1
|
Rai PK, Nongtri ES. Heavy metals/-metalloids (As) phytoremediation with Landoltia punctata and Lemna sp. (duckweeds): coupling with biorefinery prospects for sustainable phytotechnologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16216-16240. [PMID: 38334920 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals/-metalloids can result in serious human health hazards. Phytoremediation is green bioresource technology for the remediation of heavy metals and arsenic (As). However, there exists a knowledge gap and systematic information on duckweed-based metal phytoremediation in an eco-sustainable way. Therefore, the present review offers a critical discussion on the effective use of duckweeds (genera Landoltia and Lemna)-based phytoremediation to decontaminate metallic contaminants from wastewater. Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration were the major mechanism in 'duckweed bioreactors' that can be dependent on physico-chemical factors and plant-microbe interactions. The biotechnological advances such as gene manipulations can accelerate the duckweed-based phytoremediation process. High starch and protein contents of the metal-loaded duckweed biomass facilitate their use as feedstock in biorefinery. Biorefinery prospects such as bioenergy production, value-added products, and biofertilizers can augment the circular economy approach. Coupling duckweed-based phytoremediation with biorefinery can help achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and human well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Rai
- Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796004, India.
| | - Emacaree S Nongtri
- Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796004, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koley A, Mukhopadhyay P, Gupta N, Singh A, Ghosh A, Show BK, GhoshThakur R, Chaudhury S, Hazra AK, Balachandran S. Biogas production potential of aquatic weeds as the next-generation feedstock for bioenergy production: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:111802-111832. [PMID: 37840077 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic weeds have exceptionally high reproduction rates, are rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, and contain a negligible amount of lignin, making them an ideal crop for the next generation of biofuels. Previously reported studies proposed that water hyacinth, water lettuce, common duckweeds, and water spinach can be managed or utilized using different advanced techniques; from them, anaerobic digestion is one of the feasible and cost-effective techniques to manage these biowastes. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential of utilizing four common aquatic weed species (water hyacinth, water lettuce, common duckweeds, and water spinach) as substrates for anaerobic digestion in order to produce biogas for use in biofuels. The high reproduction rates and high cellulose and hemicellulose content, coupled with low lignin content, of these aquatic weeds make them ideal candidates for this purpose. The study evaluated the feasibility of using anaerobic digestion as a management technique for these aquatic weeds, which are often considered invasive and difficult to control. The results from various studies indicate that these aquatic weeds are productive feedstock options for anaerobic digestion, yielding a high biogas output. Among the aquatic weeds studied, water hyacinth, water lettuce, and common duckweeds exhibit higher methane production compared to water spinach. The study provides an overview of the characteristics and management strategies of these aquatic weeds in relation to biogas production, with possible future developments in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Koley
- Bio-Energy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha- Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West-Bengal, India
| | - Purbali Mukhopadhyay
- Bio-Energy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha- Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West-Bengal, India
| | - Nitu Gupta
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Ananya Singh
- Bio-Energy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha- Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West-Bengal, India
| | - Anudeb Ghosh
- Bio-Energy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha- Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West-Bengal, India
| | - Binoy Kumar Show
- Bio-Energy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha- Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West-Bengal, India
| | - Richik GhoshThakur
- Bio-Energy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha- Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West-Bengal, India
| | - Shibani Chaudhury
- Bio-Energy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha- Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West-Bengal, India
| | - Amit Kumar Hazra
- Department of Lifelong Learning and Extension, Socio-Energy Lab, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West-Bengal, India
| | - Srinivasan Balachandran
- Bio-Energy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha- Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West-Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ekperusi AO, Sikoki FD, Nwachukwu EO. Sorption of cadmium, chromium, lead, and vanadium from artificial wetlands using Lemna aequinoctialis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 26:873-881. [PMID: 37897245 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2272766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of the lesser duckweed, Lemna aequinoctialis (Welw.), to remediate varying concentrations of cadmium, chromium, lead, and vanadium from an organo-metallic contaminated media was tested in artificial surface wetland mesocosm experiment. A 100 g of fresh-weight duckweed was introduced into each of the mesocosm, except for the control setup and monitored for 120 days while the metals removal rate was quantified using an atomic absorption spectrometer. A time-dependent and partial sorption of metals was observed with the highest removal rate recorded for cadmium (71.96%), followed by lead (69.23%), vanadium (55.22%), and chromium (41.64%). The uptake and bioaccumulation of metals were reflected in the increased plant biomass (p < 0.05, F = 97.12) and relative growth rate (p < 0.05, F = 1214.35) in duckweed. A coefficient (r2) of 0.951, 0.919, 0.970, and 0.967 was recorded for cadmium, chromium, lead, and vanadium respectively, indicating that the remediation of metals followed the first-order kinetic rate model. This study highlights the efficacy of the lesser duckweed to preferentially remediate metals in an organo-metallic complex medium for potential wastewater treatment in the petrochemical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham O Ekperusi
- Africa Centre of Excellence in Oilfield Chemicals Research, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Francis D Sikoki
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Eunice O Nwachukwu
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Koley A, Mukhopadhyay P, Gupta N, Singh A, Ghosh A, Show BK, Chaudhury S, Hazra AK, Balachandran S. Biogas production potential of aquatic weeds as the next-generation feedstock for Bioenergy production: A Review.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2676987/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Aquatic weeds have exceptionally high reproduction rates, are rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, and contain a negligible amount of lignin, making them an ideal crop for the next generation of biofuels. Previously reported studies proposed that water hyacinth, water lettuce, common duckweeds, and water spinach can be managed or utilized using different advanced techniques, while anaerobic digestion is one of the feasible and cost-effective techniques to manage these biowastes. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential of utilizing four common aquatic weed species (water hyacinth, water lettuce, common duckweeds, and water spinach) as substrates for anaerobic digestion in order to produce biogas. The high reproduction rates, high cellulose and hemicellulose content, coupled with low lignin content, of these aquatic weeds make them ideal candidates for this purpose. The study evaluated the feasibility of anaerobic digestion as a management method for these aquatic weeds, which are often considered invasive and difficult to control. The study provides an overview of the characteristics and management strategies of these aquatic weeds in relation to biogas production, with possible future developments in the field.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cannavò S, Bertoldi A, Valeri MC, Damiani F, Reale L, Brilli F, Paolocci F. Impact of High Light Intensity and Low Temperature on the Growth and Phenylpropanoid Profile of Azolla filiculoides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108554. [PMID: 37239901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high light intensity (HL) and cold treatment (CT) induces reddish pigmentation in Azolla filiculoides, an aquatic fern. Nevertheless, how these conditions, alone or in combination, influence Azolla growth and pigment synthesis remains to be fully elucidated. Likewise, the regulatory network underpinning the accumulation of flavonoids in ferns is still unclear. Here, we grew A. filiculoides under HL and/or CT conditions for 20 days and evaluated the biomass doubling time, relative growth rate, photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic pigment contents, and photosynthetic efficiency by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Furthermore, from the A. filiculoides genome, we mined the homologs of MYB, bHLH, and WDR genes, which form the MBW flavonoid regulatory complex in higher plants, to investigate their expression by qRT-PCR. We report that A. filiculoides optimizes photosynthesis at lower light intensities, regardless of the temperature. In addition, we show that CT does not severely hamper Azolla growth, although it causes the onset of photoinhibition. Coupling CT with HL stimulates the accumulation of flavonoids, which likely prevents irreversible photoinhibition-induced damage. Although our data do not support the formation of MBW complexes, we identified candidate MYB and bHLH regulators of flavonoids. Overall, the present findings are of fundamental and pragmatic relevance to Azolla's biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cannavò
