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Dilger M, Armant O, Ramme L, Mülhopt S, Sapcariu SC, Schlager C, Dilger E, Reda A, Orasche J, Schnelle-Kreis J, Conlon TM, Yildirim AÖ, Hartwig A, Zimmermann R, Hiller K, Diabaté S, Paur HR, Weiss C. Systems toxicology of complex wood combustion aerosol reveals gaseous carbonyl compounds as critical constituents. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108169. [PMID: 37688811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies identified air pollution as one of the prime causes for human morbidity and mortality, due to harmful effects mainly on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Damage to the lung leads to several severe diseases such as fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. Noxious environmental aerosols are comprised of a gas and particulate phase representing highly complex chemical mixtures composed of myriads of compounds. Although some critical pollutants, foremost particulate matter (PM), could be linked to adverse health effects, a comprehensive understanding of relevant biological mechanisms and detrimental aerosol constituents is still lacking. Here, we employed a systems toxicology approach focusing on wood combustion, an important source for air pollution, and demonstrate a key role of the gas phase, specifically carbonyls, in driving adverse effects. Transcriptional profiling and biochemical analysis of human lung cells exposed at the air-liquid-interface determined DNA damage and stress response, as well as perturbation of cellular metabolism, as major key events. Connectivity mapping revealed a high similarity of gene expression signatures induced by wood smoke and agents prompting DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs). Indeed, various gaseous aldehydes were detected in wood smoke, which promote DPCs, initiate similar genomic responses and are responsible for DNA damage provoked by wood smoke. Hence, systems toxicology enables the discovery of critical constituents of complex mixtures i.e. aerosols and highlights the role of carbonyls on top of particulate matter as an important health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dilger
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France
| | - Larissa Ramme
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sonja Mülhopt
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Institute for Technical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sean C Sapcariu
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Christoph Schlager
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Institute for Technical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Elena Dilger
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ahmed Reda
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas M Conlon
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hanns-Rudolf Paur
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, Germany(1); Institute for Technical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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2
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Magliaro C, Ahluwalia A. Biomedical Research on Substances of Abuse: The Italian Case Study. Altern Lab Anim 2022; 50:423-436. [PMID: 36222242 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221132215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Substances of abuse have the potential to cause addiction, habituation or altered consciousness. Most of the research on these substances focuses on addiction, and is carried out through observational and clinical studies on humans, or experimental studies on animals. The transposition of the EU Directive 2010/63 into Italian law in 2014 (IT Law 2014/26) includes a ban on the use of animals for research on substances of abuse. Since then, in Italy, public debate has continued on the topic, while the application of the Article prohibiting animal research in this area has been postponed every couple of years. In the light of this debate, we briefly review a range of methodologies - including animal and non-animal, as well as patient or population-based studies - that have been employed to address the biochemical, neurobiological, toxicological, clinical and behavioural effects of substances of abuse and their dependency. We then discuss the implications of the Italian ban on the use of animals for such research, proposing concrete and evidence-based solutions to allow scientists to pursue high-quality basic and translational studies within the boundaries of the regulatory and legislative framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Magliaro
- Research Centre 'E. Piaggio', 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Centre for the Promotion of 3R Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Centre 'E. Piaggio', 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Centre for the Promotion of 3R Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
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3
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Das M, Saha A. Probe on Various Experimental Cigarette Smoke Subjection Structure. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.02.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Different methods of subjection to smoke from experimental cigarettes are essential for understanding tobacco smoke. The major toxicants found in tobacco are acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, acrylonitrile, ammonia, benzene, cadmium, catechol, chromium, cyanide hydrogen, arsenic, nickel, nitric oxide, nicotine last but not least, mono-oxide gases. While experts say, cigarette smoke contains more than 4000 different compounds. These are substantially toxic and can destroy cells, and many of them are carcinogenic. Various smoke-exposure devices are used for in-vitro tobacco smoke generation, dilution, and distribution.
Such devices are used widely by well-known manufacturers or can be tailor-made setups. We can set up different in-vitro models to better treat smoke-related diseases using these subjection structures. The fundamental goal will be to build a tobacco-free society of available subjection systems. Some have been identified and established as biological endpoints in some published scientific literature. In the scientific field, many new technologies are coming out and showing their presence. There are many systems of exposure to cigarette smoke in vitro which offer a more flexible approach to the challenges of exposure to tobacco smoke. This review covers some topics such as the description of available new subjection structures and reviews their work, setting up and application for Scenarios of in-vitro treatment. The benefits and disadvantages of both subjection mechanisms and the similarities between the setups and the data extracted from these structures. Measuring the smoke dose is also discussed here as an important field of research, particularly in the preclinical phase.
