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Soltanzadeh M, Blanchard S, Soucy JP, Benali H. Lactate's behavioral switch in the brain: An in-silico model. J Theor Biol 2023; 575:111648. [PMID: 37865309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence emphasizes lactate's involvement in both physiological processes (energy metabolism, memory, etc.) and disease (traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, etc.). Furthermore, the usefulness of mathematical modeling in deciphering underlying dynamics of the brain to investigate lactate roles and mechanisms of action has been well established. Here, we analyze a novel mathematical model of brain lactate exchanges between four compartments: neurons, astrocytes, capillaries, and extracellular space. A system of four ordinary differential equations is proposed to explain interactions between these compartments. We first optimize and analyze the model's parameters under normal, resting state conditions, and then use it to simulate changes linked to elevated arterial lactate. Our results show that even though increased arterial lactate results in increased uptake by astrocytes and release to the extracellular space, it cannot strongly recover the initial drop in neuronal lactate concentration. Also, we show that the direction of lactate transport between the compartments is influenced by the maximum astrocyte production rate and the transport rate between astrocytes and extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Soltanzadeh
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Solenna Blanchard
- University of Rennes, INSERM, LTSI-UMR 1099, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Habib Benali
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
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2
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Idumah G, Somersalo E, Calvetti D. A spatially distributed model of brain metabolism highlights the role of diffusion in brain energy metabolism. J Theor Biol 2023; 572:111567. [PMID: 37393987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The different active roles of neurons and astrocytes during neuronal activation are associated with the metabolic processes necessary to supply the energy needed for their respective tasks at rest and during neuronal activation. Metabolism, in turn, relies on the delivery of metabolites and removal of toxic byproducts through diffusion processes and the cerebral blood flow. A comprehensive mathematical model of brain metabolism should account not only for the biochemical processes and the interaction of neurons and astrocytes, but also the diffusion of metabolites. In the present article, we present a computational methodology based on a multidomain model of the brain tissue and a homogenization argument for the diffusion processes. In our spatially distributed compartment model, communication between compartments occur both through local transport fluxes, as is the case within local astrocyte-neuron complexes, and through diffusion of some substances in some of the compartments. The model assumes that diffusion takes place in the extracellular space (ECS) and in the astrocyte compartment. In the astrocyte compartment, the diffusion across the syncytium network is implemented as a function of gap junction strength. The diffusion process is implemented numerically by means of a finite element method (FEM) based spatial discretization, and robust stiff solvers are used to time integrate the resulting large system. Computed experiments show the effects of ECS tortuosity, gap junction strength and spatial anisotropy in the astrocyte network on the brain energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Idumah
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Erkki Somersalo
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Daniela Calvetti
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
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3
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Zimmermann J, Zölch N, Coray R, Bavato F, Friedli N, Baumgartner MR, Steuer AE, Opitz A, Werner A, Oeltzschner G, Seifritz E, Stock AK, Beste C, Cole DM, Quednow BB. Chronic 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Use Is Related to Glutamate and GABA Concentrations in the Striatum But Not the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:438-450. [PMID: 37235749 PMCID: PMC10289146 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely used recreational substance inducing acute release of serotonin. Previous studies in chronic MDMA users demonstrated selective adaptations in the serotonin system, which were assumed to be associated with cognitive deficits. However, serotonin functions are strongly entangled with glutamate as well as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission, and studies in MDMA-exposed rats show long-term adaptations in glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling. METHODS We used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure the glutamate-glutamine complex (GLX) and GABA concentrations in the left striatum and medial anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of 44 chronic but recently abstinent MDMA users and 42 MDMA-naïve healthy controls. While the Mescher-Garwood point-resolved-spectroscopy sequence (MEGA-PRESS) is best suited to quantify GABA, recent studies reported poor agreement between conventional short-echo-time PRESS and MEGA-PRESS for GLX measures. Here, we applied both sequences to assess their agreement and potential confounders underlying the diverging results. RESULTS Chronic MDMA users showed elevated GLX levels in the striatum but not the ACC. Regarding GABA, we found no group difference in either region, although a negative association with MDMA use frequency was observed in the striatum. Overall, GLX measures from MEGA-PRESS, with its longer echo time, appeared to be less confounded by macromolecule signal than the short-echo-time PRESS and thus provided more robust results. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that MDMA use affects not only serotonin but also striatal GLX and GABA concentrations. These insights may offer new mechanistic explanations for cognitive deficits (e.g., impaired impulse control) observed in MDMA users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josua Zimmermann
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Zölch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Coray
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bavato
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Friedli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea E Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antje Opitz
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annett Werner
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (Drs Zölch and Seifritz), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, School of Science, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David M Cole
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Onesto V, Forciniti S, Alemanno F, Narayanankutty K, Chandra A, Prasad S, Azzariti A, Gigli G, Barra A, De Martino A, De Martino D, del Mercato LL. Probing Single-Cell Fermentation Fluxes and Exchange Networks via pH-Sensing Hybrid Nanofibers. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3313-3323. [PMID: 36573897 PMCID: PMC9979640 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The homeostatic control of their environment is an essential task of living cells. It has been hypothesized that, when microenvironmental pH inhomogeneities are induced by high cellular metabolic activity, diffusing protons act as signaling molecules, driving the establishment of exchange networks sustained by the cell-to-cell shuttling of overflow products such as lactate. Despite their fundamental role, the extent and dynamics of such networks is largely unknown due to the lack of methods in single-cell flux analysis. In this study, we provide direct experimental characterization of such exchange networks. We devise a method to quantify single-cell fermentation fluxes over time by integrating high-resolution pH microenvironment sensing via ratiometric nanofibers with constraint-based inverse modeling. We apply our method to cell cultures with mixed populations of cancer cells and fibroblasts. We find that the proton trafficking underlying bulk acidification is strongly heterogeneous, with maximal single-cell fluxes exceeding typical values by up to 3 orders of magnitude. In addition, a crossover in time from a networked phase sustained by densely connected "hubs" (corresponding to cells with high activity) to a sparse phase dominated by isolated dipolar motifs (i.e., by pairwise cell-to-cell exchanges) is uncovered, which parallels the time course of bulk acidification. Our method addresses issues ranging from the homeostatic function of proton exchange to the metabolic coupling of cells with different energetic demands, allowing for real-time noninvasive single-cell metabolic flux analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Onesto
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council
(CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefania Forciniti
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council
(CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Alemanno
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council
(CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, University
of Salento, 73100Lecce, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Lecce, 73100Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Anil Chandra
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council
(CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100Lecce, Italy
| | - Saumya Prasad
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council
(CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100Lecce, Italy
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- IRCCS
Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council
(CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, University
of Salento, 73100Lecce, Italy
| | - Adriano Barra
- Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, University
of Salento, 73100Lecce, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Lecce, 73100Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea De Martino
- Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, I-10129Torino, Italy
- Italian Institute
for Genomic Medicine, IRCCS Candiolo, SP-142, I-10060Candiolo, Italy
| | - Daniele De Martino
- Biofisika
Institutua (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia, LeioaE-48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque
Foundation, Bilbao48013, Spain
| | - Loretta L. del Mercato
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council
(CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100Lecce, Italy
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5
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Liu Y, Gu R, Gao M, Wei Y, Shi Y, Wang X, Gu Y, Gu X, Zhang H. Emerging role of substance and energy metabolism associated with neuroendocrine regulation in tumor cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1126271. [PMID: 37051193 PMCID: PMC10084767 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1126271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most common cause of mortality in the world. One of the unresolved difficult pathological mechanism issues in malignant tumors is the imbalance of substance and energy metabolism of tumor cells. Cells maintain life through energy metabolism, and normal cells provide energy through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP, while tumor cells demonstrate different energy metabolism. Neuroendocrine control is crucial for tumor cells' consumption of nutrients and energy. As a result, better combinatorial therapeutic approaches will be made possible by knowing the neuroendocrine regulating mechanism of how the neuroendocrine system can fuel cellular metabolism. Here, the basics of metabolic remodeling in tumor cells for nutrients and metabolites are presented, showing how the neuroendocrine system regulates substance and energy metabolic pathways to satisfy tumor cell proliferation and survival requirements. In this context, targeting neuroendocrine regulatory pathways in tumor cell metabolism can beneficially enhance or temper tumor cell metabolism and serve as promising alternatives to available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Renjun Gu
- School of Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Murong Gao
- Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangwa Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hainan Provincial People’s Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yihuang Gu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, School of Regimen and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongru Zhang, ; Xin Gu, ; Yihuang Gu,
| | - Xin Gu
- School of Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongru Zhang, ; Xin Gu, ; Yihuang Gu,
| | - Hongru Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongru Zhang, ; Xin Gu, ; Yihuang Gu,
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6
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Abulseoud OA, Alasmari F, Hussein AM, Sari Y. Ceftriaxone as a Novel Therapeutic Agent for Hyperglutamatergic States: Bridging the Gap Between Preclinical Results and Clinical Translation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:841036. [PMID: 35864981 PMCID: PMC9294323 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.841036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis is a well-established core feature of neuropsychiatric disorders. Extracellular glutamate concentration is regulated by glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1). The discovery of a beta-lactam antibiotic, ceftriaxone (CEF), as a safe compound with unique ability to upregulate GLT-1 sparked the interest in testing its efficacy as a novel therapeutic agent in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders with hyperglutamatergic states. Indeed, more than 100 preclinical studies have shown the efficacy of CEF in attenuating the behavioral manifestations of various hyperglutamatergic brain disorders such as ischemic stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), seizure, Huntington’s disease, and various aspects of drug use disorders. However, despite rich and promising preclinical data, only one large-scale clinical trial testing the efficacy of CEF in patients with ALS is reported. Unfortunately, in that study, there was no significant difference in survival between placebo- and CEF-treated patients. In this review, we discussed the translational potential of preclinical efficacy of CEF based on four different parameters: (1) initiation of CEF treatment in relation to induction of the hyperglutamatergic state, (2) onset of response in preclinical models in relation to onset of GLT-1 upregulation, (3) mechanisms of action of CEF on GLT-1 expression and function, and (4) non-GLT-1-mediated mechanisms for CEF. Our detailed review of the literature brings new insights into underlying molecular mechanisms correlating the preclinical efficacy of CEF. We concluded here that CEF may be clinically effective in selected cases in acute and transient hyperglutamatergic states such as early drug withdrawal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A. Abulseoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Alex School of Medicine at Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Osama A. Abulseoud,
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelaziz M. Hussein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- Youssef Sari,
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7
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Amina M, Bhat RS, Al-Dbass AM, Musayeib NM, Fahmy R, Alhadlaq L, El-Ansary A. The protective effect of Moringa oleifera plant extract against glutamate-induced DNA damage and reduced cell viability in a primary retinal ganglion cell line. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11569. [PMID: 34221717 PMCID: PMC8231317 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutamate excitotoxicity can cause DNA damage and is linked to many retinal and neurological disorders. In mammals, the visual signal from the eyes to the brain is conducted only by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which can be damaged by overstimulation of glutamate receptors. Methodology We examined the protective effects of Moringa oleifera seed extract against glutamate-induced DNA damage in RGCs. RGCs cells were treated with 5, 10, 50, or 100 µg/ml of M. oleifera seed extract and glutamate separately and then assessed for DNA damage using the comet assay. We also evaluated the viability of the RGCs after both treatments using the MTT test. Additionally, RGCs were pretreated with M. oleifera seed extract (50 or 100 µg/ml) for 2 h before glutamate treatment (100 µg/ml) to determine the potential protective effects of M. oleifera. We performed a phytochemical analysis of the M. oleifera seed extract using standard reactions. Results The M. oleifera seed extract was found to be rich in many phytochemicals. We observed a significant dose-dependent elevation in all comet assay variables in glutamate-treated RGCs, whereas M. oleifera seed extract treatments did not show any significant change in DNA integrity. Conclusion M. oleifera seed extract demonstrates neuroprotective effects, which suggests it may help to prevent the development of many neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musarat Amina
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer M Al-Dbass
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal M Musayeib
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania Fahmy
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, r, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Leen Alhadlaq
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Hu S, Li P, Zhang R, Liu X, Wei S. Integrated metabolomics and proteomics analysis reveals energy metabolism disorders in the livers of sleep-deprived mice. J Proteomics 2021; 245:104290. [PMID: 34089895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) has been linked to impaired mental and physical health, obesity, and various diseases. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of SD in the liver is still unclear. To investigate the metabolome and proteome alterations in the liver, an in vivo model of SD was established based on automated random motion platform techniques by applying a strategy of 10 consecutive days of 20 h of sleep deprivation +4 h of resting. The liver's altered metabolites and proteins were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and data analyses were performed with MetaboAnalyst 5.0. This study found 15 differential metabolites, including 12 upregulated- metabolites and 3 downregulated- metabolites. A total of 493 proteins were differentially regulated, including 377 upregulated- proteins and 116 downregulated- proteins. The glutathione metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism pathways had significant effects on the sleep-deprived mouse livers. These three active pathways cause energy metabolism disorder and may induce obesity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that SD could change the metabolism of glucose, and specific fatty acids, amino acids, and critical enzymes in the liver, providing a reference for the health effects of insufficient sleep. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: So far, little is known about the changes in metabolites and proteins in the liver of individuals who suffer from SD. Metabolites and proteins in serum, urine and hypothalamus do not entirely reflect the effects of sleep deprivation on the whole body. In addition, many SD-induced models used the multiplatform water environment method, which causes mice to fall into the water frequently. Under this condition, the physical exertion of mice is extremely high, and it is not suitable for long-term sleep deprivation. The SD induction process has caused some influence on the model. Finally, few studies have elucidated the imbalance of energy metabolism caused by SD to induce obesity from the molecular mechanism. This study used a rotary table deprivation apparatus to trigger SD. This method will not cause excessive consumption and stimulation of mice. Furthermore, this study analyzed the metabolic and proteomic changes in the liver and enriched the range and means of metabolic and proteomic changes in sleep deprived mice. Finally, this research provides reference for elucidating the molecular mechanism of sleep deprivation causing energy metabolism disorders in the liver of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hu
