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Mishra A, Mishra TK, Nanda S, Mohanty MK, Dash M. A comprehensive review on genetic modification of plant cell wall for improved saccharification efficiency. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10509-10524. [PMID: 37921982 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The focus is now on harnessing energy from green sources through sustainable technology to minimize environmental pollution. Several crop residues including rice and wheat straw are having enormous potential to be used as lignocellulosic source material for bioenergy production. The lignocellulosic feedstock is primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin cell wall polymers. The hemicellulose and lignin polymers induce crosslinks in the cell wall, by firmly associating with cellulose microfibrils, and thereby, denying considerable access of cellulose to cellulase enzymes. This issue has been addressed by various researchers through downregulating several genes associated in monolignol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, Poplar, Rice and Switchgrass to increase ethanol recovery. Similarly, xylan biosynthetic genes are also targeted to genetically culminate its accumulation in the secondary cell walls. Regulation of cellulose synthases (CesA) proves to be an effective tool in addressing the negative impact of these two factors. Modification in the expression of cellulose synthase aids in reducing cellulose crystallinity as well as polymerisation degree which in turn increases ethanol recovery. The engineered bioenergy crops and various fungal strains with state of art biomass processing techniques presents the most recent integrative biotechnology model for cost effective green fuels generation along with production of key value-added products with minuscule disturbances in the environment. Plant breeding strategies utilizing the existing variability for biomass traits will be key in developing dual purpose varieties. For this purpose, reorientation of conventional breeding techniques for incorporating useful biomass traits will be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Mishra
- College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Mishra
- College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Spandan Nanda
- College of Agriculture Engineering and Technology, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Mohanty
- College of Agriculture Engineering and Technology, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Manasi Dash
- College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Kim SJ, Bhandari DD, Sokoloski R, Brandizzi F. Immune activation during Pseudomonas infection causes local cell wall remodeling and alters AGP accumulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:541-557. [PMID: 37496362 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell boundary generally comprises constituents of the primary and secondary cell wall (CW) that are deposited sequentially during development. Although it is known that the CW acts as a barrier against phytopathogens and undergoes modifications to limit their invasion, the extent, sequence, and requirements of the pathogen-induced modifications of the CW components are still largely unknown, especially at the level of the polysaccharide fraction. To address this significant knowledge gap, we adopted the compatible Pseudomonas syringae-Arabidopsis thaliana system. We found that, despite systemic signaling actuation, Pseudomonas infection leads only to local CW modifications. Furthermore, by utilizing a combination of CW and immune signaling-deficient mutants infected with virulent or non-virulent bacteria, we demonstrated that the pathogen-induced changes in CW polysaccharides depend on the combination of pathogen virulence and the host's ability to mount an immune response. This results in a pathogen-driven accumulation of CW hexoses, such as galactose, and an immune signaling-dependent increase in CW pentoses, mainly arabinose, and xylose. Our analyses of CW changes during disease progression also revealed a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of arabinogalactan protein (AGP) deposition and significant modifications of rhamnogalacturonan sidechains. Furthermore, genetic analyses demonstrated a critical role of AGPs, specifically of the Arabinoxylan Pectin Arabinogalactan Protein1, in limiting pathogen growth. Collectively, our results provide evidence for the actuation of significant remodeling of CW polysaccharides in a compatible host-pathogen interaction, and, by identifying AGPs as critical elements of the CW in plant defense, they pinpoint opportunities to improve plants against diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rylee Sokoloski
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Plant immunity by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Essays Biochem 2022; 66:459-469. [PMID: 35612381 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recognition by plant receptors of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and pathogenicity effectors activates immunity. However, before evolving the capacity of perceiving and responding to MAMPs and pathogenicity factors, plants, like animals, must have faced the necessity to protect and repair the mechanical wounds used by pathogens as an easy passage into their tissue. Consequently, plants evolved the capacity to react to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) with responses capable of functioning also in the absence of pathogens. DAMPs include not only primarily cell wall (CW) fragments but also extracellular peptides, nucleotides and amino acids that activate both local and long-distance systemic responses and, in some cases, prime the subsequent responses to MAMPs. It is conceivable that DAMPs and MAMPs act in synergy to activate a stronger plant immunity and that MAMPs exploit the mechanisms and transduction pathways traced by DAMPs. The interest for the biology and mechanism of action of DAMPs, either in the plant or animal kingdom, is expected to substantially increase in the next future. This review focuses on the most recent advances in DAMPs biology, particularly in the field of CW-derived DAMPs.