Keywords: Cigarette smoke; Cigarette Subjection Structures; Cigarette Subjection Mechanisms; Cigarette Subjection Advantages; Cigarette Subjection Use; Cigarette Subjection Modern advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulima Das
- M.Pharm Grad., Pharmacology, NSHM College Of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, B.L. Rd., Kolkata - 700053, WB
| | - Anupam Saha
- M.Pharm Grad., Pharmacology, NSHM College Of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, B.L. Rd., Kolkata - 700053, WB
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4
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Phillips G, Czekala L, Behrsing HP, Amin K, Budde J, Stevenson M, Wieczorek R, Walele T, Simms L. Acute electronic vapour product whole aerosol exposure of 3D human bronchial tissue results in minimal cellular and transcriptomic responses when compared to cigarette smoke. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320988496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic vapour products (EVPs) continues to increase worldwide and with advances in cell culture systems, molecular biology and the computational sciences there is also accumulating evidence of their potential reduced toxicity and reduced potential harm when compared to cigarette smoke. To further understand the potential risks and health effects associated with exposure to EVP aerosols we have assessed the cellular and transcriptomic response from a commercially available lung tissue culture system (MucilAirTM) following a single sub-cytotoxic exposure to cigarette smoke and the equivalent nicotine delivered dose of EVP aerosol. The transcriptomic, cellular (cilia beat frequency (CBF) and percent active area (%AA), trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), histology) and cytokine release were assessed at 4- and 48- hours following recovery from air, EVP aerosol (8.4% V/V: mybluTM blueberry flavour, 2.4% nicotine) and 3R4F smoke (3.5% V/V: exposure). No pathological changes were observed at either recovery time point from any exposure. Air and EVP aerosol exposure had no effect on CBF, %AA nor TEER at 48 hours. Exposure to cigarette smoke resulted in a decrease in TEER, an increase in CBF and the release of proinflammatory cytokines at both recovery time points. Although the number of significantly expressed genes was minimal following exposure to EVP aerosol, exposure to 3R4F smoke resulted in a significant upregulation of several disease relevant pathways. These data provide evidence that following an acute exposure to EVP aerosol there is significantly less damage to lung cells in culture than the equivalent, nicotine based, dose of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Phillips
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lukasz Czekala
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Holger P Behrsing
- Respiratory Toxicology, Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Khalid Amin
- University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Budde
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanvir Walele
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
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5
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Cao X, Coyle JP, Xiong R, Wang Y, Heflich RH, Ren B, Gwinn WM, Hayden P, Rojanasakul L. Invited review: human air-liquid-interface organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells-overview and perspectives. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 57:104-132. [PMID: 33175307 PMCID: PMC7657088 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lung is an organ that is directly exposed to the external environment. Given the large surface area and extensive ventilation of the lung, it is prone to exposure to airborne substances, such as pathogens, allergens, chemicals, and particulate matter. Highly elaborate and effective mechanisms have evolved to protect and maintain homeostasis in the lung. Despite these sophisticated defense mechanisms, the respiratory system remains highly susceptible to environmental challenges. Because of the impact of respiratory exposure on human health and disease, there has been considerable interest in developing reliable and predictive in vitro model systems for respiratory toxicology and basic research. Human air-liquid-interface (ALI) organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells have in vivo–like structure and functions when they are fully differentiated. The presence of the air-facing surface allows conducting in vitro exposures that mimic human respiratory exposures. Exposures can be conducted using particulates, aerosols, gases, vapors generated from volatile and semi-volatile substances, and respiratory pathogens. Toxicity data have been generated using nanomaterials, cigarette smoke, e-cigarette vapors, environmental airborne chemicals, drugs given by inhalation, and respiratory viruses and bacteria. Although toxicity evaluations using human airway ALI models require further standardization and validation, this approach shows promise in supplementing or replacing in vivo animal models for conducting research on respiratory toxicants and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA.
| | - Jayme P Coyle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Yiying Wang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Baiping Ren
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - William M Gwinn
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Liying Rojanasakul
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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6
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Comparison of experimentally measured and computational fluid dynamic predicted deposition and deposition uniformity of monodisperse solid particles in the Vitrocell® AMES 48 air-liquid-interface in-vitro exposure system. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104870. [PMID: 32330563 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurately determining the delivered dose is critical to understanding biological response due to cell exposure to chemical constituents in aerosols. Deposition efficiency and uniformity of deposition was measured experimentally using monodisperse solid fluorescent particles with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of 0.51, 1.1, 2.2 and 3.3 μm in the Vitrocell® AMES 48 air-liquid-interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system. Experimental results were compared with computational fluid dynamic, (CFD; using both Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches) predicted deposition efficiency and uniformity for a single row (N = 6) of petri dishes in the Vitrocell® AMES 48 system. The average experimentally measured deposition efficiency ranged from 0.007% to 0.43% for 0.51-3.3 μm MMAD particles, respectively. There was good agreement between average experimentally measured and the CFD predicted particle deposition efficiency, regardless of approach. Experimentally measured and CFD predicted average uniformity of deposition was greater than 45% of the mean for all particle diameters. During this work a new design was introduced by the manufacturer and evaluated using Lagragian CFD. Lagragian CFD predictions showed better uniformity of deposition, but reduced deposition efficiency with the new design. Deposition efficiency and variability in particle deposition across petri dishes for solid particles should be considered when designing exposure regimens using the Vitrocell® AMES 48 ALI in vitro exposure system.
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7
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Boué S, Goedertier D, Hoeng J, Kuczaj A, Majeed S, Mathis C, May A, Phillips B, Peitsch MC, Radtke F, Schlage WK, Tan WT, Vanscheeuwijck P. State-of-the-art methods and devices for the generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from heat-not-burn tobacco products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319897869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco harm reduction is increasingly recognized as a promising approach to accelerate the decline in smoking prevalence and smoking-related population harm. Potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) must undergo a rigorous premarket toxicological risk assessment. The ability to reproducibly generate, collect, and use aerosols is critical for the characterization, and preclinical assessment of aerosol-based candidate MRTPs (cMRTPs), such as noncombusted cigarettes, also referred to as heated tobacco products, tobacco heating products, or heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco products. HNB tobacco products generate a nicotine-containing aerosol by heating tobacco instead of burning it. The aerosols generated by HNB products are qualitatively and quantitatively highly different from cigarette smoke (CS). This constitutes technical and experimental challenges comparing the toxicity of HNB aerosols with CS. The methods and experimental setups that have been developed for the study of CS cannot be directly transposed to the study of HNB aerosols. Significant research efforts are dedicated to the development, characterization, and validation of experimental setups and methods suitable for HNB aerosols. They are described in this review, with a particular focus on the Tobacco Heating System version 2.2. This is intended to support further studies, the objective evaluation and verification of existing evidence, and the development of scientifically substantiated HNB MRTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne May