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengxiang Li
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shougang Wei
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Perrillat-Mercerot A, Miranville A, Agosti A, Rocca E, Ciarletta P, Guillevin R. Partial differential model of lactate neuro-energetics: analytic results and numerical simulations. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2021; 38:178-201. [PMID: 33479746 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces play a key role on diseases development because they dictate the energy inflow of nutrients from the surrounding tissues. What is underestimated by existing mathematical models is the biological fact that cells are able to use different resources through nonlinear mechanisms. Among all nutrients, lactate appears to be a sensitive metabolic when talking about brain tumours or neurodegenerative diseases. Here we present a partial differential model to investigate the lactate exchanges between cells and the vascular network in the brain. By extending an existing kinetic model for lactate neuro-energetics, we first provide analytical proofs of the uniqueness and the derivation of precise bounds on the solutions of the problem including diffusion of lactate in a representative volume element comprising the interface between a capillary and cells. We further perform finite element simulations of the model in two test cases, discussing the relevant physical parameters governing the lactate dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Perrillat-Mercerot
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7348 SP2MI, Equipe DACTIM-MIS, Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie - Téléport 2, F-86962 Chasseneuil Futuroscope Cedex, France
| | - Alain Miranville
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7348 SP2MI, Equipe DACTIM-MIS, Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie - Téléport 2, F-86962 Chasseneuil Futuroscope Cedex, France
| | - Abramo Agosti
- Advanced Imaging and Radiomics Center, Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino, 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rocca
- Dipartimento di Matematica 'F. Casorati', Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata, 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ciarletta
- MOX Laboratory, Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Via E. Bonardi 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7348 SP2MI, Equipe DACTIM-MIS, Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie - Téléport 2, F-86962 Chasseneuil Futuroscope Cedex, France. CHU de Poitiers, 2 Rue de la Milétrie, F-86021 Poitiers, France
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10
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Duggan MR, Weaver M, Khalili K. PAM (PIK3/AKT/mTOR) signaling in glia: potential contributions to brain tumors in aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:1510-1527. [PMID: 33472174 PMCID: PMC7835031 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing proportion of aged individuals at risk for developing cancer in the brain, the prognosis for these conditions remains abnormally poor due to limited knowledge of underlying mechanisms and minimal treatment options. While cancer metabolism in other organs is commonly associated with upregulated glycolysis (i.e. Warburg effect) and hyperactivation of PIK3/AKT/mTOR (PAM) pathways, the unique bioenergetic demands of the central nervous system may interact with these oncogenic processes to promote tumor progression in aging. Specifically, constitutive glycolysis and PIK3/AKT/mTOR signaling in glia may be dysregulated by age-dependent alterations in neurometabolic demands, ultimately contributing to pathological processes otherwise associated with PIK3/AKT/mTOR induction (e.g. cell cycle entry, impaired autophagy, dysregulated inflammation). Although several limitations to this theoretical model exist, the consideration of aberrant PIK3/AKT/mTOR signaling in glia during aging elucidates several therapeutic opportunities for brain tumors, including non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Duggan
- Department of Neuroscience Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael Weaver
- Department of Neurosurgery Temple University Hospital Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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11
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González J, Pinzón A, Angarita-Rodríguez A, Aristizabal AF, Barreto GE, Martín-Jiménez C. Advances in Astrocyte Computational Models: From Metabolic Reconstructions to Multi-omic Approaches. Front Neuroinform 2020; 14:35. [PMID: 32848690 PMCID: PMC7426703 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing importance of astrocytes in the field of neuroscience has led to a greater number of computational models devoted to the study of astrocytic functions and their metabolic interactions with neurons. The modeling of these interactions demands a combined understanding of brain physiology and the development of computational frameworks based on genomic-scale reconstructions, system biology, and dynamic models. These computational approaches have helped to highlight the neuroprotective mechanisms triggered by astrocytes and other glial cells, both under normal conditions and during neurodegenerative processes. In the present review, we evaluate some of the most relevant models of astrocyte metabolism, including genome-scale reconstructions and astrocyte-neuron interactions developed in the last few years. Additionally, we discuss novel strategies from the multi-omics perspective and computational models of other glial cell types that will increase our knowledge in brain metabolism and its association with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneth González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Pinzón
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Angarita-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.,Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Felipe Aristizabal
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Cynthia Martín-Jiménez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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12
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Dwivedi D, Megha K, Mishra R, Mandal PK. Glutathione in Brain: Overview of Its Conformations, Functions, Biochemical Characteristics, Quantitation and Potential Therapeutic Role in Brain Disorders. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1461-1480. [PMID: 32297027 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant found abundantly and synthesized intracellularly in the cytosol in a tightly regulated fashion. It has diverse physiological functions, including protection against reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species, antioxidant defense as well as maintenance of cellular thiol status. The human brain due to the high oxygen consumption is extremely susceptible to the generation of reactive oxygen species. GSH plays a paramount role in brain antioxidant defense, maintaining redox homeostasis. The depletion of brain GSH has also been observed from both autopsies as well as in vivo MRS studies with aging and varied neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.). Therefore, GSH enrichment using supplementation is a promising avenue in the therapeutic development for these neurological disorders. This review will enrich the information on the importance of GSH synthesis, metabolism, functions, compartmentation and inter-organ transport, structural conformations and its quantitation via different techniques. The transportation of GSH in the brain via different interventional routes and its potential role in the development of therapeutic strategies for various brain disorders is also addressed. Very recent study found significant improvement of behavioral deficits including cognitive decline, depressive-like behaviors, in APP (NL-G-F/NL-G-FG-) mice due to oral GSH administration. This animal model study put an emergent need to complete GSH supplementation trial in MCI and AD patients for cognitive improvement as proposed earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dwivedi
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Kanu Megha
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Ritwick Mishra
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne School of Medicine Campus, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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13