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Agnese Bertoldi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Valeri
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Damiani
- Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lara Reale
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federico Brilli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 50017 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rahmah S, Nasrah U, Lim LS, Ishak SD, Rozaini MZH, Liew HJ. Aquaculture wastewater-raised Azolla as partial alternative dietary protein for Pangasius catfish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 208:112718. [PMID: 35051427 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Azolla is a freshwater floating aquatic fern found in the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions with a high nitrogen-fixing rate from the result of symbiotic relationship with the blue-green cyanobacterium, Anabaena azollae. Azolla can effectively remediate aquaculture wastewater owing to its high production capacity and the ability to absorb nutrients and toxic compounds. The Azolla biomass generated as a by-product is currently underutilized and could potentially benefit the aquafeed industry in replacing the unfeasible and expensive fishmeal protein at a certain level. This study evaluates the incorporation of red tilapia wastewater-raised Azolla as a dietary protein for the growth performance, feed efficiency, survival, body indices, body composition and nutrient utilization of Pangasius catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus during a 90-days feeding experiment. Dried Azolla was incorporated into four isonitrogenous (30 g kg-1) and isolipidic (12 g kg-1) practical diets containing 0 g kg-1 (Control), 10 g kg-1 (A10), 20 g kg-1 (A20) and 30 g kg-1 (A30) fishmeal protein replacement. One hundred and twenty juveniles with an initial mean weight of 45 ± 15 g were distributed into 12 tanks representing four dietary treatments in triplicates. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in Pangasius catfish fed 10 g kg-1 Azolla protein. Beyond that, WG, SGR, PER and FCR decreased to the lowest value when fed with 30 g kg-1 Azolla protein. No significant (p > 0.05) effects were recorded for feed intake, survival, body indices and nutrient utilization amongst all dietary treatments. In conclusion, Azolla raised from red tilapia aquaculture wastewater can replace fishmeal protein up to 10 g kg-1 in the diet of Pangasius catfish juveniles having better growth, feed efficiency and nutrient utilization without affecting its survival, body indices and body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Rahmah
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia.
| | - Ummutia Nasrah
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia
| | - Leong-Seng Lim
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Sairatul Dahlianis Ishak
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zul Helmi Rozaini
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia
| | - Hon Jung Liew
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ulaganathan A, Robinson JS, Rajendran S, Geevaretnam J, Shanmugam S, Natarajan A, Abdulrahman I A, Karthikeyan P. Potentially toxic elements contamination and its removal by aquatic weeds in the riverine system: A comparative approach. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112613. [PMID: 34968432 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thamirabarani river acquires large untreated sewage effluents from the Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts of South Tamil Nadu. This study examined the concentration of trace elements in water, sediment, and phytoaccumulation potential of aquatic weeds viz., A. cristata, E. crassipes, S. natans, and P. stratiotes, growing along Srivaikundam dam of Thamirabarani river. The Pb, As, Hg, Cd, and Ni concentrations in water were slightly higher than the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) drinking water guidelines; however, their accumulation in sediment was below WHO's sediment quality guideline. This study concludes that the phytoaccumulation factor (PAF) and translocation factor (TF) was >1 in E. crassipes and A. cristata, representing them as hyperaccumulators, suitable for phytoremediation in polluted localities. E. crassipes, A. cristata, and S. natans accumulated (100-500 fold) higher trace elements concentrations than that present in the water. Also, the concentrations of trace elements found in the aquatic weeds were below the recommended levels for the critical plant range (CRP). These selected aquatic weeds are more suitable for plant hybridization to be modified as superbug plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arisekar Ulaganathan
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jeya Shakila Robinson
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shalini Rajendran
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sundhar Shanmugam
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugam Natarajan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almansour Abdulrahman I
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Perumal Karthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Taghilou S, Peyda M, Mehrasbi MR. Modeling of wastewater treatment by Azolla filiculoides using response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1723-1733. [PMID: 34900301 PMCID: PMC8617100 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the population growth and reduction of water resources, wastewater treatment and reuse vital. As the secondary wastewater treatment processes enable removes a significant amount of P and N, nutrient-rich effluents can cause eutrophication in water bodies. On the other hand, nutrients removal in sewage treatment using mechanical methods is costly and complex. The aquaculture method using Azolla filiculoides could be an appropriate option for removing total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater. MATERIALS AND METHODS Synthetic wastewater has been prepared in the typical range of municipal wastewater. Two g fresh weight of an acclimatized A.filiculoides was floated in sample bowls each one containing 500 CC prepared wastewater. Total nitrogen, TP, and COD removal by Azolla filiculoides for 21-days were optimized and investigated using the response surface methodology (RSM). For this aim, the D-optimal method was used to optimize the three independent variables (TP concentration (10.8-84.6 mg l- 1), TN concentration (20-99 mg l- 1), and COD concentration (66.26-415 mg l- 1)) for their maximum removal efficiency of them. Experiments were performed on 28 runs in which independent variables were measured using a HACH DR 5000 spectrometer. RESULTS Predicted R-squared for COD, TP, TN removal, and Azolla mass (responses) have been equal to -0.0897, 0.8514, 0.7779, and 0.5645, respectively. The model was used to maximize Azolla growth and maximize removal efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and COD that occurred in minimum concentrations of TN (20 mg l- 1), TP (10.8 mg l- 1), and COD (66.26 mg l- 1). The removal efficiency of Azolla was obtained 77.5 % for COD, 66.8 % for TP, and 78.1 % for TN in the optimum condition of independent variables. Also, increase of Azolla mass was 239 %, with desirability of 0.66. The difference between model prediction and model validation testing for Azolla mass increase, COD, TN, and TP removal was equal to ± 11.6 %, ± 7.9 %, ± 0.0 %, and ± 1.9 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Azolla could remove phosphorus in nitrogen deficiency or even lack of nitrogen. Results indicate that removal efficiency has an upward trend as the Azolla growth increases. This kind of fern has a significant effect on removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and COD from an aqueous solution. The removal efficiency of TN, TP, and COD at optimum operating conditions showed good agreement with model-predicted removal efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Taghilou
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mazyar Peyda
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mehrasbi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Insights into the Use of Phytoremediation Processes for the Removal of Organic Micropollutants from Water and Wastewater; A Review. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13152065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Greater awareness of micropollutants present in water and wastewater motivates the search for effective methods of their neutralization. Although their concentration in waters is measured in micro- and nanograms per liter, even at those levels, they may cause serious health consequences for different organisms, including harmful effects on the functioning of the endocrine system of vertebrates. Traditional methods of wastewater treatment, especially biological methods used in municipal wastewater treatment plants, are not sufficiently effective in removing these compounds, which results in their presence in natural waters. The growing interest in phytoremediation using constructed wetlands as a method of wastewater treatment or polishing indicates a need for the evaluation of this process in the context of micropollutant removal. Therefore, the present work presents a systematic review of the effectiveness in the removal of micropollutants from polluted waters by processes based on plant used. The article also analyzes issues related to the impact of micropollutants on the physiological processes of plants as well as changes in general indicators of pollution caused by contact of wastewater with plants. Additionally, it is also the first review of the literature that focuses strictly on the removal of micropollutants through the use of constructed wetlands.
