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Kavak N, Akcan G, Balcı N, Süer AA, Güler İ, Kavak RP. The impact of augmenter of liver regeneration in blunt liver trauma: An experimental model analysis. ULUS TRAVMA ACIL CER 2024; 30:472-479. [PMID: 38967532 PMCID: PMC11331352 DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2024.92575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic liver injury is an acute event that triggers liver repair. The augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) has been identified as a growth factor involved in this process. This study evaluates the impact of ALR on isolated liver blunt trauma and examines its relationship with various time intervals. METHODS Forty healthy female Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups (n=8 each). Isolated blunt liver trauma was induced using a custom-designed trauma platform in all groups except for Group 1. The groups were categorized by the timing of euthanasia post-trauma: 2nd (15 minutes), 3rd (30 minutes), 4th (45 minutes), and 5th (60 minutes). Assessments included plasma ALR levels, liver tissue ALR levels (both intact and lacerated), biochemical indices, and liver histological analysis. RESULTS Plasma ALR levels in Group 4 were higher than in Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.01). Intact liver ALR levels in Groups 3 and 4 exceeded those in Group 1 (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). Intact liver tissue ALR levels in Group 5 were lower than in Groups 3 and 4 (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). Lacerated liver tissue ALR levels in Group 5 were higher than those in Groups 2 and 3. In Group 1, the plasma ALR level was higher than the intact liver tissue ALR level (p<0.05). In Group 2, plasma ALR levels exceeded those in intact liver tissue ALR levels (p<0.01). In Group 3, plasma ALR levels surpassed both lacerated and intact liver tissue ALR levels (p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). In Group 4, the plasma ALR level was higher than the intact liver tissue ALR level (p<0.01), and the lacerated liver tissue level was higher than the intact liver ALR level (p<0.001). Additionally, inflammation scores were higher in Groups 3, 4, and 5 compared to Group 2 (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION This study is the first to explore the role of ALR in isolated blunt liver trauma. Following blunt liver trauma, both plasma and liver tissue ALR levels change within minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezih Kavak
- Department of Emergency, Etlik City Hospital, Ankara-Türkiye
| | - Gülben Akcan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Karatay University, Konya-Türkiye
| | - Nurgül Balcı
- Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Health, Family Medicine, General Directorate of Public Hospitals, Family Medicine, Ankara-Türkiye
| | - Aziz Ahmet Süer
- Coordinator Head Physician of Turkish Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, General Surgery, Ankara-Türkiye
| | - İlkay Güler
- The Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Health, Directorate of Public Hospitals, General Surgery, Ankara-Türkiye
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Huang L, Wang C, Yang P, Zhang L, Liao X. Augmenter of liver regeneration knockout aggravates tubular ferroptosis and macrophage activation by regulating carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A-induced lipid metabolism in diabetic nephropathy. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14159. [PMID: 38767438 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
AIM Ferroptosis is a novel type of programmed cell death that performs a critical function in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) exists in the inner membrane of mitochondria, and inhibits inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in acute kidney injury; however, its role in DN remains unexplored. Here, we aimed to identify the role of ALR in ferroptosis induction and macrophage activation in DN. METHODS The expression of ALR was examined in DN patients, db/db DN mice, and HK-2 cells treated with high glucose (HG). The effects of ALR on ferroptosis and macrophage activation were investigated with ALR conditional knockout, lentivirus transfection, transmission electron microscopy, qRT-PCR and western blotting assay. Mass spectrometry and rescue experiments were conducted to determine the mechanism of ALR. RESULTS ALR expression was reduced in the kidney tissues of DN patients and mice, serum of DN patients, and HG-HK-2 cells. Moreover, the inhibition of ALR promoted ferroptosis, macrophage activation, and DN progression. Mechanistically, ALR can directly bind to carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A (CPT1A), the key rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and inhibit the expression of CPT1A to regulate lipid metabolism involving FAO and lipid droplet-mitochondrial coupling in DN. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings revealed a crucial protective role of ALR in ferroptosis induction and macrophage activation in DN and identified it as an alternative diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing Red Cross Hospital (People's Hospital of Jiangbei District), Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Liao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Kuanren Laboratory of Translational Lipidology, Centre for Lipid Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Huang L, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Tan F, Ma Y, Zeng X, Cao D, Deng L, Liu Q, Sun H, Shen B, Liao X. Loss of nephric augmenter of liver regeneration facilitates acute kidney injury via ACSL4-mediated ferroptosis. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18076. [PMID: 38088220 PMCID: PMC10844764 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, characterized by lipid accumulation in intracellular compartments, is related to acute kidney injury (AKI), but the mechanism remains obscure. In our previous study, the protective effect of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) on AKI was not fully clarified. In this study, we established an AKI mouse model by knocking out proximal tubule-specific ALR and an AKI cell model by inducing hypoxia, as well as enrolled AKI patients, to investigate the effects of ALR on ferroptosis and the progression of AKI. We found that ALR knockout aggravated ferroptosis and increased ROS accumulation and mitochondrial damage, whereas ALR overexpression attenuated ferroptosis through clearance of ROS and maintenance of mitochondrial morphology. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that ALR could directly bind to long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase 4 (ACSL4) and further inhibit the expression of ACSL4 by interacting with certain regions. By resolution liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadruple mass spectrometry, we found that ALR could reduce the contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid. In addition, we showed that ALR binds to ACSL4 and attenuates oxylipin accumulation, exerting a protective effect against ferroptosis in AKI. Therefore, targeting renal ALR can attenuate ferroptosis and can offer a promising strategy for the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Cell Biology and GeneticsChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Fangyan Tan
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yixin Ma
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xujia Zeng
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lili Deng
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral HepatitisThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral HepatitisThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Bingbing Shen
- Department of NephrologyChongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical CenterChongqingChina
| | - Xiaohui Liao
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Kuanren Laboratory of Translational Lipidology, Centre for Lipid ResearchThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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Kavak N, Guler I, Akcan G, Surel AA, Gungorer B, Abatay K, Abatay MP, Balci N, Kavak RP, Doger C. Role of augmenter of liver regeneration on testicular ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion injury: An experimental study. Niger J Clin Pract 2023; 26:963-972. [PMID: 37635581 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_700_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Testicular torsion causes ischemic injury, and torsion causes reperfusion injury. Aim Evaluating the role of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) in testicular ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Materials and Method(s) Seventy-eight (78) healthy Wistar albino male rats were randomly divided into four groups; control (C) (n = 6), sham (S) (n = 24), torsion (T) (n = 24), and torsion/detorsion (T/D) (n = 24). S, T, and T/D groups were divided into four subgroups (n = 6) as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th hours. Blood, tissue ALR, and histology analyses were performed between groups and subgroups. Results The increase in plasma ALR values at the 3rd and 4th hours compared to the 1st hour in the T group were significant (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively). In the T/D group, a significant increase was observed in plasma ALR values at the 3rd and 4th hours compared to the 1st hour (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). Plasma ALR values at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th hours were higher in the T and T/D groups than in the C group (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, respectively). Plasma ALR values were higher in the T group at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th hours than in the S group (P < 0.05). A significant increase was observed in tissue ALR at the 3rd and 4th hours than at the 1st hour in the T group (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). A significant increase was observed in tissue ALR at the 3rd and 4th hours than in the 1st hour in the T/D group (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). Discussion ALR in plasma and testicular tissue has a potential role in the early diagnosis of testicular torsion and in predicting the prognosis of T and T/D.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kavak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - I Guler
- Department of General Surgery, The Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Hospitals, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - G Akcan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - A A Surel
- Department of General Surgery, Coordinator Head Physician of Turkish Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - B Gungorer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - K Abatay
- Muş State Hospital, Emergency Medicine, Muş, Türkiye
| | - M P Abatay
- Hasköy Familiy Heath Center, Muş, Türkiye
| | - N Balci
- Ministry of Health, Department of Services, Home Health Services Unit, Speciality of Family Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - R P Kavak
- Department of Radiology, Etlik, City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - C Doger
- Department of, Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
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Nimphy J, Ibrahim S, Dayoub R, Kubitza M, Melter M, Weiss TS. Interleukin-1ß Attenuates Expression of Augmenter of Liver Regeneration (ALR) by Regulating HNF4α Independent of c-Jun. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098107. [PMID: 37175814 PMCID: PMC10179097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes and innate immune cells have been shown to contribute to liver injury, thereby activating Kupffer cells, which release several cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNFα. Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is a hepatotropic co-mitogen that was found to have anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties and to attenuate experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cholestasis. Additionally, hepatic ALR expression is diminished in patients with NAFLD or cholestasis, but less is known about the mechanisms of its regulation under these conditions. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of IL-1ß in ALR expression and to elucidate the molecular mechanism of this regulation in vitro. We found that ALR promoter activity and mRNA and protein expression were reduced upon treatment with IL-1ß. Early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1), an ALR inducer, was induced by IL-1ß but could not activate ALR expression, which may be attributed to reduced Egr-1 binding to the ALR promoter. The expression and nuclear localization of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α), another ALR-inducing transcription factor, was reduced by IL-1ß. Interestingly, c-Jun, a potential regulator of ALR and HNF4α, showed increased nuclear phosphorylation levels upon IL-1ß treatment but did not change the expression of ALR or HNF4α. In conclusion, this study offers evidence regarding the regulation of anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative ALR by IL-1ß through reduced Egr-1 promoter binding and diminished HNF4α expression independent of c-Jun activation. Low ALR tissue levels in NAFLD and cholestatic liver injury may be caused by IL-1ß and contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Nimphy
- Children's University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sara Ibrahim
- Children's University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rania Dayoub
- Children's University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marion Kubitza
- Children's University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Melter
- Children's University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas S Weiss
- Children's University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Center for Liver Cell Research, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Zhu D, Zhong J, Gong X, Wu X. Augmenter of liver regeneration reduces mitochondria-derived ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome activation through PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal tubular injury. Apoptosis 2022; 28:335-347. [PMID: 36370259 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is one of the main causes of acute kidney disease (AKI). Several studies have shown that mitochondrial damage, which leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of IR-induced AKI. Increased ROS production can cause oxidative damage and activate the inflammasome in renal tubular cells, ultimately resulting in apoptosis or necrosis. Mitophagy is a type of selective autophagy that plays a protective role in AKI by regulating the quality of mitochondria and reducing the production of ROS. We previously reported that the augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) exhibits antiapoptotic and antioxidant functions, although the precise mechanisms of action need to be studied further. In the current study, ALR was overexpressed and an in vitro model of IR injury was constructed. The overexpression of ALR reduced the production of mitochondria-derived ROS (mtROS), the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the rate of apoptosis. Moreover, this suppression of mtROS production and inflammasome activation was mediated through the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway of mitophagy. These results suggest that ALR can alleviate IR-induced apoptosis via the PINK1/Parkin mitophagy pathway to reduce the production of mtROS and limit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongju Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuefeng Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, China.