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Patsatzis DG, Tingas EA, Goussis DA, Sarathy SM. Computational singular perturbation analysis of brain lactate metabolism. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226094. [PMID: 31846455 PMCID: PMC6917278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate in the brain is considered an important fuel and signalling molecule for neuronal activity, especially during neuronal activation. Whether lactate is shuttled from astrocytes to neurons or from neurons to astrocytes leads to the contradictory Astrocyte to Neuron Lactate Shuttle (ANLS) or Neuron to Astrocyte Lactate Shuttle (NALS) hypotheses, both of which are supported by extensive, but indirect, experimental evidence. This work explores the conditions favouring development of ANLS or NALS phenomenon on the basis of a model that can simulate both by employing the two parameter sets proposed by Simpson et al. (J Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 27:1766, 2007) and Mangia et al. (J of Neurochemistry, 109:55, 2009). As most mathematical models governing brain metabolism processes, this model is multi-scale in character due to the wide range of time scales characterizing its dynamics. Therefore, we utilize the Computational Singular Perturbation (CSP) algorithm, which has been used extensively in multi-scale systems of reactive flows and biological systems, to identify components of the system that (i) generate the characteristic time scale and the fast/slow dynamics, (ii) participate to the expressions that approximate the surfaces of equilibria that develop in phase space and (iii) control the evolution of the process within the established surfaces of equilibria. It is shown that a decisive factor on whether the ANLS or NALS configuration will develop during neuronal activation is whether the lactate transport between astrocytes and interstitium contributes to the fast dynamics or not. When it does, lactate is mainly generated in astrocytes and the ANLS hypothesis is realised, while when it doesn't, lactate is mainly generated in neurons and the NALS hypothesis is realised. This scenario was tested in exercise conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris G. Patsatzis
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mechanics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios-Al. Tingas
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Perth College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Crieff Rd, Perth PH1 2NX, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris A. Goussis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research (KUSTAR), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - S. Mani Sarathy
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Abstract
Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions, including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and structural components. Neuronal glucose oxidation exceeds that in astrocytes, but both rates increase in direct proportion to excitatory neurotransmission; signaling and metabolism are closely coupled at the local level. Exact details of neuron-astrocyte glutamate-glutamine cycling remain to be established, and the specific roles of glucose and lactate in the cellular energetics of these processes are debated. Glycolysis is preferentially upregulated during brain activation even though oxygen availability is sufficient (aerobic glycolysis). Three major pathways, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt, and glycogen turnover, contribute to utilization of glucose in excess of oxygen, and adrenergic regulation of aerobic glycolysis draws attention to astrocytic metabolism, particularly glycogen turnover, which has a high impact on the oxygen-carbohydrate mismatch. Aerobic glycolysis is proposed to be predominant in young children and specific brain regions, but re-evaluation of data is necessary. Shuttling of glucose- and glycogen-derived lactate from astrocytes to neurons during activation, neurotransmission, and memory consolidation are controversial topics for which alternative mechanisms are proposed. Nutritional therapy and vagus nerve stimulation are translational bridges from metabolism to clinical treatment of diverse brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas ; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico
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15
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Lenting K, Khurshed M, Peeters TH, van den Heuvel CNAM, van Lith SAM, de Bitter T, Hendriks W, Span PN, Molenaar RJ, Botman D, Verrijp K, Heerschap A, Ter Laan M, Kusters B, van Ewijk A, Huynen MA, van Noorden CJF, Leenders WPJ. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-mutated human gliomas depend on lactate and glutamate to alleviate metabolic stress. FASEB J 2018; 33:557-571. [PMID: 30001166 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800907rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas often carry point mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase ( IDH1mut), resulting in metabolic stress. Although IDHmut gliomas are difficult to culture in vitro, they thrive in the brain via diffuse infiltration, suggesting brain-specific tumor-stroma interactions that can compensate for IDH-1 deficits. To elucidate the metabolic adjustments in clinical IDHmut gliomas that contribute to their malignancy, we applied a recently developed method of targeted quantitative RNA next-generation sequencing to 66 clinical gliomas and relevant orthotopic glioma xenografts, with and without the endogenous IDH-1R132H mutation. Datasets were analyzed in R using Manhattan plots to calculate distance between expression profiles, Ward's method to perform unsupervised agglomerative clustering, and the Mann Whitney U test and Fisher's exact tests for supervised group analyses. The significance of transcriptome data was investigated by protein analysis, in situ enzymatic activity mapping, and in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of orthotopic IDH1mut- and IDHwt-glioma xenografts. Gene set enrichment analyses of clinical IDH1mut gliomas strongly suggest a role for catabolism of lactate and the neurotransmitter glutamate, whereas, in IDHwt gliomas, processing of glucose and glutamine are the predominant metabolic pathways. Further evidence of the differential metabolic activity in these cancers comes from in situ enzymatic mapping studies and preclinical in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging. Our data support an evolutionary model in which IDHmut glioma cells exist in symbiosis with supportive neuronal cells and astrocytes as suppliers of glutamate and lactate, possibly explaining the diffuse nature of these cancers. The dependency on glutamate and lactate opens the way for novel approaches in the treatment of IDHmut gliomas.-Lenting, K., Khurshed, M., Peeters, T. H., van den Heuvel, C. N. A. M., van Lith, S. A. M., de Bitter, T., Hendriks, W., Span, P. N., Molenaar, R. J., Botman, D., Verrijp, K., Heerschap, A., ter Laan, M., Kusters, B., van Ewijk, A., Huynen, M. A., van Noorden, C. J. F., Leenders, W. P. J. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-mutated human gliomas depend on lactate and glutamate to alleviate metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissie Lenting
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammed Khurshed
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H Peeters
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corina N A M van den Heuvel
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne A M van Lith
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa de Bitter
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiljan Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Radiotherapy and Oncoimmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco J Molenaar
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Botman
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kiek Verrijp
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Ter Laan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Benno Kusters
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne van Ewijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William P J Leenders
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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The impact of acute and short-term methamphetamine abstinence on brain metabolites: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy chemical shift imaging study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 185:226-237. [PMID: 29471227 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abuse of methamphetamine (MA) is a global health concern. Previous 1H-MRS studies have found that, with methamphetamine abstinence (MAA), there are changes in n-acetyl-aspartate (NAA/Cr), myo-inositol (mI/Cr), choline (Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA), and glutamate with glutamine (Glx) metabolites. Limited studies have investigated the effect of acute MAA, and acute-to-short-term MAA on brain metabolites. METHODS Adults with chronic MA dependence (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 22) were recruited. Two-dimensional chemical shift 1H-MRS imaging (TR2000 ms, TE30 ms) slice was performed and included voxels in bilateral anterior-cingulate (ACC), frontal-white-matter (FWM), and dorsolateral-prefrontal-cortices (DLPFC). Control participants were scanned once. The MA group was scanned twice, with acute (1.5 ± 0.6 weeks, n = 31) and short-term MAA (5.1 ± 0.8 weeks, n = 22). The change in 1H-MRS metabolites over time (n = 19) was also investigated. Standard 1H-MRS metabolites are reported relative to Cr + PCr. RESULTS Acute MAA showed lower n-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and n-acetyl-aspartate with n-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAA + NAAG) in left DLPFC, and glycerophosphocholine with phosphocholine (GPC + PCh) in left FWM. Short-term MAA showed lower NAA + NAAG and higher myo-inositol (mI) in right ACC, lower NAA and NAA + NAAG in the left DLPFC, and lower GPC + PCh in left FWM. Over time, MAA showed decreased NAA and NAA + NAAG and increased mI in right ACC, decreased NAA and NAA + NAAG in right FWM, and decreased in mI in left FWM. CONCLUSION In acute MAA, there was damage to the integrity of neuronal tissue, which was enhanced with short-term MAA. From acute to short-term MAA, activation of neuroinflammatory processes are suggested. This is the first 1H-MRS study to report the development of neuroinflammation with loss of neuronal integrity in MAA.
