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Guo H, Chang Z, Lu Z, Dai Q, Xiang M, Zheng T, Li Z, Zhong Z, Yu Y. Enhanced humification of full-scale apple wood and cow manure by promoting lignocellulose degradation via biomass pretreatments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172646. [PMID: 38653417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Agroforestry waste and cow manure pollute the environment, of which, agroforestry waste is difficult to degrade. Compost is an effective way to dispose agroforestry waste; however, the low degradation efficiency of lignocellulose in agroforestry waste affects the process of composting humification. This study investigated lignocellulose degradation and composting humification in full-size apple wood and cow manure composting processes by applying different pretreatments (acidic, alkaline, and high-temperature) to apple wood. Simultaneously, physicochemical characterization and metagenome sequencing were combined to analyze the function of carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy). Therefore, microbial communities and functions were linked during the composting process and the lignocellulose degradation mechanism was elaborated. The results showed that the addition of apple wood increased the compost humus (HS) yield, and pretreatment of apple wood enhanced the lignocellulose degradation during composting processes. In addition, pretreatment improved the physicochemical properties, such as temperature, pH, electric conductivity (EC), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-) in the compost, of which, acid treated apple wood compost (AcAWC) achieved the highest temperature of 58.4 °C, effectively promoting nitrification with NO3- ultimately reaching 0.127 g/kg. In all composts, microbial networks constructed a high proportion of positively correlated connections, and microorganisms promoted the composting process through cooperation. The proportions of glycosyltransferase (GT) and glycoside hydrolase (GH) promoted the separation and degradation of lignocellulose during composting to form HS. Notably, the adverse effects of the alkali-treated apple wood compost on bacteria were greater. AcAWC showed significant correlations between bacterial and fungal communities and both lignin and hemicellulose, and had more biomarkers associated with lignocellulose degradation and humification. The lignin degradation rate was 24.57 % and the HS yield increased by 27.49 %. Therefore, AcAWC has been confirmed to enhance lignocellulose degradation and promote compost humification by altering the properties of the apple wood and establishing a richer microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Guo
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangdong 510655, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhaofeng Chang
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangdong 510655, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Qipeng Dai
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Zhenchi Li
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Zijuan Zhong
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangdong 510655, China.
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Chaudhari AA, Sharma AM, Rastogi L, Dewangan BP, Sharma R, Singh D, Sah RK, Das S, Bhattacharjee S, Mellerowicz EJ, Pawar PAM. Modifying lignin composition and xylan O-acetylation induces changes in cell wall composition, extractability, and digestibility. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:73. [PMID: 38822388 PMCID: PMC11141020 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin and xylan are important determinants of cell wall structure and lignocellulosic biomass digestibility. Genetic manipulations that individually modify either lignin or xylan structure improve polysaccharide digestibility. However, the effects of their simultaneous modifications have not been explored in a similar context. Here, both individual and combinatorial modification in xylan and lignin was studied by analysing the effect on plant cell wall properties, biotic stress responses and integrity sensing. RESULTS Arabidopsis plant co-harbouring mutation in FERULATE 5-HYDROXYLASE (F5H) and overexpressing Aspergillus niger acetyl xylan esterase (35S:AnAXE1) were generated and displayed normal growth attributes with intact xylem architecture. This fah1-2/35S:AnAXE1 cross was named as hyper G lignin and hypoacetylated (HrGHypAc) line. The HrGHypAc plants showed increased crystalline cellulose content with enhanced digestibility after chemical and enzymatic pre-treatment. Moreover, both parents and HrGHypAc without and after pre-treating with glucuronyl esterase and alpha glucuronidase exhibited an increase in xylose release after xylanase digestion as compared to wild type. The de-pectinated fraction in HrGHypAc displayed elevated levels of xylan and cellulose. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis revealed differential expression in cell wall biosynthetic, transcription factors and wall-associated kinases genes implying the role of lignin and xylan modification on cellular regulatory processes. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous modification in xylan and lignin enhances cellulose content with improved saccharification efficiency. These modifications loosen cell wall complexity and hence resulted in enhanced xylose and xylobiose release with or without pretreatment after xylanase digestion in both parent and HrGHypAc. This study also revealed that the disruption of xylan and lignin structure is possible without compromising either growth and development or defense responses against Pseudomonas syringae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Anant Chaudhari
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Anant Mohan Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Lavi Rastogi
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Bhagwat Prasad Dewangan
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Raunak Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Sah
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Shouvik Das
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umea Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Prashant Anupama-Mohan Pawar
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India.
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Zhu Y, Li L. Wood of trees: Cellular structure, molecular formation, and genetic engineering. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:443-467. [PMID: 38032010 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Wood is an invaluable asset to human society due to its renewable nature, making it suitable for both sustainable energy production and material manufacturing. Additionally, wood derived from forest trees plays a crucial role in sequestering a significant portion of the carbon dioxide fixed during photosynthesis by terrestrial plants. Nevertheless, with the expansion of the global population and ongoing industrialization, forest coverage has been substantially decreased, resulting in significant challenges for wood production and supply. Wood production practices have changed away from natural forests toward plantation forests. Thus, understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms of wood formation is the foundation for developing high-quality, fast-growing plantation trees. Breeding ideal forest trees for wood production using genetic technologies has attracted the interest of many. Tremendous studies have been carried out in recent years on the molecular, genetic, and cell-biological mechanisms of wood formation, and considerable progress and findings have been achieved. These studies and findings indicate enormous possibilities and prospects for tree improvement. This review will outline and assess the cellular and molecular mechanisms of wood formation, as well as studies on genetically improving forest trees, and address future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems and College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Bai Y, Tian D, Chen P, Wu D, Du K, Zheng B, Shi X. A Pectate Lyase Gene Plays a Critical Role in Xylem Vascular Development in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10883. [PMID: 37446058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major component of the plant primary cell wall, structure changes in pectin may affect the formation of the secondary cell wall and lead to serious consequences on plant growth and development. Pectin-modifying enzymes including pectate lyase-like proteins (PLLs) participate in the remodeling of pectin during organogenesis, especially during fruit ripening. In this study, we used Arabidopsis as a model system to identify critical PLL genes that are of particular importance for vascular development. Four PLL genes, named AtPLL15, AtPLL16, AtPLL19, and AtPLL26, were identified for xylem-specific expression. A knock-out T-DNA mutant of AtPLL16 displayed an increased amount of pectin, soluble sugar, and acid-soluble lignin (ASL). Interestingly, the atpll16 mutant exhibited an irregular xylem phenotype, accompanied by disordered xylem ray cells and an absence of interfascicular phloem fibers. The xylem fiber cell walls in the atpll16 mutant were thicker than those of the wild type. On the contrary, AtPLL16 overexpression resulted in expansion of the phloem and a dramatic change in the xylem-to-phloem ratios. Altogether, our data suggest that AtPLL16 as a pectate lyase plays an important role during vascular development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dongdong Tian
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kebing Du
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xueping Shi
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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5
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Donev EN, Derba‐Maceluch M, Yassin Z, Gandla ML, Pramod S, Heinonen E, Kumar V, Scheepers G, Vilaplana F, Johansson U, Hertzberg M, Sundberg B, Winestrand S, Hörnberg A, Alriksson B, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Field testing of transgenic aspen from large greenhouse screening identifies unexpected winners. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1005-1021. [PMID: 36668687 PMCID: PMC10106850 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trees constitute promising renewable feedstocks for biorefinery using biochemical conversion, but their recalcitrance restricts their attractiveness for the industry. To obtain trees with reduced recalcitrance, large-scale genetic engineering experiments were performed in hybrid aspen blindly targeting genes expressed during wood formation and 32 lines representing seven constructs were selected for characterization in the field. Here we report phenotypes of five-year old trees considering 49 traits related to growth and wood properties. The best performing construct considering growth and glucose yield in saccharification with acid pretreatment had suppressed expression of the gene encoding an uncharacterized 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD). It showed minor changes in wood chemistry but increased nanoporosity and glucose conversion. Suppressed levels of SUCROSE SYNTHASE, (SuSy), CINNAMATE 4-HYDROXYLASE (C4H) and increased levels of GTPase activating protein for ADP-ribosylation factor ZAC led to significant growth reductions and anatomical abnormalities. However, C4H and SuSy constructs greatly improved glucose yields in saccharification without and with pretreatment, respectively. Traits associated with high glucose yields were different for saccharification with and without pretreatment. While carbohydrates, phenolics and tension wood contents positively impacted the yields without pretreatment and growth, lignin content and S/G ratio were negative factors, the yields with pretreatment positively correlated with S lignin and negatively with carbohydrate contents. The genotypes with high glucose yields had increased nanoporosity and mGlcA/Xyl ratio, and some had shorter polymers extractable with subcritical water compared to wild-type. The pilot-scale industrial-like pretreatment of best-performing 2OGD construct confirmed its superior sugar yields, supporting our strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy N. Donev
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Marta Derba‐Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Zakiya Yassin
- Enhet Produktionssystem och MaterialRISE Research Institutes of SwedenVäxjöSweden
| | | | - Sivan Pramod
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University CentreStockholmSweden
| | - Emilia Heinonen
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University CentreStockholmSweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC)KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Gerhard Scheepers
- Enhet Produktionssystem och MaterialRISE Research Institutes of SwedenVäxjöSweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University CentreStockholmSweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC)KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Ulf Johansson
- Tönnersjöheden Experimental ForestSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSimlångsdalenSweden
| | | | - Björn Sundberg
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