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Verma AK, Sharma A, Subramaniyam N, Gandhi CR. Augmenter of liver regeneration: Mitochondrial function and steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1410-1421. [PMID: 35777586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), a ubiquitous fundamental life protein, is expressed more abundantly in the liver than other organs. Expression of ALR is highest in hepatocytes, which also constitutively secrete it. ALR gene transcription is regulated by NRF2, FOXA2, SP1, HNF4α, EGR-1 and AP1/AP4. ALR's FAD-linked sulfhydryl oxidase activity is essential for protein folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. ALR's functions also include cytochrome c reductase and protein Fe/S maturation activities. ALR depletion from hepatocytes leads to increased oxidative stress, impaired ATP synthesis and apoptosis/necrosis. Loss of ALR's functions due to homozygous mutation causes severe mitochondrial defects and congenital progressive multiorgan failure, suggesting that individuals with one functional ALR allele might be susceptible to disorders involving compromised mitochondrial function. Genetic ablation of ALR from hepatocytes induces structural and functional mitochondrial abnormalities, dysregulation of lipid homeostasis and development of steatohepatitis. High-fat diet-fed ALR-deficient mice develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis, while hepatic and serum levels of ALR are lower than normal in human NASH and NASH-cirrhosis. Thus, ALR deficiency may be a critical predisposing factor in the pathogenesis and progression of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Verma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Nithyananthan Subramaniyam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar R Gandhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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8
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Liao YJ, Ma YX, Huang LL, Zhang Z, Tan FY, Deng LL, Cao D, Zeng XJ, Yu GQ, Liao XH. Augmenter of liver regeneration protects the kidney against ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting necroptosis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:5152-5167. [PMID: 35164651 PMCID: PMC8974178 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2037248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI), and necroptosis-related interventions may therefore be an important measure for the treatment of AKI. Our previous study has shown that augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) inhibits renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and regulates autophagy; however, the influence of ALR on necroptosis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of ALR on necroptosis caused by ischemia-reperfusion and the underlying mechanism. In vivo experiments indicated that kidney-specific knockout of ALR aggravated the renal dysfunction and pathological damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion. Simultaneously, the expression of renal necroptosis-associated protein receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) significantly increased. In vitro experiments indicated that overexpression of ALR decreased the expression of hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced kidney injury molecules, the inflammation-associated factor tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and monocyte chemotactic protein. Additionally, the expression of RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL, which are elevated after hypoxia and reoxygenation, was also inhibited by ALR overexpression. Both in vivo and in vitro results indicated that ALR has a protective effect against acute kidney injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion, and the RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway should be further verified as a probable necroptosis regulating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Juan Liao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Xin Ma
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang-Yan Tan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Li Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing Sanbo Changan Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu-Jia Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gui-Quan Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Petrescu AD, DeMorrow S. Farnesoid X Receptor as Target for Therapies to Treat Cholestasis-Induced Liver Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081846. [PMID: 34440614 PMCID: PMC8392259 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on liver disease burden worldwide estimated that cirrhosis is the 11th most common cause of death globally, and there is a great need for new therapies to limit the progression of liver injuries in the early stages. Cholestasis is caused by accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids (BA) in the liver due to dysfunctional BA efflux or bile flow into the gall bladder. Therefore, strategies to increase detoxification of hydrophobic BA and downregulate genes involved in BA production are largely investigated. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has a central role in BA homeostasis and recent publications revealed that changes in autophagy due to BA-induced reactive oxygen species and increased anti-oxidant response via nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), result in dysregulation of FXR signaling. Several mechanistic studies have identified new dysfunctions of the cholestatic liver at cellular and molecular level, opening new venues for developing more performant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D. Petrescu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 78712, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-512-495-5779
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Kumar S, Verma AK, Rani R, Sharma A, Wang J, Shah SA, Behari J, Gonzalez RS, Kohli R, Gandhi CR. Hepatic Deficiency of Augmenter of Liver Regeneration Predisposes to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis. Hepatology 2020; 72:1586-1604. [PMID: 32031683 PMCID: PMC8025692 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) protein is critical for lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial function. We investigated high-fat/high-carbohydrate (HF/HC) diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in wild-type (WT), hepatocyte-specific ALR-knockout (ALR-H-KO), and ALR-heterozygous (ALR-H-HET) mice. ALR was measured in serum of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and NASH-induced cirrhosis (serum and liver). APPROACH AND RESULTS HF/HC feeding decreased ALR expression in all groups of mice. The otherwise normal ALR-H-HET mice gained more weight and steatosis than WT mice when challenged metabolically with the HF/HC diet; ALR-H-KO mice gained the least weight and had the least steatosis. These findings were consistent with correspondingly increased triglycerides and cholesterol and altered expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, sterol regulatory element-binding protein, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase. All HF/HC-fed mice developed insulin resistance, the magnitude being lower in ALR-H-KO mice. HF/HC-fed ALR-H-HET mice were more resistant to glucose challenge than WT or ALR-H-KO mice. The frequency of tumor necrosis factor alpha-producing, interleukin 6 (IL6)-producing, and IL17-producing cells was greater in ALR-H-KO than ALR-H-HET and lowest in WT mice. HF/HC feeding did not increase their number in ALR-H-KO mice, and the increase in ALR-H-HET was greater than that in WT mice except for IL17 cells. Cluster of differentiation 25-positive (CD25+ ) forkhead box P3-positive CD4+ regulatory T-cell frequency was lower in ALR-H-HET than WT mice and further reduced in ALR-H-KO mice; HF/HC reduced regulatory T-cell frequency only in WT mice. HF/HC-fed ALR-H-HET, but not WT, mice developed fibrosis; and ALR-H-KO mice progressed to cirrhosis. White adipose tissue of HF/HC-fed ALR-deficient mice developed strong inflammation, indicating bidirectional interactions with the liver. Hepatic and serum ALR levels were significantly reduced in patients with NASH-cirrhosis. Serum ALR was also significantly lower in patients with NASH. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic ALR deficiency may be a critical predisposing factor for aggressive NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alok K. Verma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richa Rani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shimul A. Shah
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaideep Behari
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rosa Salazar Gonzalez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar R. Gandhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Jiang X, Liao XH, Huang LL, Sun H, Liu Q, Zhang L. Overexpression of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) mitigates the effect of H 2O 2-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in renal tubule epithelial cells. Apoptosis 2020; 24:278-289. [PMID: 30680481 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion is a major cause of acute kidney injury and can induce apoptosis in renal epithelial tubule (HK-2) cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to apoptosis in acute kidney injury. We previously reported that augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) functions as an anti-apoptotic factor in H2O2-treated HK-2 cells although the precise mechanism underlying this action remains unclear. In the present study, we investigate the role of ALR in H2O2-induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis. We overexpressed ALR and established a H2O2-induced ER stress model in HK-2 cells. Overexpression of ALR reduced the level of reactive oxygen species and the rate of apoptosis in H2O2-treated HK-2 cells. Using confocal microscopy and western blot, we observed that ALR colocalized with the ER and mitochondria compartment. Moreover, ALR suppressed ER stress by maintaining the morphology of the ER and reducing the levels of the ER-related proteins, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), phospho-protein kinase-like ER kinase (p-PERK), phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α) and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) significantly (p < 0.05). Mechanistically, ALR promoted Bcl-2 expression and suppressed Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 expression significantly during ER-stress induced apoptosis (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ALR attenuated calcium release from the ER, and transfer to mitochondria, under ER stress. To conclude, ALR alleviates H2O2-induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis in HK-2 cells by suppressing ER stress response and by maintaining calcium homeostasis. Consequently, ALR may protect renal tubule epithelial cells from ischemia/reperfusion induced acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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12
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Gala KS, Vatsalya V. Emerging Noninvasive Biomarkers, and Medical Management Strategies for Alcoholic Hepatitis: Present Understanding and Scope. Cells 2020; 9:E524. [PMID: 32106390 PMCID: PMC7140524 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is associated with a wide array of hepatic pathologies ranging from steatosis to alcoholic-related cirrhosis (AC), alcoholic hepatitis (AH), or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Biomarkers are categorized into two main categories: biomarkers associated with alcohol consumption and biomarkers of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). No ideal biomarker has been identified to quantify the degree of hepatocyte death or severity of AH, even though numerous biomarkers have been associated with AH. This review provides information of some of the novel and latest biomarkers that are being investigated and have shown a substantial association with the degree and severity of liver injury and inflammation. Importantly, they can be measured noninvasively. In this manuscript, we consolidate the present understanding and prospects of these biomarkers; and their application in assessing the severity and progression of the alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We also review current and upcoming management options for AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo S. Gala
