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Asefa EM, Mergia MT, Damtew YT, Mengistu DA, Dugusa FF, Tessema RA, Enoe J, Ober J, Teklu BM, Woldemariam ED. Organochlorine pesticides in Ethiopian waters: Implications for environmental and human health. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:622-630. [PMID: 38974025 PMCID: PMC11225013 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the global ban on organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) since the 1970s, their use continues in many developing countries, including Ethiopia, primarily due to the lack of viable alternatives and weak regulations. Nonetheless, the extent of contamination and the resulting environmental and health consequences in these countries remain inadequately understood. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of reported concentrations (n=398) of OCPs (n=30) in distinct yet interconnected water matrices: water, sediment, and biota in Ethiopia. Our analysis revealed a notable geographical bias, with higher concentrations found in sediments (0.074-1161.2 µg/kg), followed by biota (0.024-1003 µg/kg) and water (0.001-1.85 µg/L). Moreover, DDTs, endosulfan, and hexachlorohexenes (HCHs) were among the most frequently detected OCPs in higher concentrations in Ethiopian waters. The DDT metabolite p,p'-DDE was commonly observed across all three matrices, with concentrations in water birds reaching levels up to 57 and 143,286 times higher than those found in sediment and water, respectively. The findings showed a substantial potential for DDTs and endosulfan to accumulate and biomagnify in Ethiopian waters. Furthermore, it was revealed that the consumption of fish contaminated with DDTs posed both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks while drinking water did not pose significant risks in this regard. Importantly, the issue of OCPs in Ethiopia assumes even greater significance as their concentrations were found to be eight times higher than those of currently used pesticides (CUPs) in Ethiopian waters. Consequently, given the ongoing concerns about OCPs in Ethiopia, there is a need for ongoing monitoring, implementation of sustainable mitigation measures, and strengthening of OCP management systems in the country, as well as in other developing countries with similar settings and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsai Mati Asefa
- School of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar 235, Ethiopia
| | - Mekuria Teshome Mergia
- Department of Biology, College of Computational and Natural Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa 05, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Tefera Damtew
- School of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar 235, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Dechasa Adare Mengistu
- School of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar 235, Ethiopia
| | - Faye Fekede Dugusa
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar 235, Ethiopia
| | - Roba Argaw Tessema
- School of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar 235, Ethiopia
| | - Jerry Enoe
- Department of Geomatics Engineering and Land Management, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Józef Ober
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Faculty of Organization and Management, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 26-28, Zabrze 41-800, Poland
| | - Berhan M. Teklu
- Plant Quarantine and Regulatory Lead Executive, Ethiopian Agricultural Authority, Addis Ababa 313003, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Deribe Woldemariam
- Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Urban Development Studies, Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa 31248, Ethiopia
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Canlı O, Çetintürk K, Güzel B. A comprehensive assessment, source input determination and distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) along with heavy metals (HMs) in reservoir lake sediments from Çanakkale province, Türkiye. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:3985-4006. [PMID: 36631577 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs) in the sediments from four dams and two ponds in the Çanakkale city, Türkiye. The total concentration varied from 41.47 to 145.45 ng/g d.w. for PAHs; 1.40-14.96 ng/g d.w. for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 0.13-3.31 ng/g d.w. for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The total polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (∑PCDD/Fs) concentrations varied between 7.35 and 63.46 pg/g d.w. The HM distribution in sediments ranged from 9.41 to 21.13 mg/kg d.w. for As; 0.20-0.39 mg/kg d.w. for Cd; 19.4-281.68 mg/kg d.w. for Cr; 23.50-118.25 mg/kg d.w. for Pb and 118.9-374.82 mg/kg d.w. for Zn. This paper also elucidates possible sources of POP and HMs in sediment by using diagnostic ratios. The calculated ratios were shown that anthropogenic input is the source of these pollutants in sediments. Principal component analysis showed that the low molecular weight of POPs is considerably related and correlated, while high molecular weight pollutants have made another group and highly correlated with each other. The results indicated that anthropogenic pollution is mainly related to atmospheric input. Anthropogenic pollutants are more apparent at Atikhisar and Bakacak dams close to urbanized locations. Rather than the anthropogenic impact, based on the measured data interpretation, the global climate change effect was seen in Bakacak dam. The overall concentration of all pollutants revealed that Atikhisar and Bakacak sediments are high-level polluted areas according to several types of sediment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oltan Canlı
- Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye.