Collapse
|
10
|
Djandja OS, Yin L, Wang Z, Guo Y, Zhang X, Duan P. Progress in thermochemical conversion of duckweed and upgrading of the bio-oil: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144660. [PMID: 33736270 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The processing of duckweed has been included in the list of promising pathways for biofuels production. This property is attributed to its simple manual harvesting method and its ability for high protein or starch content, depending on its species and growing environment. The biofuels production from duckweed, is not only a solution to energy and environmental problems, but also a reliable way to realize the utilization of duckweed. This critical review focuses on the bio-oil production from duckweed via pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction processes. First, characteristics and eco-environmental benefits of duckweed are reviewed. Next, the impacts of different parameters on the properties and distribution of bio-oil from pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction are discussed in detail. Subsequently, the effect of hydrogen donor solvents (as reaction media for upgrading) and catalysts on the upgrading of duckweed bio-oil are extensively discussed. This paper ends with the prospects for further development in thermochemical valorization of duckweed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oraléou Sangué Djandja
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Linxin Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Zhicong Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Yao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Peigao Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
ABRAHAM GERARD, JAISWAL PRANITA, SINGH YUDHVIR, YADAV RAVINDRAKUMAR, KUMAR RAVINDRA, MUDGAL VISHAL, SINGH PAWANKUMAR. Perspectives on the utilization of Azolla-Anabaena system as feed supplement. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i9.109441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nitrogen fixing aquatic pteridophyte Azolla is one of the fastest growing nitrogen-fixing plants and it is used as a potential source for high rate biomass production. Azolla has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen at cheaper and faster rates due to the presence of a symbiotic cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae. Therefore, the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen is important from an agricultural perspective. However, Azolla is gaining popularity as feed supplement for cattle, poultry and fish. Further, the ease of cultivation and favourable nutrient composition make Azolla an important feed supplement. This review focuses on the perspectives of Azolla as feed supplement.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kadir AA, Abdullah SRS, Othman BA, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Imron MF, Ismail N'I, Kurniawan SB. Dual function of Lemna minor and Azolla pinnata as phytoremediator for Palm Oil Mill Effluent and as feedstock. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127468. [PMID: 32603966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two native duckweeds (Lemna minor and Azolla pinnata) were cultivated in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) to extract nutrients from the effluent. Five grams of A. pinnata and 2 g of L. minor were transferred to 2 L POME (Initial concentrations: 198 mg/L COD, 4.3 mg/L nitrates, pH 9.53, 4 mg/L phosphate, 2.98 mg/L ammonia) with four different dilutions (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%) under greenhouse conditions. Samples of POME were taken every two days up to 10 days. Growth parameter, phosphate, ammonia, nitrates, pH, and COD were monitored within 10 days to select the most suitable growth medium for both plants. Results showed that 2.5% POME dilution had positive effect on L. minor growth and A. pinnata (wet weight increased by 8.7 g and 9.8 g, respectively), with all plants able to survive until the final day of exposure. The highest removal of ammonia was accomplished in 5% POME dilution by A. pinnata (98%) and L. minor (95.5%). The maximum phosphate removal was obtained in 10% POME dilution with 93.3% removal by A. pinnata and 86.7% by L. minor. Significant COD removal in 15% POME was obtained by L. minor (78%) and A. pinnata (66%). Both plants responded positively to the phytoremediation process, especially for A. pinnata which showed significant decreases in all parameters. The nutrient extraction by both plants from POME showed a positive effect on growth parameter, which has further promising potential to be used as animal feedstock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azlin Abd Kadir
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Babul Airianah Othman
- School of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hassimi Abu Hasan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Razi Othman
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Fauzul Imron
- Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
| | - Nur 'Izzati Ismail
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tran TLN, Miranda AF, Abeynayake SW, Mouradov A. Differential Production of Phenolics, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Proteins in Stressed and Unstressed Aquatic Plants, Azolla filiculoides and Azolla pinnata. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9100342. [PMID: 33086671 PMCID: PMC7603371 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic plasticity of shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways redirects carbon flow to different sink products in order to protect sessile plants from environmental stresses. This study assessed the biochemical responses of two Azolla species, A. filiculoides and A. pinnata, to the combined effects of environmental and nutritional stresses experienced while growing outdoors under Australian summer conditions. These stresses triggered a more than 2-fold increase in the production of total phenols and their representatives, anthocyanins (up to 18-fold), flavonoids (up to 4.7-fold), and condensed tannins (up to 2.7-fold), which led to intense red coloration of the leaves. These changes were also associated with an increase in the concentration of carbohydrates and a decrease in concentrations of lipids and total proteins. Changes in lipid biosynthesis did not cause significant changes in concentrations of palmitoleic acid (C16:0), linolenic acid (C18:3), and linoleic acid (C18:2), the fatty acid signatures of Azolla species. However, a reduction in protein production triggered changes in biosynthesis of alanine, arginine, leucine, tyrosine, threonine, valine, and methionine amino acids. Stress-triggered changes in key nutritional components, phenolics, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates could have a significant impact on the nutritional value of both Azolla species, which are widely used as a sustainable food supplement for livestock, poultry, and fish industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Linh Nham Tran
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (S.W.A.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Bac Lieu University, 8 wards, Bac Lieu 960000, Vietnam
| | - Ana F. Miranda
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (S.W.A.)
| | - Shamila Weerakoon Abeynayake
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (S.W.A.)