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; USA
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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13
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Long RT, Peng JB, Huang LL, Jiang GP, Liao YJ, Sun H, Hu YD, Liao XH. Augmenter of Liver Regeneration Alleviates Renal Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury by Regulating Mitochondrial Dynamics in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Mol Cells 2019; 42:893-905. [PMID: 31822044 PMCID: PMC6939649 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly undergo fission and fusion processes that closely related to their function. Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics has been demonstrated in acute kidney injury (AKI), which could eventually result in cell injury and death. Previously, we reported that augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) alleviates renal tubular epithelial cell injury. Here, we gained further insights into whether the renoprotective roles of ALR are associated with mitochondrial dynamics. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics were examined in experimental models of renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR). In a model of hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) injury in vitro , dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission process protein 1 (MTFP1), two key proteins of mitochondrial fission, were downregulated in the Lv-ALR + HR group. ALR overexpression additionally had an impact on phosphorylation of Drp1 Ser637 during AKI. The inner membrane fusion protein, Optic Atrophy 1 (OPA1), was significantly increased whereas levels of outer membrane fusion proteins Mitofusin-1 and -2 (Mfn1, Mfn2) were not affected in the Lv-ALR + HR group, compared with the control group. Furthermore, the mTOR/4E-BP1 signaling pathway was highly activated in the Lv-ALR + HR group. ALR overexpression led to suppression of HR-induced apoptosis. Our collective findings indicate that ALR gene transfection alleviates mitochondrial injury, possibly through inhibiting fission and promoting fusion of the mitochondrial inner membrane, both of which contribute to reduction of HK-2 cell apoptosis. Additionally, fission processes are potentially mediated by promoting tubular cell survival through activating the mTOR/4E-BP1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-ting Long
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010,
China
| | - Jun-bo Peng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010,
China
| | - Li-li Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010,
China
| | - Gui-ping Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010,
China
| | - Yue-juan Liao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010,
China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010,
China
| | - Yu-dong Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010,
China
| | - Xiao-hui Liao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010,
China
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14
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Han W, Ding M, Liu S, Chen Y, Duan Z. Evaluation of 3D re-cellularized tissue engineering: a drug-induced hepatotoxicity model for hepatoprotectant research. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:654-664. [PMID: 31345115 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1646371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Application of hepatoprotectants, such as drugs or cytokines, can reduce drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH). Due to species-specific differences and abnormal cell polarity and drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), in vivo animal models and in vitro 2D plastic dishes are not good DIH models. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether 3D re-cellularized liver is a sensitive, accurate and efficient DIH model for evaluation of hepatoprotectants. Methods: 2D plastic dishes and 3D decellular liver scaffolds were perfused with HepG2 cells or augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR)-HepG2 cells. These two cell lines were exposed to 4 μM troglitazone (TRO) or 20 μM diclofenac sodium (DIC) on day 8. DME-related genes were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; morphological images were revealed by immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: DME activity and cell polarity were retained and lower doses of TRO and DIC led to DIH in 3D re-cellularized liver. This DIH model reflected the protective effects and mechanism of ALR, which is one of the hepatoprotectants. ALR reduced mitochondrial damage, decreased transaminase level, and alleviated inflammation in TRO-DIH and DIC-DIH. Our re-cellularized liver lobe also showed the effect of ALR in suppressing expression of DMEs. Conclusions: Drug-induced 3D re-cellularized tissue engineering is a sensitive, accurate, and efficient DIH model for evaluation of hepatoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Han
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Mei Ding
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Yu Chen
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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15
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Paredes LC, Olsen Saraiva Camara N, Braga TT. Understanding the Metabolic Profile of Macrophages During the Regenerative Process in Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2019; 10:617. [PMID: 31178754 PMCID: PMC6543010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, lower vertebrates, including zebrafish (Danio rerio), have the ability to regenerate damaged or lost tissues, such as the caudal fin, which makes them an ideal model for tissue and organ regeneration studies. Since several diseases involve the process of transition between fibrosis and tissue regeneration, it is necessary to attain a better understanding of these processes. It is known that the cells of the immune system, especially macrophages, play essential roles in regeneration by participating in the removal of cellular debris, release of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, remodeling of components of the extracellular matrix and alteration of oxidative patterns during proliferation and angiogenesis. Immune cells undergo phenotypical and functional alterations throughout the healing process due to growth factors and cytokines that are produced in the tissue microenvironment. However, some aspects of the molecular mechanisms through which macrophages orchestrate the formation and regeneration of the blastema remain unclear. In the present review, we outline how macrophages orchestrate the regenerative process in zebrafish and give special attention to the redox balance in the context of tail regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Wang F, Sun NN, Li LL, Zhu WW, Xiu J, Shen Y, Xu Q. Hepatic progenitor cell activation is induced by the depletion of the gut microbiome in mice. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e873. [PMID: 31094067 PMCID: PMC6813488 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of the gut microbiome is crucial for human health and for liver function. However, it has not been established whether the gut microbiome influence hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs). HPCs are capable of self‐renewal and differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes; however, HPCs are normally quiescent and are rare in adults. After sustained liver damage, a ductular reaction occurs, and the number of HPCs is substantially increased. Here, we administered five broad‐spectrum antibiotics for 14 days to deplete the gut microbiomes of male C57BL/6 mice, and we measured the plasma aminotransferases and other biochemical indices. The expression levels of two HPC markers, SRY‐related high mobility group‐box gene 9 (Sox9) and cytokeratin (CK), were also measured. The plasma aminotransferase activities were not affected, but the triglyceride, lactate dehydrogenase, low‐density lipoprotein, and high‐density lipoprotein concentrations were significantly altered; this suggests that liver function is affected by the composition of the gut microbiome. The mRNA expression of Sox9 was significantly higher in the treated mice than it was in the control mice (p < 0.0001), and a substantial expression of Sox9 and CK was observed around the bile ducts. The mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]‐1β, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‐α, and TNF‐like weak inducer of apoptosis [Tweak]) were also significantly higher in the antibiotic‐treated mice than the levels in the control mice. These data imply that the depletion of the gut microbiome leads to liver damage, negatively impacts the hepatic metabolism and function, and activates HPCs. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan-Nan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Wan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Kumar S, Rani R, Karns R, Gandhi CR. Augmenter of liver regeneration protein deficiency promotes hepatic steatosis by inducing oxidative stress and microRNA-540 expression. FASEB J 2019; 33:3825-3840. [PMID: 30540918 PMCID: PMC6404588 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802015r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Levels of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), a multifunctional protein, are reduced in steatohepatitis. ALR depletion from ALR flox/flox/Alb-Cre [ALR-L-knockout (KO)] mouse causes robust steatosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes, and pericellular fibrosis between 1 and 2 wk postbirth. Steatosis regresses by 4 wk upon reappearance of ALR-expressing hepatocytes. We investigated mechanisms of ALR depletion-induced steatosis. ALR-L-KO mice (1-, 2-, and 4 wk old) and Adeno-Cre-transfected ALR flox/flox hepatocytes were used for in vivo and in vitro studies. ALR depletion from hepatocytes in vivo downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT1)a, peroxisomal membrane protein 70 (PMP70) (modest down-regulation), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1). The markedly up-regulated (20X) novel microRNA-540 (miR-540) was identified to target PPARα, PMP70, ACOX1, and CPT1a. ALR depletion from primary hepatocytes increased oxidative stress, miR-540 expression, and steatosis and down-regulated PPARα, ACOX1, PMP70, and CPT1a expression. Anti-miR-540 mitigated ALR depletion-induced steatosis and prevented loss of PPARα, ACOX1, PMP70, and CPT1a expression. Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine and recombinant ALR (rALR) both inhibited ALR depletion-induced miR-540 expression and lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Finally, treatment of ALR-L-KO mice with rALR between 1 and 2 wk prevented miR-540 expression, and arrested steatosis and fibrosis. We conclude that ALR deficiency-mediated oxidative stress induces generation of miR-540, which promotes steatosis by dysregulating peroxisomal and mitochondrial lipid homeostasis.-Kumar, S., Rani, R., Karns, R., Gandhi, C. R. Augmenter of liver regeneration protein deficiency promotes hepatic steatosis by inducing oxidative stress and microRNA-540 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richa Rani
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar R. Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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18