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Kalmbach L, Bourdon M, Belevich I, Safran J, Lemaire A, Heo JO, Otero S, Blob B, Pelloux J, Jokitalo E, Helariutta Y. Putative pectate lyase PLL12 and callose deposition through polar CALS7 are necessary for long-distance phloem transport in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:926-939.e9. [PMID: 36805125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the phloem distributes photosynthetic products for metabolism and storage over long distances. It relies on specialized cells, the sieve elements, which are enucleated and interconnected through large so-called sieve pores in their adjoining cell walls. Reverse genetics identified PECTATE LYASE-LIKE 12 (PLL12) as critical for plant growth and development. Using genetic complementations, we established that PLL12 is required exclusively late during sieve element differentiation. Structural homology modeling, enzyme inactivation, and overexpression suggest a vital role for PLL12 in sieve-element-specific pectin remodeling. While short distance symplastic diffusion is unaffected, the pll12 mutant is unable to accommodate sustained plant development due to an incapacity to accommodate increasing hydraulic demands on phloem long-distance transport as the plant grows-a defect that is aggravated when combined with another sieve-element-specific mutant callose synthase 7 (cals7). Establishing CALS7 as a specific sieve pore marker, we investigated the subcellular dynamics of callose deposition in the developing sieve plate. Using fluorescent CALS7 then allowed identifying structural defects in pll12 sieve pores that are moderate at the cellular level but become physiologically relevant due to the serial arrangement of sieve elements in the sieve tube. Overall, pectin degradation through PLL12 appears subtle in quantitative terms. We therefore speculate that PLL12 may act as a regulator to locally remove homogalacturonan, thus potentially enabling further extracellular enzymes to access and modify the cell wall during sieve pore maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Kalmbach
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Josip Safran
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Adrien Lemaire
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jung-Ok Heo
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofia Otero
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Bernhard Blob
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Rastogi L, Chaudhari AA, Sharma R, Pawar PAM. Arabidopsis GELP7 functions as a plasma membrane-localized acetyl xylan esterase, and its overexpression improves saccharification efficiency. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:781-797. [PMID: 35577991 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl substitution on the xylan chain is critical for stable interaction with cellulose and other cell wall polymers in the secondary cell wall. Xylan acetylation pattern is governed by Golgi and extracellular localized acetyl xylan esterase (AXE). We investigated the role of Arabidopsis clade Id from the GDSL esterase/lipase or GELP family in polysaccharide deacetylation. The investigation of the AtGELP7 T-DNA mutant line showed a decrease in stem esterase activity and an increase in stem acetyl content. We further generated overexpressor AtGELP7 transgenic lines, and these lines showed an increase in AXE activity and a decrease in xylan acetylation compared to wild-type plants. Therefore, we have named this enzyme as AtAXE1. The subcellular localization and immunoblot studies showed that the AtAXE1 enzyme is secreted out, associated with the plasma membrane and involved in xylan de-esterification post-synthesis. The cellulose digestibility was improved in AtAXE1 overexpressor lines without pre-treatment, after alkali and xylanases pre-treatment. Furthermore, we have also established that the AtGELP7 gene is upregulated in the overexpressor line of AtMYB46, a secondary cell wall specific transcription factor. This transcriptional regulation can drive AtGELP7 or AtAXE1 to perform de-esterification of xylan in a tissue-specific manner. Overall, these data suggest that AtGELP7 overexpression in Arabidopsis reduces xylan acetylation and improves digestibility properties of polysaccharides of stem lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavi Rastogi
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Aniket Anant Chaudhari
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Raunak Sharma
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prashant Anupama-Mohan Pawar
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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Pancaldi F, Vlegels D, Rijken H, van Loo EN, Trindade LM. Detection and Analysis of Syntenic Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Cell Wall Quality in Angiosperms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:855093. [PMID: 35310628 PMCID: PMC8928447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.855093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Translational genomics can enable a quicker improvement of orphan crops toward novel agricultural applications, including the advancement of orphan biomass species for cultivation on marginal lands. In this sense, cell wall quality is a preeminent breeding target. However, tools to efficiently project genetic data on target traits across large sets of species are currently missing. This study aimed at closing this gap by developing a strategy to project a set of cell wall QTLs across a large group of plants by using genome synteny. This strategy is suited for large-scale analyses and detected 362 syntenic cell wall QTLs (SQTLs) across 74 angiosperms, including several (orphan) biomass species. SQTLs analyses revealed that they span large portions of the initial cell wall QTLs and are extensively conserved across diverse species. Moreover, numerous QTLs cell wall genes were conserved through SQTLs, including genes displaying allelic variation associated with cell wall composition. Functional analyses showed that highly conserved genes of SQTLs include important cell wall transcription factors and genes involved in the remodeling of cell wall polymers. For some of these gene families, SQTLs indicated the presence of differentially conserved genomic contexts for different gene members, highlighting their utility as a tool to pinpoint gene targets that maximize the likelihood of functional gene conservation. Overall, the results of this study can facilitate "universal" approaches for breeding (orphan) biomass crops, while the strategy for QTLs translation can be applied to other sets of traits and species, helping to unlock the potential of orphan species.
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Biswal AK, Hengge NN, Black IM, Atmodjo MA, Mohanty SS, Ryno D, Himmel ME, Azadi P, Bomble YJ, Mohnen D. Composition and yield of non-cellulosic and cellulosic sugars in soluble and particulate fractions during consolidated bioprocessing of poplar biomass by Clostridium thermocellum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:23. [PMID: 35227303 PMCID: PMC8887089 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terrestrial plant biomass is the primary renewable carbon feedstock for enabling transition to a sustainable bioeconomy. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) by the cellulolytic thermophile Clostridium thermocellum offers a single step microbial platform for production of biofuels and biochemicals via simultaneous solubilization of carbohydrates from lignocellulosic biomass and conversion to products. Here, solubilization of cell wall cellulosic, hemicellulosic, and pectic polysaccharides in the liquor and solid residues generated during CBP of poplar biomass by C. thermocellum was analyzed. RESULTS The total amount of biomass solubilized in the C. thermocellum DSM1313 fermentation platform was 5.8, 10.3, and 13.7% of milled non-pretreated poplar after 24, 48, and 120 h, respectively. These results demonstrate solubilization of 24% cellulose and 17% non-cellulosic sugars after 120 h, consistent with prior reports. The net solubilization of non-cellulosic sugars by C. thermocellum (after correcting for the uninoculated control fermentations) was 13 to 36% of arabinose (Ara), xylose (Xyl), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man), and glucose (Glc); and 15% and 3% of fucose and glucuronic acid, respectively. No rhamnose was solubilized and 71% of the galacturonic acid (GalA) was solubilized. These results indicate that C. thermocellum may be selective for the types and/or rate of solubilization of the non-cellulosic wall polymers. Xyl, Man, and Glc were found to accumulate in the fermentation liquor at levels greater than in uninoculated control fermentations, whereas Ara and Gal did not accumulate, suggesting that C. thermocellum solubilizes both hemicelluloses and pectins but utilizes them differently. After five days of fermentation, the relative amount of Rha in the solid residues increased 21% indicating that the Rha-containing polymer rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) was not effectively solubilized by C. thermocellum CBP, a result confirmed by immunoassays. Comparison of the sugars in the liquor versus solid residue showed that C. thermocellum solubilized hemicellulosic xylan and mannan, but did not fully utilize them, solubilized and appeared to utilize pectic homogalacturonan, and did not solubilize RG-I. CONCLUSIONS The significant relative increase in RG-I in poplar solid residues following CBP indicates that C. thermocellum did not solubilize RG-I. These results support the hypothesis that this pectic glycan may be one barrier for efficient solubilization of poplar by C. thermocellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya K. Biswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Neal N. Hengge
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Ian M. Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Melani A. Atmodjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Sushree S. Mohanty
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - David Ryno
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602 USA
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Ghosh Dasgupta M, Abdul Bari MP, Shanmugavel S, Dharanishanthi V, Muthupandi M, Kumar N, Chauhan SS, Kalaivanan J, Mohan H, Krutovsky KV, Rajasugunasekar D. Targeted re-sequencing and genome-wide association analysis for wood property traits in breeding population of Eucalyptus tereticornis × E. grandis. Genomics 2021; 113:4276-4292. [PMID: 34785351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Globally, Eucalyptus plantations occupy 22 million ha area and is one of the preferred hardwood species due to their short rotation, rapid growth, adaptability and wood properties. In this study, we present results of GWAS in parents and 100 hybrids of Eucalyptus tereticornis × E. grandis using 762 genes presumably involved in wood formation. Comparative analysis between parents predicted 32,202 polymorphic SNPs with high average read depth of 269-562× per individual per nucleotide. Seventeen wood related traits were phenotyped across three diverse environments and GWAS was conducted using 13,610 SNPs. A total of 45 SNP-trait associations were predicted across two locations. Seven large effect markers were identified which explained more than 80% of phenotypic variation for fibre area. This study has provided an array of candidate genes which may govern fibre morphology in this genus and has predicted potential SNPs which can guide future breeding programs in tropical Eucalyptus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Muthusamy Muthupandi
- Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore 641002, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18(th) Cross Malleshwaram, Bangalore 560 003, India
| | - Shakti Singh Chauhan
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18(th) Cross Malleshwaram, Bangalore 560 003, India
| | | | - Haritha Mohan
- Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore 641002, India
| | - Konstantin V Krutovsky
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Center for Integrated Breeding Research, George-August University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Laboratory of Forest Genomics, Genome Research and Education Center, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Laboratory of Population Genetics, N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2138, USA
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11
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de Vries L, Guevara-Rozo S, Cho M, Liu LY, Renneckar S, Mansfield SD. Tailoring renewable materials via plant biotechnology. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:167. [PMID: 34353358 PMCID: PMC8344217 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants inherently display a rich diversity in cell wall chemistry, as they synthesize an array of polysaccharides along with lignin, a polyphenolic that can vary dramatically in subunit composition and interunit linkage complexity. These same cell wall chemical constituents play essential roles in our society, having been isolated by a variety of evolving industrial processes and employed in the production of an array of commodity products to which humans are reliant. However, these polymers are inherently synthesized and intricately packaged into complex structures that facilitate plant survival and adaptation to local biogeoclimatic regions and stresses, not for ease of deconstruction and commercial product development. Herein, we describe evolving techniques and strategies for altering the metabolic pathways related to plant cell wall biosynthesis, and highlight the resulting impact on chemistry, architecture, and polymer interactions. Furthermore, this review illustrates how these unique targeted cell wall modifications could significantly extend the number, diversity, and value of products generated in existing and emerging biorefineries. These modifications can further target the ability for processing of engineered wood into advanced high performance materials. In doing so, we attempt to illuminate the complex connection on how polymer chemistry and structure can be tailored to advance renewable material applications, using all the chemical constituents of plant-derived biopolymers, including pectins, hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne de Vries
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI , 53726, USA
| | - Sydne Guevara-Rozo
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - MiJung Cho
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Li-Yang Liu
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI , 53726, USA.