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (S.W.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-99257144
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chupaza MH, Park YR, Kim SH, Yang JW, Jeong GT, Kim SK. Bioethanol Production from Azolla filiculoides by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia stipitis, Candida lusitaniae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:502-514. [PMID: 33026615 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol was produced by separate hydrolysis and fermentation using Azolla filiculoides as a biomass. Thermal acid hydrolysis and enzymatic saccharification were used as pretreatment methods to produce monosaccharides from Azolla. The optimal content for thermal acid hydrolysis of 14% (w/v) Azolla weed slurry produced 16.7-g/L monosaccharides by using 200 mM H2SO4 at 121 °C for 60 min. Enzymatic saccharification using 16 U/mL Viscozyme produced 61.6 g/L monosaccharide at 48 h. Ethanol productions with ethanol yield coefficients from Azolla weed hydrolysate using Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida lusitaniae Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia stipitis were 26.8 g/L (YEtOH = 0.43), 23.2 g/L (YEtOH = 0.37), 18.2 g/L (YEtOH = 0.29), and 13.7 g/L (YEtOH = 0.22), respectively. Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces the lowest yield as it utilized only glucose. Bioethanol from Azolla weed hydrolysate can be successfully produced by using Kluyveromyces marxianus because it consumed the mixture of glucose and xylose completely within 60 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam H Chupaza
- School of Marine Fisheries, and Life Science (Major in Biotechnology), Pukyong National University, 48513, Busan, Republic of Korea.,KOICA-PKNU International Graduate Program of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.,Department of Fishing and Fish Processing, Fisheries Education and Training Agency, P.O. Box 83, Bagamoyo, Costal Region, Tanzania
| | - Yu-Rim Park
- School of Marine Fisheries, and Life Science (Major in Biotechnology), Pukyong National University, 48513, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kim
- School of Marine Fisheries, and Life Science (Major in Biotechnology), Pukyong National University, 48513, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Yang
- School of Marine Fisheries, and Life Science (Major in Biotechnology), Pukyong National University, 48513, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Teak Jeong
- School of Marine Fisheries, and Life Science (Major in Biotechnology), Pukyong National University, 48513, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Koo Kim
- School of Marine Fisheries, and Life Science (Major in Biotechnology), Pukyong National University, 48513, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Putri FE, Hung TC. Comparison of nutrient removal and biomass production between macrophytes and microalgae for treating artificial citrus nursery wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 264:110303. [PMID: 32364956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophyte (Lemna minor) and microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris and Scenesdesmus quadricauda) were used for treating artificial wastewater mimicking recirculating soilless citrus nursery system discharge in the laboratory environment. L. minor gave a better dry biomass yield (0.059 ± 0.003 g/L/day) than C. vulgaris (0.033 ± 0.002 g/L/day) and S. quadricauda (0.039 ± 0.001 g/L/day). Furthermore, L. minor had a higher nutrient (total N and P) and soluble minerals (S, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Mn) removal capabilities than microalgae due to a more natural high growth rate in non-optimized culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferisca E Putri
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miranda AF, Kumar NR, Spangenberg G, Subudhi S, Lal B, Mouradov A. Aquatic Plants, Landoltia punctata, and Azolla filiculoides as Bio-Converters of Wastewater to Biofuel. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E437. [PMID: 32244834 PMCID: PMC7238415 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aquatic plants, Azolla filiculoides, and Landoltia punctate, were used as complementing phytoremediators of wastewater containing high levels of phosphate, which simulates the effluents from textile, dyeing, and laundry detergent industries. Their complementarities are based on differences in capacities to uptake nitrogen and phosphate components from wastewater. Sequential treatment by L. punctata followed by A. filiculoides led to complete removal of NH4, NO3, and up to 93% reduction of PO4. In experiments where L. punctata treatment was followed by fresh L. punctata, PO4 concentration was reduced by 65%. The toxicity of wastewater assessed by shrimps, Paratya australiensis, showed a four-fold reduction of their mortality (LC50 value) after treatment. Collected dry biomass was used as an alternative carbon source for heterotrophic marine protists, thraustochytrids, which produced up to 35% dry weight of lipids rich in palmitic acid (50% of total fatty acids), the key fatty acid for biodiesel production. The fermentation of treated L. punctata biomass by Enterobacter cloacae yielded up to 2.14 mol H2/mole of reduced sugar, which is comparable with leading terrestrial feedstocks. A. filiculoides and L. punctata can be used as a new generation of feedstock, which can treat different types of wastewater and represent renewable and sustainable feedstock for bioenergy production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana F. Miranda
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - N. Ram Kumar
- The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi 110 003, India; (N.R.K.); (S.S.); (B.L.)
| | - German Spangenberg
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora VIC 3083, Australia;
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Sanjukta Subudhi
- The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi 110 003, India; (N.R.K.); (S.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Banwari Lal
- The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi 110 003, India; (N.R.K.); (S.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora VIC 3083, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Detection of Aquatic Plants Using Multispectral UAV Imagery and Vegetation Index. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, aquatic plants in a small reservoir were detected using multispectral UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) imagery and various vegetation indices. A Firefly UAV, which has both fixed-wing and rotary-wing flight modes, was flown over the study site four times. A RedEdge camera was mounted on the UAV to acquire multispectral images. These images were used to analyze the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), ENDVI (Enhance Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NDREI (Normalized Difference RedEdge Index), NGRDI (Normalized Green-Red Difference Index), and GNDVI (Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). As for multispectral characteristics, waterside plants showed the highest reflectance in Rnir, while floating plants had a higher reflectance in Rre. During the hottest season (on 25 June), the vegetation indices were the highest, and the habitat expanded near the edge of the reservoir. Among the vegetation indices, NDVI was the highest and NGRDI was the lowest. In particular, NGRDI had a higher value on the water surface and was not useful for detecting aquatic plants. NDVI and GNDVI, which showed the clearest difference between aquatic plants and water surface, were determined to be the most effective vegetation indices for detecting aquatic plants. Accordingly, the vegetation indices using multispectral UAV imagery turned out to be effective for detecting aquatic plants. A further study will be accompanied by a field survey in order to acquire and analyze more accurate imagery information.