| | - Kartal Çetintürk
- Institute of Marine Science and Management, Istanbul University, 34470, Vefa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Barış Güzel
- Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
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Khairul Hasni NA, Anual ZF, Rashid SA, Syed Abu Thahir S, Veloo Y, Fang KS, Mazeli MI. Occurrence of endocrine disruptors in Malaysia's water systems: A scoping review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121095. [PMID: 36682614 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of water systems with endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is becoming a major public health concern due to their toxicity and ubiquity. The intrusion of EDCs into water sources and drinking water has been associated with various adverse health effects on humans. However, there is no comprehensive overview of the occurrence of EDCs in Malaysia's water systems. This report aims to describe the occurrence of EDCs and their locations. Literature search was conducted electronically in two databases (PubMed and Scopus). A total of 41 peer-reviewed articles published between January 2000 and May 2021 were selected. Most of the articles dealt with pharmaceuticals (16), followed by pesticides (7), hormones (7), mixed compounds (7), and plasticisers (4). Most studies (40/41) were conducted in Peninsular Malaysia, with 60.9% in the central region and almost half (48.8%) in the Selangor State. Only one study was conducted in the northern region and East Malaysia. The Langat River, the Klang River, and the Selangor River were among the most frequently studied EDC-contaminated surface waters, while the Pahang River and the Skudai River had the highest concentrations of some of the listed compounds. Most of the risk assessments resulted in a hazard quotient (HQ) and a risk quotient (RQ) < 1, indicating negligible health risk, except for ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone, which had a potential human health risk (HQHH) > 1 in the Selangor River. An RQ > 1 for combined pharmaceuticals was found in Putrajaya tap water. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive overview of the occurrence of EDCs in Malaysia's water systems. The findings from this review can be used to mitigate risks and strengthen legislation and policies for safer drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Amalina Khairul Hasni
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
| | - Zurahanim Fasha Anual
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aishah Rashid
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Syahidiah Syed Abu Thahir
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Yuvaneswary Veloo
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Khor Sok Fang
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Iqbal Mazeli
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
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Mehlhorn P, Humphries M, Gensel J, Buah-Kwofie A, Tyohemba RL, Haberzettl T. Organochlorine pesticide contamination in sediments from Richards Bay, South Africa: spatial trends and ecotoxicological risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2247-2259. [PMID: 35931841 PMCID: PMC9813156 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in aquatic systems is a matter of global concern and poses significant toxicological threats to both organisms and human health. Despite the extensive use of OCPs for pest and disease control in southern Africa, relatively few studies have examined the occurrence and toxicological risks of OCP residues in the region. This study investigates the composition, distribution, and potential sources of OCP contamination in sediments from Richards Bay, a rapidly developing industrial port on the northeast coast of South Africa. Surface sediments collected from Richards Bay Harbour and surrounding areas indicate that OCP contamination in the region is widespread. Total concentrations (∑OCP) in surface samples ranged from 135 to 1020 ng g-1, with hexachlorocyclohexanes (∑HCH; 35-230 ng g-1) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (∑DDT; 12-350 ng g-1) the dominant contaminant groups detected. Metabolite isomeric compositions indicate that the presence of aldrin and endosulfan likely result from historical agricultural usage, while recent input of γ-HCH, heptachlor, and endrin may be linked to the illegal use of old pesticide stockpiles. Total DDT concentrations were dominated by p,p'-DDT (80 ± 64 ng g-1), which was attributed to its ongoing use in malaria vector control in the region. A 210Pb-dated sediment core revealed that OCP input to the local environment increased dramatically from relatively low concentrations in the mid-1940s (∑OCP, 355 ng g-1) to peak levels (∑OCP, 781 ng g-1) in the 1980s/1990s. An overall decrease in ∑OCP concentration from the mid-2000s is likely related to restrictions on use following the Stockholm Convention in 2004. Despite current restrictions on use, OCP concentrations exceeded sediment quality guidelines in the vast majority of cases, raising concerns for protected estuarine and mangrove habitats in the area, as well as for local fishing and farming communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mehlhorn
- Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, F.L.-Jahn Str. 16, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Marc Humphries
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julia Gensel
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Archibold Buah-Kwofie
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Nuclear Power Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Torsten Haberzettl
- Institute for Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, F.L.-Jahn Str. 16, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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Reforestation could bring native mammal species back in the tropical highlands. Trop Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-022-00253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Alvarez A, Rodríguez-Garrido B, Cerdeira-Pérez A, Tomé-Pérez A, Kidd P, Prieto-Fernández A. Enhanced biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers by Sphingobium sp. strain D4 in the presence of root exudates or in co-culture with HCH-mobilizing strains. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128764. [PMID: 35390620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lindane and other 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers are persistent organic pollutants highly hydrophobic, which hampers their availability and biodegradation. This work aimed at (i) investigating genes encoding enzymes involved in HCH degradation in the bacterium Sphingobium sp. D4, (ii) selecting strains, from a collection of environmental isolates, able to mobilize HCHs from contaminated soil, and (iii) analysing the biodegradation of HCHs by strain D4 in co-culture with HCH-mobilizing strains or when cultivated with root exudates. Fragments of the same size and similar sequence to linA and linB genes were successfully amplified. Two isolates, Streptomyces sp. M7 and Rhodococcus erythropolis ET54b able to produce emulsifiers and to mobilize HCH isomers from soil were selected. Biodegradation of HCH isomers by strain D4 was enhanced when co-inoculated with HCH mobilizing strains or when cultivated with root exudates. The degrader strain D4 was able to decompose very efficiently HCHs isomers, reducing their concentration in soil slurries by more than 95% (from an average initial amount of 50 ± 8 mg HCH kg-1 soil) in 9 days. The combination of HCH-degrading and HCH-mobilizing strains can be considered a promising inoculum for future soil bioremediation studies using bioaugmentation techniques or in combination with plants in rhizodegradation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Alvarez
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET), Avenida Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, Tucumán 4000, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Miguel Lillo 205, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Rodríguez-Garrido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Vigo s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15705, Spain
| | - Andrea Cerdeira-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Vigo s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15705, Spain
| | - Alba Tomé-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Vigo s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15705, Spain
| | - Petra Kidd
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Vigo s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15705, Spain
| | - Angeles Prieto-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Vigo s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15705, Spain.