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12
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Li F, Foucat L, Bonnin E. Effect of solid loading on the behaviour of pectin-degrading enzymes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:107. [PMID: 33910612 PMCID: PMC8082855 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectin plays a role in the recalcitrance of plant biomass by affecting the accessibility of other cell wall components to enzymatic degradation. Elimination of pectin consequently has a positive impact on the saccharification of pectin-rich biomass. This work thus focused on the behaviour of different pectin-degrading enzymes in the presence of low (5%) to high (35%) solid loading of lemon peel. RESULTS High solid loading of lemon peel affected pectin solubilisation differently depending on the pectinase used. Pectin lyase was less sensitive to a reduction of water content than was a mixture of endopolygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase, regardless of whether or not the latter's mode of action is processive or not. Marked changes in water mobility were observed along with enzymatic degradation depending on the enzyme used. However, the pectin lyase resulted in less pronounced shifts in water distribution than polygalacturonase-pectin methylesterase mixtures. At similar pectin concentration, pectin solutions hindered the diffusion of hydrolases more than the solid substrate. This can be attributed to the high viscosity of the highly concentrated pectin solutions while the solid substrate may provide continuous diffusion paths through pores. CONCLUSIONS The increase in solid substrate loading reduced the efficiency of pectin-degrading enzymes catalysing hydrolysis more significantly than those catalysing β-elimination. LF-NMR experiments highlighted the impact of solid loading on water mobility. Compared to other enzymes and whatever the solid loading, pectin lyase led to longer relaxation times linked with the most destructuration of the solid substrate. This new information could benefit the biorefinery processing of pectin-rich plant material when enzymes are used in the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- INRAE, UR 1268, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Loïc Foucat
- INRAE, UR 1268, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRAE, UR 1268, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France.
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Gandla ML, Mähler N, Escamez S, Skotare T, Obudulu O, Möller L, Abreu IN, Bygdell J, Hertzberg M, Hvidsten TR, Moritz T, Wingsle G, Trygg J, Tuominen H, Jönsson LJ. Overexpression of vesicle-associated membrane protein PttVAP27-17 as a tool to improve biomass production and the overall saccharification yields in Populus trees. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:43. [PMID: 33593413 PMCID: PMC7885582 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioconversion of wood into bioproducts and biofuels is hindered by the recalcitrance of woody raw material to bioprocesses such as enzymatic saccharification. Targeted modification of the chemical composition of the feedstock can improve saccharification but this gain is often abrogated by concomitant reduction in tree growth. RESULTS In this study, we report on transgenic hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) lines that showed potential to increase biomass production both in the greenhouse and after 5 years of growth in the field. The transgenic lines carried an overexpression construct for Populus tremula × tremuloides vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated protein PttVAP27-17 that was selected from a gene-mining program for novel regulators of wood formation. Analytical-scale enzymatic saccharification without any pretreatment revealed for all greenhouse-grown transgenic lines, compared to the wild type, a 20-44% increase in the glucose yield per dry weight after enzymatic saccharification, even though it was statistically significant only for one line. The glucose yield after enzymatic saccharification with a prior hydrothermal pretreatment step with sulfuric acid was not increased in the greenhouse-grown transgenic trees on a dry-weight basis, but increased by 26-50% when calculated on a whole biomass basis in comparison to the wild-type control. Tendencies to increased glucose yields by up to 24% were present on a whole tree biomass basis after acidic pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification also in the transgenic trees grown for 5 years on the field when compared to the wild-type control. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the usefulness of gene-mining programs to identify novel genes with the potential to improve biofuel production in tree biotechnology programs. Furthermore, multi-omic analyses, including transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses, performed here provide a toolbox for future studies on the function of VAP27 proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niklas Mähler
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sacha Escamez
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Skotare
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ogonna Obudulu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linus Möller
- SweTree Technologies, PO Box 7981, 907 19, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ilka N Abreu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bygdell
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Torgeir R Hvidsten
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Wingsle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Trygg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Leif J Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Pramod S, Saha T, Rekha K, Kavi Kishor PB. Hevea brasiliensis coniferaldehyde-5-hydroxylase (HbCAld5H) regulates xylogenesis, structure and lignin chemistry of xylem cell wall in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:127-142. [PMID: 33068174 PMCID: PMC7811508 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The HbCAld5H1 gene cloned from Hevea brasiliensis regulates the cambial activity, xylem differentiation, syringyl-guaiacyl ratio, secondary wall structure, lignification pattern and xylan distribution in xylem fibres of transgenic tobacco plants. Molecular characterization of lignin biosynthesis gene coniferaldehyde-5-hydroxylase (CAld5H) from Hevea brasiliensis and its functional validation was performed. Both sense and antisense constructs of HbCAld5H1 gene were introduced into tobacco through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation for over expression and down-regulation of this key enzyme to understand its role affecting structural and cell wall chemistry. The anatomical studies of transgenic tobacco plants revealed the increase of cambial activity leading to xylogenesis in sense lines and considerable reduction in antisense lines. The ultra-structural studies showed that the thickness of secondary wall (S2 layer) of fibre had been decreased with non-homogenous lignin distribution in antisense lines, while sense lines showed an increase in S2 layer thickness. Maule color reaction revealed that syringyl lignin distribution in the xylem elements was increased in sense and decreased in antisense lines. The immunoelectron microscopy revealed a reduction in LM 10 and LM 11 labelling in the secondary wall of antisense tobacco lines. Biochemical studies showed a radical increase in syringyl lignin in sense lines without any significant change in total lignin content, while S/G ratio decreased considerably in antisense lines. Our results suggest that CAld5H gene plays an important role in xylogenesis stages such as cambial cell division, secondary wall thickness, xylan and syringyl lignin distribution in tobacco. Therefore, CAld5H gene could be considered as a promising target for lignin modification essential for timber quality improvement in rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pramod
- Advanced Centre for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umea Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-87, Umea, Sweden.
| | - Thakurdas Saha
- Advanced Centre for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India
| | - K Rekha
- Advanced Centre for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India
| | - P B Kavi Kishor
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
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The Homogalacturonan Deconstruction System of Paenibacillus amylolyticus 27C64 Requires No Extracellular Pectin Methylesterase and Has Significant Industrial Potential. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02275-19. [PMID: 32303547 PMCID: PMC7267202 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02275-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is an important structural polysaccharide found in most plant cell walls. In the environment, pectin degradation is part of the decomposition process that turns over dead plant material and is important to organisms that feed on plants. Industrially, pectinases are used to improve the quality of fruit juices and can also be used to process coffee cherries or tea leaves. These enzymes may also prove useful in reducing the environmental impact of paper and cotton manufacturing. This work is significant because it focuses on a Gram-positive bacterium that is evolutionarily distinct from other well-studied pectin-degrading organisms and differs from known systems in key ways. Most importantly, a simplified extracellular deconstruction process in this organism is able to break down pectins without first removing the methyl groups that inhibit other systems. Moreover, some of the enzymes described here have the potential to improve industrial processes that rely on pectin deconstruction. Paenibacillus amylolyticus 27C64, a Gram-positive bacterium with diverse plant cell wall polysaccharide deconstruction capabilities, was isolated previously from an insect hindgut. Previous work suggested that this organism’s pectin deconstruction system differs from known systems in that its sole pectin methylesterase is cytoplasmic, not extracellular. In this work, we have characterized the specific roles of key extracellular pectinases involved in homogalacturonan deconstruction, including four pectate lyases and one pectin lyase. We show that one newly characterized pectate lyase, PelC, has a novel substrate specificity, with a lower Km for highly methylated pectins than for polygalacturonic acid. PelC works synergistically with PelB, a high-turnover exo-pectate lyase that releases Δ4,5-unsaturated trigalacturonate as its major product. It is likely that PelC frees internal stretches of demethylated homogalacturonan which PelB can degrade. We also show that the sole pectin lyase has a high kcat value and rapidly depolymerizes methylated substrates. Three cytoplasmic GH105 hydrolases were screened for the ability to remove terminal unsaturated galacturonic acid residues from oligogalacturonide products produced by the action of extracellular lyases, and we found that two are active on demethylated oligogalacturonides. This work confirms that efficient homogalacturonan deconstruction in P. amylolyticus 27C65 does not require extracellular pectin methylesterase activity. Three of the extracellular lyases studied in this work are also thermostable, function well over a broad pH range, and have significant industrial potential. IMPORTANCE Pectin is an important structural polysaccharide found in most plant cell walls. In the environment, pectin degradation is part of the decomposition process that turns over dead plant material and is important to organisms that feed on plants. Industrially, pectinases are used to improve the quality of fruit juices and can also be used to process coffee cherries or tea leaves. These enzymes may also prove useful in reducing the environmental impact of paper and cotton manufacturing. This work is significant because it focuses on a Gram-positive bacterium that is evolutionarily distinct from other well-studied pectin-degrading organisms and differs from known systems in key ways. Most importantly, a simplified extracellular deconstruction process in this organism is able to break down pectins without first removing the methyl groups that inhibit other systems. Moreover, some of the enzymes described here have the potential to improve industrial processes that rely on pectin deconstruction.