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Coculo D, Lionetti V. The Plant Invertase/Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Superfamily. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:863892. [PMID: 35401607 PMCID: PMC8990755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Invertases (INVs) and pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are essential enzymes coordinating carbohydrate metabolism, stress responses, and sugar signaling. INVs catalyzes the cleavage of sucrose into glucose and fructose, exerting a pivotal role in sucrose metabolism, cellulose biosynthesis, nitrogen uptake, reactive oxygen species scavenging as well as osmotic stress adaptation. PMEs exert a dynamic control of pectin methylesterification to manage cell adhesion, cell wall porosity, and elasticity, as well as perception and signaling of stresses. INV and PME activities can be regulated by specific proteinaceous inhibitors, named INV inhibitors (INVIs) and PME Inhibitors (PMEIs). Despite targeting different enzymes, INVIs and PMEIs belong to the same large protein family named "Plant Invertase/Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Superfamily." INVIs and PMEIs, while showing a low aa sequence identity, they share several structural properties. The two inhibitors showed mainly alpha-helices in their secondary structure and both form a non-covalent 1:1 complex with their enzymatic counterpart. Some PMEI members are organized in a gene cluster with specific PMEs. Although the most important physiological information was obtained in Arabidopsis thaliana, there are now several characterized INVI/PMEIs in different plant species. This review provides an integrated and updated overview of this fascinating superfamily, from the specific activity of characterized isoforms to their specific functions in plant physiology. We also highlight INVI/PMEIs as biotechnological tools to control different aspects of plant growth and defense. Some isoforms are discussed in view of their potential applications to improve industrial processes. A review of the nomenclature of some isoforms is carried out to eliminate confusion about the identity and the names of some INVI/PMEI member. Open questions, shortcoming, and opportunities for future research are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Engle KA, Amos RA, Yang JY, Glushka J, Atmodjo M, Tan L, Huang C, Moremen KW, Mohnen D. Multiple Arabidopsis galacturonosyltransferases synthesize polymeric homogalacturonan by oligosaccharide acceptor-dependent or de novo synthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1441-1456. [PMID: 34908202 PMCID: PMC8976717 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic glycan, functions as a cell wall structural and signaling molecule essential for plant growth, development and response to pathogens. HG exists as a component of pectic homoglycans, heteroglycans and glycoconjugates. HG is synthesized by members of the GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE (GAUT) family. UDP-GalA-dependent homogalacturonan:galacturonosyltransferase (HG:GalAT) activity has previously been demonstrated for GAUTs 1, 4 and 11, as well as the GAUT1:GAUT7 complex. Here, we show that GAUTs 10, 13 and 14 are also HG:GalATs and that GAUTs 1, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 1:7 synthesize polymeric HG in vitro. Comparison of the in vitro HG:GalAT specific activities of the heterologously-expressed proteins demonstrates GAUTs 10 and 11 with the lowest, GAUT1 and GAUT13 with moderate, and GAUT14 and the GAUT1:GAUT7 complex with the highest HG:GalAT activity. GAUT13 and GAUT14 are also shown to de novo synthesize (initiate) HG synthesis in the absence of exogenous HG acceptors, an activity previously demonstrated for GAUT1:GAUT7. The rate of de novo HG synthesis by GAUT13 and GAUT14 is similar to their acceptor dependent HG synthesis, in contrast to GAUT1:GAUT7 for which de novo synthesis occurred at much lower rates than acceptor-dependent synthesis. The results suggest a unique role for de novo HG synthesis by GAUTs 13 and 14. The reducing end of GAUT13-de novo-synthesized HG has covalently attached UDP, indicating that UDP-GalA serves as both a donor and acceptor substrate during de novo HG synthesis. The functional significance of unique GAUT HG:GalAT catalytic properties in the synthesis of different pectin glycan or glycoconjugate structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Engle
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Robert A. Amos
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - John Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Melani Atmodjo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Chin Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Schultz JA, Coleman HD. Pectin and Xylan Biosynthesis in Poplar: Implications and Opportunities for Biofuels Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712083. [PMID: 34490013 PMCID: PMC8418221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A potential method by which society's reliance on fossil fuels can be lessened is via the large-scale utilization of biofuels derived from the secondary cell walls of woody plants; however, there remain a number of technical challenges to the large-scale production of biofuels. Many of these challenges emerge from the underlying complexity of the secondary cell wall. The challenges associated with lignin have been well explored elsewhere, but the dicot cell wall components of hemicellulose and pectin also present a number of difficulties. Here, we provide an overview of the research wherein pectin and xylan biosynthesis has been altered, along with investigations on the function of irregular xylem 8 (IRX8) and glycosyltransferase 8D (GT8D), genes putatively involved in xylan and pectin synthesis. Additionally, we provide an analysis of the evidence in support of two hypotheses regarding GT8D and conclude that while there is evidence to lend credence to these hypotheses, there are still questions that require further research and examination.
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Bai DP, Lin XY, Hu YQ, Chen ZZ, Chen L, Huang YF, Huang XH, Li J. Metagenomics approach to identify lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in the gut microbiota of the Chinese bamboo rat cecum. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lorrai R, Francocci F, Gully K, Martens HJ, De Lorenzo G, Nawrath C, Ferrari S. Impaired Cuticle Functionality and Robust Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Altered Homogalacturonan Integrity Are Dependent on the Class III Peroxidase AtPRX71. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696955. [PMID: 34484262 PMCID: PMC8415794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major cell wall component that plays important roles in plant development and response to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a fungal polygalacturonase (PG plants) that degrades homogalacturonan (HG), a major pectin component, as well as loss-of-function mutants for QUASIMODO2 (QUA2), encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase important for HG biosynthesis, show accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced growth and almost complete resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Both PG and qua2 plants show increased expression of the class III peroxidase AtPRX71 that contributes to their elevated ROS levels and reduced growth. In this work, we show that leaves of PG and qua2 plants display greatly increased cuticle permeability. Both increased cuticle permeability and resistance to B. cinerea in qua2 are suppressed by loss of AtPRX71. Increased cuticle permeability in qua2, rather than on defects in cuticle ultrastructure or cutin composition, appears to be dependent on reduced epidermal cell adhesion, which is exacerbated by AtPRX71, and is suppressed by the esmeralda1 mutation, which also reverts the adhesion defect and the resistant phenotype. Increased cuticle permeability, accumulation of ROS, and resistance to B. cinerea are also observed in mutants lacking a functional FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase thought to monitor pectin integrity. In contrast, mutants with defects in other structural components of primary cell wall do not have a defective cuticle and are normally susceptible to the fungus. Our results suggest that disrupted cuticle integrity, mediated by peroxidase-dependent ROS accumulation, plays a major role in the robust resistance to B. cinerea of plants with altered HG integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lorrai
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fedra Francocci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helle J. Martens
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Ferrari,
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Palacio-Lopez K, Sun L, Reed R, Kang E, Sørensen I, Rose JKC, Domozych DS. Experimental Manipulation of Pectin Architecture in the Cell Wall of the Unicellular Charophyte, Penium Margaritaceum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1032. [PMID: 32733522 PMCID: PMC7360812 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pectins represent one of the main components of the plant primary cell wall. These polymers have critical roles in cell expansion, cell-cell adhesion and response to biotic stress. We present a comprehensive screening of pectin architecture of the unicellular streptophyte, Penium margaritaceum. Penium possesses a distinct cell wall whose outer layer consists of a lattice of pectin-rich fibers and projections. In this study, cells were exposed to a variety of physical, chemical and enzymatic treatments that directly affect the cell wall, especially the pectin lattice. Correlative analyses of pectin lattice perturbation using field emission scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that pectin lattice microarchitecture is both highly sensitive and malleable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Reagan Reed