Collapse
|
18
|
Topal M, Arslan Topal EI. Phytoremediaton of priority substances (Pb and Ni) by Phragmites australis exposed to poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 22:857-862. [PMID: 31965818 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1715919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to evaluate the ability of Phragmites australis to uptake lead and nickel from the stream taking the treated poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW). Pb and Ni concentrations, which are the priority substances of the water frame directive, were detected separately at the root, stem and leaf of P. australis at 50 m and 100 m from the downstream of discharge point. The uptake of Pb and Ni by P. australis followed the order of root > leaf > stem. The Ni uptake was higher than Pb uptake in P. australis exposed to poultry wastewater. As a result, P. australis exposed to PSW were found to have the ability to uptake Pb and Ni. It has been determined that P. australis can be used for removal and phytoremediation of Pb and Ni metals from PSWs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Topal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Tunceli Vocation School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
- Rare Earth Elements Application and Research Center, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - E Işıl Arslan Topal
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Firat, Elazığ, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pirbazari SM, Norouzi O, Kohansal K, Tavasoli A. Experimental studies on high-quality bio-oil production via pyrolysis of Azolla by the use of a three metallic/modified pyrochar catalyst. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121802. [PMID: 31352164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the potential of the pyrolysis method to overcome the negative effects of Azolla-filiculoides in infected areas was thoroughly investigated. Non-catalytic pyrolysis experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 400-700 °C. The highest possible bio-oil yield (35 wt%) was attained at 500 °C. To achieve the best chemical composition of bio-oil and higher amount of synthesis gas the catalytic pyrolysis were conducted in a dual-bed quartz reactor at the optimum temperature (500 °C). Although, all three catalysts (pyro-char, modified pyro-char (MPC), and Mg-Ni-Mo/MPC) showed almost an impressive performance in promotion of the common reactions, Mg-Ni-Mo/MPC catalyst have illustrated the stunning results by increasing the percentage of furan compounds from 5.25% to 33.07%, and decreasing the acid compounds from 25.56% to 9.09%. Using GC-MS and GC-FID liquid and gaseous products were fully analyzed. The carbon-based catalysts were also evaluated via FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and BET analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Pirbazari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Norouzi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Komeil Kohansal
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavasoli
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sudiarto SIA, Renggaman A, Choi HL. Floating aquatic plants for total nitrogen and phosphorus removal from treated swine wastewater and their biomass characteristics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 231:763-769. [PMID: 30412795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent of treated swine wastewater by Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Limnobium laevigatum, and Lemna sp. was investigated. This study also aimed to quantify the potential biomass production and lignocellulosic composition of the floating plants cultured in the effluent. Plants were grown in treated swine wastewater effluent or Hoagland's solution. Pistia stratiotes showed the highest total nitrogen removal of 63.15% from the treated effluent. Lemna sp. showed the highest phosphorus removal of 36.15% from the treated effluent. However, Lemna sp. could not be further utilized because the plants could only be cultured for 13 days. The effluent likely had properties that inhibited the growth and nutrient uptake by the plants; further studies would be required to verify these properties. Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes have higher tolerance than Lemna sp. to grow in treated swine wastewater. Eichhornia crassipes produced the highest biomass of 5.19 g dry weight/m2/day. Cellulose and lignin contents were higher in the Hoagland's solution treatment when compared with the effluent. However, based on an independent T-test analysis, the cellulose contents of plants grown in different media were not significantly different. Hemicellulose content was significantly different for Pistia stratiotes (p < 0.05). Finally, lignin content was significantly different for Eichhornia crassipes and Lemna sp (p < 0.05). The nutrient composition and available plant nutrients as well as other substances present in the effluent might have influenced the plant cell wall composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sartika Indah Amalia Sudiarto
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea; School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Anriansyah Renggaman
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea; School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Hong Lim Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Turnipseed RK, Moran PJ, Allan SA. Behavioral responses of gravid Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes to aquatic macrophyte volatiles. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2018; 43:252-260. [PMID: 30408300 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes use many cues to assess whether a habitat is conducive for reproduction, possibly including the presence of stimuli from aquatic macrophytes. The effect of water infusions of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pista stratioles), parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), and water pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata) on mosquito oviposition and attraction was investigated. Gravid Culex quinquefasciatus deposited significantly more egg rafts in water hyacinth, water lettuce, or Bermuda hay (positive control) infusions compared to water, while water pennywort and parrotfeather infusions did not differ from water. In-flight attraction responses of Cx. quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus were evaluated. The strongest attraction of gravid Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti occurred in the presence of volatiles from infusions of water hyacinth and water lettuce, which were equal in attractiveness to hay infusion. Water pennywort and parrotfeather infusions were not attractive. Gravid An. quadrimaculatus were not attracted to aquatic plant volatiles. The results suggest that water hyacinth and water lettuce emit volatile chemicals that attract two of three mosquito species tested and stimulate oviposition by Cx. quinquefasciatus, demonstrating that the level of attraction of aquatic plant volatiles varies among species in ways that may have relevance to bait-based detection and control methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakim K Turnipseed
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
- Current address: FMC Global Specialty Solutions, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A
| | - Patrick J Moran
- USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A
| | - Sandra A Allan
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Miranda AF, Liu Z, Rochfort S, Mouradov A. Lipid production in aquatic plant Azolla at vegetative and reproductive stages and in response to abiotic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 124:117-125. [PMID: 29366971 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic plant Azolla became increasingly popular as bioenergy feedstock because of its high growth rate, production of biomass with high levels of biofuel-producing molecules and ability to grow on marginal lands. In this study, we analysed the contribution of all organs of Azolla to the total yield of lipids at vegetative and reproductive stages and in response to stress. Triacylglycerol-containing lipid droplets were detected in all (vegetative and reproductive) organs with the highest level in the male microsporocarps and microspores. As a result, significantly higher total yields of lipids were detected in Azolla filiculoides and Azolla pinnata at the reproductive stage. Starving changed the yield and composition of the fatty acid as a result of re-direction of carbon flow from fatty acid to anthocyanin pathways. The composition of lipids, in regard the length and degree of unsaturation of fatty acids, in Azolla meets most of the important requirements for biodiesel standards. The ability of Azolla to grow on wastewaters, along with their high productivity rate, makes it an attractive feedstock for the production of biofuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Miranda
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Zhiqian Liu
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Simone Rochfort
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kaur M, Kumar M, Sachdeva S, Puri SK. Aquatic weeds as the next generation feedstock for sustainable bioenergy production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 251:390-402. [PMID: 29254877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing oil prices and depletion of existing fossil fuel reserves, combined with the continuous rise in greenhouse gas emissions, have fostered the need to explore and develop new renewable bioenergy feedstocks that do not require arable land and freshwater resources. In this regard, prolific biomass growth of invasive aquatic weeds in wastewater has gained much attention in recent years in utilizing them as a potential feedstock for bioenergy production. Aquatic weeds have an exceptionally higher reproduction rates and are rich in cellulose and hemicellulose with a very low lignin content that makes them an efficient next generation biofuel crop. Considering their potential as an effective phytoremediators, this review presents a model of integrated aquatic biomass production, phytoremediation and bioenergy generation to reduce the land, fresh water and fertilizer usage for sustainable and economical bioenergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Sector 43, Faridabad, Haryana 121004, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad 121007 Haryana, India.
| | - Sarita Sachdeva
- Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Sector 43, Faridabad, Haryana 121004, India
| | - S K Puri
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), R&D Centre, Sector 13, Faridabad 121007 Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen G, Fang Y, Huang J, Zhao Y, Li Q, Lai F, Xu Y, Tian X, He K, Jin Y, Tan L, Zhao H. Duckweed systems for eutrophic water purification through converting wastewater nutrients to high-starch biomass: comparative evaluation of three different genera (Spirodela polyrhiza, Lemna minor and Landoltia punctata) in monoculture or polyculture. RSC Adv 2018; 8:17927-17937. [PMID: 35542060 PMCID: PMC9080494 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides a new insight into the application of duckweed in eutrophic water advanced treatment and starch production.