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Wang Z, Pawar PMA, Derba-Maceluch M, Hedenström M, Chong SL, Tenkanen M, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Hybrid Aspen Expressing a Carbohydrate Esterase Family 5 Acetyl Xylan Esterase Under Control of a Wood-Specific Promoter Shows Improved Saccharification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:380. [PMID: 32322259 PMCID: PMC7156598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fast-growing broad-leaf tree species can serve as feedstocks for production of bio-based chemicals and fuels through biochemical conversion of wood to monosaccharides. This conversion is hampered by the xylan acetylation pattern. To reduce xylan acetylation in the wood, the Hypocrea jecorina acetyl xylan esterase (HjAXE) from carbohydrate esterase (CE) family 5 was expressed in hybrid aspen under the control of the wood-specific PtGT43B promoter and targeted to the secretory pathway. The enzyme was predicted to deacetylate polymeric xylan in the vicinity of cellulose due to the presence of a cellulose-binding module. Cell-wall-bound protein fractions from developing wood of transgenic plants were capable of releasing acetyl from finely ground wood powder, indicative of active AXE present in cell walls of these plants, whereas no such activity was detected in wild-type plants. The transgenic lines grew in height and diameter as well as wild-type trees, whereas their internodes were slightly shorter, indicating higher leaf production. The average acetyl content in the wood of these lines was reduced by 13%, mainly due to reductions in di-acetylated xylose units, and in C-2 and C-3 mono-acetylated xylose units. Analysis of soluble cell wall polysaccharides revealed a 4% reduction in the fraction of xylose units and an 18% increase in the fraction of glucose units, whereas the contents of cellulose and lignin were not affected. Enzymatic saccharification of wood from transgenic plants resulted in 27% higher glucose yield than for wild-type plants. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and Simons' staining pointed toward larger surface area and improved cellulose accessibility for wood from transgenic plants compared to wood from wild-type plants, which could be achieved by HjAXE deacetylating xylan bound to cellulose. The results show that CE5 family can serve as a source of enzymes for in planta reduction of recalcitrance to saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, KBC Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hedenström
- Department of Chemistry, KBC Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun-Li Chong
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif J. Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, KBC Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Brandon AG, Scheller HV. Engineering of Bioenergy Crops: Dominant Genetic Approaches to Improve Polysaccharide Properties and Composition in Biomass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:282. [PMID: 32218797 PMCID: PMC7078332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale, sustainable production of lignocellulosic bioenergy from biomass will depend on a variety of dedicated bioenergy crops. Despite their great genetic diversity, prospective bioenergy crops share many similarities in the polysaccharide composition of their cell walls, and the changes needed to optimize them for conversion are largely universal. Therefore, biomass modification strategies that do not depend on genetic background or require mutant varieties are extremely valuable. Due to their preferential fermentation and conversion by microorganisms downstream, the ideal bioenergy crop should contain a high proportion of C6-sugars in polysaccharides like cellulose, callose, galactan, and mixed-linkage glucans. In addition, the biomass should be reduced in inhibitors of fermentation like pentoses and acetate. Finally, the overall complexity of the plant cell wall should be modified to reduce its recalcitrance to enzymatic deconstruction in ways that do no compromise plant health or come at a yield penalty. This review will focus on progress in the use of a variety of genetically dominant strategies to reach these ideals. Due to the breadth and volume of research in the field of lignin bioengineering, this review will instead focus on approaches to improve polysaccharide component plant biomass. Carbohydrate content can be dramatically increased by transgenic overexpression of enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. Additionally, the recalcitrance of the cell wall can be reduced via the overexpression of native or non-native carbohydrate active enzymes like glycosyl hydrolases or carbohydrate esterases. Some research in this area has focused on engineering plants that accumulate cell wall-degrading enzymes that are sequestered to organelles or only active at very high temperatures. The rationale being that, in order to avoid potential negative effects of cell wall modification during plant growth, the enzymes could be activated post-harvest, and post-maturation of the cell wall. A potentially significant limitation of this approach is that at harvest, the cell wall is heavily lignified, making the substrates for these enzymes inaccessible and their activity ineffective. Therefore, this review will only include research employing enzymes that are at least partially active under the ambient conditions of plant growth and cell wall development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Brandon
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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18
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Uluisik S, Seymour GB. Pectate lyases: Their role in plants and importance in fruit ripening. Food Chem 2019; 309:125559. [PMID: 31679850 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are complex structures that are modified throughout development. They are a major contributor to the properties of plant structure and act as barriers against pathogens. The primary cell walls of plants are composed of polysaccharides and proteins. The polysaccharide fraction is divided into components cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, are all modified during fruit ripening. Pectin plays an important role in intercellular adhesion and controlling the porosity of the wall. A large number of pectin degrading enzymes have been characterised from plants and they are involved in numerous aspects of plant development. The role of pectate lyases in plant development has received little attention, probably because they are normally associated with the action of plant pathogenic organisms. However their importance in plant development and ripening is now becoming well established and new information about the role of pectate lyases in plant development forms the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selman Uluisik
- Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur Food Agriculture and Livestock Vocational School, 15030 Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Graham B Seymour
- Nottinham University, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12, UK.
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19
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Kumar V, Hainaut M, Delhomme N, Mannapperuma C, Immerzeel P, Street NR, Henrissat B, Mellerowicz EJ. Poplar carbohydrate-active enzymes: whole-genome annotation and functional analyses based on RNA expression data. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:589-609. [PMID: 31111606 PMCID: PMC6852159 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) catalyze the formation and modification of glycoproteins, glycolipids, starch, secondary metabolites and cell wall biopolymers. They are key enzymes for the biosynthesis of food and renewable biomass. Woody biomass is particularly important for long-term carbon storage and as an abundant renewable natural resource for many industrial applications. This study presents a re-annotation of CAZyme genes in the current Populus trichocarpa genome assembly and in silico functional characterization, based on high-resolution RNA-Seq data sets. Altogether, 1914 CAZyme and expansin genes were annotated in 101 families. About 1797 of these genes were found expressed in at least one Populus organ. We identified genes involved in the biosynthesis of different cell wall polymers and their paralogs. Whereas similar families exist in poplar and Arabidopsis thaliana (with the exception of CBM13 found only in poplar), a few families had significantly different copy numbers between the two species. To identify the transcriptional coordination and functional relatedness within the CAZymes and other proteins, we performed co-expression network analysis of CAZymes in wood-forming tissues using the AspWood database (http://aspwood.popgenie.org/aspwood-v3.0/) for Populus tremula. This provided an overview of the transcriptional changes in CAZymes during the transition from primary to secondary wall formation, and the clustering of transcripts into potential regulons. Candidate enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides were identified along with many tissue-specific uncharacterized genes and transcription factors. These collections offer a rich source of targets for the modification of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and other developmental processes in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
| | - Matthieu Hainaut
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules BiologiquesCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- INRAUSC 1408 AFMBMarseilleFrance
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
| | | | - Peter Immerzeel
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
- Chemical EngineeringKarlstad UniversityKarlstad65188Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R. Street
- Umeå Plant Science CenterPlant Physiology DepartmentUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules BiologiquesCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- INRAUSC 1408 AFMBMarseilleFrance
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
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Exogenous Application of Phytohormones Promotes Growth and Regulates Expression of Wood Formation-Related Genes in Populus simonii × P. nigra. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030792. [PMID: 30759868 PMCID: PMC6387376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although phytohormones are known to be important signal molecules involved in wood formation, their roles are still largely unclear. Here, Populus simonii × P. nigra seedlings were treated with different concentrations of exogenous phytohormones, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), and brassinosteroid (BR), and the effects of phytohormones on growth were investigated. Next, 27 genes with known roles in wood formation were selected for qPCR analysis to determine tissue-specificity and timing of responses to phytohormone treatments. Compared to the control, most IAA, GA3, and BR concentrations significantly increased seedling height. Meanwhile, IAA induced significant seedling stem diameter and cellulose content increases that peaked at 3 and 30 mg·L−1, respectively. Significant increase in cellulose content was also observed in seedlings treated with 100 mg·L−1 GA3. Neither stem diameter nor cellulose content of seedlings were affected by BR treatment significantly, although slight effects were observed. Anatomical measurements demonstrated improved xylem, but not phloem, development in IAA- and BR-treated seedlings. Most gene expression patterns induced by IAA, GA3, and BR differed among tissues. Many IAA response genes were also regulated by GA3, while BR-induced transcription was weaker and slower in Populus than for IAA and GA3. These results reveal the roles played by phytohormones in plant growth and lay the foundation for exploring molecular regulatory mechanisms of wood formation in Populus.
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21
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Andrade LM, Peixoto-Junior RF, Ribeiro RV, Nóbile PM, Brito MS, Marchiori PER, Carlin SD, Martins APB, Goldman MHS, Llerena JPP, Fregonesi C, Perecin D, Nebó JFCDO, Figueira A, Benatti TR, da Silva J, Mazzafera P, Creste S. Biomass Accumulation and Cell Wall Structure of Rice Plants Overexpressing a Dirigent-Jacalin of Sugarcane ( ShDJ) Under Varying Conditions of Water Availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:65. [PMID: 30815002 PMCID: PMC6381051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A sugarcane gene encoding a dirigent-jacalin, ShDJ, was induced under drought stress. To elucidate its biological function, we integrated a ShDJ-overexpression construction into the rice Nipponbare genome via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Two transgenic lines with a single copy gene in T0 were selected and evaluated in both the T1 and T4 generations. Transgenic lines had drastically improved survival rate under water deficit conditions, at rates close to 100%, while WT did not survive. Besides, transgenic lines had improved biomass production and higher tillering under water deficit conditions compared with WT plants. Reduced pectin and hemicellulose contents were observed in transgenic lines compared with wild-type plants under both well-watered and water deficit conditions, whereas cellulose content was unchanged in line #17 and reduced in line #29 under conditions of low water availability. Changes in lignin content under water deficit were only observed in line #17. However, improvements in saccharification were found in both transgenic lines along with changes in the expression of OsNTS1/2 and OsMYB58/63 secondary cell wall biosynthesis genes. ShDJ-overexpression up-regulated the expression of the OsbZIP23, OsGRAS23, OsP5CS, and OsLea3 genes in rice stems under well-watered conditions. Taken together, our data suggest that ShDJ has the potential for improving drought tolerance, plant biomass accumulation, and saccharification efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Mara Andrade
- Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Centro de Cana, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG - Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fávero Peixoto-Junior
- Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Centro de Cana, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG - Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michael Santos Brito
- Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Centro de Cana, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Ribeiro Marchiori
- Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Centro de Ecofisiologia e Biofísica, Campinas, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Palma Boer Martins
- Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Centro de Cana, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG - Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena S. Goldman
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dilermando Perecin
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge da Silva
- Texas A&M Agrilife Research & Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, United States
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Silvana Creste
- Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Centro de Cana, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Silvana Creste,
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22
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Paenibacillus amylolyticus 27C64 has a diverse set of carbohydrate-active enzymes and complete pectin deconstruction system. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 46:1-11. [PMID: 30377865 PMCID: PMC6339884 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A draft genome of Paenibacillus amylolyticus 27C64 was assembled and a total of 314 putative CAZymes in 108 different families were identified. Comparison to well-studied polysaccharide-degrading organisms revealed that P. amylolyticus 27C64 has as many or more putative CAZymes than most of these organisms. Four different pectic substrates and xylan supported growth but cellulose was not utilized. Measurement of enzyme activities in culture supernatants revealed low levels of cellulase activity, high levels of xylanase activity, and pectinase activities that adapted to the specific polysaccharides provided. Relative expression levels of each putative pectinase in cells grown with and without three different pectic substrates were evaluated with RT-qPCR and distinct sets of genes upregulated in response to homogalacturonan, methylated homogalacturonan, and rhamnogalacturonan I were identified. It is also noted that this organism's pectinolytic system differs from other well-studied systems and contains enzymes which are of value for further study.
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23
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Analytical Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Conversion to Biofuels and Bio-Based Chemicals. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11112936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic feedstocks are an important resource for biorefining of renewables to bio-based fuels, chemicals, and materials. Relevant feedstocks include energy crops, residues from agriculture and forestry, and agro-industrial and forest-industrial residues. The feedstocks differ with respect to their recalcitrance to bioconversion through pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification, which will produce sugars that can be further converted to advanced biofuels and other products through microbial fermentation processes. In analytical enzymatic saccharification, the susceptibility of lignocellulosic samples to pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification is assessed in analytical scale using high-throughput or semi-automated techniques. This type of analysis is particularly relevant for screening of large collections of natural or transgenic varieties of plants that are dedicated to production of biofuels or other bio-based chemicals. In combination with studies of plant physiology and cell wall chemistry, analytical enzymatic saccharification can provide information about the fundamental reasons behind lignocellulose recalcitrance as well as about the potential of collections of plants or different fractions of plants for industrial biorefining. This review is focused on techniques used by researchers for screening the susceptibility of plants to pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification, and advantages and disadvantages that are associated with different approaches.