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do Rego EL, Nakamura TC, Diniz PHGD, Oliveira UR, de Souza JR, da Silva JDS. Spatiotemporal evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in bottom sediments of the Rio de Ondas hydrographic basin, western Bahia, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:50376-50391. [PMID: 35230632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19223-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Rio de Ondas Hydrographic Basin (ROHB), Bahia state, Brazil, is located in a region with abundant water resources and is highly impacted by intense agricultural activity. In such a scenario, the use of organochlorine pesticides can represent a potential risk to the aquatic environments, due to their persistence, high bioaccumulation capacity, and high toxicity. Thus, organochlorine pesticide residues in bottom sediment samples from rivers on eighteen sites distributed along the ROHB in the dry and rainy periods were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The validated method showed no matrix effect, recoveries ranging from 82% (β-HCB) to 118% (DDD), limits of detection between 0.003 ng g-1 (α-HCH) and 0.011 ng g-1 (DDT), limits of quantification of 0.010 ng g-1 (α-HCH) to 0.036 ng g-1 (DDT), repeatability with the highest relative standard deviation of 0.97% (α-hexachlorocyclohexane at 2.000 ng g-1), and inter-day precision ranging from 10% (aldrin at 0.050 ng g-1 and 0.600 ng g-1 and α-endosulfan at 0.600 ng g-1) to 25% (β-endosulfan at 0.050 ng g-1). Although most compounds were banned since 1985, it was observed that their residues were widely distributed in the ROHB, with the total concentrations varying from 3.242 ng g-1 (P02) to 12.052 ng g-1 (P17) and from 0.313 ng g-1 (P14) to 30.861 ng g-1 (P13) in the dry and rainy periods, respectively, which may be related to historical contamination and/or prohibited use. Moreover, the spatiotemporal variation showed the highest concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues in the rainy season, coinciding with the planting period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoc Lima do Rego
- Institute of Chemistry, Graduate Program in Chemistry, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Center for Exact Sciences and Technologies, Graduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
- Department of Human Sciences, State University of Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | - Thamilin Costa Nakamura
- Center for Exact Sciences and Technologies, Graduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Center for Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Gonçalves Dias Diniz
- Center for Exact Sciences and Technologies, Graduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Domingos Santos da Silva
- Center for Exact Sciences and Technologies, Graduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil.
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Solá MZS, Prado C, Rosa M, Aráoz MVC, Benimeli CS, Polti MA, Alvarez A. Assessment of the Streptomyces-plant system to mitigate the impact of Cr(VI) and lindane in experimental soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51217-51231. [PMID: 33982258 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation techniques have been proposed as ecological methods to clean up contaminated sites. This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of the Streptomyces sp. Waksman & Henrici and Zea mays L. plant system on the dissipation of Cr(VI) and/or lindane from a co-contaminated soil, being 2 mg kg-1 of lindane and 150 mg kg-1 of chromium used. Lindane dissipation was improved in the presence of plant-microorganism association; however, Cr(VI) removal was higher when plants or the microorganism were separately. In co-contaminated systems, chromium content in plant tissues was lower than metal content in plants grown only with Cr(VI), suggesting that lindane could interfere with metal accumulation in the plant. The high malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration detected in non-inoculated plants grown with chromium could be consequence of high metal concentration in plant tissues. Interestingly, plants inoculated with Streptomyces sp. Z38 growing with Cr(VI) showed decrease in MDA concentration, indicating that the bacterium could activate defense mechanisms in the plant. Also, inoculated plants showed the highest value of superoxide dismutase activity. Lettuce plants used as bioindicators grew better in biologically treated soils compared with lettuce grown on non-treated soil. The results presented in this work provide the basis that will allow the optimization of future trials on a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Zoleica Simón Solá
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carolina Prado
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (INBIOFIV), CONICET-UNT, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mariana Rosa
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (INBIOFIV), CONICET-UNT, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Coll Aráoz
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Claudia Susana Benimeli
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Belgrano 300, 4700, Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Marta Alejandra Polti
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Analia Alvarez
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina.
