 2 groups of horses over a 12‐month period. Animals Clinically normal horses <20 years of age from 4 properties (institutional herd and client owned animals) in Perth (n = 40) and Townsville (n = 41) were included in the study. Methods A prospective longitudinal descriptive study to determine the upper reference limit and confidence intervals for plasma ACTH in each geographic location using the ASVCP reference interval (RI) guidelines, for individual months and monthly groupings for 12 consecutive months. Results Plasma endogenous ACTH concentrations demonstrated a circannual rhythm. The increase in endogenous ACTH was not confined to the autumnal months but was associated with changes in photoperiod. During the quiescent period, plasma ACTH concentrations were lower, ≤43 pg/mL (upper limit of the 90% confidence interval (CI)) in horses from Perth and ≤67 pg/mL (upper limit of the 90% CI) in horses from Townsville, than at the acrophase, ≤94 pg/mL (upper limit of the 90% CI) in horses from Perth, ≤101 pg/mL (upper limit of the 90% CI) in horses from Townsville. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Circannual rhythms of endogenous ACTH concentrations vary between geographic locations, this could be due to changes in photoperiod or other unknown factors, and upper reference limits should be determined for specific locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Secombe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - R H H Tan
- Discipline of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - D I Perara
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - D P Byrne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - S P Watts
- Discipline of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - J G Wearn
- Discipline of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Viljanto M, Scarth J, Hincks P, Hillyer L, Cawley A, Suann C, Noble G, Walker CJ, Kicman AT, Parkin MC. Application of testosterone to epitestosterone ratio to horse urine - a complementary approach to detect the administrations of testosterone and its pro-drugs in Thoroughbred geldings. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1328-1336. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Viljanto
- LGC; Newmarket Road Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW UK
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - James Scarth
- LGC; Newmarket Road Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW UK
| | - Pamela Hincks
- LGC; Newmarket Road Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW UK
| | - Lynn Hillyer
- British Horseracing Authority; 75 High Holborn London WC1V 6LS UK
| | - Adam Cawley
- Racing NSW; Level 11, 51 Druitt Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Craig Suann
- Racing NSW; Level 11, 51 Druitt Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Glenys Noble
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Locked Bag 588 Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Christopher J. Walker
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Andrew T. Kicman
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Mark C. Parkin
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
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Neuroanatomical evidence for the involvement of β-endorphin during reproductive stress response in the fish Oreochromis mossambicus. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 77:161-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Padalino B, Raidal SL, Hall E, Knight P, Celi P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. Risk factors in equine transport-related health problems: A survey of the Australian equine industry. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:507-511. [PMID: 27564584 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transportation can affect equine health and is a potential source of economic loss to the industry. OBJECTIVES To identify journey (duration, vehicle, commercial or noncommercial) and horse (sex, age, breed, use, amateur or professional status) characteristics associated with the development of transport-related health problems in horses. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional online survey. METHODS An online survey was conducted targeting amateur and professional participants in the Australian equine industry; eligible respondents were required to organise horse movements at least monthly. Respondents provided details of the last case of a transport-related health problem that had affected their horse(s). Associations between type of health problem, journey and horse characteristics were examined with multivariable multinomial regression analysis. RESULTS Based on 214 responses, health problems were classified as injuries, muscular problems, heat stroke, gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, and death or euthanasia. Respiratory problems were reported most frequently (33.7%), followed by gastrointestinal problems (23.8%) and traumatic injuries (16.3%). The type of health problem was associated with journey duration (P<0.001) and horse breed (P = 0.001). Injuries were more likely to occur on short journeys, whereas more severe illnesses (gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, and death or euthanasia) were more likely to occur on long journeys. Using Standardbreds as the reference group, Thoroughbreds, Arabians and Warmbloods were more likely to experience a severe illness than an injury. MAIN LIMITATIONS Self-selected participation in the study and the self-reported nature of transport-related problems. CONCLUSIONS Horses undertaking journeys of longer than 24 h are at greater risk for the development of severe disease or death. Further studies on long-haul transportation effects are required to safeguard the welfare of horses moved over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Padalino