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24
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Donev E, Gandla ML, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Engineering Non-cellulosic Polysaccharides of Wood for the Biorefinery. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1537. [PMID: 30405672 PMCID: PMC6206411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-cellulosic polysaccharides constitute approximately one third of usable woody biomass for human exploitation. In contrast to cellulose, these substances are composed of several different types of unit monosaccharides and their backbones are substituted by various groups. Their structural diversity and recent examples of their modification in transgenic plants and mutants suggest they can be targeted for improving wood-processing properties, thereby facilitating conversion of wood in a biorefinery setting. Critical knowledge on their structure-function relationship is slowly emerging, although our understanding of molecular interactions responsible for observed phenomena is still incomplete. This review: (1) provides an overview of structural features of major non-cellulosic polysaccharides of wood, (2) describes the fate of non-cellulosic polysaccharides during biorefinery processing, (3) shows how the non-cellulosic polysaccharides impact lignocellulose processing focused on yields of either sugars or polymers, and (4) discusses outlooks for the improvement of tree species for biorefinery by modifying the structure of non-cellulosic polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy Donev
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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25
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Van de Wouwer D, Boerjan W, Vanholme B. Plant cell wall sugars: sweeteners for a bio-based economy. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:27-44. [PMID: 29430656 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and the consequent climate change is one of the major environmental challenges we are facing today. The driving force behind the rise in temperature is our fossil-based economy, which releases massive amounts of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emission, we need to scale down our dependency on fossil resources, implying that we need other sources for energy and chemicals to feed our economy. Here, plants have an important role to play; by means of photosynthesis, plants capture solar energy to split water and fix carbon derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide. A significant fraction of the fixed carbon ends up as polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. Fermentable sugars derived from cell wall polysaccharides form an ideal carbon source for the production of bio-platform molecules. However, a major limiting factor in the use of plant biomass as feedstock for the bio-based economy is the complexity of the plant cell wall and its recalcitrance towards deconstruction. To facilitate the release of fermentable sugars during downstream biomass processing, the composition and structure of the cell wall can be engineered. Different strategies to reduce cell wall recalcitrance will be described in this review. The ultimate goal is to obtain a tailor-made biomass, derived from plants with a cell wall optimized for particular industrial or agricultural applications, without affecting plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Van de Wouwer
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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26
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Allario T, Tixier A, Awad H, Lemaire C, Brunel N, Badel E, Barigah TS, Julien JL, Peyret P, Mellerowicz EJ, Cochard H, Herbette S. PtxtPME1 and homogalacturonans influence xylem hydraulic properties in poplar. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:502-515. [PMID: 29412468 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While the xylem hydraulic properties, such as vulnerability to cavitation (VC), are of paramount importance in drought resistance, their genetic determinants remain unexplored. There is evidence that pectins and their methylation pattern are involved, but the detail of their involvement and the corresponding genes need to be clarified. We analyzed the hydraulic properties of the 35S::PME1 transgenic aspen that ectopically under- or over-express a xylem-abundant pectin methyl esterase, PtxtPME1. We also produced and analyzed 4CL1::PGII transgenic poplars expressing a fungal polygalacturonase, AnPGII, under the control of the Ptxa4CL1 promoter that is active in the developing xylem after xylem cell expansion. Both the 35S::PME1 under- and over-expressing aspen lines developed xylem with lower-specific hydraulic conductivity and lower VC, while the 4CL1::PGII plants developed xylem with a higher VC. These xylem hydraulic changes were associated with modifications in xylem structure or in intervessel pit structure that can result in changes in mechanical behavior of the pit membrane. This study shows that homogalacturonans and their methylation pattern influence xylem hydraulic properties, through its effect on xylem cell expansion and on intervessel pit properties and it show a role for PtxtPME1 in the xylem hydraulic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Allario
- UCA, INRA, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- UCA, EA 4678 CIDAM, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aude Tixier
- UCA, INRA, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hosam Awad
- Agriculture and Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | | | | | - Eric Badel
- UCA, INRA, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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27
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Transcriptome analysis provides insights into xylogenesis formation in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoot. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3951. [PMID: 29500441 PMCID: PMC5834459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturation-related changes in cell wall composition and the molecular mechanisms underlying cell wall changes were investigated from the apical, middle and basal segments in moso bamboo shoot (MBS). With maturation extent from apical to basal regions in MBS, lignin and cellulose content increased, whereas heteroxylan exhibited a decreasing trend. Activities of phenylalanine amonnialyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), which are involved in lignin biosynthesis, increased rapidly from the apex to the base sections. The comparative transcriptomic analysis was carried out to identify some key genes involved in secondary cell walls (SCW) formation underlying the cell wall compositions changes including 63, 8, 18, and 31 functional unigenes encoding biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose, xylan and NAC-MYB-based transcription factors, respectively. Genes related to secondary cell wall formation and lignin biosynthesis had higher expression levels in the middle and basal segments compared to those in the apical segments. Furthermore, the expression profile of PePAL gene showed positive relationships with cellulose-related gene PeCESA4, xylan-related genes PeIRX9 and PeIRX10. Our results indicated that lignification occurred in the more mature middle and basal segments in MBS at harvest while lignification of MBS were correlated with higher expression levels of PeCESA4, PeIRX9 and PeIRX10 genes.
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28
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Tsai CJ, Harding SA, Cooke JEK. Branching out: a new era of investigating physiological processes in forest trees using genomic tools. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:303-310. [PMID: 29506180 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jui Tsai
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Department of Genetics and Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Scott A Harding
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Department of Genetics and Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
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29
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Sugar release and growth of biofuel crops are improved by downregulation of pectin biosynthesis. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:249-257. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Escamez S, Latha Gandla M, Derba-Maceluch M, Lundqvist SO, Mellerowicz EJ, Jönsson LJ, Tuominen H. A collection of genetically engineered Populus trees reveals wood biomass traits that predict glucose yield from enzymatic hydrolysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15798. [PMID: 29150693 PMCID: PMC5693926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood represents a promising source of sugars to produce bio-based renewables, including biofuels. However, breaking down lignocellulose requires costly pretreatments because lignocellulose is recalcitrant to enzymatic saccharification. Increasing saccharification potential would greatly contribute to make wood a competitive alternative to petroleum, but this requires improving wood properties. To identify wood biomass traits associated with saccharification, we analyzed a total of 65 traits related to wood chemistry, anatomy and structure, biomass production and saccharification in 40 genetically engineered Populus tree lines. These lines exhibited broad variation in quantitative traits, allowing for multivariate analyses and mathematical modeling. Modeling revealed that seven wood biomass traits associated in a predictive manner with saccharification of glucose after pretreatment. Four of these seven traits were also negatively associated with biomass production, suggesting a trade-off between saccharification potential and total biomass, which has previously been observed to offset the overall sugar yield from whole trees. We therefore estimated the "total-wood glucose yield" (TWG) from whole trees and found 22 biomass traits predictive of TWG after pretreatment. Both saccharification and TWG were associated with low abundant, often overlooked matrix polysaccharides such as arabinose and rhamnose which possibly represent new markers for improved Populus feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Escamez
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sven-Olof Lundqvist
- INNVENTIA AB, RISE Bioeconomy, Drottning Kristinas väg 61 B, SE-114 28, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leif J Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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31
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Zhou M, Wu J, Wang T, Gao L, Yin H, Lü X. The purification and characterization of a novel alkali-stable pectate lyase produced by Bacillus subtilis PB1. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:190. [PMID: 28975516 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pectinase is an important kind of enzyme with many industrial applications, among which pectinases produced by bacteria were scarce compared with fungal sources. In this study, a novel bacterium which produced extracellular pectinase was firstly isolated from flue-cured tobacco leaves and identified as Bacillus subtilis PB1 according to its 16S rRNA gene. The pectinolytic enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography, after which molecular weight was determined as 43.1 ± 0.5 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Peptide mass fingerprinting of the pectinase by MALDI-TOF MS showed that the purified enzyme shared homology with pectate lyase and was designated as BsPel-PB1. The optimal temperature for BsPel-PB1 was 50 °C. The optimal pH was pH 9.5 for BsPel-PB1 while it had a broad pH stability from 5 to 11. The values of K m and V max were 0.312 mg/mL and 1248 U/mL, respectively. Accordingly, the BsPel-PB1 was a novel alkaline pectate lyase which could find potential application as a commercial candidate in the pectinolytic related industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jingli Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lina Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huijun Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China.