Collapse
|
26
|
Biswas B, Singh R, Krishna BB, Kumar J, Bhaskar T. Pyrolysis of azolla, sargassum tenerrimum and water hyacinth for production of bio-oil. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 242:139-145. [PMID: 28385487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of azolla, sargassum tenerrimum and water hyacinth were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor at different temperatures in the range of 300-450°C in the presence of nitrogen (inert atmosphere). The objective of this study is to understand the effect of compositional changes of various aquatic biomass samples on product distribution and nature of products during slow pyrolysis. The maximum liquid product yield of azolla, sargassum tenerrimum and water hyacinth (38.5, 43.4 and 24.6wt.% respectively) obtained at 400, 450 and 400°C. Detailed analysis of the bio-oil and bio-char was investigated using 1H NMR, FT-IR, and XRD. The characterization of bio-oil showed a high percentage of aliphatic functional groups and presence of phenolic, ketones and nitrogen-containing group. The characterization results showed that the bio-oil obtained from azolla, sargassum tenerrimum and water hyacinth can be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy Biswas
- Thermo-catalytic Processes Area (TPA), Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Rawel Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Department of Chemistry, A.S. College, Samrala Road, Khanna 141402, India
| | - Bhavya B Krishna
- Thermo-catalytic Processes Area (TPA), Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Thermo-catalytic Processes Area (TPA), Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Thermo-catalytic Processes Area (TPA), Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li L, Liu M, Wu M, Jiang C, Chen X, Ma X, Liu J, Li W, Tang X, Li Z. Effects of duckweed (Spriodela polyrrhiza) remediation on the composition of dissolved organic matter in effluent of scale pig farms. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 55:247-256. [PMID: 28477819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The swine effluent studied was collected from scale pig farms, located in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province, China, and duckweed (Spriodela polyrrhiza) was selected to dispose the effluent. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of duckweed growth on the dissolved organic matter composition in swine effluent. Throughout the experiment period, the concentrations of organic matter were determined regularly, and the excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) spectroscopy was used to characterize the fluorescence component. Compared with no-duckweed treatments (controls), the specific ultra-violet absorbance at 254nm (SUVA254) was increased by a final average of 34.4% as the phytoremediation using duckweed, and the removal rate of DOC was increased by a final average of 28.0%. In swine effluent, four fluorescence components were identified, including two protein-like (tryptophan, tyrosine) and two humic-like (fulvic acids, humic acids) components. For all treatments, the concentrations of protein-like components decreased by a final average of 69.0%. As the growth of duckweed, the concentrations of humic-like components were increased by a final average of 123.5% than controls. Significant and positive correlations were observed between SUVA254 and humic-like components. Compared with the controls, the humification index (HIX) increased by a final average of 9.0% for duckweed treatments. Meanwhile, the duckweed growth leaded to a lower biological index (BIX) and a higher proportion of microbial-derived fulvic acids than controls. In conclusion, the duckweed remediation not only enhanced the removal rate of organic matter in swine effluent, but also increased the percent of humic substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Meng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chunyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaofen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongpei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gaur RZ, Khan AA, Suthar S. Effect of thermal pre-treatment on co-digestion of duckweed (Lemna gibba) and waste activated sludge on biogas production. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:754-763. [PMID: 28237526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The duckweeds (DW) are considered as a major problem in tropical aquatic system as they grow very fast and produce enormous rich-biomass, which can be harvested for renewable energy operations. But complex lignocellulosic compounds limit their utility in process like anaerobic digestion. This batch study aimed to analyse characteristics (proximate, ultimate and physico-chemical) and possible utility of DW for anaerobic co-digestion with waste activated sludge (WAS) under mesophilic conditions for 35 d. Two sets of experiment were tested: substrate with and without thermal pre-treatment. Five combinations of DW: WAS (70:20, 60:20, 50:20, 40:20 and 30:20%) were established and biomethanation along with changes in pH, volatile solids (VS), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) of digestate were recorded. The total CH4 yield (mL CH4 g-1 VS) ranged between 60 and 468 for pre-treated, and 9 and 76 for non-pre-treated. The maximum CH4 yield was 468 mL CH4g-1 VS in DW: WAS (50:20). Thermally treated setups, showed about 13-, 24.1-, 21.1-, 1.4-, and 2.3-fold higher CH4 than non-treated setups. The treated mixtures showed high reduction of SCOD (>41-96) and VS (>59-98%) in co-digesters. The high degree of Gompertz curve fitting (R2 > 0.99) has suggested pre-treatment of substrate for optimal outputs of co-digester. Based on results obtained, it is suggested that DW (50-60% in digester) can be used as renewable energy resource for biomethanation process after thermal pre-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubia Zahid Gaur
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Surindra Suthar
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun 248001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Thagela P, Yadav RK, Mishra V, Tripathi K, Ahmad A, Dahuja A, Singh PK, Abraham G. Sample preparation method for tissue based proteomic analysis of Azolla microphylla. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Carlozzi P, Padovani G. The aquatic fern Azolla as a natural plant-factory for ammonia removal from fish-breeding fresh wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8749-8755. [PMID: 26805923 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study has investigated the potential of an Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis, a marriage between the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae and the aquatic fern (Azolla), to remove ammonia from freshwater fish breeding areas. Experiments were carried out under artificial light of 20, 70, and 140 μmol m(-2) s(-1). We investigated three different water temperatures for the growing Azolla, ranging from sub-optimal to optimal temperatures (15, 22, and 28 °C). The capability of Azolla to remove ammonia from wastewater was demonstrated, and the highest ammonia concentration tolerated by the symbiosis between Azolla-anabaena without any toxic effect on the aquatic ferns was ascertained. The shortest time taken to remove ammonia from wastes, 2.5 cm deep and at 28 °C, was 40 min. The ammonia removal rate (A RR) was both light and temperature dependent and the highest rate (6.394 h(-1)) was attained at light intensity of 140 μmol m(-2) s(-1) and at a temperature of 28 °C; the lowest (0.947 h(-1)) was achieved at 20 μmol m(-2) s(-1) and 15 °C. The depth of the fish-wastewater pool also affected the A RR with the relation between A RR and the depth being a hyperbolic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Carlozzi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Via Madonna del Piano n. 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Giulia Padovani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Via Madonna del Piano n. 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Miranda AF, Biswas B, Ramkumar N, Singh R, Kumar J, James A, Roddick F, Lal B, Subudhi S, Bhaskar T, Mouradov A. Aquatic plant Azolla as the universal feedstock for biofuel production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:221. [PMID: 27777623 PMCID: PMC5069886 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quest for sustainable production of renewable and cheap biofuels has triggered an intensive search for domestication of the next generation of bioenergy crops. Aquatic plants which can rapidly colonize wetlands are attracting attention because of their ability to grow in wastewaters and produce large amounts of biomass. Representatives of Azolla species are some of the fastest growing plants, producing substantial biomass when growing in contaminated water and natural ecosystems. Together with their evolutional symbiont, the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, Azolla biomass has a unique chemical composition accumulating in each leaf including three major types of bioenergy molecules: cellulose/hemicellulose, starch and lipids, resembling combinations of terrestrial bioenergy crops and microalgae. RESULTS The growth of Azolla filiculoides in synthetic wastewater led up to 25, 69, 24 and 40 % reduction of NH4-N, NO3-N, PO4-P and selenium, respectively, after 5 days of treatment. This led to a 2.6-fold reduction in toxicity of the treated wastewater to shrimps, common inhabitants of wetlands. Two Azolla species, Azolla filiculoides and Azolla pinnata, were used as feedstock for the production of a range of functional hydrocarbons through hydrothermal liquefaction, bio-hydrogen and bio-ethanol. Given the high annual productivity of Azolla, hydrothermal liquefaction can lead to the theoretical production of 20.2 t/ha-year of bio-oil and 48 t/ha-year of bio-char. The ethanol production from Azolla filiculoides, 11.7 × 103 L/ha-year, is close to that from corn stover (13.3 × 103 L/ha-year), but higher than from miscanthus (2.3 × 103 L/ha-year) and woody plants, such as willow (0.3 × 103 L/ha-year) and poplar (1.3 × 103 L/ha-year). With a high C/N ratio, fermentation of Azolla biomass generates 2.2 mol/mol glucose/xylose of hydrogen, making this species a competitive feedstock for hydrogen production compared with other bioenergy crops. CONCLUSIONS The high productivity, the ability to grow on wastewaters and unique chemical composition make Azolla species the most attractive, sustainable and universal feedstock for low cost, low energy demanding, near zero maintenance system for the production of a wide spectrum of renewable biofuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana F. Miranda