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17
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De Martino A, De Martino D. An introduction to the maximum entropy approach and its application to inference problems in biology. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00596. [PMID: 29862358 PMCID: PMC5968179 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A cornerstone of statistical inference, the maximum entropy framework is being increasingly applied to construct descriptive and predictive models of biological systems, especially complex biological networks, from large experimental data sets. Both its broad applicability and the success it obtained in different contexts hinge upon its conceptual simplicity and mathematical soundness. Here we try to concisely review the basic elements of the maximum entropy principle, starting from the notion of 'entropy', and describe its usefulness for the analysis of biological systems. As examples, we focus specifically on the problem of reconstructing gene interaction networks from expression data and on recent work attempting to expand our system-level understanding of bacterial metabolism. Finally, we highlight some extensions and potential limitations of the maximum entropy approach, and point to more recent developments that are likely to play a key role in the upcoming challenges of extracting structures and information from increasingly rich, high-throughput biological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Martino
- Soft & Living Matter Lab, Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Turin, Italy
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18
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Wang D, Wang X. GLT-1 mediates exercise-induced fatigue through modulation of glutamate and lactate in rats. Neuropathology 2018; 38:237-246. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- Physical Education and Sports College; Beijing Normal University; Beijing China
- College of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation; Taishan Medical University; Tai’an China
| | - Xingtong Wang
- College of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation; Taishan Medical University; Tai’an China
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19
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Calvetti D, Capo Rangel G, Gerardo Giorda L, Somersalo E. A computational model integrating brain electrophysiology and metabolism highlights the key role of extracellular potassium and oxygen. J Theor Biol 2018. [PMID: 29530764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human brain is a small organ which uses a disproportionate amount of the total metabolic energy production in the body. While it is well understood that the most significant energy sink is the maintenance of the neuronal membrane potential during the brain signaling activity, the role of astrocytes in the energy balance continues to be the topic of a lot of research. A key function of astrocytes, besides clearing glutamate from the synaptic clefts, is the potassium clearing after neuronal activation. Extracellular potassium plays a significant role in triggering neuronal firing, and elevated concentration of potassium may lead to abnormal firing patterns, e.g., seizures, thus emphasizing the importance of the glial K+ buffering role. The predictive mathematical model proposed in this paper elucidates the role of glial potassium clearing in brain energy metabolism, integrating a detailed model of the ion dynamics which regulates neuronal firing with a four compartment metabolic model. Because of the very different characteristic time scales of electrophysiology and metabolism, care must be taken when coupling the two models to ensure that the predictions, e.g., neuronal firing frequencies and the oxygen-glucose index (OGI) of the brain during activation and rest, are in agreement with empirical observations. The temporal multi-scale nature of the problem requires the design of new computational tools to ensure a stable and accurate numerical treatment. The model predictions for different protocols, including combinations of elevated activation and ischemic episodes, are in good agreement with experimental observations reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Calvetti
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | | | | | - E Somersalo
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, USA; Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Spain.
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20
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Sex- and age-specific modulation of brain GABA levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 62:168-179. [PMID: 29154037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Age and sex are risk factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among the neurotransmitter systems, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in AD pathogenesis but the relevance of sex-specific GABAergic dysfunction during AD progression remains unknown. In the present study, we utilized state-of-the-art high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance to systematically monitor the brain region-, age-, and sex-specific modulation of GABA levels in wild-type and Tg2576 mice with amyloid pathology. In addition, we followed the possible role of reactive astrocytes in sex-specific GABA modulation. In female Tg2576 mice, hippocampal GABA levels were significantly elevated, along with higher number of reactive astrocytes and amyloid deposition. The elevated GABA was found to be produced via the monoamine oxidase-B route from putrescine in reactive astrocytes, more substantially in female than male mice, thus suggesting a role of astrocytes in memory impairment and sex-related differences in AD. Our results paint a coherent model of memory impairment in AD and signify that dynamic changes in regional GABA may be at the root of marked sex disparities observed in AD.
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21
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Hertz L, Chen Y. Integration between Glycolysis and Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle Flux May Explain Preferential Glycolytic Increase during Brain Activation, Requiring Glutamate. Front Integr Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28890689 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00018+10.3389/fnint.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1988 observation by Fox et al. (1988) that brief intense brain activation increases glycolysis (pyruvate formation from glucose) much more than oxidative metabolism has been abundantly confirmed. Specifically glycolytic increase was unexpected because the amount of ATP it generates is much smaller than that formed by subsequent oxidative metabolism of pyruvate. The present article shows that preferential glycolysis can be explained by metabolic processes associated with activation of the glutamate-glutamine cycle. The flux in this cycle, which is essential for production of transmitter glutamate and GABA, equals 75% of brain glucose utilization and each turn is associated with utilization of ~1 glucose molecule. About one half of the association between cycle flux and glucose metabolism occurs during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate in a process similar to the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) except that glutamate is supplied from glutamine, not formed from α-ketoglutarate (αKG) as during operation of conventional MAS. Regular MAS function is triggered by one oxidative process in the cytosol during glycolysis causing NAD+ reduction to NADH. Since NADH cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane (MEM) for oxidation NAD+ is re-generated by conversion of cytosolic oxaloacetate (OAA) to malate, which enters the mitochondria for oxidation and in a cyclic process regenerates cytosolic OAA. Therefore MAS as well as the "pseudo-MAS" necessary for neuronal glutamate formation can only operate together with cytosolic reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The major process causing NAD+ reduction is glycolysis which therefore also must occur during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate and may energize vesicular glutamate uptake which preferentially uses glycolytically derived energy. Another major contributor to the association between glutamate-glutamine cycle and glucose utilization is the need for astrocytic pyruvate to generate glutamate. Although some oxidative metabolism occurs during glutamate formation it is only one half of that during normal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle function. Glutamate's receptor stimulation leads to potassium ion (K+) release and astrocytic uptake, preferentially fueled by glycolysis and followed by release and neuronal re-accumulation. The activation-induced preferential glycolysis diminishes with continued activation and is followed by an increased ratio between oxidative metabolism and glycolysis, reflecting oxidation of generated glutamate and accumulated lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Henry M. Jackson FoundationBethesda, MD, United States
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22