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32
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Nawaz MA, Rehman HM, Imtiaz M, Baloch FS, Lee JD, Yang SH, Lee SI, Chung G. Systems Identification and Characterization of Cell Wall Reassembly and Degradation Related Genes in Glycine max (L.) Merill, a Bioenergy Legume. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10862. [PMID: 28883533 PMCID: PMC5589831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a promising biomass resource for generation of second-generation biofuels. Despite the utility of soybean cellulosic biomass and post-processing residues in biofuel generation, there is no comprehensive information available on cell wall loosening and degradation related gene families. In order to achieve enhanced lignocellulosic biomass with softened cell walls and reduced recalcitrance, it is important to identify genes involved in cell wall polymer loosening and degrading. Comprehensive genome-wide analysis of gene families involved in cell wall modifications is an efficient stratagem to find new candidate genes for soybean breeding for expanding biofuel industry. We report the identification of 505 genes distributed among 12 gene families related to cell wall loosening and degradation. 1262 tandem duplication events contributed towards expansion and diversification of studied gene families. We identified 687 Simple Sequence Repeat markers and 5 miRNA families distributed on 316 and 10 genes, respectively. Publically available microarray datasets were used to explore expression potential of identified genes in soybean plant developmental stages, 68 anatomical parts, abiotic and biotic stresses. Co-expression networks revealed transcriptional coordination of different gene families involved in cell wall loosening and degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Hafiz Mamoon Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Science, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14280, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Jeong Dong Lee
- Division of Plant Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo In Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Zhou M, Guo P, Wang T, Gao L, Yin H, Cai C, Gu J, Lü X. Metagenomic mining pectinolytic microbes and enzymes from an apple pomace-adapted compost microbial community. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:198. [PMID: 28852421 PMCID: PMC5568718 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degradation of pectin in lignocellulosic materials is one of the key steps for biofuel production. Biological hydrolysis of pectin, i.e., degradation by pectinolytic microbes and enzymes, is an attractive paradigm because of its obvious advantages, such as environmentally friendly procedures, low in energy demand for lignin removal, and the possibility to be integrated in consolidated process. In this study, a metagenomics sequence-guided strategy coupled with enrichment culture technique was used to facilitate targeted discovery of pectinolytic microbes and enzymes. An apple pomace-adapted compost (APAC) habitat was constructed to boost the enrichment of pectinolytic microorganisms. RESULTS Analyses of 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing revealed that microbial communities changed dramatically during composting with some bacterial populations being greatly enriched. Metagenomics data showed that apple pomace-adapted compost microbial community (APACMC) was dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Functional analysis and carbohydrate-active enzyme profiles confirmed that APACMC had been successfully enriched for the targeted functions. Among the 1756 putative genes encoding pectinolytic enzymes, 129 were predicted as novel (with an identity <30% to any CAZy database entry) and only 1.92% were more than 75% identical with proteins in NCBI environmental database, demonstrating that they have not been observed in previous metagenome projects. Phylogenetic analysis showed that APACMC harbored a broad range of pectinolytic bacteria and many of them were previously unrecognized. CONCLUSIONS The immensely diverse pectinolytic microbes and enzymes found in our study will expand the arsenal of proficient degraders and enzymes for lignocellulosic biofuel production. Our study provides a powerful approach for targeted mining microbes and enzymes in numerous industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Peng Guo
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Lina Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Huijun Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Cheng Cai
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Jie Gu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province China
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34
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Sundell D, Street NR, Kumar M, Mellerowicz EJ, Kucukoglu M, Johnsson C, Kumar V, Mannapperuma C, Delhomme N, Nilsson O, Tuominen H, Pesquet E, Fischer U, Niittylä T, Sundberg B, Hvidsten TR. AspWood: High-Spatial-Resolution Transcriptome Profiles Reveal Uncharacterized Modularity of Wood Formation in Populus tremula. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1585-1604. [PMID: 28655750 PMCID: PMC5559752 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Trees represent the largest terrestrial carbon sink and a renewable source of ligno-cellulose. There is significant scope for yield and quality improvement in these largely undomesticated species, and efforts to engineer elite varieties will benefit from improved understanding of the transcriptional network underlying cambial growth and wood formation. We generated high-spatial-resolution RNA sequencing data spanning the secondary phloem, vascular cambium, and wood-forming tissues of Populus tremula The transcriptome comprised 28,294 expressed, annotated genes, 78 novel protein-coding genes, and 567 putative long intergenic noncoding RNAs. Most paralogs originating from the Salicaceae whole-genome duplication had diverged expression, with the exception of those highly expressed during secondary cell wall deposition. Coexpression network analyses revealed that regulation of the transcriptome underlying cambial growth and wood formation comprises numerous modules forming a continuum of active processes across the tissues. A comparative analysis revealed that a majority of these modules are conserved in Picea abies The high spatial resolution of our data enabled identification of novel roles for characterized genes involved in xylan and cellulose biosynthesis, regulators of xylem vessel and fiber differentiation and lignification. An associated web resource (AspWood, http://aspwood.popgenie.org) provides interactive tools for exploring the expression profiles and coexpression network.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sundell
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melis Kucukoglu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Johnsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chanaka Mannapperuma
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urs Fischer
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torgeir R Hvidsten
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
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35
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Bai Y, Wu D, Liu F, Li Y, Chen P, Lu M, Zheng B. Characterization and Functional Analysis of the Poplar Pectate Lyase-Like Gene PtPL1-18 Reveal Its Role in the Development of Vascular Tissues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1123. [PMID: 28702042 PMCID: PMC5487484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major component of plant cell walls, and the structure of pectin impacts on the properties of wood. Although we know that pectate lyase (PL, EC 4.2.2.2) has a major influence on the structure of pectin, our knowledge of Pectate lyase-like genes (PLL) in tree species remains limited. To better understand the characteristics of PLL genes in trees and to identify novel PLL genes that are potentially involved in the development of wood, we performed comprehensive analyses of gene structures, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal locations, gene duplication events, conserved protein motifs, and gene expression patterns of 30 PLLs in Populus trichocarpa (PtPL1s). We performed an in silico gene expression profiling and quantitative real-time PCR analysis and found that most of the PtPL1 genes from subgroups Ia and Ib were highly expressed in xylem. PtPL1-18 from subgroup Ia was preferentially expressed in developing primary xylem and in xylem cells that were developing secondary walls. Overexpression of PtPL1-18 in poplar reduced plant growth and xylem development. Reduced secondary cell wall thickening and irregular xylem cells were observed in the transgenic trees, probably due to their lower pectin content. Although pectin is not a major component of plant secondary cell walls, our results are consistent with the PtPL1 genes performing important functions during wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Fei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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36
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Leng Y, Yang Y, Ren D, Huang L, Dai L, Wang Y, Chen L, Tu Z, Gao Y, Li X, Zhu L, Hu J, Zhang G, Gao Z, Guo L, Kong Z, Lin Y, Qian Q, Zeng D. A Rice PECTATE LYASE-LIKE Gene Is Required for Plant Growth and Leaf Senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1151-1166. [PMID: 28455404 PMCID: PMC5462006 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the molecular mechanisms behind plant growth and leaf senescence in monocot plants, we identified a mutant exhibiting dwarfism and an early-senescence leaf phenotype, termed dwarf and early-senescence leaf1 (del1). Histological analysis showed that the abnormal growth was caused by a reduction in cell number. Further investigation revealed that the decline in cell number in del1 was affected by the cell cycle. Physiological analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and TUNEL assays showed that leaf senescence was triggered by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The DEL1 gene was cloned using a map-based approach. It was shown to encode a pectate lyase (PEL) precursor that contains a PelC domain. DEL1 contains all the conserved residues of PEL and has strong similarity with plant PelC. DEL1 is expressed in all tissues but predominantly in elongating tissues. Functional analysis revealed that mutation of DEL1 decreased the total PEL enzymatic activity, increased the degree of methylesterified homogalacturonan, and altered the cell wall composition and structure. In addition, transcriptome assay revealed that a set of cell wall function- and senescence-related gene expression was altered in del1 plants. Our research indicates that DEL1 is involved in both the maintenance of normal cell division and the induction of leaf senescence. These findings reveal a new molecular mechanism for plant growth and leaf senescence mediated by PECTATE LYASE-LIKE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Leng
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Yaolong Yang
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Lichao Huang
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Liping Dai
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Yuqiong Wang
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Zhengjun Tu
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Xueyong Li
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Yongjun Lin
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.),
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.),
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.),
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.),
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China (Yu.L., Y.Y., D.R., L.H., L.D., Y.W., L.C., Z.T., Y.G., L.Z., J.H., G.Z., Z.G., L.G., Q.Q., D.Z.), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (Yu.L., L.D., L.C., Yo.L.), National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.L.), and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Z.K.)
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Biswal AK, Tan L, Atmodjo MA, DeMartini J, Gelineo-Albersheim I, Hunt K, Black IM, Mohanty SS, Ryno D, Wyman CE, Mohnen D. Comparison of four glycosyl residue composition methods for effectiveness in detecting sugars from cell walls of dicot and grass tissues. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:182. [PMID: 28725262 PMCID: PMC5513058 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effective use of plant biomass for biofuel and bioproduct production requires a comprehensive glycosyl residue composition analysis to understand the different cell wall polysaccharides present in the different biomass sources. Here we compared four methods side-by-side for their ability to measure the neutral and acidic sugar composition of cell walls from herbaceous, grass, and woody model plants and bioenergy feedstocks. RESULTS Arabidopsis, Populus, rice, and switchgrass leaf cell walls, as well as cell walls from Populus wood, rice stems, and switchgrass tillers, were analyzed by (1) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of alditol acetates combined with a total uronic acid assay; (2) carbodiimide reduction of uronic acids followed by GC-MS of alditol acetates; (3) GC-MS of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives; and (4) high-pressure, anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC). All four methods gave comparable abundance ranking of the seven neutral sugars, and three of the methods were able to quantify unique acidic sugars. The TMS, HPAEC, and carbodiimide methods provided comparable quantitative results for the specific neutral and acidic sugar content of the biomass, with the TMS method providing slightly greater yield of specific acidic sugars and high total sugar yields. The alditol acetate method, while providing comparable information on the major neutral sugars, did not provide the requisite quantitative information on the specific acidic sugars in plant biomass. Thus, the alditol acetate method is the least informative of the four methods. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a side-by-side comparison of the efficacy of four different established glycosyl residue composition analysis methods in the analysis of the glycosyl residue composition of cell walls from both dicot (Arabidopsis and Populus) and grass (rice and switchgrass) species. Both primary wall-enriched leaf tissues and secondary wall-enriched wood/stem tissues were analyzed for mol% and mass yield of the non-cellulosic sugars. The TMS, HPAEC, and carbodiimide methods were shown to provide comparable quantitative data on the nine neutral and acidic sugars present in all plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya K. Biswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Melani A. Atmodjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Jaclyn DeMartini
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92507 CA USA
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Ivana Gelineo-Albersheim
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Kimberly Hunt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
- South Georgia State College, Douglas, GA 31533 USA
| | - Ian M. Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Sushree S. Mohanty
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - David Ryno
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92507 CA USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
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38
