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Knox MA, Bromhead C, Hayman DTS. Development of a non-infectious control for viral hemorrhagic fever PCR assays. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011390. [PMID: 38648254 PMCID: PMC11065202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Assay validation is an essential component of disease surveillance testing, but can be problematic in settings where access to positive control material is limited and a safety risk for handlers. Here we describe a single non-infectious synthetic control that can help develop and validate the PCR based detection of the viral causes of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease and Rift Valley fever. We designed non-infectious synthetic DNA oligonucleotide sequences incorporating primer binding sites suitable for five assays, and a T7 promotor site which was used to transcribe the sequence. Transcribed RNA was used as template in a dilution series, extracted and amplified with RT-PCR and RT-qPCR to demonstrate successful recovery and determine limits of detection in a range of laboratory settings. Our results show this approach is adaptable to any diagnostic assay requiring validation of nucleic acid extraction and/or amplification, particularly where sourcing reliable, safe material for positive controls is infeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Knox
- Massey University, School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - Collette Bromhead
- Massey University, School of Health Sciences, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David TS Hayman
- Massey University, School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
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2
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Schiavo L, Ribeiro ML, de Almeida MB, da Cunha GR, Espírito Santo GAN, Morikawa VM, Vicente AF, Ponsart C, de Santi CE, Kmetiuk LB, Megid J, Biondo AW. One Health approach for Brucella canis: Serological and molecular detection in animal-hoarding individuals and their dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011974. [PMID: 38470939 PMCID: PMC10959369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal hoarding disorder (AHD) is classified as a psychiatric obsessive-compulsive condition characterized by animal accumulation and often accompanied by unsanitary conditions and animal cruelty. Although AHD may increase pathogen transmission and spread, particularly for zoonotic diseases, human and dog exposure in such cases has yet to be fully established. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess Brucella canis in 19 individuals with AHD (11 households) and their 264 dogs (21 households) in Curitiba, the eighth largest city in Brazil, with approximately 1.8 million habitants. Anti-B. canis antibodies were detected by the 2-mercaptoethanol microplate agglutination test (2ME-MAT) and by a commercial lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), while molecular detection of previously positive seropositive samples was performed by conventional PCR. Although all the human samples were 2ME-MAT negative, 12/264 (4.5%, 95% Confidence Interval: 2.0-7.0%) dog samples were 2ME-MAT and LFIA positive, with 2ME-MAT titers ranging from 20 to 640. At least one dog in 4/21 (19.0%, 95% CI: 2.0-46.0%) households was seropositive. Despite the absence of seropositivity in individuals with AHD and the comparatively low seroprevalence in dogs, B. canis circulation and outbreaks should be considered in such human populations due to the high burden and recurrent character of B. canis exposure in high-density dog populations and the constant introduction of susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Schiavo
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Paraná State Technology Institute (Tecpar), Paraná State Government, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Matheus Lopes Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meila Bastos de Almeida
- Paraná State Technology Institute (Tecpar), Paraná State Government, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Acácia Ferreira Vicente
- WOAH/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, Animal Health Laboratory, Paris-Est University/Anses, Paris, France
| | - Claire Ponsart
- WOAH/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, Animal Health Laboratory, Paris-Est University/Anses, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Eduardo de Santi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Zoonosis Surveillance Unit, City Secretary of Health, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jane Megid
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Wang S, Suluku R, Jalloh MB, Samba AF, Jiang B, Xie Y, Harding D, Zhang M, Sahr F, Sesay ME, Squire JS, Vandi MA, Kallon MN, Zhang S, Hu R, Zhao Y, Mi Z. Molecular characterization of an outbreak-involved Bacillus anthracis strain confirms the spillover of anthrax from West Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2024; 13:6. [PMID: 38221635 PMCID: PMC10788998 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthrax, a zoonotic disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis, remains a major global public health concern, especially in countries with limited resources. Sierra Leone, a West African country historically plagued by anthrax, has almost been out of report on this disease in recent decades. In this study, we described a large-scale anthrax outbreak affecting both animals and humans and attempted to characterize the pathogen using molecular techniques. METHODS The causative agent of the animal outbreak in Port Loko District, Sierra Leone, between March and May 2022 was identified using the nanopore sequencing technique. A nationwide active surveillance was implemented from May 2022 to June 2023 to monitor the occurrence of anthrax-specific symptoms in humans. Suspected cases were subsequently verified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Full-genome sequencing was accomplished by combining long-read and short-read sequencing methods. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the full-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms. RESULTS The outbreak in Port Loko District, Sierra Leone, led to the death of 233 animals between March 26th and May 16th, 2022. We ruled out the initial suspicion of Anaplasma species and successfully identified B. anthracis as the causative agent of the outbreak. As a result of the government's prompt response, out of the 49 suspected human cases identified during the one-year active surveillance, only 6 human cases tested positive, all within the first month after the official declaration of the outbreak. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the BaSL2022 isolate responsible for the outbreak was positioned in the A.Br.153 clade within the TransEuroAsian group of B. anthracis. CONCLUSIONS We successfully identified a large-scale anthrax outbreak in Sierra Leone. The causative isolate of B. anthracis, BaSL2022, phylogenetically bridged other lineages in A.Br.153 clade and neighboring genetic groups, A.Br.144 and A.Br.148, eventually confirming the spillover of anthrax from West Africa. Given the wide dissemination of B. anthracis spores, it is highly advisable to effectively monitor the potential reoccurrence of anthrax outbreaks and to launch campaigns to improve public awareness regarding anthrax in Sierra Leone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchao Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Roland Suluku
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone.
| | - Mohamed B Jalloh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Ahmed F Samba
- Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Baogui Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 East Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Yubiao Xie
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Doris Harding
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Foday Sahr
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mahmud E Sesay
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - James S Squire
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Moinina N Kallon
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuee Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 East Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Mi
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 East Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, China.
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4
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Izquierdo-Condoy JS, Naranjo-Lara P, Vásconez-Gonzalez J, Fernandez-Naranjo R, Placencia-André R, Davila MG, Carrington SJ, Ortiz-Prado E. A nationwide epidemiological and geodemographic analysis of lymphatic filariasis in Ecuador: a neglected and often forgotten disease in Ecuador. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1270015. [PMID: 38035299 PMCID: PMC10682787 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1270015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes and affecting the lymphatic system. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological and sociodemographic characteristics of patients with LF during the last 11 years of available data in Ecuador. Methods A 11-year nationwide analysis of hospital admission and in-hospital mortality based on the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC) data was conducted in Ecuador from 2011 to 2021. The International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) code for filariasis (ICD: B74) was used to retrieve information on severe LF as a proxy for incidence among 221 Ecuadorian cities. Results A total of 26 hospital admissions and 3 deaths due to LF were registered. The highest mortality rate was found in populations over 80 years. Men accounted for 62.5% (n = 17) of total number of cases with an average incidence rate of 1.7 cases per/1,000,000, while females accounted for 34.6% (n = 9), representing 1 case per/1,000,000 woman. Cities located at lower altitude (459/1,000,000) reported higher incidence rates than those located at higher altitudes (7.4/1,000,000). Conclusion This is the first study on LF in Ecuador. Although, Ecuador is not considered endemic for LF, we found evidence of the presence of this disease in recent years. The implementation and improvement of an adequate integrated epidemiological surveillance system will allow early identification of cases and therefore their respective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Vásconez-Gonzalez
- One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Tecnologías PUCE TEC, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | - María G. Davila
- One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Esteban Ortiz-Prado
- One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