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Augmenter of liver regeneration: Essential for growth and beyond. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 45:65-80. [PMID: 30579845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a well-orchestrated process that is triggered by tissue loss due to trauma or surgical resection and by hepatocellular death induced by toxins or viral infections. Due to the central role of the liver for body homeostasis, intensive research was conducted to identify factors that might contribute to hepatic growth and regeneration. Using a model of partial hepatectomy several factors including cytokines and growth factors that regulate this process were discovered. Among them, a protein was identified to specifically support liver regeneration and therefore was named ALR (Augmenter of Liver Regeneration). ALR protein is encoded by GFER (growth factor erv1-like) gene and can be regulated by various stimuli. ALR is expressed in different tissues in three isoforms which are associated with multiple functions: The long forms of ALR were found in the inner-mitochondrial space (IMS) and the cytosol. Mitochondrial ALR (23 kDa) was shown to cooperate with Mia40 to insure adequate protein folding during import into IMS. On the other hand short form ALR, located mainly in the cytosol, was attributed with anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative properties as well as its inflammation and metabolism modulating effects. Although a considerable amount of work has been devoted to summarizing the knowledge on ALR, an investigation of ALR expression in different organs (location, subcellular localization) as well as delineation between the isoforms and function of ALR is still missing. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of ALR structure and expression of different ALR isoforms. Furthermore, we highlight the functional role of endogenously expressed and exogenously applied ALR, as well as an analysis of the clinical importance of ALR, with emphasis on liver disease and in vivo models, as well as the consequences of mutations in the GFER gene.
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19
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Ai WL, Dong LY, Wang J, Li ZW, Wang X, Gao J, Wu Y, An W. Deficiency in augmenter of liver regeneration accelerates liver fibrosis by promoting migration of hepatic stellate cell. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3780-3791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Zhang C, An W. Progress in research of augmenter of liver regeneration. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:3171-3179. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i36.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), also known as hepatic stimulatory substance or hepatopoietin, is expressed ubiquitously in all organs, and exclusively in hepatocytes in the liver. Over the past decade, research indicates that ALR is able to promote growth of hepatocytes in the regenerating or injured liver, and plays an important role in hepatocyte transplantation, the pathogenesis of fulminant hepatitis, liver regeneration, and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei An
- Department of Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100191, China
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21
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Alexandrino H, Rolo A, Teodoro JS, Donato H, Martins R, Serôdio M, Martins M, Tralhão JG, Caseiro Alves F, Palmeira C, Castro E Sousa F. Bioenergetic adaptations of the human liver in the ALPPS procedure - how liver regeneration correlates with mitochondrial energy status. HPB (Oxford) 2017; 19:1091-1103. [PMID: 28941575 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Associating Liver Partition and Portal Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy (ALPPS) depends on a significant inter-stages kinetic growth rate (KGR). Liver regeneration is highly energy-dependent. The metabolic adaptations in ALPPS are unknown. AIMS i) Assess bioenergetics in both stages of ALPPS (T1 and T2) and compare them with control patients undergoing minor (miHp) and major hepatectomy (MaHp), respectively; ii) Correlate findings in ALPPS with volumetric data; iii) Investigate expression of genes involved in liver regeneration and energy metabolism. METHODS Five patients undergoing ALPPS, five controls undergoing miHp and five undergoing MaHp. Assessment of remnant liver bioenergetics in T1, T2 and controls. Analysis of gene expression and protein content in ALPPS. RESULTS Mitochondrial function was worsened in T1 versus miHp; and in T2 versus MaHp (p < 0.05); but improved from T1 to T2 (p < 0.05). Liver bioenergetics in T1 strongly correlated with KGR (p < 0.01). An increased expression of genes associated with liver regeneration (STAT3, ALR) and energy metabolism (PGC-1α, COX, Nampt) was found in T2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Metabolic capacity in ALPPS is worse than in controls, improves between stages and correlates with volumetric growth. Bioenergetic adaptations in ALPPS could serve as surrogate markers of liver reserve and as target for energetic conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Alexandrino
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Anabela Rolo
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João S Teodoro
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Donato
- Serviço de Imagem Médica dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Martins
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco Serôdio
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Martins
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José G Tralhão
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe Caseiro Alves
- Serviço de Imagem Médica dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Palmeira
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Castro E Sousa
- Serviço de Cirurgia A dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Zhang C, Huang J, An W. Hepatic stimulator substance resists hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating Drp1 translocation and activation. Hepatology 2017. [PMID: 28646508 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ischemia/reperfusion injury, induced by abnormal mitochondrial fission-related apoptosis, is a major concern in liver transplantation settings. Our previous studies have demonstrated that hepatic stimulator substance (HSS) is an antiapoptotic effector and could protect liver from ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we report that in vitro and in vivo HSS could regulate mitochondrial fission and hepatocyte apoptosis during liver ischemia/reperfusion injury by orchestrating the translocation and activation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). Using a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver injury, we found that HSS-haploinsufficient (HSS+/- ) mice displayed exacerbated liver damage based on their increased serum aminotransferase levels, cell structural destruction, and apoptosis levels compared to wild-type (HSS+/+ ) littermates. Disruption of HSS markedly increased cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and Bax expression, accompanied by elevated phosphorylated Drp1 and release of cytochrome c. In parallel in vitro studies, we found that HSS could inhibit the expression of CDK1 and that HSS inhibits hepatocyte apoptosis through its suppression of CDK1/cyclin B-mediated phosphorylation at Ser-616 of Drp1, thereby decreasing Drp1 accumulation in mitochondria and Drp1-mediated activation of the mitochondrial fission program. On the contrary, knockdown of HSS increased CDK1 as well as Drp1 phosphorylation and aggravated hepatocellular apoptosis. Mechanistic investigation showed that HSS was able to reduce the stability and translation of CDK1 mRNA by modulating the expression of several microRNAs (miRs), including miR-410-3p, miR-490-3p, and miR-582-5p. CONCLUSION Our data reveal a novel mechanism for HSS in regulating the mitochondrial fission machinery and further suggest that modulation of HSS may provide a therapeutic approach for combating liver damage. (Hepatology 2017;66:1989-2001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Municipal Laboratory of Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Municipal Laboratory of Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei An
- Department of Cell Biology and Municipal Laboratory of Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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23
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Gal Perin EI, Ataullakhanov RI, Dyuzheva TG, Platonova LV, Melnikova TM, Monakov MY, Dudchenko AM, Lyundup AV, Klabukov ID. [Possible use of the growing liver biological set for hepatic recovery after toxic damage (an experimental study)]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2017; 63:440-446. [PMID: 29080878 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176305440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The lack of acceptable pharmacological approaches for restoration of the injured liver is associated with complex of mechanisms involved in hepatic regeneration and with difficulty of the target selection. The aim of this research was to study the hepatoprotective function of the extract from both the growing and regenerating liver containing a natural set of factors crucial for the hepatic restoration. Extracts from both regenerating liver of rats after 70% hepatic resection and the growing liver of neonatal pigs were obtained using own original technique. The set of resultant extracts was named as the hepatic regeneration set (HRS). HRS fractionation was carried out using the Toyopearl HW-50S sorbent. The efficiency of HRS and its fractions was estimated using a model of the mouse liver thioacetamide injury and monitoring hepatic enzyme activity in blood serum. The activities of AST and ALT in intact animals were 50 U/l and 80 U/l, respectively; after thioacetamide administration they increased to 2059±212 U/l and 4280±440 E/l, respectively (p<0.05). Treatment of injured animals with HRS from the rat regenerating liver resulted in a significant decrease of transaminase activities to 924±148 U/l (AST; p<0.05) and 1633±308 U/l (ALT; p<0.05). A similar effect was observed after treatment with HRS from the neonatal pig liver: the AST decreased to 937±138 U/l (p<0.05), while ALT activity decreased to 1710±237 U/l (p<0.05). HRs fractionation resulted in identification two active fractions characterized by much higher (8-29) hepatotropic effect that that of the whole extract. These fractions contained peptide/protein components with the range of molecular mass of 3-60 kDa (fraction 1) and 3-25 kDa (fraction 2a). Fraction 1 also contained some polynucleotides in fraction 1. Subsequent studies of these fractions exceeding the hepatotropic effect of original HRS is clearly needed to identify their individual components by immunochromatography methods, ELISA, MRM mass spectrometry and quantitative PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Gal Perin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - T G Dyuzheva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Platonova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - T M Melnikova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Yu Monakov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Dudchenko
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Lyundup