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Hertz L, Chen Y. Integration between Glycolysis and Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle Flux May Explain Preferential Glycolytic Increase during Brain Activation, Requiring Glutamate. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:18. [PMID: 28890689 PMCID: PMC5574930 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1988 observation by Fox et al. (1988) that brief intense brain activation increases glycolysis (pyruvate formation from glucose) much more than oxidative metabolism has been abundantly confirmed. Specifically glycolytic increase was unexpected because the amount of ATP it generates is much smaller than that formed by subsequent oxidative metabolism of pyruvate. The present article shows that preferential glycolysis can be explained by metabolic processes associated with activation of the glutamate-glutamine cycle. The flux in this cycle, which is essential for production of transmitter glutamate and GABA, equals 75% of brain glucose utilization and each turn is associated with utilization of ~1 glucose molecule. About one half of the association between cycle flux and glucose metabolism occurs during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate in a process similar to the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) except that glutamate is supplied from glutamine, not formed from α-ketoglutarate (αKG) as during operation of conventional MAS. Regular MAS function is triggered by one oxidative process in the cytosol during glycolysis causing NAD+ reduction to NADH. Since NADH cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane (MEM) for oxidation NAD+ is re-generated by conversion of cytosolic oxaloacetate (OAA) to malate, which enters the mitochondria for oxidation and in a cyclic process regenerates cytosolic OAA. Therefore MAS as well as the "pseudo-MAS" necessary for neuronal glutamate formation can only operate together with cytosolic reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The major process causing NAD+ reduction is glycolysis which therefore also must occur during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate and may energize vesicular glutamate uptake which preferentially uses glycolytically derived energy. Another major contributor to the association between glutamate-glutamine cycle and glucose utilization is the need for astrocytic pyruvate to generate glutamate. Although some oxidative metabolism occurs during glutamate formation it is only one half of that during normal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle function. Glutamate's receptor stimulation leads to potassium ion (K+) release and astrocytic uptake, preferentially fueled by glycolysis and followed by release and neuronal re-accumulation. The activation-induced preferential glycolysis diminishes with continued activation and is followed by an increased ratio between oxidative metabolism and glycolysis, reflecting oxidation of generated glutamate and accumulated lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Henry M. Jackson FoundationBethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Hertz L, Chen Y. Integration between Glycolysis and Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle Flux May Explain Preferential Glycolytic Increase during Brain Activation, Requiring Glutamate. Front Integr Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28890689 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00018 10.3389/fnint.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1988 observation by Fox et al. (1988) that brief intense brain activation increases glycolysis (pyruvate formation from glucose) much more than oxidative metabolism has been abundantly confirmed. Specifically glycolytic increase was unexpected because the amount of ATP it generates is much smaller than that formed by subsequent oxidative metabolism of pyruvate. The present article shows that preferential glycolysis can be explained by metabolic processes associated with activation of the glutamate-glutamine cycle. The flux in this cycle, which is essential for production of transmitter glutamate and GABA, equals 75% of brain glucose utilization and each turn is associated with utilization of ~1 glucose molecule. About one half of the association between cycle flux and glucose metabolism occurs during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate in a process similar to the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) except that glutamate is supplied from glutamine, not formed from α-ketoglutarate (αKG) as during operation of conventional MAS. Regular MAS function is triggered by one oxidative process in the cytosol during glycolysis causing NAD+ reduction to NADH. Since NADH cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane (MEM) for oxidation NAD+ is re-generated by conversion of cytosolic oxaloacetate (OAA) to malate, which enters the mitochondria for oxidation and in a cyclic process regenerates cytosolic OAA. Therefore MAS as well as the "pseudo-MAS" necessary for neuronal glutamate formation can only operate together with cytosolic reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The major process causing NAD+ reduction is glycolysis which therefore also must occur during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate and may energize vesicular glutamate uptake which preferentially uses glycolytically derived energy. Another major contributor to the association between glutamate-glutamine cycle and glucose utilization is the need for astrocytic pyruvate to generate glutamate. Although some oxidative metabolism occurs during glutamate formation it is only one half of that during normal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle function. Glutamate's receptor stimulation leads to potassium ion (K+) release and astrocytic uptake, preferentially fueled by glycolysis and followed by release and neuronal re-accumulation. The activation-induced preferential glycolysis diminishes with continued activation and is followed by an increased ratio between oxidative metabolism and glycolysis, reflecting oxidation of generated glutamate and accumulated lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Henry M. Jackson FoundationBethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Fernandez-de-Cossio-Diaz J, De Martino A, Mulet R. Microenvironmental cooperation promotes early spread and bistability of a Warburg-like phenotype. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3103. [PMID: 28596605 PMCID: PMC5465218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce an in silico model for the initial spread of an aberrant phenotype with Warburg-like overflow metabolism within a healthy homeostatic tissue in contact with a nutrient reservoir (the blood), aimed at characterizing the role of the microenvironment for aberrant growth. Accounting for cellular metabolic activity, competition for nutrients, spatial diffusion and their feedbacks on aberrant replication and death rates, we obtain a phase portrait where distinct asymptotic whole-tissue states are found upon varying the tissue-blood turnover rate and the level of blood-borne primary nutrient. Over a broad range of parameters, the spreading dynamics is bistable as random fluctuations can impact the final state of the tissue. Such a behaviour turns out to be linked to the re-cycling of overflow products by non-aberrant cells. Quantitative insight on the overall emerging picture is provided by a spatially homogeneous version of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea De Martino
- Soft and Living Matter Lab, Istituto di Nanotecnologia (CNR-NANOTEC), Rome, Italy.
- Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy.
| | - Roberto Mulet
- Group of Complex Systems and Statistical Physics, Department of Theoretical Physics, Physics Faculty, University of Havana, La Habana, Cuba
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25
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Hertz L, Rothman DL. Glutamine-Glutamate Cycle Flux Is Similar in Cultured Astrocytes and Brain and Both Glutamate Production and Oxidation Are Mainly Catalyzed by Aspartate Aminotransferase. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010017. [PMID: 28245547 PMCID: PMC5372010 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The glutamine-glutamate cycle provides neurons with astrocyte-generated glutamate/γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and oxidizes glutamate in astrocytes, and it returns released transmitter glutamate/GABA to neurons after astrocytic uptake. This review deals primarily with the glutamate/GABA generation/oxidation, although it also shows similarity between metabolic rates in cultured astrocytes and intact brain. A key point is identification of the enzyme(s) converting astrocytic α-ketoglutarate to glutamate and vice versa. Most experiments in cultured astrocytes, including those by one of us, suggest that glutamate formation is catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and its degradation by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Strongly supported by results shown in Table 1 we now propose that both reactions are primarily catalyzed by AAT. This is possible because the formation occurs in the cytosol and the degradation in mitochondria and they are temporally separate. High glutamate/glutamine concentrations abolish the need for glutamate production from α-ketoglutarate and due to metabolic coupling between glutamate synthesis and oxidation these high concentrations render AAT-mediated glutamate oxidation impossible. This necessitates the use of GDH under these conditions, shown by insensitivity of the oxidation to the transamination inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). Experiments using lower glutamate/glutamine concentration show inhibition of glutamate oxidation by AOAA, consistent with the coupled transamination reactions described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Liaoning 110000, China.