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Bijoy Biswas
- Thermo-Catalytic Processes Area (TPA), Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005 India
| | | | - Rawel Singh
- Thermo-Catalytic Processes Area (TPA), Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005 India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Thermo-Catalytic Processes Area (TPA), Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005 India
| | - Anton James
- School of Architecture and Design, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Banwari Lal
- The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, 110 003 India
| | | | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Thermo-Catalytic Processes Area (TPA), Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005 India
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang W, Yang C, Tang X, Zhu Q, Pan K, Cai D, Hu Q, Ma D. Carbon and energy fixation of great duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza growing in swine wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:15804-15811. [PMID: 26036587 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to fix carbon and energy in swine wastewater of duckweeds was investigated using Spirodela polyrhiza as the model species. Cultures of S. polyrhiza were grown in dilutions of both original swine wastewater (OSW) and anaerobic digestion effluent (ADE) based on total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). Results showed that elevated concentrations of TAN caused decreased growth, carbon fixation, and energy production rates, particularly just after the first rise in two types of swine wastewater. Also, OSW was more suitable for S. polyrhiza cultivation than ADE. Maximum carbon and energy fixation were achieved at OSW-TAN concentrations of 12.08 and 13.07 mg L(-1), respectively. Photosynthetic activity of S. polyrhiza could be inhibited by both nutrient stress (in high-concentration wastewater) and nutrient limitation (in low-concentration wastewater), affecting its growth and ability for carbon-energy fixation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenguo Wang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610061, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qili Zhu
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Pan
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Denggao Cai
- The Second Research Institute of CAAC, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qichun Hu
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Danwei Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610061, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Huang M, Fang Y, Liu Y, Jin Y, Sun J, Tao X, Ma X, He K, Zhao H. Using proteomic analysis to investigate uniconazole-induced phytohormone variation and starch accumulation in duckweed (Landoltia punctata). BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:81. [PMID: 26369558 PMCID: PMC4570701 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duckweed (Landoltia punctata) has the potential to remediate wastewater and accumulate enormous amounts of starch for bioethanol production. Using systematical screening, we determined that the highest biomass and starch percentage of duckweed was obtained after uniconazole application. Uniconazole contributes to starch accumulation of duckweed, but the molecular mechanism is still unclear. RESULTS To elucidate the mechanisms of high starch accumulation, in the study, the responses of L. punctata to uniconazole were investigated using a quantitative proteomic approach combined with physiological and biochemical analysis. A total of 3327 proteins were identified. Among these identified proteins, a large number of enzymes involved in endogenous hormone synthetic and starch metabolic pathways were affected. Notably, most of the enzymes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis showed up-regulated expression, which was consistent with the content variation. The increased endogenous ABA may up-regulate expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase to promote starch biosynthesis. Importantly, the expression levels of several key enzymes in the starch biosynthetic pathway were up-regulated, which supported the enzymatic assay results and may explain why there is increased starch accumulation. CONCLUSIONS These generated data linked uniconazole with changes in expression of enzymes involved in hormone biosynthesis and starch metabolic pathways and elucidated the effect of hormones on starch accumulation. Thus, this study not only provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of uniconazole-induced hormone variation and starch accumulation but also highlighted the potential for duckweed to be feedstock for biofuel as well as for sewage treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yang Fang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yanling Jin
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jiaolong Sun
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiang Tao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xinrong Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Kaize He
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hai Zhao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu Y, Fang Y, Huang M, Jin Y, Sun J, Tao X, Zhang G, He K, Zhao Y, Zhao H. Uniconazole-induced starch accumulation in the bioenergy crop duckweed (Landoltia punctata) I: transcriptome analysis of the effects of uniconazole on chlorophyll and endogenous hormone biosynthesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:57. [PMID: 25866562 PMCID: PMC4392464 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duckweed is a novel aquatic bioenergy crop that is found ubiquitously throughout the world. Uniconazole plays an important role in improving crop production through the regulation of endogenous hormone levels. We found that a high quantity and quality of duckweed growth can be achieved by uniconazole application, although the mechanisms are unknown. RESULTS The fronds of Landoltia punctata were sprayed evenly with 800 mg/L uniconazole. The dry weight following treatment increased by 10% compared to the controls at 240 h. Endogenous cytokinin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA) content both increased compared to the control, while the level of gibberellins (GAs) decreased. Additionally, gene expression profiling results showed that the expression of transcripts encoding key enzymes involved in endogenous CK and ABA biosynthesis were up-regulated, while the transcripts of key enzymes for GAs biosynthesis were down-regulated. On the other hand, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents were both increased compared with the control. Moreover, the net photosynthetic rate was elevated to 25.6 μmol CO2/m(2)/s compared with the control value of 22.05 μmol CO2/m(2)/s. Importantly, the expression of some chlorophyll biosynthesis-related transcripts was up-regulated. CONCLUSION Uniconazole treatment altered endogenous hormone levels and enhanced chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate in duckweed by regulating key enzymes involved in endogenous hormone and chlorophyll biosynthesis. The alterations of endogenous hormones and the increase of chlorophyll and photosynthetic rate data support the increase of biomass and starch accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yang Fang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Mengjun Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yanling Jin
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Jiaolong Sun
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Xiang Tao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Kaize He