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Adithya S, Jayaraman RS, Krishnan A, Malolan R, Gopinath KP, Arun J, Kim W, Govarthanan M. A critical review on the formation, fate and degradation of the persistent organic pollutant hexachlorocyclohexane in water systems and waste streams. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129866. [PMID: 33736213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impacts of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is an increasingly prominent topic in the scientific community. POPs are stable chemicals that are accumulated in living beings and can act as endocrine disruptors or carcinogens on prolonged exposure. Although efforts have been taken to minimize or ban the use of certain POPs, their use is still widespread due to their importance in several industries. As a result, it is imperative that POPs in the ecosystem are degraded efficiently and safely in order to avoid long-lasting environmental damage. This review focuses on the degradation techniques of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), a pollutant that has strong adverse effects on a variety of organisms. Different technologies such as adsorption, bioremediation and advanced oxidation process have been critically analyzed in this study. All 3 techniques have exhibited near complete removal of HCH under ideal conditions, and the median removal efficiency values for adsorption, bioremediation and advanced oxidation process were found to be 80%, 93% and 82% respectively. However, it must be noted that there is no ideal HCH removal technique and the selection of removal method depends on several factors. Furthermore, the fates of HCH in the environment and challenges faced by HCH degradation have also been explained in this study. The future scope for research in this field has also received attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Adithya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh Sai Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhishek Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Malolan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayaseelan Arun
- Centre for Waste Management, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar (OMR), Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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Vaezzadeh V, Thomes MW, Kunisue T, Tue NM, Zhang G, Zakaria MP, Affendi YA, Yap FC, Chew LL, Teoh HW, Lee CW, Bong CW. Examination of barnacles' potential to be used as bioindicators of persistent organic pollutants in coastal ecosystem: A Malaysia case study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128272. [PMID: 33297216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Barnacles are ubiquitous in coastal ecosystems of different geographical regions worldwide. This is the first study attempting to assess the suitability of barnacles as bioindicators of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in coastal environments. Barnacles were collected from the coasts around Peninsular Malaysia and analyzed for POPs including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Among POPs, PCBs showed the highest concentrations with elevated contributions of CB28 and CB153. As for PBDEs, BDE47 was the most frequently detected congener, while BDE209 was detected in barnacles from two stations in Port Klang and the levels reached up to >70% of total PBDE concentrations. Concentrations of OCPs detected in barnacles were in the order of CHLs > DDTs > HCHs > HCB and 4,4'-DDE and cis- and trans-chlordane were the predominant OCP compounds. A comparison with previous studies in Malaysia showed consistent levels of POPs. Green mussels collected from selected barnacles' habitats, for the sake of a comparison, showed almost similar profiles but lower concentrations of POPs. The spatial distribution of POPs observed in barnacles and comparison of POP levels and profiles with mussels indicated that barnacles can be useful bioindicators for monitoring POPs contamination in the coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Vaezzadeh
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, GD 510640, China; Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Margaret William Thomes
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, 790 8577, Ehime Prefecture, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, 790 8577, Ehime Prefecture, Japan
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, GD 510640, China
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yang Amri Affendi
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fook Choy Yap
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Li Lee Chew
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong Wooi Teoh
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Choon Weng Lee
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chui Wei Bong
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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11
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Ali SN, Baqar M, Mumtaz M, Ashraf U, Anwar MN, Qadir A, Ahmad SR, Nizami AS, Jun H. Organochlorine pesticides in the surrounding soils of POPs destruction facility: source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:7328-7340. [PMID: 31884545 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) obsolete pesticides stockpiles, particularly the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), is one of the critical environmental issues faced by many developing countries. This pioneering study aimed to investigate the occurrence, source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks of OCPs in the surroundings of the lone POPs pesticide destruction facility in Pakistan. The ΣOCPs residual levels in soil ranged from 35.98 to 566.77 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean concentration of 174.42 + 111.62 ng/g (dw). The OCPs contamination levels in the soil followed the pattern as ΣHCHs > Σendrins > Σendosulfans > dieldrin > Σheptachlors > ΣDDTs > Σchlordanes > methoxychlor. The ΣHCHs residual concentrations were comparatively higher than the previous national and global soil studies. The recent accumulation of HCHs, DDTs, and heptachlor was observed in the study area as identified by β-HCH/∑HCHs, (DDE + DDD)/ΣDDTs, heptachlor/Σheptachlor, and heptachlor exo-epoxide/heptachlor ratios. The OCPs' lifetime carcinogenic risk through ingestion, dermal, and inhalation exposure routes ranged from 1.65E-08 to 2.91E-07, whereas the noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) ranged from 9.12E-05 to 1.61E-03. The risk vulnerability among age groups was in the order: adult > toddler > child > teen > infant. The calculated risk levels were within an acceptable limit of one in a million (1 × 10-6) for carcinogenic risk and HQ < 1 for noncarcinogenic risk. The current OCPs residual levels, especially dieldrin and endrin, exhibited low to medium ecological risks when compared to various worldwide limits. The upsurge of the OCPs' environmental contamination levels over the years and consideration of the food chain transfer might amplify the human health and ecological risks intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Nazish Ali
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Uzma Ashraf
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, 53200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abdul-Sattar Nizami
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Huang Jun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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12
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Popa CL, Dontu SI, Carstea EM, Levei EA, Ioja C, Popa AM, Miclean M, Cadar O. Organochlorine pesticides and dissolved organic matter within a system of urban exorheic lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 192:59. [PMID: 31863207 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-8003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban lakes represent the most extensive water bodies in cities and provide blue ecosystem services, by retaining pollutants, offering cultural services, and mitigating climate change. Human activities threaten to decrease the supply of ecosystem services associated with urban lakes. Exorheic lakes play an essential role in reducing and changing the characteristics of pollutants and organic matter along the environmental continuum. This study aims to gain further understanding on the distribution and fate of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in relation to fluorescent dissolved organic matter (DOM) within an exorheic lake system, located along Colentina river, Bucharest. Results indicated a historical usage of HCHs, which were present in lake water and sediment samples, in concentrations exceeding the regulatory limits, with potential eco-toxicity on aquatic biota. Decades of intense applications along the river, before OCPs ban, led to their accumulation in sediments and their re-mobilization, each year, after the lakes were drained, dredged, and refilled. Fluorescence measurements revealed that DOM accumulated in certain lakes due to wastewater discharges, and surface runoff, but decreased towards the end of the exorheic lakes through dilution, sedimentation, and biodegradation. The results also showed that fluorescent DOM may have a substantial impact on OCPs cycle in urban lakes and may help to determine the conditions and effectiveness of removing OCPs from water and sediments. These issues contribute to the decrease of ecosystem services supply associated with urban lakes, having multiple hidden consequences on the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Liana Popa
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, INOE 2000, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG 5, 077125, Magurele, Romania.