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I D Klabukov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Weiss TS, Lupke M, Ibrahim S, Buechler C, Lorenz J, Ruemmele P, Hofmann U, Melter M, Dayoub R. Attenuated lipotoxicity and apoptosis is linked to exogenous and endogenous augmenter of liver regeneration by different pathways. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184282. [PMID: 28877220 PMCID: PMC5587239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) covers a spectrum from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Free fatty acids (FFA) induce steatosis and lipo-toxicity and correlate with severity of NAFLD. In this study we aimed to investigate the role of exogenous and endogenous ALR (augmenter of liver regeneration) for FFA induced ER (endoplasmatic reticulum) -stress and lipoapoptosis. Primary human hepatocytes or hepatoma cells either treated with recombinant human ALR (rhALR, 15kDa) or expressing short form ALR (sfALR, 15kDa) were incubated with palmitic acid (PA) and analyzed for lipo-toxicity, -apoptosis, activation of ER-stress response pathways, triacylglycerides (TAG), mRNA and protein expression of lipid metabolizing genes. Both, exogenous rhALR and cytosolic sfALR reduced PA induced caspase 3 activity and Bax protein expression and therefore lipotoxicity. Endogenous sfALR but not rhALR treatment lowered TAG levels, diminished activation of ER-stress mediators C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1) and proapoptotic transcription factor C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), and reduced death receptor 5 protein expression. Cellular ALR exerts its lipid lowering and anti-apoptotic actions by enhancing FABP1, which binds toxic FFA, increasing mitochondrial β-oxidation by elevating the mitochondrial FFA transporter CPT1α, and decreasing ELOVL6, which delivers toxic FFA metabolites. We found reduced hepatic mRNA levels of ALR in a high fat diet mouse model, and of ALR and FOXA2, a transcription factor inducing ALR expression, in human steatotic as well as NASH liver samples, which may explain increased lipid deposition and reduced β-oxidation in NASH patients. Present study shows that exogenous and endogenous ALR reduce PA induced lipoapoptosis. Furthermore, cytosolic sfALR changes mRNA and protein expression of genes regulating lipid metabolism, reduces ER-stress finally impeding progression of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S. Weiss
- Children’s University Hospital, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Center for Liver Cell Research, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Madeleine Lupke
- Children’s University Hospital, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sara Ibrahim
- Children’s University Hospital, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Lorenz
- Children’s University Hospital, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Ruemmele
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Melter
- Children’s University Hospital, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rania Dayoub
- Children’s University Hospital, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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25
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Zeng HQ, Luo Y, Lou SF, Liu Q, Zhang L, Deng JC. Silencing of augmenter of liver regeneration inhibited cell proliferation and triggered apoptosis in U266 human multiple myeloma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e6139. [PMID: 28876364 PMCID: PMC5579964 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is a thermostable cytokine that was originally identified to promote the growth of hepatocytes. This study was conducted to explore the expression and function of ALR in multiple myeloma (MM), a common hematologic malignancy. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis were performed to detect the expression of ALR in U266 human MM cells and healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). U266 MM cells were exposed to 20 or 40 μg/mL of recombinant ALR and tested for cell proliferation. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of ALR was done to investigate the role of ALR in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine production. Compared to PBMCs, U266 MM cells exhibited significantly higher levels of ALR at both the mRNA and protein levels. The addition of recombinant ALR protein significantly promoted the proliferation of U266 cells. In contrast, knockdown of ALR led to a significant decline in the viability and proliferation of U266 cells. Annexin-V/PI staining analysis demonstrated that ALR downregulation increased apoptosis in U266 MM cells, compared to control cells (20.1±1.1 vs 9.1±0.3%, P<0.05). Moreover, ALR depletion reduced the Bcl-2 mRNA level by 40% and raised the Bax mRNA level by 2-fold. Additionally, conditioned medium from ALR-depleted U266 cells had significantly lower concentrations of interleukin-6 than control cells (P<0.05). Taken together, ALR contributed to the proliferation and survival of U266 MM cells, and targeting ALR may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Q Zeng
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Luo
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - S F Lou
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Q Liu
- Institute of Viral Hepatitis, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J C Deng
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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26
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Kang Y, Fielden LF, Stojanovski D. Mitochondrial protein transport in health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 76:142-153. [PMID: 28765093 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are fundamental structures that fulfil important and diverse functions within cells, including cellular respiration and iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. Mitochondrial function is reliant on the organelles proteome, which is maintained and adjusted depending on cellular requirements. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and must be trafficked to, and imported into the organelle following synthesis in the cytosol. These nuclear-encoded mitochondrial precursors utilise dynamic and multimeric translocation machines to traverse the organelles membranes and be partitioned to the appropriate mitochondrial subcompartment. Yeast model systems have been instrumental in establishing the molecular basis of mitochondrial protein import machines and mechanisms, however unique players and mechanisms are apparent in higher eukaryotes. Here, we review our current knowledge on mitochondrial protein import in human cells and how dysfunction in these pathways can lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Laura F Fielden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Diana Stojanovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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27
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Cormio A, Musicco C, Gasparre G, Cormio G, Pesce V, Sardanelli AM, Gadaleta MN. Increase in proteins involved in mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, proteolysis and antioxidant response in type I endometrial cancer as an adaptive response to respiratory complex I deficiency. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:85-90. [PMID: 28698145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic mtDNA mutations associated with alterations of respiratory complex I, mitochondrial proliferation (oncocytic-like phenotype) and increase in antioxidant response were previously reported in type I endometrial carcinoma (EC). To evaluate whether in the presence of pathogenic mtDNA mutations other mitochondrial adaptive processes are triggered by cancer cells, the expression level of proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, proteolysis and apoptosis were evaluated in type I ECs harboring pathogenic mtDNA mutations and complex I deficiency. An increase in the fission protein Drp1, in the mitophagy protein BNIP3, in the mitochondrial protease CLPP, in the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic protein ALR and in Bcl-2 as well as a decrease in the fusion protein Mfn2 were found in cancer compared to matched non malignant tissue. Moreover, the level of these proteins was measured in type I EC, in hyperplastic (the premalignant form) and in non malignant tissues to verify whether the altered expression of these proteins is a common feature of endometrial cancer and of hyperplastic tissue. This analysis confirmed in type I EC samples, but not in hyperplasia, an alteration of the expression level of these proteins. These results suggest that in this cancer mitochondrial fission, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic response may be activated, as well as the discharge of damaged mitochondrial proteins as adaptation processes to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cormio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Clara Musicco
- CNR-Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gennaro Cormio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Sardanelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Nicola Gadaleta
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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28
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Pu T, Liao XH, Sun H, Guo H, Jiang X, Peng JB, Zhang L, Liu Q. Augmenter of liver regeneration regulates autophagy in renal ischemia–reperfusion injury via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Apoptosis 2017; 22:955-969. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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29
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Mitochondrial disulfide relay and its substrates: mechanisms in health and disease. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:59-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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30
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Mu M, Zhang Z, Cheng Y, Liu G, Chen X, Wu X, Zhuang C, Liu B, Kong X, You S. Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) restrains concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:280-286. [PMID: 27085679 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), produced and released by hepatocytes, has cytoprotective and immunoregulatory effects on liver injury, and has been used in many experimental applications. However, little attention has been paid to the effects of ALR on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. The purpose of this paper is to explore the protective effect of ALR on Con A-induced hepatitis and elucidate potential mechanisms. We found that the ALR pretreatment evidently reduced the amount of ALT and AST in serum. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and iNOS were suppressed. ALR pretreatment also decreased CD4(+), CD8(+) T cell infiltration in liver. Besides, we observed that ALR pretreatment was capable of suppressing the activation of several signaling pathways in Con A-induced hepatitis. These findings suggest that ALR can obviously weaken Con A-induced hepatitis and ALR has some certain immune regulation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenwei Zhang
- Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangze Liu
- Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiusheng Chen
- Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Caifang Zhuang
- Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingying Liu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangping Kong
- Liver Disease Key Laboratory, Center of Infectious Diseases, 458 Hospital, 801 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou 510600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song You
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Lipid deposition in liver cells: The influence of short form augmenter of liver regeneration. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; 40:186-94. [PMID: 26476698 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The short form augmenter of liver regeneration (sfALR) is a novel human hepatotrophic growth factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of sfALR in NAFLD. METHODS The free fatty acids (FFA) induced lipid accumulation in mouse liver parenchymal cells was examined by Oil Red O staining and triglyceride level determination. The cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry and the proliferation was assessed by CCK8. The expression levels of gfer, miR-122, srebp-1c, fas, dgat2, acc1 and Lrp1B were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, the MAPK pathway was detected by western blot. RESULTS The results showed that sfALR could alleviate the lipid accumulation in mice both in vivo and in vitro. sfALR relieved the proliferation inhibition and G2 arrest of mouse liver parenchymal cells induced by FFAs. Free fatty acids affected gfer expression in a time-and dose-dependent way. And sfALR suppressed JNK activation, increased miR-122 level and reduced fatty acid synthesis-related gene expression. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that sfALR could alleviate the severity of fatty liver in mice.