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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26
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Madji Hounoum B, Mavel S, Coque E, Patin F, Vourc'h P, Marouillat S, Nadal-Desbarats L, Emond P, Corcia P, Andres CR, Raoul C, Blasco H. Wildtype motoneurons, ALS-Linked SOD1 mutation and glutamate profoundly modify astrocyte metabolism and lactate shuttling. Glia 2017; 65:592-605. [PMID: 28139855 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The selective degeneration of motoneuron that typifies amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) implicates non-cell-autonomous effects of astrocytes. However, mechanisms underlying astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity remain largely unknown. According to the determinant role of astrocyte metabolism in supporting neuronal function, we propose to explore the metabolic status of astrocytes exposed to ALS-associated conditions. We found a significant metabolic dysregulation including purine, pyrimidine, lysine, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways in astrocytes expressing an ALS-causing mutated superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) when co-cultured with motoneurons. SOD1 astrocytes exposed to glutamate revealed a significant modification of the astrocyte metabolic fingerprint. More importantly, we observed that SOD1 mutation and glutamate impact the cellular shuttling of lactate between astrocytes and motoneurons with a decreased in extra- and intra-cellular lactate levels in astrocytes. Based on the emergent strategy of metabolomics, this work provides novel insight for understanding metabolic dysfunction of astrocytes in ALS conditions and opens the perspective of therapeutics targets through focusing on these metabolic pathways. GLIA 2017 GLIA 2017;65:592-605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Madji Hounoum
- Université François-Rabelais, INSERM U930 "Imagerie et Cerveau," CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sylvie Mavel
- Université François-Rabelais, INSERM U930 "Imagerie et Cerveau," CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Coque
- The Neuroscience Institute Montpellier, INSERM U1051, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Patin
- Université François-Rabelais, INSERM U930 "Imagerie et Cerveau," CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Patrick Vourc'h
- Université François-Rabelais, INSERM U930 "Imagerie et Cerveau," CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sylviane Marouillat
- Université François-Rabelais, INSERM U930 "Imagerie et Cerveau," CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lydie Nadal-Desbarats
- Université François-Rabelais, INSERM U930 "Imagerie et Cerveau," CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plateforme Scientifique et Technique "Analyses des Systèmes Biologiques" PST-ASB, Université François-Rabelais, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- Université François-Rabelais, INSERM U930 "Imagerie et Cerveau," CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plateforme Scientifique et Technique "Analyses des Systèmes Biologiques" PST-ASB, Université François-Rabelais, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Philippe Corcia
- Université François-Rabelais, INSERM U930 "Imagerie et Cerveau," CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre SLA, Service de Neurologie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christian R Andres
- Université François-Rabelais, INSERM U930 "Imagerie et Cerveau," CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Cédric Raoul
- The Neuroscience Institute Montpellier, INSERM U1051, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Blasco
- Université François-Rabelais, INSERM U930 "Imagerie et Cerveau," CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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27
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Béland-Millar A, Larcher J, Courtemanche J, Yuan T, Messier C. Effects of Systemic Metabolic Fuels on Glucose and Lactate Levels in the Brain Extracellular Compartment of the Mouse. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:7. [PMID: 28154523 PMCID: PMC5243849 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic neuroenergetic research has emphasized the role of glucose, its transport and its metabolism in sustaining normal neural function leading to the textbook statement that it is the necessary and sole metabolic fuel of the mammalian brain. New evidence, including the Astrocyte-to-Neuron Lactate Shuttle hypothesis, suggests that the brain can use other metabolic substrates. To further study that possibility, we examined the effect of intraperitoneally administered metabolic fuels (glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate, ß-hydroxybutyrate, and galactose), and insulin, on blood, and extracellular brain levels of glucose and lactate in the adult male CD1 mouse. Primary motor cortex extracellular levels of glucose and lactate were monitored in freely moving mice with the use of electrochemical electrodes. Blood concentration of these same metabolites were obtained by tail vein sampling and measured with glucose and lactate meters. Blood and extracellular fluctuations of glucose and lactate were monitored for a 2-h period. We found that the systemic injections of glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate, and ß-hydroxybutyrate increased blood lactate levels. Apart for a small transitory rise in brain extracellular lactate levels, the main effect of the systemic injection of glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate, and ß-hydroxybutyrate was an increase in brain extracellular glucose levels. Systemic galactose injections produced a small rise in blood glucose and lactate but almost no change in brain extracellular lactate and glucose. Systemic insulin injections led to a decrease in blood glucose and a small rise in blood lactate; however brain extracellular glucose and lactate monotonically decreased at the same rate. Our results support the concept that the brain is able to use alternative fuels and the current experiments suggest some of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Larcher
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tina Yuan
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Claude Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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28
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DiNuzzo M, Giove F, Maraviglia B, Mangia S. Computational Flux Balance Analysis Predicts that Stimulation of Energy Metabolism in Astrocytes and their Metabolic Interactions with Neurons Depend on Uptake of K + Rather than Glutamate. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:202-216. [PMID: 27628293 PMCID: PMC5283516 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Brain activity involves essential functional and metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes. The importance of astrocytic functions to neuronal signaling is supported by many experiments reporting high rates of energy consumption and oxidative metabolism in these glial cells. In the brain, almost all energy is consumed by the Na+/K+ ATPase, which hydrolyzes 1 ATP to move 3 Na+ outside and 2 K+ inside the cells. Astrocytes are commonly thought to be primarily involved in transmitter glutamate cycling, a mechanism that however only accounts for few % of brain energy utilization. In order to examine the participation of astrocytic energy metabolism in brain ion homeostasis, here we attempted to devise a simple stoichiometric relation linking glutamatergic neurotransmission to Na+ and K+ ionic currents. To this end, we took into account ion pumps and voltage/ligand-gated channels using the stoichiometry derived from available energy budget for neocortical signaling and incorporated this stoichiometric relation into a computational metabolic model of neuron-astrocyte interactions. We aimed at reproducing the experimental observations about rates of metabolic pathways obtained by 13C-NMR spectroscopy in rodent brain. When simulated data matched experiments as well as biophysical calculations, the stoichiometry for voltage/ligand-gated Na+ and K+ fluxes generated by neuronal activity was close to a 1:1 relationship, and specifically 63/58 Na+/K+ ions per glutamate released. We found that astrocytes are stimulated by the extracellular K+ exiting neurons in excess of the 3/2 Na+/K+ ratio underlying Na+/K+ ATPase-catalyzed reaction. Analysis of correlations between neuronal and astrocytic processes indicated that astrocytic K+ uptake, but not astrocytic Na+-coupled glutamate uptake, is instrumental for the establishment of neuron-astrocytic metabolic partnership. Our results emphasize the importance of K+ in stimulating the activation of astrocytes, which is relevant to the understanding of brain activity and energy metabolism at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 24.2.40, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Federico Giove
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Maraviglia
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, Univeristy of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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29