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Tu T, Li Y, Su X, Meng K, Ma R, Wang Y, Yao B, Lin Z, Luo H. Probing the role of cation-π interaction in the thermotolerance and catalytic performance of endo-polygalacturonases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38413. [PMID: 27929074 PMCID: PMC5143973 DOI: 10.1038/srep38413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of the key pectinase, polygalacturonase, and improving its thermotolerance and catalytic efficiency are of importance for the cost-competitive bioconversion of pectic materials. By combining structure analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, eight mutagenesis sites having the potential to form cation-π interactions were identified in the widely used fungal endo-polygalacturonase PG63. In comparison to the wild-type, three single mutants H58Y, T71Y and T304Y showed improved thermostability (the apparent Tms increased by 0.6-3.9 °C) and catalytic efficiency (by up to 32-fold). Chromatogram analysis of the hydrolysis products indicated that a larger amount of shorter sugars were released from the polygalacturonic acid by these three mutants than by the wild-type. MD analysis of the enzyme-substrate complexes illustrated that the mutants with introduced cation-π interaction have modified conformations of catalytic crevice, which provide an enviable environment for the catalytic process. Moreover, the lower plasticity of T3 loop 2 at the edge of the subsite tunnel appears to recruit the reducing ends of oligogalacturonide into the active site tunnel and initiates new hydrolysis reactions. This study demonstrates the importance of cation-π interaction in protein conformation and provides a realistic strategy to enhance the thermotolerance and catalytic performance of endo-polygalacturonases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yeqing Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Kun Meng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhemin Lin
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, P. R. China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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39
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Wang Y, Fan C, Hu H, Li Y, Sun D, Wang Y, Peng L. Genetic modification of plant cell walls to enhance biomass yield and biofuel production in bioenergy crops. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:997-1017. [PMID: 27269671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls represent an enormous biomass resource for the generation of biofuels and chemicals. As lignocellulose property principally determines biomass recalcitrance, the genetic modification of plant cell walls has been posed as a powerful solution. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the effects of distinct cell wall polymers (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, pectin, wall proteins) on the enzymatic digestibility of biomass under various physical and chemical pretreatments in herbaceous grasses, major agronomic crops and fast-growing trees. We also compare the main factors of wall polymer features, including cellulose crystallinity (CrI), hemicellulosic Xyl/Ara ratio, monolignol proportion and uronic acid level. Furthermore, the review presents the main gene candidates, such as CesA, GH9, GH10, GT61, GT43 etc., for potential genetic cell wall modification towards enhancing both biomass yield and enzymatic saccharification in genetic mutants and transgenic plants. Regarding cell wall modification, it proposes a novel groove-like cell wall model that highlights to increase amorphous regions (density and depth) of the native cellulose microfibrils, providing a general strategy for bioenergy crop breeding and biofuel processing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunfen Fan
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huizhen Hu
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ying Li
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Youmei Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Jagadeeswaran G, Gainey L, Prade R, Mort AJ. A family of AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases in Aspergillus nidulans is differentially regulated by multiple substrates and at least one is active on cellulose and xyloglucan. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4535-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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41
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Pawar PMA, Derba-Maceluch M, Chong SL, Gómez LD, Miedes E, Banasiak A, Ratke C, Gaertner C, Mouille G, McQueen-Mason SJ, Molina A, Sellstedt A, Tenkanen M, Mellerowicz EJ. Expression of fungal acetyl xylan esterase in Arabidopsis thaliana improves saccharification of stem lignocellulose. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:387-97. [PMID: 25960248 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall hemicelluloses and pectins are O-acetylated at specific positions, but the significance of these substitutions is poorly understood. Using a transgenic approach, we investigated how reducing the extent of O-acetylation in xylan affects cell wall chemistry, plant performance and the recalcitrance of lignocellulose to saccharification. The Aspergillus niger acetyl xylan esterase AnAXE1 was expressed in Arabidopsis under the control of either the constitutively expressed 35S CAMV promoter or a woody-tissue-specific GT43B aspen promoter, and the protein was targeted to the apoplast by its native signal peptide, resulting in elevated acetyl esterase activity in soluble and wall-bound protein extracts and reduced xylan acetylation. No significant alterations in cell wall composition were observed in the transgenic lines, but their xylans were more easily digested by a β-1,4-endoxylanase, and more readily extracted by hot water, acids or alkali. Enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose after hot water and alkali pretreatments produced up to 20% more reducing sugars in several lines. Fermentation by Trametes versicolor of tissue hydrolysates from the line with a 30% reduction in acetyl content yielded ~70% more ethanol compared with wild type. Plants expressing 35S:AnAXE1 and pGT43B:AnAXE1 developed normally and showed increased resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, probably due to constitutive activation of defence pathways. However, unintended changes in xyloglucan and pectin acetylation were only observed in 35S:AnAXE1-expressing plants. This study demonstrates that postsynthetic xylan deacetylation in woody tissues is a promising strategy for optimizing lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Mohan-Anupama Pawar
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun-Li Chong
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leonardo D Gómez
- Center for Novel Agricultural Products Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Christine Ratke
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cyril Gaertner
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin UMR 1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin UMR 1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Simon J McQueen-Mason
- Center for Novel Agricultural Products Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anita Sellstedt
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umea University, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
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42
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Swamy PS, Hu H, Pattathil S, Maloney VJ, Xiao H, Xue LJ, Chung JD, Johnson VE, Zhu Y, Peter GF, Hahn MG, Mansfield SD, Harding SA, Tsai CJ. Tubulin perturbation leads to unexpected cell wall modifications and affects stomatal behaviour in Populus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6507-18. [PMID: 26246616 PMCID: PMC4588895 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cortical microtubules are integral to plant morphogenesis, cell wall synthesis, and stomatal behaviour, presumably by governing cellulose microfibril orientation. Genetic manipulation of tubulins often leads to abnormal plant development, making it difficult to probe additional roles of cortical microtubules in cell wall biogenesis. Here, it is shown that expressing post-translational C-terminal modification mimics of α-tubulin altered cell wall characteristics and guard cell dynamics in transgenic Populus tremula x alba that otherwise appear normal. 35S promoter-driven transgene expression was high in leaves but unusually low in xylem, suggesting high levels of tubulin transgene expression were not tolerated in wood-forming tissues during regeneration of transformants. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were unaffected in transgenic wood, but expression of cell wall-modifying enzymes, and extractability of lignin-bound pectin and xylan polysaccharides were increased in developing xylem. The results suggest that pectin and xylan polysaccharides deposited early during cell wall biogenesis are more sensitive to subtle tubulin perturbation than cellulose and matrix polysaccharides deposited later. Tubulin perturbation also affected guard cell behaviour, delaying drought-induced stomatal closure as well as light-induced stomatal opening in leaves. Pectins have been shown to confer cell wall flexibility critical for reversible stomatal movement, and results presented here are consistent with microtubule involvement in this process. Taken together, the data show the value of growth-compatible tubulin perturbations for discerning microtubule functions, and add to the growing body of evidence for microtubule involvement in non-cellulosic polysaccharide assembly during cell wall biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant S Swamy
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hao Hu
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Victoria J Maloney
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hui Xiao
- Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis and Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Liang-Jiao Xue
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jeng-Der Chung
- Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - Virgil E Johnson
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yingying Zhu
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gary F Peter
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott A Harding
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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43
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Tavares EQP, De Souza AP, Buckeridge MS. How endogenous plant cell-wall degradation mechanisms can help achieve higher efficiency in saccharification of biomass. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4133-43. [PMID: 25922489 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-wall recalcitrance to hydrolysis still represents one of the major bottlenecks for second-generation bioethanol production. This occurs despite the development of pre-treatments, the prospect of new enzymes, and the production of transgenic plants with less-recalcitrant cell walls. Recalcitrance, which is the intrinsic resistance to breakdown imposed by polymer assembly, is the result of inherent limitations in its three domains. These consist of: (i) porosity, associated with a pectin matrix impairing trafficking through the wall; (ii) the glycomic code, which refers to the fine-structural emergent complexity of cell-wall polymers that are unique to cells, tissues, and species; and (iii) cellulose crystallinity, which refers to the organization in micro- and/or macrofibrils. One way to circumvent recalcitrance could be by following cell-wall hydrolysis strategies underlying plant endogenous mechanisms that are optimized to precisely modify cell walls in planta. Thus, the cell-wall degradation that occurs during fruit ripening, abscission, storage cell-wall mobilization, and aerenchyma formation are reviewed in order to highlight how plants deal with recalcitrance and which are the routes to couple prospective enzymes and cocktail designs with cell-wall features. The manipulation of key enzyme levels in planta can help achieving biologically pre-treated walls (i.e. less recalcitrant) before plants are harvested for bioethanol production. This may be helpful in decreasing the costs associated with producing bioethanol from biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Q P Tavares
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology (LAFIECO), Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda P De Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology (LAFIECO), Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Buckeridge
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology (LAFIECO), Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Tomassetti S, Pontiggia D, Verrascina I, Reca IB, Francocci F, Salvi G, Cervone F, Ferrari S. Controlled expression of pectic enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances biomass conversion without adverse effects on growth. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:221-30. [PMID: 25242621 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass from agriculture wastes is a potential source of biofuel, but its use is currently limited by the recalcitrance of the plant cell wall to enzymatic digestion. Modification of the wall structural components can be a viable strategy to overcome this bottleneck. We have previously shown that the expression of a fungal polygalacturonase (pga2 from Aspergillus niger) in Arabidopsis and tobacco plants reduces the levels of de-esterified homogalacturonan in the cell wall and significantly increases saccharification efficiency. However, plants expressing pga2 show stunted growth and reduced biomass production, likely as a consequence of an extensive loss of pectin integrity during the whole plant life cycle. We report here that the expression in Arabidopsis of another pectic enzyme, the pectate lyase 1 (PL1) of Pectobacterium carotovorum, under the control of a chemically inducible promoter, results, after induction of the transgene, in a saccharification efficiency similar to that of plants expressing pga2. However, lines with high levels of transgene induction show reduced growth even in the absence of the inducer. To overcome the problem of plant fitness, we have generated Arabidopsis plants that express pga2 under the control of the promoter of SAG12, a gene expressed only during senescence. These plants expressed pga2 only at late stages of development, and their growth was comparable to that of WT plants. Notably, leaves and stems of transgenic plants were more easily digested by cellulase, compared to WT plants, only during senescence. Expression of cell wall-degrading enzymes at the end of the plant life cycle may be therefore a useful strategy to engineer crops unimpaired in biomass yield but improved for bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Tomassetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Verrascina
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ida Barbara Reca
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Fedra Francocci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Gianni Salvi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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45