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32
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Marcos R, Lopes C, Malhão F, Correia-Gomes C, Fonseca S, Lima M, Gebhardt R, Rocha E. Stereological assessment of sexual dimorphism in the rat liver reveals differences in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells but not hepatic stellate cells. J Anat 2016; 228:996-1005. [PMID: 26892301 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is long-standing evidence that male and female rat livers differ in enzyme activity. More recently, differences in gene expression profiling have also been found to exist; however, it is still unclear whether there is morphological expression of male/female differences in the normal liver. Such differences could help to explain features seen at the pathological level, such as the greater regenerative potential generally attributed to the female liver. In this paper, hepatocytes (HEP), Kupffer cells (KC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) of male and female rats were examined to investigate hypothesised differences in number, volume and spatial co-localisation of these cell types. Immunohistochemistry and design-based stereology were used to estimate total numbers, numbers per gram and mean cell volumes. The position of HSC within lobules (periportal vs. centrilobular) and their spatial proximity to KC was also assessed. In addition, flow cytometry was used to investigate the liver ploidy. In the case of HEP and KC, differences in the measured cell parameters were observed between male and female specimens; however, no such differences were detected for HSC. Female samples contained a higher number of HEP per gram, with more binucleate cells. The HEP nuclei were smaller in females, which was coincident with more abundant diploid particles in these animals. The female liver also had a greater number of KC per gram, with a lower percentage of KC in the vicinity of HSC compared with males. In this study, we document hitherto unknown morphological sexual dimorphism in the rat liver, namely in HEP and KC. These differences may account for the higher regenerative potential of the female liver and lend weight to the argument for considering the rat liver as a sexually dimorphic organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Marcos
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U.Porto - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Group, CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U.Porto - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U.Porto - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Group, CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U.Porto - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Malhão
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U.Porto - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Group, CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U.Porto - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Correia-Gomes
- Scotland's Rural College, Epidemiology Research Unit - Future Farming Systems Group, Inverness, UK
| | - Sónia Fonseca
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Department of Hematology, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, CHP - Centro Hospitalar do Porto, ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, HSA - Hospital de Santo António, U.Porto - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Lima
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Department of Hematology, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, CHP - Centro Hospitalar do Porto, ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, HSA - Hospital de Santo António, U.Porto - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U.Porto - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Group, CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U.Porto - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Kumar S, Wang J, Rani R, Gandhi CR. Hepatic Deficiency of Augmenter of Liver Regeneration Exacerbates Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury and Promotes Fibrosis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147864. [PMID: 26808690 PMCID: PMC4726524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Why only a subpopulation (about 15%) of humans develops liver cirrhosis due to alcohol is a critical as yet unanswered question. Liver-specific depletion of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) protein in mice causes robust steatosis and hepatocyte apoptosis by 2 weeks; these pathologies regress subsequently with return of ALR expression even at lower than control levels, but the mice develop modest steatohepatitis by 8 weeks. We aimed to investigate whether chronic alcohol ingestion promotes excessive hepatic fibrosis in these ALR-deficient mice. Liver-specific ALR-deficient and wild type (WT) female mice (8–10 weeks old) were placed on 4% alcohol-supplemented or isocaloric diet for 4 weeks. Liver sections were examined for histopathology, and parameters of steatosis and fibrosis were quantified. The mRNA expression of alcohol dehydrogenase-1, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-1 and cytochrome P450-2E1 increased in WT mice but decreased in ALR-deficient mice upon alcohol ingestion. While alcohol induced steatosis and mild inflammation in WT mice, ALR-deficient mice showed minimal steatosis, strong hepatocellular injury and inflammation, prominent ductular proliferation, and robust fibrosis. Compared to the WT mice, alcohol feeding of ALR-deficient mice resulted in significantly greater increase in hepatic TNFα and TGFβ, and oxidative stress; there was also hepatic iron accumulation, robust lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial DNA damage. Importantly, similar to ALR-deficient mice, lower hepatic ALR levels in human alcoholic liver cirrhosis were associated with increased iron content, reduced expression of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and elevated fibrogenic markers. We conclude that ALR deficiency or anomaly can play a critical role in alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis, mechanisms of which may involve dysregulation of alcohol metabolism and iron homeostasis, mitochondrial damage and oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richa Rani
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chandrashekhar R. Gandhi
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United states of America
- * E-mail:
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Shi WZ, Yan K, Song JH. Cirrhotic liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:215-221. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is an organ with strong regenerative ability, and its regenerative mechanism is very complex. The liver regenerative process is regulated by various kinds of factors, which coordinate highly, and is also influenced by many other factors. Studies have shown that liver cirrhosis is an important factor affecting liver regeneration, and cirrhotic liver shows significantly impaired regenerative function. Liver cancer frequently occurs following cirrhosis in China, so further definition of the regenerative mechanism after partial hepatectomy in these patients has far-reaching significance for improving their prognosis. Nowadays, most studies on the regulatory mechanism of cirrhotic liver regeneration on focused on different signaling pathways and various related cytokines. This review summarizes the findings of these studies.
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Abstract
Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is an extremely complicated pathophysiologic process, which involves the up-regulation of many proliferation associated proteins and genes. The molecular mechanisms responsible for initiating, maintaining, and terminating this process are still under active investigation and remain one of the research focuses in the field of regenerative medicine. Studies of the mechanism of liver regeneration can provide a theoretical foundation for regeneration promotion and hepatic failure prevention, which is extremely important in clinical practice. This review aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for the initiation, proliferation and termination of liver regeneration.
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Balogh T, Lőrincz T, Stiller I, Mandl J, Bánhegyi G, Szarka A. The Level of ALR is Regulated by the Quantity of Mitochondrial DNA. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 22:431-7. [PMID: 26584568 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-0020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) contributes to mitochondrial biogenesis, maintenance and to the physiological operation of mitochondria. The depletion of ALR has been widely studied and had serious consequences on the mitochondrial functions. However the inverse direction, the effect of the depletion of mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mtDNA on ALR expression has not been investigated yet. Thus mtDNA depleted, ρ(0) cell line was prepared to investigate the role of mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mtDNA on ALR expression. The depletion of mtDNA has not caused any difference at mRNA level, but at protein level the expression of ALR has been markedly increased. The regulatory role of ATP and ROS levels could be ruled out because the treatment of the parental cell line with different respiratory inhibitors and uncoupling agent could not provoke any changes in the protein level of ALR. The effect of mtDNA depletion on the protein level of ALR has been proved not to be liver specific, since the phenomenon could be observed in the case of two other, non-hepatic cell lines. It seems the level of mtDNA and/or its products may have regulatory role on the protein level of ALR. The up-regulation of ALR can be a part of the adaptive response in ρ(0) cells that preserves the structural integrity and the transmembrane potential despite the absence of protein components encoded by the mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Balogh
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Tamás Lőrincz
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Stiller
- Pathobiochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 260, Budapest, 1444, Hungary
| | - József Mandl
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, POB 260, Budapest, 1444, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, POB 260, Budapest, 1444, Hungary
| | - András Szarka
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, 1111, Hungary. .,Pathobiochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 260, Budapest, 1444, Hungary.