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Eric Kang
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David S. Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
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The Homogalacturonan Deconstruction System of Paenibacillus amylolyticus 27C64 Requires No Extracellular Pectin Methylesterase and Has Significant Industrial Potential. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02275-19. [PMID: 32303547 PMCID: PMC7267202 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02275-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is an important structural polysaccharide found in most plant cell walls. In the environment, pectin degradation is part of the decomposition process that turns over dead plant material and is important to organisms that feed on plants. Industrially, pectinases are used to improve the quality of fruit juices and can also be used to process coffee cherries or tea leaves. These enzymes may also prove useful in reducing the environmental impact of paper and cotton manufacturing. This work is significant because it focuses on a Gram-positive bacterium that is evolutionarily distinct from other well-studied pectin-degrading organisms and differs from known systems in key ways. Most importantly, a simplified extracellular deconstruction process in this organism is able to break down pectins without first removing the methyl groups that inhibit other systems. Moreover, some of the enzymes described here have the potential to improve industrial processes that rely on pectin deconstruction. Paenibacillus amylolyticus 27C64, a Gram-positive bacterium with diverse plant cell wall polysaccharide deconstruction capabilities, was isolated previously from an insect hindgut. Previous work suggested that this organism’s pectin deconstruction system differs from known systems in that its sole pectin methylesterase is cytoplasmic, not extracellular. In this work, we have characterized the specific roles of key extracellular pectinases involved in homogalacturonan deconstruction, including four pectate lyases and one pectin lyase. We show that one newly characterized pectate lyase, PelC, has a novel substrate specificity, with a lower Km for highly methylated pectins than for polygalacturonic acid. PelC works synergistically with PelB, a high-turnover exo-pectate lyase that releases Δ4,5-unsaturated trigalacturonate as its major product. It is likely that PelC frees internal stretches of demethylated homogalacturonan which PelB can degrade. We also show that the sole pectin lyase has a high kcat value and rapidly depolymerizes methylated substrates. Three cytoplasmic GH105 hydrolases were screened for the ability to remove terminal unsaturated galacturonic acid residues from oligogalacturonide products produced by the action of extracellular lyases, and we found that two are active on demethylated oligogalacturonides. This work confirms that efficient homogalacturonan deconstruction in P. amylolyticus 27C65 does not require extracellular pectin methylesterase activity. Three of the extracellular lyases studied in this work are also thermostable, function well over a broad pH range, and have significant industrial potential. IMPORTANCE Pectin is an important structural polysaccharide found in most plant cell walls. In the environment, pectin degradation is part of the decomposition process that turns over dead plant material and is important to organisms that feed on plants. Industrially, pectinases are used to improve the quality of fruit juices and can also be used to process coffee cherries or tea leaves. These enzymes may also prove useful in reducing the environmental impact of paper and cotton manufacturing. This work is significant because it focuses on a Gram-positive bacterium that is evolutionarily distinct from other well-studied pectin-degrading organisms and differs from known systems in key ways. Most importantly, a simplified extracellular deconstruction process in this organism is able to break down pectins without first removing the methyl groups that inhibit other systems. Moreover, some of the enzymes described here have the potential to improve industrial processes that rely on pectin deconstruction.
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Mohapatra S, Mishra SS, Bhalla P, Thatoi H. Engineering grass biomass for sustainable and enhanced bioethanol production. PLANTA 2019; 250:395-412. [PMID: 31236698 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is a promising step for the future energy requirements. Grass is a potential lignocellulosic biomass which can be utilised for biorefinery-based bioethanol production. Grass biomass is a suitable feedstock for bioethanol production due to its all the year around production, requirement of less fertile land and noninterference with food system. However, the processes involved, i.e. pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation for bioethanol production from grass biomass, are both time consuming and costly. Developing the grass biomass in planta for enhanced bioethanol production is a promising step for maximum utilisation of this valuable feedstock and, thus, is the focus of the present review. Modern breeding techniques and transgenic processes are attractive methods which can be utilised for development of the feedstock. However, the outcomes are not always predictable and the time period required for obtaining a robust variety is generation dependent. Sophisticated genome editing technologies such as synthetic genetic circuits (SGC) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems are advantageous for induction of desired traits/heritable mutations in a foreseeable genome location in the 1st mutant generation. Although, its application in grass biomass for bioethanol is limited, these sophisticated techniques are anticipated to exhibit more flexibility in engineering the expression pattern for qualitative and qualitative traits. Nevertheless, the fundamentals rendered by the genetics of the transgenic crops will remain the basis of such developments for obtaining biorefinery-based bioethanol concepts from grass biomass. Grasses which are abundant and widespread in nature epitomise attractive lignocellulosic feedstocks for bioethanol production. The complexity offered by the grass cell wall in terms of lignin recalcitrance and its binding to polysaccharides forms a barricade for its commercialization as a biofuel feedstock. Inspired by the possibilities for rewiring the genetic makeup of grass biomass for reduced lignin and lignin-polysaccharide linkages along with increase in carbohydrates, innovative approaches for in planta modifications are forging ahead. In this review, we highlight the progress made in the field of transgenic grasses for bioethanol production and focus our understanding on improvements of simple breeding techniques and post-harvest techniques for development in shortening of lignin-carbohydrate and carbohydrate-carbohydrate linkages. Further, we discuss about the designer lignins which are aimed for qualitable lignins and also emphasise on remodelling of polysaccharides and mixed-linkage glucans for enhancing carbohydrate content and in planta saccharification efficiency. As a final point, we discuss the role of synthetic genetic circuits and CRISPR systems in targeted improvement of cell wall components without compromising the plant growth and health. It is anticipated that this review can provide a rational approach towards a better understanding of application of in planta genetic engineering aspects for designing synthetic genetic circuits which can promote grass feedstocks for biorefinery-based bioethanol concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
| | - Suruchee Samparana Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Prerna Bhalla
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Hrudayanath Thatoi
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Takatpur, Baripada, 757003, Odisha, India
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Paenibacillus amylolyticus 27C64 has a diverse set of carbohydrate-active enzymes and complete pectin deconstruction system. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 46:1-11. [PMID: 30377865 PMCID: PMC6339884 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A draft genome of Paenibacillus amylolyticus 27C64 was assembled and a total of 314 putative CAZymes in 108 different families were identified. Comparison to well-studied polysaccharide-degrading organisms revealed that P. amylolyticus 27C64 has as many or more putative CAZymes than most of these organisms. Four different pectic substrates and xylan supported growth but cellulose was not utilized. Measurement of enzyme activities in culture supernatants revealed low levels of cellulase activity, high levels of xylanase activity, and pectinase activities that adapted to the specific polysaccharides provided. Relative expression levels of each putative pectinase in cells grown with and without three different pectic substrates were evaluated with RT-qPCR and distinct sets of genes upregulated in response to homogalacturonan, methylated homogalacturonan, and rhamnogalacturonan I were identified. It is also noted that this organism's pectinolytic system differs from other well-studied systems and contains enzymes which are of value for further study.