- Consultants in Science, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Falk Radtke
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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8
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Boué S, Goedertier D, Hoeng J, Iskandar A, Kuczaj AK, Marescotti D, Mathis C, May A, Phillips B, Peitsch MC, Schlage WK, Sciuscio D, Tan WT, Vanscheeuwijck P. State-of-the-art methods and devices for generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from e-vapor products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320979751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
E-vapor products (EVP) have become popular alternatives for cigarette smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. EVP research is challenging and complex, mostly because of the numerous and rapidly evolving technologies and designs as well as the multiplicity of e-liquid flavors and solvents available on the market. There is an urgent need to standardize all stages of EVP assessment, from the production of a reference product to e-vapor generation methods and from physicochemical characterization methods to nonclinical and clinical exposure studies. The objective of this review is to provide a detailed description of selected experimental setups and methods for EVP aerosol generation and collection and exposure systems for their in vitro and in vivo assessment. The focus is on the specificities of the product that constitute challenges and require development of ad hoc assessment frameworks, equipment, and methods. In so doing, this review aims to support further studies, objective evaluation, comparison, and verification of existing evidence, and, ultimately, formulation of standardized methods for testing EVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Iskandar
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz K Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Marescotti
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne May
- Consultants in Science, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Davide Sciuscio
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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9
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Keyser BM, Leverette R, Hollings M, Seymour A, Reeve L, Fields W. Investigation of multiple whole smoke dosimetry techniques using a VITROCELL®VC10® smoke exposure system. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1281-1288. [PMID: 31828014 PMCID: PMC6889780 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vitrocell® VC10® smoke exposure system offers multiple platforms for air liquid interface (ALI) and air agar interface (AAI) exposure that mimic in vivo conditions for assessing toxicological impact of whole smoke using in vitro assays. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare multiple dosimetry techniques that may be employed during combustible cigarette whole smoke exposure using the Vitrocell® VC10® smoking robot. The following techniques were assessed: (1) quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs), (2) aerosol photometers (using area under curve, AUC), and (3) fluorescence of anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-captured smoke constituents. Results showed that each of the dosimetry techniques was able to distinguish different levels of whole smoke airflow in a concentration-related manner. When compared to each other, the three techniques showed a high level of consistency and all were considered efficient tools in quantifying dose during an exposure, although higher variation was observed at the higher airflows tested. Overall, the dosimetry tools investigated here provide effective measures of the whole smoke concentrations tested during the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA1
| | - Robert Leverette
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA1
| | | | | | | | - Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA1
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10
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Keyser BM, Leverette R, Fowler K, Fields W, Hargreaves V, Reeve L, Bombick B. Development of a quantitative method for assessment of dose in in vitro evaluations using a VITROCELL® VC10® smoke exposure system. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 56:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Thorne D, Bishop E, Haswell L, Gaça M. A Case Study for the Comparison ofIn VitroData Across Multiple Aerosol Exposure Studies with Extrapolation to Human Dose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco Group R&D, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Bishop
- British American Tobacco Group R&D, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Linsey Haswell
- British American Tobacco Group R&D, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Gaça
- British American Tobacco Group R&D, Southampton, United Kingdom
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12
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Fowler K, Fields W, Hargreaves V, Reeve L, Bombick B. Development, qualification, validation and application of the Ames test using a VITROCELL ® VC10 ® smoke exposure system. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:542-551. [PMID: 29854624 PMCID: PMC5977537 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoke-induced mutagenicity at air agar interface was developed and validated. The VITROCELL® VC10® system was validated by equipment qualification protocols. Differentiation of mutagenicity by 3R4F and Eclipse cigarettes was demonstrated.
The Ames test has established use in the assessment of potential mutagenicity of tobacco products but has generally been performed using partitioned exposures (e.g. total particulate matter [TPM], gas vapor phase [GVP]) rather than whole smoke (WS). The VITROCELL®VC10® smoke exposure system offers multiple platforms for air liquid interface (ALI), or air agar interface (AAI) in the case of the Ames test exposure to mimic in vivo-like conditions for assessing the toxicological impact of fresh WS in in vitro assays. The goals of this study were to 1) qualify the VITROCELL®VC10® to demonstrate functionality of the system, 2) develop and validate the Ames test following WS exposure with the VITROCELL®VC10® and 3) assess the ability of the Ames test to differentiate between a reference combustible product (3R4F Kentucky reference cigarette) and a primarily tobacco heating product (Eclipse). Based on critical function assessments, the VITROCELL®VC10® was demonstrated to be fit for the purpose of consistent generation of WS. Assay validation was conducted for 5 bacterial strains (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA102) and reproducible exposure–related changes in revertants were observed for TA98 and TA100 in the presence of rat liver S-9 following exposure to 3R4F WS. In the comparative studies, exposure-related changes in in vitro mutagenicity following exposure of TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S9 to both 3R4F and Eclipse WS were observed, with the response for Eclipse being significantly less than that for 3R4F (p < 0.001) which is consistent with the fewer chemical constituents liberated by primarily-heating the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Fowler
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | | | | | - Betsy Bombick
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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Extreme testing of undiluted e-cigarette aerosol in vitro using an Ames air-agar-interface technique. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 828:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Breheny D, Adamson J, Azzopardi D, Baxter A, Bishop E, Carr T, Crooks I, Hewitt K, Jaunky T, Larard S, Lowe F, Oke O, Taylor M, Santopietro S, Thorne D, Zainuddin B, Gaça M, Liu C, Murphy J, Proctor C. A novel hybrid tobacco product that delivers a tobacco flavour note with vapour aerosol (Part 2): In vitro biological assessment and comparison with different tobacco-heating products. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:533-546. [PMID: 28595930 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the toxicological and biological responses of aerosols from a novel hybrid tobacco product. Toxicological responses from the hybrid tobacco product were compared to those from a commercially available Tobacco Heating Product (c-THP), a prototype THP (p-THP) and a 3R4F reference cigarette, using in vitro test methods which were outlined as part of a framework to substantiate the risk reduction potential of novel tobacco and nicotine products. Exposure matrices used included total particulate matter (TPM), whole aerosol (WA), and aqueous aerosol extracts (AqE) obtained after machine-puffing the test products under the Health Canada Intense smoking regime. Levels of carbonyls and nicotine in these matrices were measured to understand the aerosol dosimetry of the products. The hybrid tobacco product tested negative across the in vitro assays including mutagenicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, tumour promotion, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. All the THPs tested demonstrated significantly reduced responses in these in vitro assays when compared to 3R4F. The findings suggest these products have the potential for reduced health risks. Further pre-clinical and clinical assessments are required to substantiate the risk reduction of these novel products at individual and population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Breheny