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Tang C, Lin H, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Bie P, Yang J. Recombinant human augmenter of liver regeneration protects hepatocyte mitochondrial DNA in rats with obstructive jaundice. J Surg Res 2015; 196:90-101. [PMID: 25818977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage is an important cause of mitochondrial and hepatic function impairment in obstructive jaundice (OJ). This study investigated the protective effect of recombinant human augmenter of liver regeneration (rhALR) on hepatocyte mtDNA in rats with OJ. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups as follows: sham-operation, biliary obstruction and recanalization with rhALR treatment (BDO-RBF-rhALR), and BDO-RBF-Vehicle (n = 48 per group). After biliary obstruction, rats were intraperitoneally injected with 40 μg/kg rhALR in BDO-RBF-rhALR group and same volume of normal saline in other two groups once every 12 h, until sacrifice. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) expression in hepatocytes were detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Hepatocyte mtDNA damage was evaluated by real-time-polymerase chain reaction. Mitochondrial and hepatic functions were also assessed. RESULTS After biliary obstruction, hepatic function was clearly impaired, as shown by the increases in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin levels, and the decrease in albumin level. Mitochondrial respiratory control ratio, phosphorus oxygen ratio, and ATP levels (all indicators of mitochondrial function) were decreased. The relative amount of total mtDNA, mtTFA, and NRF-1 expression in rat liver tissues were decreased, whereas the relative amount of deleted mtDNA was increased. However, the damage was significantly improved in the BDO-RBF-rhALR group. After recanalization, these changes were gradually restored, but the recovery was faster in the BDO-RBF-rhALR group than in BDO-RBF-Vehicle group. CONCLUSIONS rhALR may protect and improve mitochondrial and hepatic functions in rats with OJ by promoting the expression of mtTFA and NRF-1 and by protecting and repairing damaged mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Bie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Juntao Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Yan R, Li Y, Zhang L, Xia N, Liu Q, Sun H, Guo H. Augmenter of liver regeneration attenuates inflammation of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury through the NF-kappa B pathway in rats. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:861-8. [PMID: 25792007 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-0954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) on the acute kidney injury (AKI) rats were investigated by measuring the inflammatory response associated with transcription factor nuclear factory (NF-κB) pathway. METHODS The model of AKI rats was established by occluded the renal pedicles for 60 min and then released. After that, animals were treated with ALR (100 or 200 μg/kg). All rats were killed at different time points (24, 48, 72 h). Renal function and kidney histological changes were measured. The apoptosis of tubular cells was evaluated by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. Cytokines and chemokines were assessed by immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The NF-κB p65 protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS Ischemia reperfusion induced tubular cells necrosis and apoptosis, and ALR can significantly reduce this damages. The productions of MCP-1, IL-1β and IL-6 were lower in the group of ALR treatment, especially in the high-dose group. The inflammatory infiltrates were lower in the rats with administration of ALR. ALR mediated the level of cytokines and chemokines through inhibited the activation of NF-κB. CONCLUSION ALR can improve renal function and inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors. This protects against renal ischemia reperfusion injury, which may be associated with preventing NF-κB activation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Yan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China,
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Abstract
ALR is a mystic protein. It has a so called “long” 22 kDa and a “short” 15 kDa forms. It has been described after partial hepatectomy and it has just been considered as a key protein of liver regeneration. At the beginning of the 21st century it has been revealed that the “long” form is localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and it is an element of the mitochondrial protein import and disulphide relay system. Several proteins of the substrates of the mitochondrial disulphide relay system are necessary for the proper function of the mitochondria, thus any mutation of the ALR gene leads to mitochondrial diseases. The “short” form of ALR functions as a secreted extracellular growth factor and it promotes the protection, regeneration and proliferation of hepatocytes. The results gained on the recently generated conditional ALR mutant mice suggest that ALR can play an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatosis. Since the serum level of ALR is modified in several liver diseases it can be a promising marker molecule in laboratory diagnostics. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(13), 503–509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Balogh
- Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem, Vegyészmérnöki és Biomérnöki Kar Alkalmazott Biotechnológia és Élelmiszer-tudományi Tanszék, Biokémiai és Molekuláris Biológiai Laboratórium Budapest
| | - András Szarka
- Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem, Vegyészmérnöki és Biomérnöki Kar Alkalmazott Biotechnológia és Élelmiszer-tudományi Tanszék, Biokémiai és Molekuláris Biológiai Laboratórium Budapest
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Vegytani Molekuláris Biológiai és Patobiokémiai Intézet Budapest Pf. 260 1444
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Gandhi CR, Chaillet JR, Nalesnik MA, Kumar S, Dangi A, Demetris AJ, Ferrell R, Wu T, Divanovic S, Stankeiwicz T, Shaffer B, Stolz DB, Harvey SAK, Wang J, Starzl TE. Liver-specific deletion of augmenter of liver regeneration accelerates development of steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:379-391.e4. [PMID: 25448926 PMCID: PMC4802363 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR, encoded by GFER) is a widely distributed pleiotropic protein originally identified as a hepatic growth factor. However, little is known about its roles in hepatic physiology and pathology. We created mice with liver-specific deletion of ALR to study its function. METHODS We developed mice with liver-specific deletion of ALR (ALR-L-KO) using the albumin-Cre/LoxP system. Liver tissues were collected from ALR-L-KO mice and ALR(floxed/floxed) mice (controls) and analyzed by histology, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and techniques to measure fibrosis and lipids. Liver tissues from patients with and without advanced liver disease were determined by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Two weeks after birth, livers of ALR-L-KO mice contained low levels of ALR and adenosine triphosphate (ATP); they had reduced mitochondrial respiratory function and increased oxidative stress, compared with livers from control mice, and had excessive steatosis, and hepatocyte apoptosis. Levels of carbamyl-palmitoyl transferase 1a and ATP synthase subunit ATP5G1 were reduced in livers of ALR-L-KO mice, indicating defects in mitochondrial fatty acid transport and ATP synthesis. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial swelling with abnormalities in shapes and numbers of cristae. From weeks 2-4 after birth, levels of steatosis and apoptosis decreased in ALR-L-KO mice, and numbers of ALR-expressing cells increased, along with ATP levels. However, at weeks 4-8 after birth, livers became inflamed, with hepatocellular necrosis, ductular proliferation, and fibrosis; hepatocellular carcinoma developed by 1 year after birth in nearly 60% of the mice. Hepatic levels of ALR were also low in ob/ob mice and alcohol-fed mice with liver steatosis, compared with controls. Levels of ALR were lower in liver tissues from patients with advanced alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis than in control liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS We developed mice with liver-specific deletion of ALR, and showed that it is required for mitochondrial function and lipid homeostasis in the liver. ALR-L-KO mice provide a useful model for investigating the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar R Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - J Richard Chaillet
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Nalesnik
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anil Dangi
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - A Jake Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Ferrell
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Traci Stankeiwicz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Benjamin Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Thomas E Starzl
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Xia N, Yan RY, Liu Q, Liao XH, Sun H, Guo H, Zhang L. Augmenter of liver regeneration plays a protective role against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in renal proximal tubule cells. Apoptosis 2015; 20:423-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Khandoga A, Mende K, Iskandarov E, Rosentreter D, Schelcher C, Reifart J, Jauch KW, Thasler WE. Augmenter of liver regeneration attenuates inflammatory response in the postischemic mouse liver in vivo. J Surg Res 2014; 192:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yu HY, Zhu MH, Xiang DR, Li J, Sheng JF. High expression of 23 kDa protein of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:887-93. [PMID: 24940072 PMCID: PMC4051792 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s61531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is an important polypeptide that participates in the process of liver regeneration. Two forms of ALR proteins are expressed in hepatocytes. Previous data have shown that ALR is essential for cell survival and has potential antimetastatic properties in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aims The study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of two forms of ALR proteins in HCC and their possible significance in HCC development. Methods Balb/c mouse monoclonal antibody against ALR protein was prepared in order to detect the ALR protein in HCC by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. ALR mRNA expression levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction in HCC tissues and compared to paracancerous liver tissues in 22 HCC patients. Results ALR mRNA expression in HCC liver tissues (1.51×106 copies/μL) was higher than in paracancerous tissues (1.04×104 copies/μL). ALR protein expression was also enhanced in HCC liver tissues. The enhanced ALR protein was shown to be 23 kDa by Western blotting. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the 23 kDa ALR protein mainly existed in the hepatocyte cytosol. Conclusion The 23 kDa ALR protein was highly expressed in HCC and may play an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Hua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dai-Rong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Fang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Kedarisetty CK, Anand L, Khanam A, Kumar A, Rastogi A, Maiwall R, Sarin SK. Growth factors enhance liver regeneration in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol Int 2014. [PMID: 26201333 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome characterized by a rapid progression of liver disease culminating in organ failure and death. The only definitive treatment is liver transplantation. However, there is a possible element of reversibility and hepatic regeneration if the acute insult can be tided over. Exogenously administered growth factors may stimulate hepatocytes, hepatic progenitor cells and bone marrow-derived cells to supplement hepatic regeneration. The proposed review is intended to provide an in-depth analysis of the individual components of hepatic and bone marrow niches and highlight the growing role of various growth factors in liver regeneration in health and in liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lovkesh Anand