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S L Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E Hall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Knight
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Celi
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Columbia, Maryland, USA.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Jeffcott
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Muscatello
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Scheidegger MD, Gerber V, Ramseyer A, Schüpbach-Regula G, Bruckmaier RM, van der Kolk JH. Repeatability of the ACTH stimulation test as reflected by salivary cortisol response in healthy horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 57:43-7. [PMID: 27565229 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to further characterize the ACTH stimulation test as reflected by salivary cortisol response and to measure the short- and long-term repeatability of it in healthy horses as a tool to assess the capacity of the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. Nineteen healthy horses were subjected to 3 ACTH stimulation tests. Intervals were 2 wk and 5 mo between the first and second and the second and third tests, respectively. A dose of 1-μg/kg BW synthetic ACTH was injected intravenously. Saliva samples were collected at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after administration for cortisol measurements using a competitive enzyme immunoassay. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare values within and among horses. Mean ± SD total increase in cortisol concentrations integrated over the entire sampling period was 34.5 ± 11.0 ng/mL. The highest measured concentration at a single time point was 9.7 ± 2.7 ng/mL and was reached after 122 ± 22 min. For the short- and long-term repeatability, intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90 and 0.33, respectively. The 3 ACTH stimulation tests results differed significantly among (P < 0.00001) but not within (P = 0.538) individual horses. The Freiberger stallions had a higher salivary cortisol baseline concentration and a lower response to ACTH stimulation as compared with Warmblood mares and geldings. The present study confirmed that the administration of ACTH in healthy horses reliably stimulates the salivary secretion of cortisol and shows that the test is repeatable in the short- and long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Scheidegger
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Agroscope and University of Berne, Switzerland.
| | - V Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Agroscope and University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - A Ramseyer
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Agroscope and University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - G Schüpbach-Regula
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - J H van der Kolk
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Agroscope and University of Berne, Switzerland
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Comparative Exploration of the β-endorphin, Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone, and Cortisol Patterns' Response to Simulated and Conventional Transportations of Stallions ( Equus caballus ). J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Ferlazzo AA. Pituitary-adrenocortical adjustments to transport stress in horses with previous different handling and transport conditions. Vet World 2016; 9:856-61. [PMID: 27651674 PMCID: PMC5021835 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.856-861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The changes of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response to a long distance transportation results in increase of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels. The purpose of the study was to quantify the level of short-term road transport stress on circulating ACTH and cortisol concentrations, related to the effect of previous handling and transport experience of horses. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 56 healthy horses after short-term road transport of 30 km. The horses were divided into four groups, Groups A, B, C, and D, with respect to the handling quality: Good (Groups A and B), bad (Group D), and minimal handling (Group C) conditions. According to the previous transport, experience horses were divided as follows: Horses of Groups A and D had been experienced long-distance transportation before; horses of Groups B and C had been limited experience of transportation. Results: One-way RM-ANOVA showed significant effects of transport on ACTH changes in Groups B and C and on cortisol changes in both Groups A and B. Groups A and B showed lower baseline ACTH and cortisol values than Groups C and D; Groups A and B showed lower post-transport ACTH values than Groups C and D. Groups A, B, and C showed lower post-transport cortisol values than Group D. Only Groups A and B horses have shown an adequate capacity of stress response to transportation. Conclusion: The previous transport experience and quality of handling could influence the HPA axis physiological responses of horses after short-term road transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - P Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - C Cravana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - And A Ferlazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Restifo MM, Frank N, Hermida P, Sanchez-Londoño A. Effects of withholding feed on thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test results and effects of combined testing on oral sugar test and thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test results in horses. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:738-48. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.7.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Price DM, Lewis AW, Neuendorff DA, Carroll JA, Burdick Sanchez NC, Vann RC, Welsh TH, Randel RD. Physiological and metabolic responses of gestating Brahman cows to repeated transportation. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:737-45. [PMID: 26020755 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized physiological responses to repeated transportation (TRANS) of gestating cows of differing temperaments. Cows were classified as Calm (C; = 10), Intermediate (I; = 28), or Temperamental (T; = 10). Based on artificial insemination date and pregnancy confirmation, cows were TRANS for 2 h on d 60 (TRANS1), 80 (TRANS2), 100 (TRANS3), 120 (TRANS4), and 140 (TRANS5) ± 5 d of gestation. Indwelling vaginal temperature (VT) monitoring devices were inserted 24 h before each TRANS with VT recorded from 2 h before TRANS and averaged into 5-min intervals through 30 min after TRANS. Serum samples were collected before loading and on unloading from the trailer to determine concentrations of cortisol, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis in SAS. Serum cortisol concentrations were affected by temperament ( < 0.001), with T cows having the greater concentrations of cortisol before each TRANS event. All cows (100%) regardless of temperament exhibited elevations in cortisol following each TRANS event. Peak VT was greater ( < 0.001) at TRANS1 relative to all other TRANS events regardless of cow temperament. During TRANS, the T cows tended ( < 0.09) to have greater peak VT (39.86 ± 0.15°C) compared to C (39.41 ± 0.16°C) and I cows (39.55 ± 0.08°C). Area under the VT curve decreased ( = 0.002) from TRANS1 through TRANS5. Pre-TRANS serum glucose concentration at TRANS1 was greater ( < 0.03) for T (68.13 ± 4.31mg/dL) compared to I (53.42 ± 2.78 mg/dL) and C cows (52.76 ± 4.60 mg/dL). The C and I cows had greater changes in NEFA concentration between pre- and post-transport, and T cows showed the least change ( < 0.001). Cow VT and serum glucose concentration decreased in all temperaments ( < 0.01) with repeated TRANS; however, serum NEFA concentration post-TRANS did not vary ( > 0.10) with repeated TRANS events. Serum glucose concentrations were affected ( < 0.02) by a TRANS event by temperament interaction with T cows taking more TRANS events to decrease their change in glucose concentration compared to C and I cows. These results demonstrate that temperament influences physiological responses to stress in gestating Brahman cows. Although repeated transport in our study is confounded with day of gestation, seasonal changes, and learning from repeated handling and transport, repeated transport is a useful model of repeated stress in studying the effects of temperament.
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Hoffman CJ, McKenzie HC, Furr MO, Desrochers A. Glucocorticoid receptor density and binding affinity in healthy horses and horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:626-35. [PMID: 25818217 PMCID: PMC4895485 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis occurs in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Peripheral resistance to glucocorticoids has not been investigated in horses. OBJECTIVE To determine if glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function in horses can be measured using flow cytometry, and to use this information to evaluate HPA axis dynamics. ANIMALS Eleven healthy adult horses in parts 1 and 2. Ten horses with SIRS and 10 age and sex matched controls in part 3. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to evaluate GR density and binding affinity (BA) in 3 healthy horses in part 1. In part 2, exogenous ACTH was administered to eight healthy horses. Their cortisol response and GR properties were measured. In part 3, CBC, serum biochemistry, cortisol and ACTH, and GR properties were compared between controls without SIRS (n = 10) and horses with SIRS (n = 10), and between survivors and nonsurvivors (n = 4 and n = 6 respectively). RESULTS Flow cytometry can be used to measure GR properties in equine PBMCs. No correlation was observed between plasma cortisol concentration and GR density or BA in healthy horses (r = -0.145, P = .428 and r = 0.046, P = .802 respectively). Nonsurvivors with SIRS had significantly decreased GR BA (P = .008). Horses with triglyceride concentration > 28.5 mg/dL had increased odds of nonsurvival (OR=117; 95% CI, 1.94-7,060). GR BA <35.79% was associated with nonsurvival (OR = 30.33; 95% CI, 0.96-960.5). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Tissue resistance to glucocorticoids contributes to HPA axis dysfunction in adult horses with SIRS. These horses might benefit from treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Hoffman