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The Multifaceted Role of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors (PMEIs). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102878. [PMID: 30248977 PMCID: PMC6213510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls are complex and dynamic structures that play important roles in growth and development, as well as in response to stresses. Pectin is a major polysaccharide of cell walls rich in galacturonic acid (GalA). Homogalacturonan (HG) is considered the most abundant pectic polymer in plant cell walls and is partially methylesterified at the C6 atom of galacturonic acid. Its degree (and pattern) of methylation (DM) has been shown to affect biomechanical properties of the cell wall by making pectin susceptible for enzymatic de-polymerization and enabling gel formation. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the removal of methyl-groups from the HG backbone and their activity is modulated by a family of proteinaceous inhibitors known as pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). As such, the interplay between PME and PMEI can be considered as a determinant of cell adhesion, cell wall porosity and elasticity, as well as a source of signaling molecules released upon cell wall stress. This review aims to highlight recent updates in our understanding of the PMEI gene family, their regulation and structure, interaction with PMEs, as well as their function in response to stress and during development.
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Van de Wouwer D, Boerjan W, Vanholme B. Plant cell wall sugars: sweeteners for a bio-based economy. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:27-44. [PMID: 29430656 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and the consequent climate change is one of the major environmental challenges we are facing today. The driving force behind the rise in temperature is our fossil-based economy, which releases massive amounts of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emission, we need to scale down our dependency on fossil resources, implying that we need other sources for energy and chemicals to feed our economy. Here, plants have an important role to play; by means of photosynthesis, plants capture solar energy to split water and fix carbon derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide. A significant fraction of the fixed carbon ends up as polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. Fermentable sugars derived from cell wall polysaccharides form an ideal carbon source for the production of bio-platform molecules. However, a major limiting factor in the use of plant biomass as feedstock for the bio-based economy is the complexity of the plant cell wall and its recalcitrance towards deconstruction. To facilitate the release of fermentable sugars during downstream biomass processing, the composition and structure of the cell wall can be engineered. Different strategies to reduce cell wall recalcitrance will be described in this review. The ultimate goal is to obtain a tailor-made biomass, derived from plants with a cell wall optimized for particular industrial or agricultural applications, without affecting plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Van de Wouwer
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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Alessi AM, Bird SM, Oates NC, Li Y, Dowle AA, Novotny EH, deAzevedo ER, Bennett JP, Polikarpov I, Young JPW, McQueen-Mason SJ, Bruce NC. Defining functional diversity for lignocellulose degradation in a microbial community using multi-omics studies. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:166. [PMID: 29946357 PMCID: PMC6004670 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulose is one of the most abundant forms of fixed carbon in the biosphere. Current industrial approaches to the degradation of lignocellulose employ enzyme mixtures, usually from a single fungal species, which are only effective in hydrolyzing polysaccharides following biomass pre-treatments. While the enzymatic mechanisms of lignocellulose degradation have been characterized in detail in individual microbial species, the microbial communities that efficiently breakdown plant materials in nature are species rich and secrete a myriad of enzymes to perform "community-level" metabolism of lignocellulose. Single-species approaches are, therefore, likely to miss important aspects of lignocellulose degradation that will be central to optimizing commercial processes. RESULTS Here, we investigated the microbial degradation of wheat straw in liquid cultures that had been inoculated with wheat straw compost. Samples taken at selected time points were subjected to multi-omics analysis with the aim of identifying new microbial mechanisms for lignocellulose degradation that could be applied in industrial pre-treatment of feedstocks. Phylogenetic composition of the community, based on sequenced bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomal genes, showed a gradual decrease in complexity and diversity over time due to microbial enrichment. Taxonomic affiliation of bacterial species showed dominance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and high relative abundance of genera Asticcacaulis, Leadbetterella and Truepera. The eukaryotic members of the community were enriched in peritrich ciliates from genus Telotrochidium that thrived in the liquid cultures compared to fungal species that were present in low abundance. A targeted metasecretome approach combined with metatranscriptomics analysis, identified 1127 proteins and showed the presence of numerous carbohydrate-active enzymes extracted from the biomass-bound fractions and from the culture supernatant. This revealed a wide array of hydrolytic cellulases, hemicellulases and carbohydrate-binding modules involved in lignocellulose degradation. The expression of these activities correlated to the changes in the biomass composition observed by FTIR and ssNMR measurements. CONCLUSIONS A combination of mass spectrometry-based proteomics coupled with metatranscriptomics has enabled the identification of a large number of lignocellulose degrading enzymes that can now be further explored for the development of improved enzyme cocktails for the treatment of plant-based feedstocks. In addition to the expected carbohydrate-active enzymes, our studies reveal a large number of unknown proteins, some of which may play a crucial role in community-based lignocellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Alessi
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Susannah M. Bird
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Nicola C. Oates
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Adam A. Dowle
- Department of Biology, Bioscience Technology Facility, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | | | - Eduardo R. deAzevedo
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Joseph P. Bennett
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | | | - Simon J. McQueen-Mason
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Neil C. Bruce
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
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Rigano MM, Lionetti V, Raiola A, Bellincampi D, Barone A. Pectic enzymes as potential enhancers of ascorbic acid production through the D-galacturonate pathway in Solanaceae. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 266:55-63. [PMID: 29241567 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The increase of L-Ascorbic Acid (AsA) content in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a common goal in breeding programs due to its beneficial effect on human health. To shed light into the regulation of fruit AsA content, we exploited a Solanum pennellii introgression line (IL12-4-SL) harbouring one quantitative trait locus that increases the content of total AsA in the fruit. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses were carried out in fruits of IL12-4-SL in comparison with the cultivated line M82 at different stages of ripening. AsA content was studied in relation with pectin methylesterase (PME) activity and the degree of pectin methylesterification (DME). Our results indicated that the increase of AsA content in IL12-4-SL fruits was related with pectin de-methylesterification/degradation. Specific PME, polygalacturonase (PG) and UDP-D-glucuronic-acid-4-epimerase (UGlcAE) isoforms were proposed as components of the D-galacturonate pathway leading to AsA biosynthesis. The relationship between AsA content and PME activity was also exploited in PMEI tobacco plants expressing a specific PME inhibitor (PMEI). Here we report that tobacco PMEI plants, altered in PME activity and degree of pectin methylesterification, showed a reduction in low methylesterified pectic domains and exhibited a reduced AsA content. Overall, our results provide novel biochemical and genetic traits for increasing antioxidant content by marker-assisted selection in the Solanaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manuela Rigano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Assunta Raiola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Amalia Barone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy.