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arshi Khanam
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakhi Maiwall
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Sun GY, Dong LY, An W. Involvement of hepatic stimulator substance in the regulation of hepatoblast maturation into hepatocytes in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1675-87. [PMID: 24640968 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stimulator substance (HSS), also known as augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), acts as a hepatotrophic growth factor to promote liver regeneration after liver damage or partial hepatectomy. However, the expression and function of HSS during liver development in mammals remain largely unknown. In this work, the hepatoblasts were isolated from mice at embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5), and HSS expression and its role during hepatoblast maturation were investigated. The results showed that HSS expression was enhanced in the hepatoblasts compared with mouse primary hepatocytes. HSS expression (23 kDa) was significantly decreased if the hepatoblast maturation was induced by a combination of oncostatin M (OSM), dexamethasone (DEX), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). We also found that knockdown of HSS expression (mainly 23-kDa isoform) by siRNA promoted hepatoblast maturation and also activated the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation levels. However, if STAT3 activity was blocked by a small-molecule inhibitor Stattic, then hepatocyte maturation could be abolished, suggesting that STAT3 was most likely a potential molecule responsible for HSS signaling. In summary, our results demonstrated for the first time that HSS might be an active factor participating in the regulation of liver development and hepatocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yong Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regeneration Regulation, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
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Schaefer-Ramadan S, Thorpe C, Rozovsky S. Site-specific insertion of selenium into the redox-active disulfide of the flavoprotein augmenter of liver regeneration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 548:60-5. [PMID: 24582598 PMCID: PMC4009370 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Augmenter of liver regeneration (sfALR) is a small disulfide-bridged homodimeric flavoprotein with sulfhydryl oxidase activity. Here, we investigate the catalytic and spectroscopic consequences of selectively replacing C145 by a selenocysteine to complement earlier studies in which random substitution of ∼90% of the 6 cysteine residues per sfALR monomer was achieved growing Escherichia coli on selenite. A selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element was installed within the gene for human sfALR. SecALR2 showed a spectrum comparable to that of wild-type sfALR. The catalytic efficiency of SecALR2 towards dithiothreitol was 6.8-fold lower than a corresponding construct in which position 145 was returned to a cysteine residue while retaining the additional mutations introduced with the SECIS element. This all-cysteine control enzyme formed a mixed disulfide between C142 and β-mercaptoethanol releasing C145 to form a thiolate-flavin charge transfer absorbance band at ∼530nm. In contrast, SecALR2 showed a prominent long-wavelength absorbance at 585 nm consistent with the expectation that a selenolate would be a better charge-transfer donor to the isoalloxazine ring. These data show the robustness of the ALR protein fold towards the multiple mutations required to insert the SECIS element and provide the first example of a selenolate to flavin charge-transfer complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Sharon Rozovsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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Li Y, Zhang L, Liu Q, Chen GT, Sun H. Exogenous augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) attenuates inflammatory response in renal hypoxia re-oxygenation injury. Ren Fail 2014; 36:432-6. [PMID: 24392837 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.867811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the role of the innate immune system in initiating the inflammatory cascade which leads to detrimental changes in renal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. The augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is an anti-apoptosis factor which is highly expressed in renal tubulars of renal cortex and medulla after inducing renal I/R injury in rats. It has been shown that exogenous ALR can enhance renal tubular regeneration. However, whether ALR's protective effect against renal I/R injury results from its immune regulatory function remains unknown. Using rat renal tubular epithelial cell (NRK-52E), we investigate the effect of recombinant rat ALR (rrALR) on immune inflammatory response in hypoxia re-oxygenation (H/R) injury in vitro, and further discuss the possible mechanisms. Cultured NRK-52E cells subjected to hypoxia for 6 h followed by re-oxygenation for 12, 24 and 72 h are administered with different doses of rrALR. Expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and transcription nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is assessed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. Expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β are determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In rrALR intervened H/R cells, TLR4 and NF-κB are down regulated at both mRNA and protein levels compare with those in control cells. Also, rrALR appears to downregulate IL-6 and IL-1β expression in concentration-dependent manners. In conclusion, rrALR protects NRK-52E cells from H/R injury possibly by relieving the inflammatory response through regulation of TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China and
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Chen W, Yang C, Bi YL, Tang L, Wu G, Deng CL. Clinical significance of serum levels of augmenter of liver regeneration in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:434-438. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i3.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine serum levels of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis and to analyze its clinical significance.
METHODS: Serum samples were collected from patients with mild chronic hepatitis B (n = 196), compensated cirrhosis (n = 69), decompensated cirrhosis (n = 148) and normal controls (n = 200). The patients with decompensated cirrhosis were divided into an ascites subgroup (n = 51), a gastrointestinal bleeding subgroup (n = 32), a hepatic encephalopathy subgroup (n = 27) and a chronic liver failure subgroup (n = 38). The patients with ascites were further divided into a spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) subgroup (n = 9) and a non-SBP group (n = 42). Serum concentrations of ALR were measured by ELISA. FibroScan was used to test the liver stiffness of patients with compensated cirrhosis. The correlation between ALR level and FibroScan score was analyzed by linear regression analysis. Unconditioned binary response logistic regression model was used to determine the correlation between ALR level and the occurrence of complications in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
RESULTS: Serum ALR concentrations were higher in the compensated cirrhosis group and decompensated cirrhosis group than in the mild chronic hepatitis B group and normal control group (P < 0.01 for all). There was a negative correlation between serum ALR concentration and FibroScan score in patients with compensated cirrhosis (r = -0.218, F = 15.736, P < 0.01). Serum ALR concentrations in patients with chronic liver failure were higher than those in patients with compensated cirrhosis (1.73 μg/L ± 0.23 μg/L vs 1.54 μg/L ± 0.53 μg/L, P = 0.012), and ALR concentrations in patients with ascites were significantly decreased (1.32 μg/L ± 0.64 μg/L vs 1.54 μg/L ± 0.53 μg/L, P = 0.027). There was no significant difference in ALR levels between the SBP group and non-SBP group. Logistic regression analysis identified lower serum ALR level as a risk factor for the occurrence of ascites in patients with cirrhosis (P = 0.031, OR = 0.841).
CONCLUSION: Serum ALR levels are significantly increased in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis and are negatively related to the liver stiffness and occurrence of ascites, indicating that increased ALR level is a potential protective mechanism for patients with HBV-related cirrhosis.
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Zhang J, Li Y, Jiang S, Yu H, An W. Enhanced endoplasmic reticulum SERCA activity by overexpression of hepatic stimulator substance gene prevents hepatic cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 306:C279-90. [PMID: 24284796 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00117.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the potential pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is unclear, increasing evidence indicates that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may link free fatty acids to NAFLD. Since we previously reported that hepatic stimulator substance (HSS) could protect the liver from steatosis, this study is aimed to investigate whether HSS protection could be related with its inhibition on ER stress. The HSS gene was stably transfected into BEL-7402 hepatoma cells and effectively expressed in ER. The palmitic acid (PA)-induced heptocyte lipotoxicity was reproduced in the HSS-transfected cells, and HSS alleviation of the ER stress and apoptosis were subsequently examined. The results showed that PA treatment led to a heavy accumulation of fatty acids within the cells and a remarkable increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, in the HSS-expressing cells, production of ROS was inhibited and ER stress-related marker glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP-78), sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), anti-phospho-PRK-1ike ER kinase (p-PERK), anti-phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), and anti-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were downregulated compared with the wild-type or mutant HSS-transfected cells. Furthermore, PA treatment severely impaired the activity of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA), leading to imbalanced calcium homeostasis during ER stress, which could be rescued in the HSS-trasfected cells. The protection provided by HSS to the SERCA is identical to that observed with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate (Na-DMPS), which are two typical free radical scavengers. As a consequence, the rate of ER stress-mediated apoptosis in the HSS-expressing cells was significantly reduced. In conclusion, the protective effect of HSS against ER stress may be associated with the removal of ROS to restore the activity of the SERCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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The mitochondrial disulfide relay system: roles in oxidative protein folding and beyond. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:742923. [PMID: 24348563 PMCID: PMC3848088 DOI: 10.1155/2013/742923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bond formation drives protein import of most proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). The main components of this disulfide relay machinery are the oxidoreductase Mia40 and the sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1/ALR. Their precise functions have been elucidated in molecular detail for the yeast and human enzymes in vitro and in intact cells. However, we still lack knowledge on how Mia40 and Erv1/ALR impact cellular and organism physiology and whether they have functions beyond their role in disulfide bond formation. Here we summarize the principles of oxidation-dependent protein import mediated by the mitochondrial disulfide relay. We proceed by discussing recently described functions of Mia40 in the hypoxia response and of ALR in influencing mitochondrial morphology and its importance for tissue development and embryogenesis. We also include a discussion of the still mysterious function of Erv1/ALR in liver regeneration.
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