| | - Simona Ionela Dontu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, INOE 2000, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG 5, 077125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Elfrida Mihaela Carstea
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, INOE 2000, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG 5, 077125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Erika Andrea Levei
- INCDO INOE 2000 Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Ioja
- Center for Environmental Researches and Impact Studies - CCMESI, University of Bucharest, 010041, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Popa
- Center for Environmental Researches and Impact Studies - CCMESI, University of Bucharest, 010041, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Miclean
- INCDO INOE 2000 Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Cadar
- INCDO INOE 2000 Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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13
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Popa CL, Dontu SI, Levei EA, Ioja CI, Popa AM, Miclean M, Hoaghia MA, Cadar O, Carstea EM. Spatial variation of organochlorine pesticides and dissolved organic matter in urban closed lakes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 55:329-341. [PMID: 31793375 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1697141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Closed lakes located in urban parks act as sinks of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), which have been used, for decades, as insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. The closed lakes from Bucharest, Romania, are periodically managed to prevent eutrophication and accumulation of pollutants. However, it is not known if these practices reduce or enhance the legacy pollution with OCPs. The aim of this study was to explore the spatial variation of OCPs in closed lakes. The total concentration of OCPs in water and sediments ranged between 0.0176 and 37.1 µg/L, and between 122 to 1,890 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of OCPs were compared with the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) in order to evaluate the ecological risks of sediments. The highest potential adverse effects were associated with γ-HCH exposure. Periodical draining and dredging of lakes lead to the resuspension of contaminants, increasing pesticide bioavailability and accumulation in sediments. In addition, we observed that fluorescent dissolved organic matter (DOM) might influence the OCPs cycle. The quantity and character of fluorescent DOM can provide further insight into OCPs degradation. Also, this study may help urban planners to determine the state of urban waters and to find the best solution for water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Popa
- Department of Technological and Constructive Engineering, National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, INOE 2000, Magurele, Romania
| | - Simona I Dontu
- Department of Technological and Constructive Engineering, National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, INOE 2000, Magurele, Romania
| | - Erika A Levei
- INCDO INOE 2000 Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian I Ioja
- Center for Environmental Researches and Impact Studies - CCMESI, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Popa
- Center for Environmental Researches and Impact Studies - CCMESI, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Miclean
- INCDO INOE 2000 Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Oana Cadar
- INCDO INOE 2000 Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Elfrida M Carstea
- Department of Technological and Constructive Engineering, National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, INOE 2000, Magurele, Romania
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14
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Wacławek S, Silvestri D, Hrabák P, Padil VVT, Torres-Mendieta R, Wacławek M, Černík M, Dionysiou DD. Chemical oxidation and reduction of hexachlorocyclohexanes: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:302-319. [PMID: 31288141 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) and its isomers (HCH) are some of the most common and most easily detected organochlorine pesticides in the environment. The widespread distribution of lindane is due to its use as an insecticide, accompanied by its persistence and bioaccumulation, whereas HCH were disposed of as waste in unmanaged landfills. Unfortunately, certain HCH (especially the most reactive ones: γ- and α-HCH) are harmful to the central nervous system and to reproductive and endocrine systems, therefore development of suitable remediation methods is needed to remove them from contaminated soil and water. This paper provides a short history of the use of lindane and a description of the properties of HCH, as well as their determination methods. The main focus of the paper, however, is a review of oxidative and reductive treatment methods. Although these methods of HCH remediation are popular, there are no review papers summarising their principles, history, advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, recent advances in the chemical treatment of HCH are discussed and risks concerning these processes are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Wacławek
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniele Silvestri
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrabák
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Vinod V T Padil
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Torres-Mendieta
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Wacławek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Opole, ul. kard. B. Kominka 6, 45-032, Opole, Poland
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 705 Engineering Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
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15
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Mungai TM, Wang J. Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Evaluation of Organochlorine Pesticides from Suburban Soils of Kenya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162937. [PMID: 31443302 PMCID: PMC6719993 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of organic chemicals in agriculture and manufacturing has raised concerns about the dangers of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the environment. By examining OCPs occurrence in the suburban soils from Kenya, this study revealed the distribution, concentrations, and the threat posed to the environment and human health. A gas chromatography electron capture detector was used to test the pesticides. The hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) studied in soils of Kapsabet, Voi, and Nyeri towns showed concentrations ranging from 0.03-52.7, 0.06-22.3, and 0.24-24.3 ng/g respectively. The highest concentration of HCHs was in Kapsabet (0.03-48.1 ng/g), whereas the highest DDTs concentration was in Voi (n.d.-15.5 ng/g). Source identification revealed OCPs pollution originated from recent usage of DDT pesticides to control insect-borne diseases and from the use of lindane in agriculture. Correlation test revealed that total organic carbon influenced the presence of pesticides in the soils. The enantiomeric ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH were <3 indicating the use of lindane while the ratios of DDE/DDT were <1 suggesting recent input of DDT. The cancer risk assessment showed values close to the set risk level of 10-6, suggesting the likelihood of exposure to cancer was not low enough, and control measures need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresiah M Mungai