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Kar B, Verma P, den Haan R, Sharma AK. Characterization of a recombinant thermostable β-glucosidase from Putranjiva roxburghii expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its use for efficient biomass conversion. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Zhou M, Wu J, Wang T, Gao L, Yin H, Lü X. The purification and characterization of a novel alkali-stable pectate lyase produced by Bacillus subtilis PB1. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:190. [PMID: 28975516 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pectinase is an important kind of enzyme with many industrial applications, among which pectinases produced by bacteria were scarce compared with fungal sources. In this study, a novel bacterium which produced extracellular pectinase was firstly isolated from flue-cured tobacco leaves and identified as Bacillus subtilis PB1 according to its 16S rRNA gene. The pectinolytic enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography, after which molecular weight was determined as 43.1 ± 0.5 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Peptide mass fingerprinting of the pectinase by MALDI-TOF MS showed that the purified enzyme shared homology with pectate lyase and was designated as BsPel-PB1. The optimal temperature for BsPel-PB1 was 50 °C. The optimal pH was pH 9.5 for BsPel-PB1 while it had a broad pH stability from 5 to 11. The values of K m and V max were 0.312 mg/mL and 1248 U/mL, respectively. Accordingly, the BsPel-PB1 was a novel alkaline pectate lyase which could find potential application as a commercial candidate in the pectinolytic related industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jingli Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lina Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huijun Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China.
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19
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Zhou M, Guo P, Wang T, Gao L, Yin H, Cai C, Gu J, Lü X. Metagenomic mining pectinolytic microbes and enzymes from an apple pomace-adapted compost microbial community. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:198. [PMID: 28852421 PMCID: PMC5568718 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degradation of pectin in lignocellulosic materials is one of the key steps for biofuel production. Biological hydrolysis of pectin, i.e., degradation by pectinolytic microbes and enzymes, is an attractive paradigm because of its obvious advantages, such as environmentally friendly procedures, low in energy demand for lignin removal, and the possibility to be integrated in consolidated process. In this study, a metagenomics sequence-guided strategy coupled with enrichment culture technique was used to facilitate targeted discovery of pectinolytic microbes and enzymes. An apple pomace-adapted compost (APAC) habitat was constructed to boost the enrichment of pectinolytic microorganisms. RESULTS Analyses of 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing revealed that microbial communities changed dramatically during composting with some bacterial populations being greatly enriched. Metagenomics data showed that apple pomace-adapted compost microbial community (APACMC) was dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Functional analysis and carbohydrate-active enzyme profiles confirmed that APACMC had been successfully enriched for the targeted functions. Among the 1756 putative genes encoding pectinolytic enzymes, 129 were predicted as novel (with an identity <30% to any CAZy database entry) and only 1.92% were more than 75% identical with proteins in NCBI environmental database, demonstrating that they have not been observed in previous metagenome projects. Phylogenetic analysis showed that APACMC harbored a broad range of pectinolytic bacteria and many of them were previously unrecognized. CONCLUSIONS The immensely diverse pectinolytic microbes and enzymes found in our study will expand the arsenal of proficient degraders and enzymes for lignocellulosic biofuel production. Our study provides a powerful approach for targeted mining microbes and enzymes in numerous industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Peng Guo
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Lina Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Huijun Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Cheng Cai
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Jie Gu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
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20
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Lionetti V, Fabri E, De Caroli M, Hansen AR, Willats WGT, Piro G, Bellincampi D. Three Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors Protect Cell Wall Integrity for Arabidopsis Immunity to Botrytis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1844-1863. [PMID: 28082716 PMCID: PMC5338656 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection by necrotrophs is a complex process that starts with the breakdown of the cell wall (CW) matrix initiated by CW-degrading enzymes and results in an extensive tissue maceration. Plants exploit induced defense mechanisms based on biochemical modification of the CW components to protect themselves from enzymatic degradation. The pectin matrix is the main CW target of Botrytis cinerea, and pectin methylesterification status is strongly altered in response to infection. The methylesterification of pectin is controlled mainly by pectin methylesterases (PMEs), whose activity is posttranscriptionally regulated by endogenous protein inhibitors (PMEIs). Here, AtPMEI10, AtPMEI11, and AtPMEI12 are identified as functional PMEIs induced in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) during B. cinerea infection. AtPMEI expression is strictly regulated by jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling, while only AtPMEI11 expression is controlled by PME-related damage-associated molecular patterns, such as oligogalacturonides and methanol. The decrease of pectin methylesterification during infection is higher and the immunity to B. cinerea is compromised in pmei10, pmei11, and pmei12 mutants with respect to the control plants. A higher stimulation of the fungal oxalic acid biosynthetic pathway also can contribute to the higher susceptibility of pmei mutants. The lack of PMEI expression does not affect hemicellulose strengthening, callose deposition, and the synthesis of structural defense proteins, proposed as CW-remodeling mechanisms exploited by Arabidopsis to resist CW degradation upon B. cinerea infection. We show that PME activity and pectin methylesterification are dynamically modulated by PMEIs during B. cinerea infection. Our findings point to AtPMEI10, AtPMEI11, and AtPMEI12 as mediators of CW integrity maintenance in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.);
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - Eleonora Fabri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - Aleksander R Hansen
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - William G T Willats
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (V.L., E.F., D.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy (M.D.C., G.P.); and
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark (A.R.H., W.G.T.W.)