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Jason Adamson
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - David Azzopardi
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Andrew Baxter
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Emma Bishop
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Tony Carr
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Ian Crooks
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Katherine Hewitt
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Tomasz Jaunky
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Sophie Larard
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Frazer Lowe
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Oluwatobiloba Oke
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mark Taylor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Simone Santopietro
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - David Thorne
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Benjamin Zainuddin
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Marianna Gaça
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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Behrsing H, Raabe H, Tice R, Devlin R, Pinkerton K, Oberdörster G, Wright C, Wieczorek R, Aufderheide M, Steiner S, Krebs T, Asgharian B, Corley R, Oldham M, Adamson J, Li X, Rahman I, Grego S, Chu PH, McCullough S, Hill E, Curren R, Curren R. In vitro exposure systems and dosimetry assessment tools for inhaled tobacco products: Workshop proceedings, conclusions and paths forward for in vitro model use. Altern Lab Anim 2017; 45:117-158. [PMID: 28816053 PMCID: PMC9878375 DOI: 10.1177/026119291704500305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In 2009, the passing of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act facilitated the establishment of the FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP), and gave it regulatory authority over the marketing, manufacture and distribution of tobacco products, including those termed 'modified risk'. On 4-6 April 2016, the Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. (IIVS) convened a workshop conference entitled, In Vitro Exposure Systems and Dosimetry Assessment Tools for Inhaled Tobacco Products, to bring together stakeholders representing regulatory agencies, academia and industry to address the research priorities articulated by the FDA CTP. Specific topics were covered to assess the status of current in vitro smoke and aerosol/vapour exposure systems, as well as the various approaches and challenges to quantifying the complex exposures in in vitro pulmonary models developed for evaluating adverse pulmonary events resulting from tobacco product exposures. The four core topics covered were: a) Tobacco Smoke and E-Cigarette Aerosols; b) Air-Liquid Interface-In Vitro Exposure Systems; c) Dosimetry Approaches for Particles and Vapours/In Vitro Dosimetry Determinations; and d) Exposure Microenvironment/Physiology of Cells. The 2.5-day workshop included presentations from 20 expert speakers, poster sessions, networking discussions, and breakout sessions which identified key findings and provided recommendations to advance these technologies. Here, we will report on the proceedings, recommendations, and outcome of the April 2016 technical workshop, including paths forward for developing and validating non-animal test methods for tobacco product smoke and next generation tobacco product aerosol/vapour exposures. With the recent FDA publication of the final deeming rule for the governance of tobacco products, there is an unprecedented necessity to evaluate a very large number of tobacco-based products and ingredients. The questionable relevance, high cost, and ethical considerations for the use of in vivo testing methods highlight the necessity of robust in vitro approaches to elucidate tobacco-based exposures and how they may lead to pulmonary diseases that contribute to lung exposure-induced mortality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Raabe
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | - Robert Devlin
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kent Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis
| | | | - Chris Wright
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Adamson
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, UK
| | - Xiang Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Irfan Rahman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Sonia Grego
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Shaun McCullough
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin Hill
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Rodger Curren
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Rodger Curren
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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16
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Fields W, Fowler K, Hargreaves V, Reeve L, Bombick B. Development, qualification, validation and application of the neutral red uptake assay in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using a VITROCELL® VC10® smoke exposure system. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:144-152. [PMID: 28062357 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity assessment of combustible tobacco products by neutral red uptake (NRU) has historically used total particulate matter (TPM) or solvent captured gas vapor phase (GVP), rather than fresh whole smoke. Here, the development, validation and application of the NRU assay in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, following exposure to fresh whole smoke generated with the VITROCELL® VC10® system is described. Whole smoke exposure is particularly important as both particulate and vapor phases of tobacco smoke show cytotoxicity in vitro. The VITROCELL® VC10® system provides exposure at the air liquid interface (ALI) to mimic in vivo conditions for assessing the toxicological impact of smoke in vitro. Instrument and assay validations are crucial for comparative analyses. GOALS OF THIS STUDY 1) demonstrate functionality of the VITROCELL® VC10® system by installation, operational and performance qualification, 2) develop and validate a cellular system for assessing cytotoxicity following whole smoke exposure and 3) assess the whole smoke NRU assay sensitivity for statistical differentiation between a reference combustible cigarette (3R4F) and a primarily "heat-not-burn" cigarette (Eclipse). RESULTS The VITROCELL® VC10® provided consistent generation and delivery of whole smoke; exposure-related changes in in vitro cytotoxicity were observed with reproducible IC50 values; comparative analysis showed that the heat-not-burn cigarette was significantly (P<0.001) less cytotoxic than the 3R4F combustible cigarette, consistent with the lower levels of chemical constituents liberated by primarily-heating the cigarette versus burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
| | - Kathy Fowler
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Victoria Hargreaves
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG1 3PY, UK
| | - Lesley Reeve
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG1 3PY, UK
| | - Betsy Bombick
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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Iskandar AR, Mathis C, Schlage WK, Frentzel S, Leroy P, Xiang Y, Sewer A, Majeed S, Ortega-Torres L, Johne S, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Kratzer G, Merg C, Elamin A, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A systems toxicology approach for comparative assessment: Biological impact of an aerosol from a candidate modified-risk tobacco product and cigarette smoke on human organotypic bronchial epithelial cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 39:29-51. [PMID: 27865774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a comparative assessment of the biological impact of a heated tobacco aerosol from the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2 and smoke from a combustible 3R4F cigarette. Human organotypic bronchial epithelial cultures were exposed to an aerosol from THS2.2 (a candidate modified-risk tobacco product) or 3R4F smoke at similar nicotine concentrations. A systems toxicology approach was applied to enable a comprehensive exposure impact assessment. Culture histology, cytotoxicity, secreted pro-inflammatory mediators, ciliary beating, and genome-wide mRNA/miRNA profiles were assessed at various time points post-exposure. Series of experimental repetitions were conducted to increase the robustness of the assessment. At similar nicotine concentrations, THS2.2 aerosol elicited lower cytotoxicity compared with 3R4F smoke. No morphological change was observed following exposure to THS2.2 aerosol, even at nicotine concentration three times that of 3R4F smoke. Lower levels of secreted mediators and fewer miRNA alterations were observed following exposure to THS2.2 aerosol than following 3R4F smoke. Based on the computational analysis of the gene expression changes, 3R4F (0.13 mg nicotine/L) elicited the highest biological impact (100%) in the context of Cell Fate, Cell Proliferation, Cell Stress, and Inflammatory Network Models at 4 h post-exposure. Whereas, the corresponding impact of THS2.2 (0.14 mg nicotine/L) was 7.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany.