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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16
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Mondal R, Mukherjee A, Biswas S, Kole RK. GC-MS/MS determination and ecological risk assessment of pesticides in aquatic system: A case study in Hooghly River basin in West Bengal, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:217-230. [PMID: 29751247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for water and modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method for sediment combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) detection in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was standardized for determination of 31 pesticides. Performance characteristics for the selected pesticides were acceptable according to European Commission's (EC) guidelines for method validation (recovery 70-120%, RSD <20% and R2 value ≥ 0.99). River, pond and tubewell water and river sediment samples (64 nos.) were collected from Hooghly River basin in West Bengal, India during 2014-2016. About 42% of the samples showed the presence of 19 pesticides with the highest loading of total pesticides (T-pesticides) in river water (3.01 ng mL-1) followed by sediment (1.25 ng g-1), pond (0.40 ng mL-1) and tubewell (0.02 ng mL-1) water. The non-agricultural OC (organochlorine) insecticides were detected in all river water and sediment samples mainly due to HCHs (hexachlorocyclohexane) from old source and fresh use of DDTs (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) in local areas. No OC insecticides were detected in pond and tubewell water. Maximum residues of some recommended pesticides in agriculture were obtained in pond water. Most of the river water samples (93.7%) were in excess of EC limit (0.50 ng mL-1) of T-pesticides for drinking followed by pond water samples (56.2%). Tubewell water samples were free from T-pesticide threat but exceeded the EC limit (0.10 ng mL-1) for single pesticide in case of chlorpyrifos only. Ecological risk on aquatic animals was observed for OCs in river and chlorpyrifos in pond aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mondal
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Mukherjee
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture, Palli-Siksha Bhavana, Visva Bharati, Sriniketan-731236, Birbhum, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Ramen Kumar Kole
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
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17
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Sharip Z, Hashim N, Suratman S. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides in a tropical lake basin. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:560. [PMID: 29034408 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the presence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in streams and the lake in the Sembrong Lake Basin in Malaysia. The catchment of Sembrong Lake has been converted to agricultural areas over the past 30 years, with oil palm plantations and modern agricultural farming being the main land use. Surface water samples were collected from eight sites comprising the stream and lake and analysed for 19 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). In situ measurement of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity were also undertaken at each site. Aldrin, endrin, δ-BHC, 4,4-DDT, methoxychlor and endosulfan were the main OCPs detected in the lake basin. The total OCP concentration ranged between 5.42 and 349.2 ng/L. The most frequently detected OCPs were δ-BHC, heptachlor and aldrin. The maximum values detected were 23.0, 43.2 and 50.4 ng/L respectively. The highest concentration of OCPs was attributed to 4,4-DDT, but such high residue was rare and only detected once. Other OCP residues were low. Significant differences in the mean values were observed between lake and stream for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and α-endosulfan concentration (p < 0.05). The highest endosulfan, endrin and methoxychlor residues were found in lake sites, while the highest 4,4,-DDT residues were observed for the river sites. Temporal variation of OCP residues was observed for heptachlor and β-endosulfan. The highest concentrations of pesticide residues were found in October. DDX and α/ɣ ratios indicate possible fresh inputs of the OCP pesticide in the basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zati Sharip
- Lake Research Unit, Water Quality and Environment Research Centre, National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norbaya Hashim
- Water Quality Laboratory, NAHRIM, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saim Suratman
- Consultanting Hydrogeologist, Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia
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18
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Buah-Kwofie A, Humphries MS. The distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from iSimangaliso Wetland Park: Ecological risks and implications for conservation in a biodiversity hotspot. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:715-723. [PMID: 28728131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The iSimangaliso Wetland Park World Heritage site, located on the east coast of South Africa, spans ∼3300 km2 and constitutes the largest protected estuarine environment for hippopotami, crocodiles and aquatic birds in Africa. Given the ecological importance of this site and continued use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the region, this study focused on the nature, distribution and potential sources of organochlorine contamination within iSimangaliso Wetland Park. OCPs were widely distributed in surface sediment samples obtained from the four main Ramsar wetland systems within the park (Lake St Lucia, Mkhuze, Lake Sibaya and Kosi Bay). ∑HCH and ∑DDT were the dominant contaminants detected with concentrations in the range of 26.29-282.5 ng/g and 34.49-262.4 ng/g, respectively. ∑DDT concentrations revealed a distinctive gradient, with significantly higher concentrations at Kosi Bay and Lake Sibaya attributed to the application of DDT for malaria control. p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD were the dominant isomers detected, but the detection of p,p'-DDT in a number of samples reflects recent inputs of technical DDT. Highest concentrations of HCH, endosulfan and heptachlor were detected in sediments from Mkhuze and reflect the substantial residue load these wetlands receive from agricultural activities within the catchment area. Isomeric compositions indicate that endosulfan and heptachlor residues are derived mainly from historical application, while inputs of HCH, aldrin and endrin could be attributed to more recent usage at several sites. OCP sediment concentrations from iSimangaliso represent the highest yet recorded in South Africa and some of the highest reported globally this century. Sediments found within the lakes and wetlands of iSimangaliso represent large reservoirs of contaminants that pose ecotoxicological threats to this globally important biodiversity hotspot. Detailed investigation into the bioaccumulation and toxicological risks of OCPs within the wetland park is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archibold Buah-Kwofie
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
| | - Marc S Humphries
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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19