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Biswal AK, Tan L, Atmodjo MA, DeMartini J, Gelineo-Albersheim I, Hunt K, Black IM, Mohanty SS, Ryno D, Wyman CE, Mohnen D. Comparison of four glycosyl residue composition methods for effectiveness in detecting sugars from cell walls of dicot and grass tissues. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:182. [PMID: 28725262 PMCID: PMC5513058 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effective use of plant biomass for biofuel and bioproduct production requires a comprehensive glycosyl residue composition analysis to understand the different cell wall polysaccharides present in the different biomass sources. Here we compared four methods side-by-side for their ability to measure the neutral and acidic sugar composition of cell walls from herbaceous, grass, and woody model plants and bioenergy feedstocks. RESULTS Arabidopsis, Populus, rice, and switchgrass leaf cell walls, as well as cell walls from Populus wood, rice stems, and switchgrass tillers, were analyzed by (1) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of alditol acetates combined with a total uronic acid assay; (2) carbodiimide reduction of uronic acids followed by GC-MS of alditol acetates; (3) GC-MS of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives; and (4) high-pressure, anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC). All four methods gave comparable abundance ranking of the seven neutral sugars, and three of the methods were able to quantify unique acidic sugars. The TMS, HPAEC, and carbodiimide methods provided comparable quantitative results for the specific neutral and acidic sugar content of the biomass, with the TMS method providing slightly greater yield of specific acidic sugars and high total sugar yields. The alditol acetate method, while providing comparable information on the major neutral sugars, did not provide the requisite quantitative information on the specific acidic sugars in plant biomass. Thus, the alditol acetate method is the least informative of the four methods. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a side-by-side comparison of the efficacy of four different established glycosyl residue composition analysis methods in the analysis of the glycosyl residue composition of cell walls from both dicot (Arabidopsis and Populus) and grass (rice and switchgrass) species. Both primary wall-enriched leaf tissues and secondary wall-enriched wood/stem tissues were analyzed for mol% and mass yield of the non-cellulosic sugars. The TMS, HPAEC, and carbodiimide methods were shown to provide comparable quantitative data on the nine neutral and acidic sugars present in all plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya K. Biswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Melani A. Atmodjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Jaclyn DeMartini
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92507 CA USA
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Ivana Gelineo-Albersheim
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Kimberly Hunt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
- South Georgia State College, Douglas, GA 31533 USA
| | - Ian M. Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Sushree S. Mohanty
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - David Ryno
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92507 CA USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
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Wang Y, Fan C, Hu H, Li Y, Sun D, Wang Y, Peng L. Genetic modification of plant cell walls to enhance biomass yield and biofuel production in bioenergy crops. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:997-1017. [PMID: 27269671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls represent an enormous biomass resource for the generation of biofuels and chemicals. As lignocellulose property principally determines biomass recalcitrance, the genetic modification of plant cell walls has been posed as a powerful solution. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the effects of distinct cell wall polymers (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, pectin, wall proteins) on the enzymatic digestibility of biomass under various physical and chemical pretreatments in herbaceous grasses, major agronomic crops and fast-growing trees. We also compare the main factors of wall polymer features, including cellulose crystallinity (CrI), hemicellulosic Xyl/Ara ratio, monolignol proportion and uronic acid level. Furthermore, the review presents the main gene candidates, such as CesA, GH9, GH10, GT61, GT43 etc., for potential genetic cell wall modification towards enhancing both biomass yield and enzymatic saccharification in genetic mutants and transgenic plants. Regarding cell wall modification, it proposes a novel groove-like cell wall model that highlights to increase amorphous regions (density and depth) of the native cellulose microfibrils, providing a general strategy for bioenergy crop breeding and biofuel processing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunfen Fan
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huizhen Hu
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ying Li
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Youmei Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Marriott PE, Gómez LD, McQueen-Mason SJ. Unlocking the potential of lignocellulosic biomass through plant science. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1366-81. [PMID: 26443261 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of producing sustainable liquid biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass remains high on the sustainability agenda, but is challenged by the costs of producing fermentable sugars from these materials. Sugars from plant biomass can be fermented to alcohols or even alkanes, creating a liquid fuel in which carbon released on combustion is balanced by its photosynthetic capture. Large amounts of sugar are present in the woody, nonfood parts of crops and could be used for fuel production without compromising global food security. However, the sugar in woody biomass is locked up in the complex and recalcitrant lignocellulosic plant cell wall, making it difficult and expensive to extract. In this paper, we review what is known about the major polymeric components of woody plant biomass, with an emphasis on the molecular interactions that contribute to its recalcitrance to enzymatic digestion. In addition, we review the extensive research that has been carried out in order to understand and reduce lignocellulose recalcitrance and enable more cost-effective production of fuel from woody plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy E Marriott
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Leonardo D Gómez
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Raggi S, Ferrarini A, Delledonne M, Dunand C, Ranocha P, De Lorenzo G, Cervone F, Ferrari S. The Arabidopsis Class III Peroxidase AtPRX71 Negatively Regulates Growth under Physiological Conditions and in Response to Cell Wall Damage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2513-25. [PMID: 26468518 PMCID: PMC4677920 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the cell wall has a major impact on plant growth and development, and alteration of cell wall structural components is often detrimental to biomass production. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these negative effects are largely unknown. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants with altered pectin composition because of either the expression of the Aspergillus niger polygalacturonase II (AnPGII; 35S:AnPGII plants) or a mutation in the QUASIMODO2 (QUA2) gene that encodes a putative pectin methyltransferase (qua2-1 plants), display severe growth defects. Here, we show that expression of Arabidopsis PEROXIDASE71 (AtPRX71), encoding a class III peroxidase, strongly increases in 35S:AnPGII and qua2-1 plants as well as in response to treatments with the cellulose synthase inhibitor isoxaben, which also impairs cell wall integrity. Analysis of atprx71 loss-of-function mutants and plants overexpressing AtPRX71 indicates that this gene negatively influences Arabidopsis growth at different stages of development, likely limiting cell expansion. The atprx71-1 mutation partially suppresses the dwarf phenotype of qua2-1, suggesting that AtPRX71 contributes to the growth defects observed in plants undergoing cell wall damage. Furthermore, AtPRX71 seems to promote the production of reactive oxygen species in qua2-1 plants as well as plants treated with isoxaben. We propose that AtPRX71 contributes to strengthen cell walls, therefore restricting cell expansion, during normal growth and in response to cell wall damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Raggi
- Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin," Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (S.R., G.D.L., F.C., S.F.);Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (A.F., M.D.);Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.)
| | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin," Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (S.R., G.D.L., F.C., S.F.);Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (A.F., M.D.);Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.)
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin," Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (S.R., G.D.L., F.C., S.F.);Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (A.F., M.D.);Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.)
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin," Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (S.R., G.D.L., F.C., S.F.);Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (A.F., M.D.);Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.)
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin," Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (S.R., G.D.L., F.C., S.F.);Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (A.F., M.D.);Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.)
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin," Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (S.R., G.D.L., F.C., S.F.);Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (A.F., M.D.);Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.)
| | - Felice Cervone
- Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin," Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (S.R., G.D.L., F.C., S.F.);Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (A.F., M.D.);Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.)
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Institute Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin," Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (S.R., G.D.L., F.C., S.F.);Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy (A.F., M.D.);Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (C.D., P.R.)
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Cass CL, Peraldi A, Dowd PF, Mottiar Y, Santoro N, Karlen SD, Bukhman YV, Foster CE, Thrower N, Bruno LC, Moskvin OV, Johnson ET, Willhoit ME, Phutane M, Ralph J, Mansfield SD, Nicholson P, Sedbrook JC. Effects of PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE (PAL) knockdown on cell wall composition, biomass digestibility, and biotic and abiotic stress responses in Brachypodium. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4317-35. [PMID: 26093023 PMCID: PMC4493789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway in plants synthesizes a variety of structural and defence compounds, and is an important target in efforts to reduce cell wall lignin for improved biomass conversion to biofuels. Little is known concerning the trade-offs in grasses when perturbing the function of the first gene family in the pathway, PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE (PAL). Therefore, PAL isoforms in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon were targeted, by RNA interference (RNAi), and large reductions (up to 85%) in stem tissue transcript abundance for two of the eight putative BdPAL genes were identified. The cell walls of stems of BdPAL-knockdown plants had reductions of 43% in lignin and 57% in cell wall-bound ferulate, and a nearly 2-fold increase in the amounts of polysaccharide-derived carbohydrates released by thermochemical and hydrolytic enzymic partial digestion. PAL-knockdown plants exhibited delayed development and reduced root growth, along with increased susceptibilities to the fungal pathogens Fusarium culmorum and Magnaporthe oryzae. Surprisingly, these plants generally had wild-type (WT) resistances to caterpillar herbivory, drought, and ultraviolet light. RNA sequencing analyses revealed that the expression of genes associated with stress responses including ethylene biosynthesis and signalling were significantly altered in PAL knocked-down plants under non-challenging conditions. These data reveal that, although an attenuation of the phenylpropanoid pathway increases carbohydrate availability for biofuel, it can adversely affect plant growth and disease resistance to fungal pathogens. The data identify notable differences between the stress responses of these monocot pal mutants versus Arabidopsis (a dicot) pal mutants and provide insights into the challenges that may arise when deploying phenylpropanoid pathway-altered bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Cass
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790 USA US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Antoine Peraldi
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Patrick F Dowd
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Yaseen Mottiar
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nicholas Santoro
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Steven D Karlen
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yury V Bukhman
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Cliff E Foster
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nick Thrower
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Laura C Bruno
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Oleg V Moskvin
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eric T Johnson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Megan E Willhoit
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790 USA US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Megha Phutane
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790 USA US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - John Ralph
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Biochemistry, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Paul Nicholson
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - John C Sedbrook
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790 USA US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Lionetti V, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G. A lower content of de-methylesterified homogalacturonan improves enzymatic cell separation and isolation of mesophyll protoplasts in Arabidopsis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:188-94. [PMID: 25128920 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion occurs primarily at the level of middle lamella which is mainly composed by pectin polysaccharides. These can be degraded by cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) during developmental processes to allow a controlled separation of plant cells. Extensive cell wall degradation by CWDEs with consequent cell separation is performed when protoplasts are isolated from plant tissues by using mixtures of CWDEs. We have evaluated whether modification of pectin affects cell separation and protoplast isolation. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the pectin methylesterase inhibitors AtPMEI-1 or AtPMEI-2, and Arabidopsis pme3 plants, mutated in the gene encoding pectin methylesterase 3, showed an increased efficiency of isolation of viable mesophyll protoplasts as compared with Wild Type Columbia-0 plants. The release of protoplasts was correlated with the reduced level of long stretches of de-methylesterified homogalacturonan (HGA) present in these plants. Response to elicitation, cell wall regeneration and efficiency of transfection in protoplasts from transgenic plants was comparable to those of wild type protoplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy.