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia/Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, VA
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Ekstrand C, Ingvast-Larsson C, Olsén L, Hedeland M, Bondesson U, Gabrielsson J. A quantitative approach to analysing cortisol response in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:255-63. [PMID: 26542753 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cortisol response to glucocorticoid intervention has, in spite of several studies in horses, not been fully characterized with regard to the determinants of onset, intensity and duration of response. Therefore, dexamethasone and cortisol response data were collected in a study applying a constant rate infusion regimen of dexamethasone (0.17, 1.7 and 17 μg/kg) to six Standardbreds. Plasma was analysed for dexamethasone and cortisol concentrations using UHPLC-MS/MS. Dexamethasone displayed linear kinetics within the concentration range studied. A turnover model of oscillatory behaviour accurately mimicked cortisol data. The mean baseline concentration range was 34-57 μg/L, the fractional turnover rate 0.47-1.5 1/h, the amplitude parameter 6.8-24 μg/L, the maximum inhibitory capacity 0.77-0.97, the drug potency 6-65 ng/L and the sigmoidicity factor 0.7-30. This analysis provided a better understanding of the time course of the cortisol response in horses. This includes baseline variability within and between horses and determinants of the equilibrium concentration-response relationship. The analysis also challenged a protocol for a dexamethasone suppression test design and indicated future improvement to increase the predictability of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ekstrand
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Ingvast-Larsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Olsén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Hedeland
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - U Bondesson
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Gabrielsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Ferlazzo A. Comparative Effects of Simulated and Conventional Transportations on the Thyroid Response of Stallions (Equus caballus). J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Fouché N, van der Kolk JH, Bruckmaier RM, Luz I, Foerster G, Gerber V. Venipuncture does not affect adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration in horses. Vet Rec 2015; 177:223. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Fouché
- Vetsuisse-Faculty; Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), University of Bern and Agroscope; Länggassstrasse 124 Bern 3001 Switzerland
| | - J. H. van der Kolk
- Vetsuisse-Faculty; Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), University of Bern and Agroscope; Länggassstrasse 124 Bern 3001 Switzerland
| | - R. M. Bruckmaier
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Department of Veterinary Physiology; University of Bern; Bremgartenstrasse 109A Bern 3001 Switzerland
| | - I. Luz
- Schäftlarnstrasse 172 München 81371 Germany
| | - G. Foerster
- Synlab.vet GmbH; Gubener Straße 39 Augsburg 86156 Germany
| | - V. Gerber
- Vetsuisse-Faculty; Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), University of Bern and Agroscope; Länggassstrasse 124 Bern 3001 Switzerland
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Spelta CW. Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: current perspectives on diagnosis and management. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:293-300. [PMID: 30101114 PMCID: PMC6067528 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s74191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a neurodegenerative disease of the hypothalamus, resulting in the loss of dopaminergic inhibition of pars intermedia. An oxidative stress injury of unknown etiology has been suggested to initiate the neurodegeneration. While hypertrichosis (formerly known as hirsutism) is considered pathognomic for advanced disease, the antemortem diagnosis of subclinical and early disease has continued to prove difficult. Numerous tests have been used with varying sensitivities and specificities. The overnight dexamethasone suppression test, originally documented to have 100% sensitivity and specificity in horses with advanced disease, has proven to be less valuable in identifying early disease. Basal plasma adrenocorticotropin concentrations have improved sensitivity and specificity when sampled during the autumn months, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, while not yet commercially available, shows promise as a sensitive and specific single sample test. Recent advances in our knowledge include the strong association between laminitis and hyperinsulinemia, both common clinical signs associated with PPID. The pathogenesis of hyperinsulinemia, laminitis, and their association with this disease is a focus of current research. The dopamine agonist pergolide mesylate is still the mainstay of medical management, with studies on oral bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and long-term survival rates now published.