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Ortega-Torres
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie Johne
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Gilles Kratzer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Celine Merg
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Fields W, Maione A, Keyser B, Bombick B. Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Brian Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Betsy Bombick
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Adamson J, Li X, Cui H, Thorne D, Xie F, Gaca MD. Nicotine Quantification In Vitro: A Consistent Dosimetry Marker for e-Cigarette Aerosol and Cigarette Smoke Generation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Adamson
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Huapeng Cui
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - David Thorne
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Marianna D. Gaca
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
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20
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Adamson J, Thorne D, Zainuddin B, Baxter A, McAughey J, Gaça M. Application of dosimetry tools for the assessment of e-cigarette aerosol and cigarette smoke generated on two different in vitro exposure systems. Chem Cent J 2016. [PMCID: PMC5395506 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diluted aerosols from a cigarette (3R4F) and an e-cigarette (Vype ePen) were compared in two commercially available in vitro exposure systems: the Borgwaldt RM20S and Vitrocell VC10. Dosimetry was assessed by measuring deposited aerosol mass in the exposure chambers via quartz crystal microbalances, followed by quantification of deposited nicotine on their surface. The two exposure systems were shown to generate the same aerosols (pre-dilution) within analytically quantified nicotine concentration levels (p = 0.105). The dosimetry methods employed enabled assessment of the diluted aerosol at the exposure interface. At a common dilution, the per puff e-cigarette aerosol deposited mass was greater than cigarette smoke. At four dilutions, the RM20S produced deposited mass ranging 0.1–0.5 µg/cm2/puff for cigarette and 0.1–0.9 µg/cm2/puff for e-cigarette; the VC10 ranged 0.4–2.1 µg/cm2/puff for cigarette and 0.3–3.3 µg/cm2/puff for e-cigarette. In contrast nicotine delivery was much greater from the cigarette than from the e-cigarette at a common dilution, but consistent with the differing nicotine percentages in the respective aerosols. On the RM20S, nicotine ranged 2.5–16.8 ng/cm2/puff for the cigarette and 1.2–5.6 ng/cm2/puff for the e-cigarette. On the VC10, nicotine concentration ranged 10.0–93.9 ng/cm2/puff for the cigarette and 4.0–12.3 ng/cm2/puff for the e-cigarette. The deposited aerosol from a conventional cigarette and an e-cigarette in vitro are compositionally different; this emphasises the importance of understanding and characterising different product aerosols using dosimetry tools. This will enable easier extrapolation and comparison of pre-clinical data and consumer use studies, to help further explore the reduced risk potential of next generation nicotine products.A cigarette and an e-cigarette (top left) were assessed on two different in vitro exposure systems, the Borgwaldt RM20S (top right) and the VC 10 (bottom right). Compositionally the product aerosols were different, but there was no difference between the same product on different machines (bottom left). ![]()
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Li X. In vitro toxicity testing of cigarette smoke based on the air-liquid interface exposure: A review. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:105-113. [PMID: 27470133 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol comprising particulate phase and gaseous vapour phase. The air-liquid interface exposure provides a possible technical means to implement whole smoke exposure for the assessment of tobacco products. In this review, the research progress in the in vitro toxicity testing of cigarette smoke based on the air-liquid interface exposure is summarized. The contents presented involve mainly cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, systems toxicology, 3D culture and cigarette smoke dosimetry related to cigarette smoke, as well as the assessment of electronic cigarette aerosol. Prospect of the application of the air-liquid interface exposure method in assessing the biological effects of tobacco smoke is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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22
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Assessing the mutagenic activities of smoke from different cigarettes in direct exposure experiments using the modified Ames Salmonella assay. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 803-804:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Development of an in vitro cytotoxicity model for aerosol exposure using 3D reconstructed human airway tissue; application for assessment of e-cigarette aerosol. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1952-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Combes RD, Balls M. A critical assessment of the scientific basis, and implementation, of regulations for the safety assessment and marketing of innovative tobacco-related products. Altern Lab Anim 2015; 43:251-90. [PMID: 26375889 DOI: 10.1177/026119291504300406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our scientific, logistical, ethical and animal welfare-related concerns about the latest US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for existing and so-called 'new' tobacco products, aimed at reducing harmful exposures, are explained. Such claims for sales in the USA now have to be based on a wide range of information, a key part of which will increasingly be data on safety and risk. One of the pathways to achieve marketing authorisation is to demonstrate substantial equivalence (SE) with benchmark products, called predicates. However, the regulations are insufficiently transparent with regard to: a) a rationale for the cut-off date for 'old' and 'new' products, and for exempting the former from regulation; b) the scientific validity and operation of SE; c) options for product labelling to circumvent SE; d) the experimental data required to support, and criteria to judge, a claim; and e) a strategy for risk assessment/management. Scientific problems related to the traditional animal methods used in respiratory disease and inhalation toxicology, and the use of quantitative comparators of toxicity, such as the No Observed Adverse Effect Level, are discussed. We review the advantages of relevant in vitro, mechanism-based, target tissue-oriented technologies, which an advisory report of the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences largely overlooked. These benefits include: a) the availability, for every major site in the respiratory tract, of organotypic human cell-based tissue culture systems, many of which are already being used by the industry; b) the accurate determination of concentrations of test materials received by target cells; c) methods for exposure to particulate and vapour phases of smoke, separately or combined; d) the ability to study tissue-specific biotransformation; and e) the use of modern, human-focused methodologies, unaffected by species differences. How data extrapolation, for risk assessment, from tissue culture to the whole animal, could be addressed, is also discussed. A cost (to animal welfare)-benefit (to society, including industry and consumers) analysis was conducted, taking into account the above information; the potential for animal suffering; the extensive data already available; the existence of other, less hazardous forms of nicotine delivery; the fact that much data will be generated solely for benchmarking; and that many smokers (especially nicotine-dependents) ignore health warnings. It is concluded that, in common with policies of several tobacco companies and countries, the use of laboratory animals for tobacco testing is very difficult, if not impossible, to justify. Instead, we propose and argue for an integrated testing scheme, starting with extensive chemical analysis of the ingredients and by-products associated with the use of tobacco products and their toxicity, followed by use of in vitro systems and early clinical studies (involving specific biomarkers) with weight-of-evidence assessments at each stage. Appropriate adjustment factors could be developed to enable concentration-response data obtained in vitro, with the other information generated by the strategy, to enable the FDA to meet its objectives. It is hoped that our intentionally provocative ideas will stimulate further debate on this contentious area of regulatory testing and public safety.