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Tomassetti S, Pontiggia D, Verrascina I, Reca IB, Francocci F, Salvi G, Cervone F, Ferrari S. Controlled expression of pectic enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances biomass conversion without adverse effects on growth. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:221-30. [PMID: 25242621 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass from agriculture wastes is a potential source of biofuel, but its use is currently limited by the recalcitrance of the plant cell wall to enzymatic digestion. Modification of the wall structural components can be a viable strategy to overcome this bottleneck. We have previously shown that the expression of a fungal polygalacturonase (pga2 from Aspergillus niger) in Arabidopsis and tobacco plants reduces the levels of de-esterified homogalacturonan in the cell wall and significantly increases saccharification efficiency. However, plants expressing pga2 show stunted growth and reduced biomass production, likely as a consequence of an extensive loss of pectin integrity during the whole plant life cycle. We report here that the expression in Arabidopsis of another pectic enzyme, the pectate lyase 1 (PL1) of Pectobacterium carotovorum, under the control of a chemically inducible promoter, results, after induction of the transgene, in a saccharification efficiency similar to that of plants expressing pga2. However, lines with high levels of transgene induction show reduced growth even in the absence of the inducer. To overcome the problem of plant fitness, we have generated Arabidopsis plants that express pga2 under the control of the promoter of SAG12, a gene expressed only during senescence. These plants expressed pga2 only at late stages of development, and their growth was comparable to that of WT plants. Notably, leaves and stems of transgenic plants were more easily digested by cellulase, compared to WT plants, only during senescence. Expression of cell wall-degrading enzymes at the end of the plant life cycle may be therefore a useful strategy to engineer crops unimpaired in biomass yield but improved for bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Tomassetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Verrascina
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ida Barbara Reca
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Fedra Francocci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Gianni Salvi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Wood IP, Wellner N, Elliston A, Wilson DR, Bancroft I, Waldron KW. Effect of Brassica napus cultivar on cellulosic ethanol yield. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:99. [PMID: 26185525 PMCID: PMC4504093 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraspecific variations in biomass composition are likely to influence their suitability for biorefining. This may be particularly important in species such as Brassica napus, which contain many different crop types bred for different purposes. Here, straw derived from 17 B. napus cultivars, of varying crop types, were steam exploded, saccharified and fermented to establish differences in biomass composition relevant to cellulosic ethanol production. RESULTS Despite being grown and processed in the same manner, straw from the various cultivars produced different saccharification and fermentation yields after processing. Fermentation inhibitor abundances released by steam explosion also varied between genotypes. Cultivars with glucan-rich straw did not necessarily produce higher saccharification or ethanol yields after processing. Instead, the compositions of non-cellulosic components were more reliable indicators of substrate quality. The abundance of pectins and arabinogalactans had the greatest influence on saccharification efficiency between straw genotypes. CONCLUSIONS In dicotyledonous species, such as B. napus, variations in the abundance of pectins between crop cultivars are likely to influence processing efficiency for bioethanol production. Knowledge of these genotypic variants provides targets for plant breeding and could aid in the development of improved cellulase cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P. Wood
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- />Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - Adam Elliston
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - David R. Wilson
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - Ian Bancroft
- />Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Keith W. Waldron
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
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Pontiggia D, Ciarcianelli J, Salvi G, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G, Mattei B. Sensitive detection and measurement of oligogalacturonides in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:258. [PMID: 25954288 PMCID: PMC4404744 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are pectin fragments derived from the partial hydrolysis of the plant cell wall pectin; they are elicitors of various defense responses. While their activity is well documented, the detection of OGs produced in planta is still a challenging task. A protocol has been developed for the extraction and analysis of OGs from small samples of Arabidopsis tissues by using fluorescent labeled OGs, which allowed to monitor the efficiency of extraction. An efficient recovery was obtained by using a combination of calcium chelating agents at acidic pH. Off-line coupling of high performance anion exchange chromatography with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization- time of flight-mass spectrometryor nanoESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS was used for the identification and characterization of oligosaccharides. The protocol was successfully applied to detect OGs by using low amounts (50 mg) of Arabidopsis leaves and very low amounts (30 mg) of senescent leaves. The protocol was also successfully used to detect OGs in Arabidopsis cell wall material digested with pectinases. The proposed extraction protocol followed by sensitive and high-resolution analysis methods allowed detection of OGs released from the cell wall in Arabidopsis tissues by using minimal sample material. The protocol may be useful to study OG-triggered plant immunity and cell wall remodeling during Arabidopsis growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- *Correspondence: Giulia De Lorenzo, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Istituto Pasteur – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
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Jabbour D, Angelos ER, Mukhopadhyay A, Womboldt A, Borrusch MS, Walton JD. Factors contributing to the recalcitrance of herbaceous dicotyledons (forbs) to enzymatic deconstruction. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:52. [PMID: 24708722 PMCID: PMC3992138 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many different feedstocks are under consideration for the practical production of biofuels from lignocellulosic materials. The best choice under any particular combination of economic, agronomic, and environmental conditions depends on multiple factors. The use of old fields, restored prairie, or marginal lands to grow biofuel feedstocks offers several potential benefits including minimal agronomic inputs, reduced competition with food production, and high biodiversity. However, a major component of such landscapes is often herbaceous dicotyledonous plants, also known as forbs. The potential and obstacles of using forbs as biofuel feedstocks compared to the more frequently considered grasses and woody plants are poorly understood. RESULTS The factors that contribute to the yield of fermentable sugars from four representative forbs were studied in comparison with corn stover. The forbs chosen for the study were lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album), goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), and Queen Anne's lace (Daucus carota). These plants are taxonomically diverse, widely distributed in northern temperate regions including the continental United States, and are weedy but not invasive. All of the forbs had lower total glucose (Glc) content from all sources (cell walls, sucrose, starch, glucosides, and free Glc) compared to corn stover (range 16.2 to 23.0% on a dry weight basis compared to 39.2% for corn stover). When digested with commercial enzyme mixtures after alkaline pretreatment, yields of Glc as a percentage of total Glc were lower for the forbs compared to corn stover. Enzyme inhibition by water-extractable compounds was not a significant contributor to the lower yields. Based on experiments with optimized cocktails of pure glycosyl hydrolases, enzyme imbalance probably accounted for much of the lower yields. Addition of xyloglucanase and α-xylosidase, two enzymes targeting Glc-containing polysaccharides that are more abundant in dicotyledonous plants compared to grasses, enhanced Glc yields from lamb's quarters, but Glc yields were still lower than from corn stover. CONCLUSION The potential utilization of forb-rich plant communities as biofuel feedstocks must take into account their lower Glc content compared to grasses such as corn stover. Furthermore, new enzyme mixtures tailored to the different cell wall composition of forbs will have to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Jabbour
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1129 Farm Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Evan R Angelos
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1129 Farm Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Achira Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1129 Farm Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Alec Womboldt
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1129 Farm Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Melissa S Borrusch
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1129 Farm Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jonathan D Walton
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1129 Farm Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, 612 Wilson Road, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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