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Muradov N, Taha M, Miranda AF, Wrede D, Kadali K, Gujar A, Stevenson T, Ball AS, Mouradov A. Fungal-assisted algal flocculation: application in wastewater treatment and biofuel production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:24. [PMID: 25763102 PMCID: PMC4355497 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microalgal-based industries are facing a number of important challenges that in turn affect their economic viability. Arguably the most important of these are associated with the high costs of harvesting and dewatering of the microalgal cells, the costs and sustainability of nutrient supplies and costly methods for large scale oil extraction. Existing harvesting technologies, which can account for up to 50% of the total cost, are not economically feasible because of either requiring too much energy or the addition of chemicals. Fungal-assisted flocculation is currently receiving increased attention because of its high harvesting efficiency. Moreover, some of fungal and microalgal strains are well known for their ability to treat wastewater, generating biomass which represents a renewable and sustainable feedstock for bioenergy production. RESULTS We screened 33 fungal strains, isolated from compost, straws and soil for their lipid content and flocculation efficiencies against representatives of microalgae commercially used for biodiesel production, namely the heterotrophic freshwater microalgae Chlorella protothecoides and the marine microalgae Tetraselmis suecica. Lipid levels and composition were analyzed in fungal-algal pellets grown on media containing alternative carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources from wheat straw and swine wastewater, respectively. The biomass of fungal-algal pellets grown on swine wastewater was used as feedstock for the production of value-added chemicals, biogas, bio-solids and liquid petrochemicals through pyrolysis. Co-cultivation of microalgae and filamentous fungus increased total biomass production, lipid yield and wastewater bioremediation efficiency. CONCLUSION Fungal-assisted microalgal flocculation shows significant potential for solving the major challenges facing the commercialization of microalgal biotechnology, namely (i) the efficient and cost-effective harvesting of freshwater and seawater algal strains; (ii) enhancement of total oil production and optimization of its composition; (iii) nutrient supply through recovering of the primary nutrients, nitrogen and phosphates and microelements from wastewater. The biomass generated was thermochemically converted into biogas, bio-solids and a range of liquid petrochemicals including straight-chain C12 to C21 alkanes which can be directly used as a glycerine-free component of biodiesel. Pyrolysis represents an efficient alternative strategy for biofuel production from species with tough cell walls such as fungi and fungal-algal pellets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Muradov
- />Florida Solar Energy Centre, University of Central Florida, 1679 Clearlake Road, 32922 Cocoa, FL USA
| | - Mohamed Taha
- />School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Ana F Miranda
- />School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Digby Wrede
- />School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Krishna Kadali
- />School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Amit Gujar
- />Florida Solar Energy Centre, University of Central Florida, 1679 Clearlake Road, 32922 Cocoa, FL USA
| | - Trevor Stevenson
- />School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- />School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- />School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gupta D, Ip T, Summers ML, Basu C. 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) synthase expression in Nostoc punctiforme leads to over production of phytols. Bioengineered 2015; 6:33-41. [PMID: 25424521 DOI: 10.4161/21655979.2014.979702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytol is a diterpene alcohol of medicinal importance and it also has potential to be used as biofuel. We found over production of phytol in Nostoc punctiforme by expressing a 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) synthase gene. MBO synthase catalyzes the conversion of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) into MBO, a volatile hemiterpene alcohol, in Pinus sabiniana. The result of enhanced phytol production in N. punctiforme, instead of MBO, could be explained by one of the 2 models: either the presence of a native prenyltransferase enzyme with a broad substrate specificity, or appropriation of a MBO synthase metabolic intermediate by a native geranyl diphosphate (GDP) synthase. In this work, an expression vector with an indigenous petE promoter for gene expression in the cyanobacterium N. punctiforme was constructed and MBO synthase gene expression was successfully shown using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and SDS-PAGE. Gas chromatography--mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) was performed to confirm phytol production from the transgenic N. punctiforme strains. We conclude that the expression of MBO synthase in N. punctiforme leads to overproduction of an economically important compound, phytol. This study provides insights about metabolic channeling of isoprenoids in cyanobacteria and also illustrates the challenges of bioengineering non-native hosts to produce economically important compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Gupta
- a Department of Biology ; California State University , Northridge; Los Angeles , CA USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wrede D, Taha M, Miranda AF, Kadali K, Stevenson T, Ball AS, Mouradov A. Co-cultivation of fungal and microalgal cells as an efficient system for harvesting microalgal cells, lipid production and wastewater treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113497. [PMID: 25419574 PMCID: PMC4242625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges which the large scale microalgal industry is facing are associated with the high cost of key operations such as harvesting, nutrient supply and oil extraction. The high-energy input for harvesting makes current commercial microalgal biodiesel production economically unfeasible and can account for up to 50% of the total cost of biofuel production. Co-cultivation of fungal and microalgal cells is getting increasing attention because of high efficiency of bio-flocculation of microalgal cells with no requirement for added chemicals and low energy inputs. Moreover, some fungal and microalgal strains are well known for their exceptional ability to purify wastewater, generating biomass that represents a renewable and sustainable feedstock for biofuel production. We have screened the flocculation efficiency of the filamentous fungus A. fumigatus against 11 microalgae representing freshwater, marine, small (5 µm), large (over 300 µm), heterotrophic, photoautotrophic, motile and non-motile strains. Some of the strains are commercially used for biofuel production. Lipid production and composition were analysed in fungal-algal pellets grown on media containing alternative carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources contained in wheat straw and swine wastewater, respectively. Co-cultivation of algae and A. fumigatus cells showed additive and synergistic effects on biomass production, lipid yield and wastewater bioremediation efficiency. Analysis of fungal-algal pellet's fatty acids composition suggested that it can be tailored and optimised through co-cultivating different algae and fungi without the need for genetic modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Digby Wrede
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, School of Applied Sciences, 3083 Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohamed Taha
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, School of Applied Sciences, 3083 Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Ana F. Miranda
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, School of Applied Sciences, 3083 Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Krishna Kadali
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, School of Applied Sciences, 3083 Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Trevor Stevenson
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, School of Applied Sciences, 3083 Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Ball
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, School of Applied Sciences, 3083 Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, School of Applied Sciences, 3083 Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li FW, Pryer KM. Crowdfunding the Azolla fern genome project: a grassroots approach. Gigascience 2014; 3:16. [PMID: 25276348 PMCID: PMC4178311 DOI: 10.1186/2047-217x-3-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of science progresses within the tight boundaries of what is often seen as a “black box”. Though familiar to funding agencies, researchers and the academic journals they publish in, it is an entity that outsiders rarely get to peek into. Crowdfunding is a novel means that allows the public to participate in, as well as to support and witness advancements in science. Here we describe our recent crowdfunding efforts to sequence the Azolla genome, a little fern with massive green potential. Crowdfunding is a worthy platform not only for obtaining seed money for exploratory research, but also for engaging directly with the general public as a rewarding form of outreach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fay-Wei Li
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Kathleen M Pryer
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|