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Thorne D, Dalrymple A, Dillon D, Duke M, Meredith C. A comparative assessment of cigarette smoke aerosols using an in vitro air-liquid interface cytotoxicity test. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:629-40. [PMID: 26339773 PMCID: PMC4732453 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1080773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the evaluation of a modified air-liquid interface BALB/c 3T3 cytotoxicity method for the assessment of smoke aerosols in vitro. The functionality and applicability of this modified protocol was assessed by comparing the cytotoxicity profiles from eight different cigarettes. Three reference cigarettes, 1R5F, 3R4F and CORESTA Monitor 7 were used to put the data into perspective and five bespoke experimental products were manufactured, ensuring a balanced and controlled study. Manufactured cigarettes were matched for key variables such as nicotine delivery, puff number, pressure drop, ventilation, carbon monoxide, nicotine free dry particulate matter and blend, but significantly modified for vapor phase delivery, via the addition of two different types and quantities of adsorptive carbon. Specifically manufacturing products ensures comparisons can be made in a consistent manner and allows the research to ask targeted questions, without confounding product variables. The results demonstrate vapor-phase associated cytotoxic effects and clear differences between the products tested and their cytotoxic profiles. This study has further characterized the in vitro vapor phase biological response relationship and confirmed that the biological response is directly proportional to the amount of available vapor phase toxicants in cigarette smoke, when using a Vitrocell® VC 10 exposure system. This study further supports and strengthens the use of aerosol based exposure options for the appropriate analysis of cigarette smoke induced responses in vitro and may be especially beneficial when comparing aerosols generated from alternative tobacco aerosol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D,
Southampton, Hampshire,
UK
| | | | - Deborah Dillon
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D,
Southampton, Hampshire,
UK
| | - Martin Duke
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D,
Southampton, Hampshire,
UK
| | - Clive Meredith
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D,
Southampton, Hampshire,
UK
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Roemer E, Zenzen V, Conroy LL, Luedemann K, Dempsey R, Schunck C, Sticken ET. Automation of the in vitro micronucleus and chromosome aberration assay for the assessment of the genotoxicity of the particulate and gas-vapor phase of cigarette smoke. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:320-33. [PMID: 25986082 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1037413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Total particulate matter (TPM) and the gas-vapor phase (GVP) of mainstream smoke from the Reference Cigarette 3R4F were assayed in the cytokinesis-block in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay and the in vitro chromosome aberration (CA) assay, both using V79-4 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts exposed for up to 24 h. The Metafer image analysis platform was adapted resulting in a fully automated evaluation system of the MN assay for the detection, identification and reporting of cells with micronuclei together with the determination of the cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) to quantify the treatment-related cytotoxicity. In the CA assay, the same platform was used to identify, map and retrieve metaphases for a subsequent CA evaluation by a trained evaluator. In both the assays, TPM and GVP provoked a significant genotoxic effect: up to 6-fold more micronucleated target cells than in the negative control and up to 10-fold increases in aberrant metaphases. Data variability was lower in the automated version of the MN assay than in the non-automated. It can be estimated that two test substances that differ in their genotoxicity by approximately 30% can statistically be distinguished in the automated MN and CA assays. Time savings, based on man hours, due to the automation were approximately 70% in the MN and 25% in the CA assays. The turn-around time of the evaluation phase could be shortened by 35 and 50%, respectively. Although only cigarette smoke-derived test material has been applied, the technical improvements should be of value for other test substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Roemer
- a Philip Morris Products S.A., Philip Morris International R&D , Neuchâtel , Switzerland
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Thorne D, Kilford J, Hollings M, Dalrymple A, Ballantyne M, Meredith C, Dillon D. The mutagenic assessment of mainstream cigarette smoke using the Ames assay: a multi-strain approach. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 782:9-17. [PMID: 25868126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA97, TA102 and TA104 were assessed for their suitability and use in conjunction with a Vitrocell(®) VC 10 Smoking Robot and 3R4F reference mainstream cigarette smoke. Little information exists on TA97, TA104, TA1535, TA1537 and TA102 using an aerosol 35mm spread-plate format. In this study, TA1535 and TA1537 were considered sub-optimal for use with a scaled-down format, due to low spontaneous revertant numbers (0-5 revertants/plate). In the context of a regulatory environment, TA97 is deemed an acceptable alternative for TA1537 and was therefore selected for whole smoke exposure in this study. However, there is no acceptable alternative for TA1535, therefore this strain was included for whole smoke exposure. TA1535, TA97, TA102 and TA104 were assessed for mutagenic responses following exposure to cigarette smoke at varying concentrations (using diluting airflow rates of 1.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 12.0L/min), and exposure times of 24 and 64min. A positive mutagenic response to cigarette smoke was observed in strain TA104 at both the 24 and 64min time points, in the presence of S-9, at the highest smoke concentration tested (1.0L/min diluting airflow). The three remaining strains were found to be unresponsive to cigarette smoke at all concentrations tested, in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Cigarette smoke particulate deposition was quantified in situ of exposure using quartz crystal microbalance technology, enabling data to be presented against an associated gravimetric mass (μg/cm(2)). Finally, data obtained in this study were combined with previously published Ames data for TA98, TA100, YG1024, YG1042 and Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA pKM101), generated using the same 35mm methodology. The combined data-set was used to propose an aerosol testing strategy, based on strain compatibility with the whole smoke aerosol, whilst maintaining the essence of the regulatory guidelines for the standard Ames assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Joanne Kilford
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1PY, UK.