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Glunk EC, Hathaway MR, Grev AM, Lamprecht ED, Maher MC, Martinson KL. The effect of a limit-fed diet and slow-feed hay nets on morphometric measurements and postprandial metabolite and hormone patterns in adult horses1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4144-52. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Schönbom H, Kassens A, Hopster-Iversen C, Klewitz J, Piechotta M, Martinsson G, Kißler A, Burger D, Sieme H. Influence of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasound examination on salivary cortisol, heart rate, and heart rate variability in mares. Theriogenology 2014; 83:749-56. [PMID: 25529317 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy diagnostics in equine reproduction are routinely performed using transrectal ultrasonography, although it is also possible to visualize the fetus by transabdominal ultrasound examinations from the 90th day of gestation onward. We hypothesized that ultrasound examinations may stress the mare and that the gestational stage status and lactation may influence the mare's stress reaction. To investigate the stress reaction, 25 thoroughbred mares of different age, pregnancy and lactational status underwent a transrectal examination. In pregnant mares, an additional transabdominal examination was performed. Salivary cortisol concentration, mean heart rate, and heart rate variability of mares were assessed to evaluate the reactions of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and of the autonomic nervous system. Significant differences were observed between lactating and nonlactating mares; with a lower responsiveness to stress in lactating mares. The transrectal ultrasound examination in nonlactating mares induced a significant increase in salivary cortisol (P < 0.05), and in the heart rate variability parameter, ratio of low to high frequencies (P < 0.05). This reflects an activation of the HPA axis and a shift to more sympathetic dominance. In contrast, a transabdominally performed pregnancy check did not induce an activation of the HPA axis over basal level but increased the mean heart rate and low to high frequency ratio. The results of this study indicate that checks of advanced pregnancies can be easily performed by transabdominal ultrasonography. With regard to animal welfare, this technique should be preferred during midgestation in nonlactating mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Schönbom
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; National Stud Lower Saxony, Celle, Germany
| | - Ana Kassens
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Charlotte Hopster-Iversen
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Klewitz
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Piechotta
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Dominik Burger
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Agroscope and University of Berne, Avenches, Switzerland
| | - Harald Sieme
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Do Handling and Transport Stress Influence Adrenocortical Response in the Tortoises (Testudo hermanni)? ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2014; 2014:798273. [PMID: 24977048 PMCID: PMC4060555 DOI: 10.1155/2014/798273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to analyze circulating cortisol levels from tortoises (Testudo hermanni) to establish reference intervals and to develop guidelines for the interpretation of the effect of handling and transport stress. Blood samples were obtained from the caudal venous from 23 healthy juvenile tortoises (9 males and 14 females), aged 8-20 years, in basal condition, four weeks prior to and four weeks following handling and short transportation. The study was carried out on the experimental group: 10 tortoises, 4 males and 6 females, and on a control group: 13 tortoises, 5 males and 8 females. Compared to basal values, circulating cortisol concentrations was higher after handling and transport (+286%; P < 0.001), with an increase of +246% (P < 0.001) in males, +236% (P < 0.005) in females, +370% (P < 0.005) in subjects aged 8-12 years, and +240% (P < 0.001) in subjects aged 13-20 years. These observations support the hypotheses that cortisol may act to mediate the effects of handling and transport stress in this species and that four weeks following handling and transport were insufficient to restore their homeostasis.