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Uncertainty quantification in flux balance analysis of spatially lumped and distributed models of neuron–astrocyte metabolism. J Math Biol 2016; 73:1823-1849. [DOI: 10.1007/s00285-016-1011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Dennis A, Thomas AG, Rawlings NB, Near J, Nichols TE, Clare S, Johansen-Berg H, Stagg CJ. An Ultra-High Field Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of Post Exercise Lactate, Glutamate and Glutamine Change in the Human Brain. Front Physiol 2015; 6:351. [PMID: 26732236 PMCID: PMC4681779 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
During strenuous exercise there is a progressive increase in lactate uptake and metabolism into the brain as workload and plasma lactate levels increase. Although it is now widely accepted that the brain can metabolize lactate, few studies have directly measured brain lactate following vigorous exercise. Here, we used ultra-high field magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain to obtain static measures of brain lactate, as well as brain glutamate and glutamine after vigorous exercise. The aims of our experiment were to (a) track the changes in brain lactate following recovery from exercise, and (b) to simultaneously measure the signals from brain glutamate and glutamine. The results of our experiment showed that vigorous exercise resulted in a significant increase in brain lactate. Furthermore, both glutamate and glutamine were successfully resolved, and as expected, although contrary to some previous reports, we did not observe any significant change in either amino acid after exercise. We did however observe a negative correlation between glutamate and a measure of fitness. These results support the hypothesis that peripherally derived lactate is taken up by the brain when available. Our data additionally highlight the potential of ultra-high field MRS as a non-invasive way of measuring multiple brain metabolite changes with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dennis
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Adam G Thomas
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK; Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human ServicesBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy B Rawlings
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie Near
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK; Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK; Department of Statistics and Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
| | - Stuart Clare
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK; Physiological Neuroimaging Group, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity (OHBA), University of OxfordOxford, UK
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31
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Quantitative constraint-based computational model of tumor-to-stroma coupling via lactate shuttle. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11880. [PMID: 26149467 PMCID: PMC4493718 DOI: 10.1038/srep11880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells utilize large amounts of ATP to sustain growth, relying primarily on non-oxidative, fermentative pathways for its production. In many types of cancers this leads, even in the presence of oxygen, to the secretion of carbon equivalents (usually in the form of lactate) in the cell’s surroundings, a feature known as the Warburg effect. While the molecular basis of this phenomenon are still to be elucidated, it is clear that the spilling of energy resources contributes to creating a peculiar microenvironment for tumors, possibly characterized by a degree of toxicity. This suggests that mechanisms for recycling the fermentation products (e.g. a lactate shuttle) may be active, effectively inducing a mutually beneficial metabolic coupling between aberrant and non-aberrant cells. Here we analyze this scenario through a large-scale in silico metabolic model of interacting human cells. By going beyond the cell-autonomous description, we show that elementary physico-chemical constraints indeed favor the establishment of such a coupling under very broad conditions. The characterization we obtained by tuning the aberrant cell’s demand for ATP, amino-acids and fatty acids and/or the imbalance in nutrient partitioning provides quantitative support to the idea that synergistic multi-cell effects play a central role in cancer sustainment.
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32
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Crosstalk Among Disrupted Glutamatergic and Cholinergic Homeostasis and Inflammatory Response in Mechanisms Elicited by Proline in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1065-1079. [PMID: 25579384 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperprolinemias are inherited disorder of proline (Pro) metabolism. Patients affected may present neurological manifestations, but the mechanisms of neural excitotoxicity elicited by hyperprolinemia are far from being understood. Considering that the astrocytes are important players in neurological disorders, the aim of the present work was to study the effects 1 mM Pro on glutamatergic and inflammatory parameters in cultured astrocytes from cerebral cortex of rats, exploring some molecular mechanisms underlying the disrupted homeostasis of astrocytes exposed to this toxic Pro concentration. We showed that cortical astrocytes of rats exposed to 1 mM Pro presented significantly elevated extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, suggesting glutamate excitotoxicity. The excess of glutamate elicited by Pro together with increased glutamate uptake and upregulated glutamine synthetase (GS) activity supported misregulated glutamate homeostasis in astrocytic cells. High Pro levels also induced production/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. We also evidenced misregulation of cholinergic anti-inflammatory system with increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and decreased acetylcholine (ACh) levels, contributing to the inflammatory status in Pro-treated astrocytes. Our findings highlighted a crosstalk among disrupted glutamate homeostasis, cholinergic mechanisms, and inflammatory cytokines, since ionotropic (DL-AP5 and CNQX) and metabotropic (MCPG and MPEP) glutamate antagonists were able to restore the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels; downregulate TNFα and IL6 production/release, modulate GS and AChE activities; and restore ACh levels. Otherwise, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs nimesulide, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and diclofenac sodium decreased the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, downregulated GS and AChE activities, and restored ACh levels in Pro-treated astrocytes. Altogether, our results evidence that the vulnerability of metabolic homeostasis in cortical astrocytes might have important implications in the neurotoxicity of Pro.
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33
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Villapol S, Byrnes KR, Symes AJ. Temporal dynamics of cerebral blood flow, cortical damage, apoptosis, astrocyte-vasculature interaction and astrogliosis in the pericontusional region after traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 2014; 5:82. [PMID: 24926283 PMCID: PMC4044679 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a loss of brain tissue at the moment of impact in the cerebral cortex. Subsequent secondary injury involves the release of molecular signals with dramatic consequences for the integrity of damaged tissue, leading to the evolution of a pericontusional-damaged area minutes to days after in the initial injury. The mechanisms behind the progression of tissue loss remain under investigation. In this study, we analyzed the spatial–temporal profile of blood flow, apoptotic, and astrocytic–vascular events in the cortical regions around the impact site at time points ranging from 5 h to 2 months after TBI. We performed a mild–moderate controlled cortical impact injury in young adult mice and analyzed the glial and vascular response to injury. We observed a dramatic decrease in perilesional cerebral blood flow (CBF) immediately following the cortical impact that lasted until days later. CBF finally returned to baseline levels by 30 days post-injury (dpi). The initial impact also resulted in an immediate loss of tissue and cavity formation that gradually increased in size until 3 dpi. An increase in dying cells localized in the pericontusional region and a robust astrogliosis were also observed at 3 dpi. A strong vasculature interaction with astrocytes was established at 7 dpi. Glial scar formation began at 7 dpi and seemed to be compact by 60 dpi. Altogether, these results suggest that TBI results in a progression from acute neurodegeneration that precedes astrocytic activation, reformation of the neurovascular unit to glial scar formation. Understanding the multiple processes occurring after TBI is critical to the ability to develop neuroprotective therapeutics to ameliorate the short and long-term consequences of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Aviva J Symes
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
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