| | - Michael Hollings
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1PY, UK.
| | - Annette Dalrymple
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Mark Ballantyne
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1PY, UK.
| | - Clive Meredith
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Deborah Dillon
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
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Majeed S, Frentzel S, Wagner S, Kuehn D, Leroy P, Guy PA, Knorr A, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Characterization of the Vitrocell® 24/48 in vitro aerosol exposure system using mainstream cigarette smoke. Chem Cent J 2014; 8:62. [PMID: 25411580 PMCID: PMC4236458 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-014-0062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Only a few exposure systems are presently available that enable cigarette smoke exposure of living cells at the air–liquid interface, of which one of the most versatile is the Vitrocell® system (Vitrocell® Systems GmbH). To assess its performance and optimize the exposure conditions, we characterized a Vitrocell® 24/48 system connected to a 30-port carousel smoking machine. The Vitrocell® 24/48 system allows for simultaneous exposure of 48 cell culture inserts using dilution airflow rates of 0–3.0 L/min and exposes six inserts per dilution. These flow rates represent cigarette smoke concentrations of 7–100%. Results By characterizing the exposure inside the Vitrocell® 24/48, we verified that (I) the cigarette smoke aerosol distribution is uniform across all inserts, (II) the utility of Vitrocell® crystal quartz microbalances for determining the online deposition of particle mass on the inserts, and (III) the amount of particles deposited per surface area and the amounts of trapped carbonyls and nicotine were concentration dependent. At a fixed dilution airflow of 0.5 L/min, the results showed a coefficient of variation of 12.2% between inserts of the Vitrocell® 24/48 module, excluding variations caused by different runs. Although nicotine and carbonyl concentrations were linear over the tested dilution range, particle mass deposition increased nonlinearly. The observed effect on cell viability was well-correlated with increasing concentration of cigarette smoke. Conclusions Overall, the obtained results highlight the suitability of the Vitrocell® 24/48 system to assess the effect of cigarette smoke on cells under air–liquid interface exposure conditions, which is closely related to the conditions occurring in human airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Wagner
- Eurofins Umwelt West GmbH, Vorgebirgsstraße 20, D-50389 Wesseling, Germany
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A Guy
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Knorr
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Adamson J, Thorne D, Errington G, Fields W, Li X, Payne R, Krebs T, Dalrymple A, Fowler K, Dillon D, Xie F, Meredith C. An inter-machine comparison of tobacco smoke particle deposition in vitro from six independent smoke exposure systems. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1320-8. [PMID: 24997294 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are several whole smoke exposure systems used to assess the biological and toxicological impact of tobacco smoke in vitro. One such system is the Vitrocell® VC 10 Smoking Robot and exposure module. Using quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) installed into the module, we were able to assess tobacco smoke particle deposition in real-time. We compared regional deposition across the module positions and doses delivered by six VC 10s in four independent laboratories: two in the UK, one in Germany and one in China. Gauge R&r analysis was applied to the total data package from the six VC 10s. As a percentage of the total, reproducibility (between all six VC 10s) and repeatability (error within an individual VC 10) accounted for 0.3% and 7.4% respectively. Thus Gauge R&r was 7.7%, less than 10% overall and considered statistically fit for purpose. The dose-responses obtained from the six machines across the four different locations demonstrated excellent agreement. There were little to no positional differences across the module at all airflows as determined by ANOVA (except for one machine and at three airflows only). These results support the on-going characterisation of the VC 10 exposure system and suitability for tobacco smoke exposure in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adamson
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - D Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - G Errington
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - W Fields
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., P.O. Box 1487, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, USA.
| | - X Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, No.2 Fengyang Street, High-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - R Payne
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate HG3 1PY, UK.
| | - T Krebs
- Vitrocell® Systems GmbH, Fabrik Sonntag 3, 79183 Waldkirch, Germany.
| | - A Dalrymple
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - K Fowler
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., P.O. Box 1487, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, USA.
| | - D Dillon
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - F Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, No.2 Fengyang Street, High-Tech Zone, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - C Meredith
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
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Breheny D, Cunningham F, Kilford J, Payne R, Dillon D, Meredith C. Application of a modified gaseous exposure system to the in vitro toxicological assessment of tobacco smoke toxicants. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:662-72. [PMID: 24889675 PMCID: PMC6710645 DOI: 10.1002/em.21876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of over 6,000 individual chemical constituents. Approximately 150 of these have been identified as 'tobacco smoke toxicants' due to their known toxicological effects. A number of these toxicants are present in the gaseous phase of tobacco smoke. This presents a technical challenge when assessing the toxicological effects of these chemicals in vitro. We have adapted a commercially available tobacco smoke exposure system to enable the assessment of the contribution of individual smoke toxicants to the overall toxicological effects of whole mainstream cigarette smoke (WS). Here we present a description of the exposure system and the methodology used. We use the example of a gaseous tobacco smoke toxicant, ethylene oxide (EtO), a Group 1 IARC carcinogen and known mutagen, to illustrate how this methodology can be applied to the assessment of genotoxicity of gaseous chemicals in the context of WS. In the present study we found that EtO was positive in Salmonella typhimurium strain YG1042, a strain that is sensitive to tobacco smoke. However, EtO did not increase the mutagenicity of the WS mixture when it was added at greatly higher concentrations than those found typically in WS. The findings presented here demonstrate the suitability of this exposure system for the assessment of the mutagenic potential of gases in vitro. Whilst we have focused on tobacco smoke toxicants, this system has broad application potential in studying the biological effects of exposure to a wide range of gaseous compounds that are present within complex aerosol mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Breheny
- British American TobaccoGroup R&D, SouthamptonHampshireSO15 8TLUnited Kingdom
| | - Fiona Cunningham
- British American TobaccoGroup R&D, SouthamptonHampshireSO15 8TLUnited Kingdom
| | - Joanne Kilford
- Covance Laboratories LtdOtley Road, HarrogateNorth YorkshireHG3 1PYUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Payne
- Covance Laboratories LtdOtley Road, HarrogateNorth YorkshireHG3 1PYUnited Kingdom
| | - Deborah Dillon
- British American TobaccoGroup R&D, SouthamptonHampshireSO15 8TLUnited Kingdom
| | - Clive Meredith