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Porth I, El-Kassaby YA. Using Populus as a lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:510-24. [PMID: 25676392 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Populus species along with species from the sister genus Salix will provide valuable feedstock resources for advanced second-generation biofuels. Their inherent fast growth characteristics can particularly be exploited for short rotation management, a time and energy saving cultivation alternative for lignocellulosic feedstock supply. Salicaceae possess inherent cell wall characteristics with favorable cellulose to lignin ratios for utilization as bioethanol crop. We review economically important traits relevant for intensively managed biofuel crop plantations, genomic and phenotypic resources available for Populus, breeding strategies for forest trees dedicated to bioenergy provision, and bioprocesses and downstream applications related to opportunities using Salicaceae as a renewable resource. Challenges need to be resolved for every single step of the conversion process chain, i.e., starting from tree domestication for improved performance as a bioenergy crop, bioconversion process, policy development for land use changes associated with advanced biofuels, and harvest and supply logistics associated with industrial-scale biorefinery plants using Populus as feedstock. Significant hurdles towards cost and energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, and yield maximization with regards to biomass pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation of celluloses and the sustainability of biorefineries as a whole still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilga Porth
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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46
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Derba-Maceluch M, Awano T, Takahashi J, Lucenius J, Ratke C, Kontro I, Busse-Wicher M, Kosik O, Tanaka R, Winzéll A, Kallas Å, Leśniewska J, Berthold F, Immerzeel P, Teeri TT, Ezcurra I, Dupree P, Serimaa R, Mellerowicz EJ. Suppression of xylan endotransglycosylase PtxtXyn10A affects cellulose microfibril angle in secondary wall in aspen wood. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:666-81. [PMID: 25307149 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Certain xylanases from family GH10 are highly expressed during secondary wall deposition, but their function is unknown. We carried out functional analyses of the secondary-wall specific PtxtXyn10A in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides). PtxtXyn10A function was analysed by expression studies, overexpression in Arabidopsis protoplasts and by downregulation in aspen. PtxtXyn10A overexpression in Arabidopsis protoplasts resulted in increased xylan endotransglycosylation rather than hydrolysis. In aspen, the enzyme was found to be proteolytically processed to a 68 kDa peptide and residing in cell walls. Its downregulation resulted in a corresponding decrease in xylan endotransglycosylase activity and no change in xylanase activity. This did not alter xylan molecular weight or its branching pattern but affected the cellulose-microfibril angle in wood fibres, increased primary growth (stem elongation, leaf formation and enlargement) and reduced the tendency to form tension wood. Transcriptomes of transgenic plants showed downregulation of tension wood related genes and changes in stress-responsive genes. The data indicate that PtxtXyn10A acts as a xylan endotransglycosylase and its main function is to release tensional stresses arising during secondary wall deposition. Furthermore, they suggest that regulation of stresses in secondary walls plays a vital role in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå, Sweden
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47
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Biswal AK, Hao Z, Pattathil S, Yang X, Winkeler K, Collins C, Mohanty SS, Richardson EA, Gelineo-Albersheim I, Hunt K, Ryno D, Sykes RW, Turner GB, Ziebell A, Gjersing E, Lukowitz W, Davis MF, Decker SR, Hahn MG, Mohnen D. Downregulation of GAUT12 in Populus deltoides by RNA silencing results in reduced recalcitrance, increased growth and reduced xylan and pectin in a woody biofuel feedstock. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:41. [PMID: 25802552 PMCID: PMC4369864 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inherent recalcitrance of woody bioenergy feedstocks is a major challenge for their use as a source of second-generation biofuel. Secondary cell walls that constitute the majority of hardwood biomass are rich in cellulose, xylan, and lignin. The interactions among these polymers prevent facile accessibility and deconstruction by enzymes and chemicals. Plant biomass that can with minimal pretreatment be degraded into sugars is required to produce renewable biofuels in a cost-effective manner. RESULTS GAUT12/IRX8 is a putative glycosyltransferase proposed to be involved in secondary cell wall glucuronoxylan and/or pectin biosynthesis based on concomitant reductions of both xylan and the pectin homogalacturonan (HG) in Arabidopsis irx8 mutants. Two GAUT12 homologs exist in Populus trichocarpa, PtGAUT12.1 and PtGAUT12.2. Knockdown expression of both genes simultaneously has been shown to reduce xylan content in Populus wood. We tested the proposition that RNA interference (RNAi) downregulation of GAUT12.1 alone would lead to increased sugar release in Populus wood, that is, reduced recalcitrance, based on the hypothesis that GAUT12 synthesizes a wall structure required for deposition of xylan and that cell walls with less xylan and/or modified cell wall architecture would have reduced recalcitrance. Using an RNAi approach, we generated 11 Populus deltoides transgenic lines with 50 to 67% reduced PdGAUT12.1 transcript expression compared to wild type (WT) and vector controls. Ten of the eleven RNAi lines yielded 4 to 8% greater glucose release upon enzymatic saccharification than the controls. The PdGAUT12.1 knockdown (PdGAUT12.1-KD) lines also displayed 12 to 52% and 12 to 44% increased plant height and radial stem diameter, respectively, compared to the controls. Knockdown of PdGAUT12.1 resulted in a 25 to 47% reduction in galacturonic acid and 17 to 30% reduction in xylose without affecting total lignin content, revealing that in Populus wood as in Arabidopsis, GAUT12 affects both pectin and xylan formation. Analyses of the sugars present in sequential cell wall extracts revealed a reduction of glucuronoxylan and pectic HG and rhamnogalacturonan in extracts from PdGAUT12.1-KD lines. CONCLUSIONS The results show that downregulation of GAUT12.1 leads to a reduction in a population of xylan and pectin during wood formation and to reduced recalcitrance, more easily extractable cell walls, and increased growth in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya K Biswal
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, B122 Life Sciences Bldg., Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Zhangying Hao
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- />Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Kim Winkeler
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- />ArborGen Inc., 2011 Broadbank Ct, Ridgeville, SC 29472 USA
| | - Cassandra Collins
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- />ArborGen Inc., 2011 Broadbank Ct, Ridgeville, SC 29472 USA
| | - Sushree S Mohanty
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Richardson
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Ivana Gelineo-Albersheim
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Kimberly Hunt
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
| | - David Ryno
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Robert W Sykes
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- />National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401-3305 USA
| | - Geoffrey B Turner
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- />National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401-3305 USA
| | - Angela Ziebell
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- />National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401-3305 USA
| | - Erica Gjersing
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- />National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401-3305 USA
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Mark F Davis
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- />National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401-3305 USA
| | - Stephen R Decker
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
- />National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401-3305 USA
| | - Michael G Hahn
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, B122 Life Sciences Bldg., Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, USA
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48
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Kračun SK, Schückel J, Westereng B, Thygesen LG, Monrad RN, Eijsink VGH, Willats WGT. A new generation of versatile chromogenic substrates for high-throughput analysis of biomass-degrading enzymes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:70. [PMID: 25969695 PMCID: PMC4428106 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymes that degrade or modify polysaccharides are widespread in pro- and eukaryotes and have multiple biological roles and biotechnological applications. Recent advances in genome and secretome sequencing, together with associated bioinformatic tools, have enabled large numbers of carbohydrate-acting enzymes to be putatively identified. However, there is a paucity of methods for rapidly screening the biochemical activities of these enzymes, and this is a serious bottleneck in the development of enzyme-reliant bio-refining processes. RESULTS We have developed a new generation of multi-coloured chromogenic polysaccharide and protein substrates that can be used in cheap, convenient and high-throughput multiplexed assays. In addition, we have produced substrates of biomass materials in which the complexity of plant cell walls is partially maintained. CONCLUSIONS We show that these substrates can be used to screen the activities of glycosyl hydrolases, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and proteases and provide insight into substrate availability within biomass. We envisage that the assays we have developed will be used primarily for first-level screening of large numbers of putative carbohydrate-acting enzymes, and the assays have the potential to be incorporated into fully or semi-automated robotic enzyme screening systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepan Krešimir Kračun
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, C 1871 Denmark
| | - Julia Schückel
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, C 1871 Denmark
| | - Bjørge Westereng
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, C 1871 Denmark
- />Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Chr. M. Falsens vei 1., Aas, 1432 Norway
- />University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg, C 1958 Denmark
| | | | | | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- />Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Chr. M. Falsens vei 1., Aas, 1432 Norway
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Li Q, Song J, Peng S, Wang JP, Qu GZ, Sederoff RR, Chiang VL. Plant biotechnology for lignocellulosic biofuel production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:1174-92. [PMID: 25330253 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignocelluloses from plant cell walls are attractive resources for sustainable biofuel production. However, conversion of lignocellulose to biofuel is more expensive than other current technologies, due to the costs of chemical pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis for cell wall deconstruction. Recalcitrance of cell walls to deconstruction has been reduced in many plant species by modifying plant cell walls through biotechnology. These results have been achieved by reducing lignin content and altering its composition and structure. Reduction of recalcitrance has also been achieved by manipulating hemicellulose biosynthesis and by overexpression of bacterial enzymes in plants to disrupt linkages in the lignin-carbohydrate complexes. These modified plants often have improved saccharification yield and higher ethanol production. Cell wall-degrading (CWD) enzymes from bacteria and fungi have been expressed at high levels in plants to increase the efficiency of saccharification compared with exogenous addition of cellulolytic enzymes. In planta expression of heat-stable CWD enzymes from bacterial thermophiles has made autohydrolysis possible. Transgenic plants can be engineered to reduce recalcitrance without any yield penalty, indicating that successful cell wall modification can be achieved without impacting cell wall integrity or plant development. A more complete understanding of cell wall formation and structure should greatly improve lignocellulosic feedstocks and reduce the cost of biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Pereira EO, Kolotilin I, Conley AJ, Menassa R. Production and characterization of in planta transiently produced polygalacturanase from Aspergillus niger and its fusions with hydrophobin or ELP tags. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:59. [PMID: 24970673 PMCID: PMC4083859 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectinases play an important role in plant cell wall deconstruction and have potential in diverse industries such as food, wine, animal feed, textile, paper, fuel, and others. The demand for such enzymes is increasing exponentially, as are the efforts to improve their production and to implement their use in several industrial processes. The goal of this study was to examine the potential of producing polygalacturonase I from Aspergillus niger in plants and to investigate the effects of subcellular compartmentalization and protein fusions on its accumulation and activity. RESULTS Polygalacturonase I from Aspergillus niger (AnPGI) was transiently produced in Nicotiana benthamiana by targeting it to five different cellular compartments: apoplast, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vacuole, chloroplast and cytosol. Accumulation levels of 2.5%, 3.0%, and 1.9% of total soluble protein (TSP) were observed in the apoplast, ER, and vacuole, respectively, and specific activity was significantly higher in vacuole-targeted AnPGI compared to the same enzyme targeted to the ER or apoplast. No accumulation was found for AnPGI when targeted to the chloroplast or cytosol. Analysis of AnPGI fused with elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) revealed a significant increase in the protein accumulation level, especially when targeted to the vacuole where the protein doubles its accumulation to 3.6% of TSP, while the hydrophobin (HFBI) fusion impaired AnPGI accumulation and both tags impaired activity, albeit to different extents. The recombinant protein showed activity against polygalacturonic acid with optimum conditions at pH 5.0 and temperature from 30 to 50°C, depending on its fusion. In vivo analysis of reducing sugar content revealed a higher release of reducing sugars in plant tissue expressing recombinant AnPGI compared to wild type N. benthamiana leaves. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that subcellular compartmentalization of enzymes has an impact on both the target protein accumulation and its activity, especially in the case of proteins that undergo post-translational modifications, and should be taken into consideration when protein production strategies are designed. Using plants to produce heterologous enzymes for the degradation of a key component of the plant cell wall could reduce the cost of biomass pretreatment for the production of cellulosic biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eridan Orlando Pereira
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Current address: Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Igor Kolotilin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | | | - Rima Menassa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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