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Diez de Castro E, Lopez I, Cortes B, Pineda C, Garfia B, Aguilera-Tejero E. Influence of feeding status, time of the day, and season on baseline adrenocorticotropic hormone and the response to thyrotropin releasing hormone-stimulation test in healthy horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014; 48:77-83. [PMID: 24906932 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Equine pituitary pars intermedia function can be assessed by the measurement of baseline and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-induced concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); however, these measurements may be affected by the environment. Therefore, a prospective observational study evaluated the influence of feeding, time of the day, and season on baseline and TRH-induced concentrations of ACTH in healthy horses. Baseline ACTH was measured in 50 horses before and 2 h after feeding. Six research horses were subjected to a crossover study in which 6 TRH tests were performed in 2 different seasons, March-April (MA) and July-September (JS), at 2 different times of the day, 8 AM and 8 PM, and, under 2 different conditions relative to feeding status, fasted and 2 h after feeding. Differences between fasted and fed horses were found in baseline ACTH, 17.1 ± 1.8 versus 46.1 ± 7.6 pg/mL (P = 0.003) and TRH-stimulated ACTH: 124.1 ± 21.3 versus 192.6 ± 33.1 pg/mL (P = 0.029) at 10 min, and 40.1 ± 4.9 versus 73.2 ± 13.4 pg/mL (P = 0.018) at 30 min post TRH injection. No differences were found between tests performed at different times of the day. Basal ACTH concentrations were greater in JS than in MA, 17.1 ± 1.8 versus 11.9 ± 0.6 pg/mL (P = 0.006). A seasonal influence was also found in stimulated ACTH values, which were much greater in JS 122.7 ± 36.7 versus 31.2 ± 7.4 pg/mL, at 10 min (P = 0.03) and 39.0 ± 7.2 versus 19.8 ± 3.1 pg/mL, at 30 min (P = 0.03). In addition to season, feeding is a potential confounding factor when measuring baseline or stimulated ACTH in horses. In conclusion, feeding status should be standardized for the diagnosis of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Diez de Castro
- Department Medicina y Cirugía Animal, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
| | - I Lopez
- Department Medicina y Cirugía Animal, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
| | - B Cortes
- Department Medicina y Cirugía Animal, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
| | - C Pineda
- Department Medicina y Cirugía Animal, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
| | - B Garfia
- Laboratorio Veterinario Garfia S.L, Pol. Ind. Técnocordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - E Aguilera-Tejero
- Department Medicina y Cirugía Animal, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain.
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Mair TS, Sherlock CE, Boden LA. Serum cortisol concentrations in horses with colic. Vet J 2014; 201:370-7. [PMID: 24986316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated cortisol concentrations in horses with colic. In humans with septic shock, high cortisol levels are associated with an increased risk of death. The objectives of this study were to compare the serum total cortisol concentrations (STCCs) in horses with colic to those without colic, and to assess whether the STCC relates to the pathological nature or outcome of the disease. STCCs were determined at presentation in horses with colic and in systemically healthy 'control' horses. Horses with colic were grouped based on clinical and clinico-pathological parameters at admission, treatment, lesion type and location, and outcome. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed using two different outcome measures: (a) whether the horse had colic or not (yes vs. no), and (b) horse STCC (≥200 nmol/L vs. <200 nmol/L). Horses were more likely to have colic if they presented with high STCCs (≥200 nmol/L compared with <200 nmol/L). Horses with colic and with STCCs ≥200nmol/L were more likely to have moderate or severe colic signs (compared with mild colic) and heart rates >45 beats per min (compared with ≤45 beats per min). It was concluded that colic in horses is associated with elevated STCCs, and increased STCC in horses with colic appears to relate to the severity of the disease. STCCs may provide additional decision-making and prognostic information in horses with colic but further studies are required to avoid misinterpretations associated with the wide variation in STCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Mereworth, Maidstone, Kent ME18 5GS, UK
| | - C E Sherlock
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Mereworth, Maidstone, Kent ME18 5GS, UK.
| | - L A Boden
- Institute of Comparative Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Abstract
Embryo transfer (ET) is an accepted and successful technique for obtaining foals from mares without interrupting their competition careers. Recent research, however, suggests that the potential of factors including heat, exercise, repeated embryo flushing and repeated manipulation of the reproductive cycle using exogenous hormones to have a negative impact on fertility may have been underestimated. This paper reviews the evidence base for involvement of these factors in repeated failures to recover embryos from nongeriatric competition mares without obvious clinical or pathological indications of reproductive abnormalities. It concludes that, for some mares at least, a cessation of exercise for the periovulatory period and the period between ovulation and embryo flushing, combined with careful management of flushing-induced endometritis, and minimal hormonal manipulation of the reproductive cycle, may be necessary to optimise embryo recovery rates. Mare owners may have been encouraged to request ET for their mares following high-profile examples in the media of elite mares that have produced foals by ET whilst competing. The veterinarian should educate mare owners about the multiple factors that may affect the chances of recovering an embryo from their mares, and should manage the expectations of mare owners so that they do not approach ET programmes in the expectation that there will be no disruption to their training and competition plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L H Campbell
- Department of Production and Population Health, The Royal Veterinary College North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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