- British American TobaccoGroup R&D, SouthamptonHampshireSO15 8TLUnited Kingdom
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Kilford J, Thorne D, Payne R, Dalrymple A, Clements J, Meredith C, Dillon D. A method for assessment of the genotoxicity of mainstream cigarette-smoke by use of the bacterial reverse-mutation assay and an aerosol-based exposure system. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 769:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Thorne D, Kilford J, Payne R, Haswell L, Dalrymple A, Meredith C, Dillon D. Development of a BALB/c 3T3 neutral red uptake cytotoxicity test using a mainstream cigarette smoke exposure system. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:367. [PMID: 24935030 PMCID: PMC4067082 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoke toxicity has traditionally been assessed using the particulate fraction under submerged culture conditions which omits the vapour phase elements from any subsequent analysis. Therefore, methodologies that assess the full interactions and complexities of tobacco smoke are required. Here we describe the adaption of a modified BALB/c 3T3 neutral red uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity test methodology, which is based on the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) protocol for in vitro acute toxicity testing. The methodology described takes into account the synergies of both the particulate and vapour phase of tobacco smoke. This is of particular importance as both phases have been independently shown to induce in vitro cellular cytotoxicity. FINDINGS The findings from this study indicate that mainstream tobacco smoke and the gas vapour phase (GVP), generated using the Vitrocell® VC 10 smoke exposure system, have distinct and significantly different toxicity profiles. Within the system tested, mainstream tobacco smoke produced a dilution IC50 (dilution (L/min) at which 50% cytotoxicity is observed) of 6.02 L/min, whereas the GVP produced a dilution IC50 of 3.20 L/min. In addition, we also demonstrated significant dose-for-dose differences between mainstream cigarette smoke and the GVP fraction (P < 0.05). This demonstrates the importance of testing the entire tobacco smoke aerosol and not just the particulate fraction, as has been the historical preference. CONCLUSIONS We have adapted the NRU methodology based on the ICCVAM protocol to capture the full interactions and complexities of tobacco smoke. This methodology could also be used to assess the performance of traditional cigarettes, blend and filter technologies, tobacco smoke fractions and individual test aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Joanne Kilford
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Rebecca Payne
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Linsey Haswell
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Annette Dalrymple
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Clive Meredith
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Deborah Dillon
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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Nyunoya T, Mebratu Y, Contreras A, Delgado M, Chand HS, Tesfaigzi Y. Molecular processes that drive cigarette smoke-induced epithelial cell fate of the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:471-82. [PMID: 24111585 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0348tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains numerous chemical compounds, including abundant reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and aldehydes, and many other carcinogens. Long-term cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of various lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, and contributes to premature death. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have elucidated mechanisms involved in cigarette smoke-induced inflammation, DNA damage, and autophagy, and the subsequent cell fates, including cell death, cellular senescence, and transformation. In this Translational Review, we summarize the known pathways underlying these processes in airway epithelial cells to help reveal future challenges and describe possible directions of research that could lead to better management and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nyunoya
- 1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, and
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Thorne D, Adamson J. A review of in vitro cigarette smoke exposure systems. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2013; 65:1183-93. [PMID: 23850067 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro test methods may be vital in understanding tobacco smoke, the main toxicants responsible for adverse health effects, and elucidating disease mechanisms. There is a variety of 'whole smoke' exposure systems available for the generation, dilution and delivery of tobacco smoke in vitro; these systems can be procured commercially from well-known suppliers or can be bespoke set-ups. These exposure technologies aim to ensure that there are limited changes in the tobacco smoke aerosol from generation to exposure. As the smoke aerosol is freshly generated, interactions in the smoke fractions are captured in any subsequent in vitro analysis. Of the commercially available systems, some have been characterised more than others in terms of published scientific literature and developed biological endpoints. Others are relatively new to the scientific field and are still establishing their presence. In addition, bespoke systems are widely used and offer a more flexible approach to the challenges of tobacco smoke exposure. In this review, the authors present a summary of the major tobacco smoke exposure systems available and critically review their function, set-up and application for in vitro exposure scenarios. All whole smoke exposure systems have benefits and limitations, often making it difficult to make comparisons between set-ups and the data obtained from such diverse systems. This is where exposure and dose measurements can add value and may be able to provide a platform on which comparisons can be made. The measurement of smoke dose, as an emerging field of research, is therefore also discussed and how it may provide valuable and additional data to support existing whole smoke exposure set-ups and aid validation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
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Thorne D, Kilford J, Payne R, Adamson J, Scott K, Dalrymple A, Meredith C, Dillon D. Characterisation of a Vitrocell® VC 10 in vitro smoke exposure system using dose tools and biological analysis. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:146. [PMID: 24004496 PMCID: PMC3844484 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of whole smoke exposure systems have been driven by the fact that traditional smoke exposure techniques are based on the particulate phase of tobacco smoke and not the complete smoke aerosol. To overcome these challenges in this study, we used a Vitrocell® VC 10 whole smoke exposure system. For characterisation purposes, we determined smoke deposition in relationship to airflow (L/min), regional smoke deposition within the linear exposure module, vapour phase dilution using a known smoke marker (carbon monoxide) and finally assessed biological responses using two independent biological systems, the Ames and Neutral Red uptake (NRU) assay. Results Smoke dilution correlates with particulate deposition (R2 = 0.97) and CO concentration (R2 = 0.98). Regional deposition analysis within the linear exposure chamber showed no statistical difference in deposited mass across the chamber at any airflows tested. Biological analysis showed consistent responses and positive correlations with deposited mass for both the Ames (R2 = 0.76) and NRU (R2 = 0.84) assays. Conclusions We conclude that in our study, under the experimental conditions tested, the VC 10 can produce stable tobacco smoke dilutions, as demonstrated by particulate deposition, measured vapour phase smoke marker delivery and biological responses from two independent in vitro test systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
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