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Liu Y, Bashir S, Stollberg R, Trabitzsch R, Weiß H, Paschke H, Nijenhuis I, Richnow HH. Compound Specific and Enantioselective Stable Isotope Analysis as Tools To Monitor Transformation of Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in a Complex Aquifer System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8909-8916. [PMID: 28673086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) mixtures and Lindane (γ-HCH) have been produced in Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany, for about 30 years until 1982. In the vicinity of the former dump sites and production facilities, large plumes of HCHs persist within two aquifer systems. We studied the natural attenuation of HCH in these groundwater systems through a combination of enantiomeric and carbon isotope fractionation to characterize the degradation of α-HCH in the areas downstream of a former disposal and production site in Bitterfeld-Wolfen. The concentration and isotope composition of α-HCH from the Quaternary and Tertiary aquifers were analyzed. The carbon isotope compositions were compared to the source signal of waste deposits for the dumpsite and highly contaminated areas. The average value of δ13C at dumpsite was -29.7 ± 0.3 ‰ and -29.0 ± 0.1 ‰ for (-) and (+)α-HCH, respectively, while those for the β-, γ-, δ-HCH isomers were -29.0 ± 0.3 ‰, -29.5 ± 0.4 ‰, and -28.2 ± 0.2 ‰, respectively. In the plume, the enantiomer fraction shifted up to 0.35, from 0.50 at source area to 0.15 (well T1), and was found accompanied by a carbon isotope enrichment of 5 ‰ and 2.9 ‰ for (-) and (+)α-HCH, respectively. The established model for interpreting isotope and enantiomer fractionation patterns showed potential for analyzing the degradation process at a field site with a complex history with respect to contamination and fluctuating geochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Department Of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Safdar Bashir
- Department Of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reiner Stollberg
- Department Groundwater Remediation, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Trabitzsch
- Department Groundwater Remediation, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Weiß
- Department Groundwater Remediation, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heidrun Paschke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department Of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department Of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Saez JM, Alvarez A, Fuentes MS, Amoroso MJ, Benimeli CS. An Overview on Microbial Degradation of Lindane. MICROBE-INDUCED DEGRADATION OF PESTICIDES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45156-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Gerber R, Smit NJ, Van Vuren JHJ, Nakayama SMM, Yohannes YB, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M, Wepener V. Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides in an apex aquatic predator from a premier conservation area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:522-533. [PMID: 26845188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the second highest gross domestic product in Africa, South Africa is known to have a high pesticide usage, including the highly persistent and banned group of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). South Africa is also one of few countries to still actively spray DDT as malaria vector control. The aim of the study was to determine the degree to which aquatic biota in selected rivers of the world renowned Kruger National Park (KNP) are exposed to by use of OCPs in the catchments outside the KNP and how this exposure relates to human health. Tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) are economically important apex predators and was selected as bioindicator for this study. Fish were sampled from the KNP sections of the Luvuvhu, Letaba and Olifants rivers during the high and low flow periods from 2010 to 2011 within the KNP and 19 OCPs were determined in muscle tissue using GC-ECD techniques. Significant flow related and spatial OCP bioaccumulation was observed. Tigerfish from the Luvuvhu River displayed the highest OCP bioaccumulation. Concentrations of the majority of the OCPs including the DDTs were the highest levels ever recorded from South African freshwater systems and in many cases the concentrations were higher than most contaminated areas from around the world. The concentrations found in H. vittatus muscle also exceeded maximum residue levels in edible fat as set by the European Union. The health risk assessment also demonstrated that the levels of OCPs pose very high cancer risks to the local populations consuming tigerfish, as high as 2 in 10 increased risk factor. This is of concern not only when managing the water resources of the conservation area but also for surrounding communities consuming freshwater fish. Contaminants enter the park from outside the borders and pose potential risks to the mandated conservation of aquatic biota within the KNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Gerber
- Department of Zoology, Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Johan H J Van Vuren
- Department of Zoology, Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yared B Yohannes
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate school of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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22
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Ren B, Zhang M, Gao H, Zheng J, Jia L. Atomic elucidation of the cyclodextrin effects on DDT solubility and biodegradation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17380-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02790c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Different binding modes between DDT and CDs explain why only α-CD can promote the bioavailability and biodegradation of DDT by simultaneously increasing its aqueous solubility and membrane interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiping Ren
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
| | - Huipeng Gao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
| | - Lingyun Jia
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
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23
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Estrogenic evaluation and organochlorine identification in blubber of North Sea harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) stranded on the North Sea coast. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:438295. [PMID: 26075240 PMCID: PMC4449880 DOI: 10.1155/2015/438295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen individual organochlorine compounds at 3 concentrations (80, 400, and 2000 ng/mL culture medium), as well as mixtures, were assayed for the estrogen receptor (ER) activation or inhibition, using a luciferase reporter gene assay (RGA). None of the PCB 138, 153, or 180 or their mixture induced a response in the RGA. o,p′-DDT was the most potent xenoestrogen from the DDT group, inducing a response already at 80 ng/mL. From the HCH and HCB group, only β-HCH (at 400 and 2000 ng/mL) and δ-HCH (at 2000 ng/mL) displayed estrogenic activities. These 13 organochlorines were determined by GC-MS in 12 samples of North Sea harbor porpoise blubber. The PCBs were the main contaminants. Within each group, PCB 153 (6.0 × 102~4.2 × 104
μg/kg), p,p′-DDE (5.1 × 102~8.6 × 103
μg/kg), and HCB (7.6 × 101~1.5 × 103
μg/kg) were the compounds found in highest concentrations. The hormonal activity of the porpoise blubber samples was also assayed in RGA, where two samples showed estrogenic activity, seven samples showed antiestrogenic activity, and one sample showed both estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity. Our results suggest that the 13 POPs measured by GC-MS in the samples cannot explain alone the estrogenicity of the extracts.
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Hao Q, Sun YX, Xu XR, Yao ZW, Wang YS, Zhang ZW, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants in marine fish from the Natuna Island, South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:274-279. [PMID: 24952457 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Five marine fish species were collected from the Natuna Island, South China Sea to investigate the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs). Concentrations of PBDEs, PCBs, and DDTs in marine fish ranged from 2.85 to 7.82, 14.3 to 48.1, and 7.99 to 40.3 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Higher concentrations of PBDEs, PCBs, and DDTs were observed in Snakefish (Trachinocephalus myops), which might be attributed to their different feeding and living habits. PCBs were the predominant POPs in all marine fish, followed by DDTs and PBDEs. BDE 47 and PCB 153 were the predominant congener of PBDEs and PCBs, respectively. Compositional distribution of DDTs indicated the possible presence of fresh input sources around the Natuna Island. The ratios of o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT being less than 1 in fish samples suggested that DDT contributions from dicofol seemed considerably low. New input sources of DDT in South China Sea are worth further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Zi-Wei Yao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Zai-Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Low VL, Adler PH, Takaoka H, Ya’cob Z, Lim PE, Tan TK, Lim YAL, Chen CD, Norma-Rashid Y, Sofian-Azirun M. Mitochondrial DNA markers reveal high genetic diversity but low genetic differentiation in the black fly Simulium tani Takaoka & Davies along an elevational gradient in Malaysia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100512. [PMID: 24941043 PMCID: PMC4062492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The population genetic structure of Simulium tani was inferred from mitochondria-encoded sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunits I (COI) and II (COII) along an elevational gradient in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. A statistical parsimony network of 71 individuals revealed 71 haplotypes in the COI gene and 43 haplotypes in the COII gene; the concatenated sequences of the COI and COII genes revealed 71 haplotypes. High levels of genetic diversity but low levels of genetic differentiation were observed among populations of S. tani at five elevations. The degree of genetic diversity, however, was not in accordance with an altitudinal gradient, and a Mantel test indicated that elevation did not have a limiting effect on gene flow. No ancestral haplotype of S. tani was found among the populations. Pupae with unique structural characters at the highest elevation showed a tendency to form their own haplotype cluster, as revealed by the COII gene. Tajima’s D, Fu’s Fs, and mismatch distribution tests revealed population expansion of S. tani in Cameron Highlands. A strong correlation was found between nucleotide diversity and the levels of dissolved oxygen in the streams where S. tani was collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Lun Low
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter H. Adler
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zubaidah Ya’cob
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Phaik Eem Lim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tiong Kai Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Dhang Chen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yusoff Norma-Rashid
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sofian-Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Saadati N, Abdullah MP, Zakaria Z, Sany SBT, Rezayi M, Hassonizadeh H. Limit of detection and limit of quantification development procedures for organochlorine pesticides analysis in water and sediment matrices. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:63. [PMID: 23561579 PMCID: PMC3630005 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable values for method validity of organochlorine pesticides determination were investigated, in water by solid phase extraction and in sediment by Soxhlet extraction, followed by gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. Organochlorine pesticides are categorized as Persistent Organic Pollutants. Hence, critical decisions to control exposure to these chemicals in the environment are based on their levels in different media; it is important to find valid qualitative and quantitative results for these components. In analytical chemistry, internal quality procedures are applied to produce valid logical results. Result In this study, 18 organochlorine pesticides were targeted for analysis and determination in water and river sediment. Experiments based on signal-to-noise ratio, calibration curve slope and laboratory fortified blank methods were conducted to determine the limits of qualification and quantification. The data were compared with each other. The limitation values, following Laboratory Fortified Blank, showed significant differences in the signal-to-noise ratio and calibration curve slope methods, which are assumed in the results for the sample concentration factor to be 1,000 times in water and 10 times in sediment matrices. The method detection limit values were found to be between 0.001 and 0.005 μg/L (mean of 0.002 ± 0.001) and 0.001 and 0.005 μg/g (mean of 0.001 ± 0.001). The quantification limits were found to be between 0.002 and 0.016 μg/L (mean of 0.006 ± 0.004) and 0.003 and 0.017 μg/g (mean of 0.005 ± 0.003 μg/L) for water and sediment, respectively, based on the laboratory fortified blank method. Because of different slopes in the calibration methods, it was also found that the limitation values for some components from the internal standard were higher than from external standard calibration, because in the latter a factor for injection efficiency is applied for calibration. Conclusion Technically, there are differentiations between detection limits for quality and quantity from component to component, resulting from noise, response factors of instruments and matrix interference. However, the calculation method is the cause of differentiation for each component of the different methods. The results show that for no matter what component, the relationship between these levels in different methods is approximately: Signal to Noise : Calibration Slope = 1:10. Therefore, due to different methods to determine LOD and LOQ, the values will be different. In the current study, laboratory fortified blank is the best method, with lower limitation values for Soxhlet and solid phase extraction of OCPs from sediment and water, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Saadati
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
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