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Qiu Y, Guitian J, Webster JP, Musallam I, Haider N, Drewe JA, Song J. Global prioritization of endemic zoonotic diseases for conducting surveillance in domestic animals to protect public health. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220407. [PMID: 37598706 PMCID: PMC10440161 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases (zoonoses) originating from domestic animals pose a significant risk to people's health and livelihoods, in addition to jeopardizing animal health and production. Effective surveillance of endemic zoonoses at the animal level is crucial to assessing the disease burden and risk, and providing early warning to prevent epidemics in animals and spillover to humans. Here we aimed to prioritize and characterize zoonoses for which surveillance in domestic animals is important to prevent human infections at a global scale. A multi-criteria qualitative approach was used, where disease-specific information was obtained across literature of the leading international health organizations. Thirty-two zoonoses were prioritized, all of which have multi-regional spread, cause unexceptional human infections and have domestic animal hosts as important sources or sentinels of zoonotic infections. Most diseases involve multiple animal hosts and/or modes of zoonotic transmission, where a lack of specific clinical signs in animals further complicates surveillance. We discuss the challenges of animal health surveillance in endemic and resource-limited settings, as well as potential avenues for improvement such as the multi-disease, multi-sectoral and digital surveillance approaches. Our study will support global capacity-building efforts to strengthen the surveillance and control of endemic zoonoses at their animal sources. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenges and opportunities in the fight against neglected tropical diseases: a decade from the London Declaration on NTDs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiu
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Headquarters, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Guitian
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, FAO Reference Centre in Veterinary Epidemiology, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts AL9 9TA, UK
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, FAO Reference Centre in Veterinary Epidemiology, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts AL9 9TA, UK
| | - Imadidden Musallam
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, FAO Reference Centre in Veterinary Epidemiology, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts AL9 9TA, UK
| | - Najmul Haider
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, FAO Reference Centre in Veterinary Epidemiology, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts AL9 9TA, UK
| | - Julian A. Drewe
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, FAO Reference Centre in Veterinary Epidemiology, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts AL9 9TA, UK
| | - Junxia Song
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Headquarters, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
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Riley T, Cumming B, Thandrayen J, Meredith A, Anderson NE, Lovett R. One Health and Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities: A One Health Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6416. [PMID: 37510648 PMCID: PMC10378938 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20146416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities face barriers in accessing animal healthcare and are exposed to disproportionate environmental health exposures leading to increased risk of disease. A One Health approach has been promoted to address public health risks and improve human, animal, and environmental health outcomes in communities. We undertook a pilot One Health study in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Queensland collecting animal, human, and environmental health data from 82 households. We performed a descriptive analysis and assessed the association between human and environmental health exposures and animal health outcomes. Most households were not crowded (82.9%) but did report a high level of environmental health concerns (86.6%). The majority of households owned cats and dogs (81.7%), with most animals assessed as healthy. There was no association between human and environmental health exposures and animal health outcomes. As most households experienced concerns regarding housing conditions, environmental health programs should prioritise improving household factors. There was also strong support for animal healthcare (including access to medicines and veterinarians, education programs and population management), indicating that a One Health approach is desired by communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Riley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Bonny Cumming
- Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities (AMRRIC), Darwin, NT 0801, Australia
| | - Joanne Thandrayen
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anna Meredith
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil E Anderson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Raymond Lovett
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Sebola DC, Oguttu JW, Kock MM, Qekwana DN. Hospital-acquired and zoonotic bacteria from a veterinary hospital and their associated antimicrobial-susceptibility profiles: A systematic review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1087052. [PMID: 36699325 PMCID: PMC9868922 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1087052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and an economic burden due to costs associated with extended hospital stays. Furthermore, most pathogens associated with HAIs in veterinary medicine are zoonotic. This study used published data to identify organisms associated with HAIs and zoonosis in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, the study also investigated the antimicrobial-susceptibility profile of these bacterial organisms. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Search terms and five electronic databases were used to identify studies published over 20 years (2000-2020). The risk of bias was assessed using the "Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Vet" (STROBE-Vet) checklist. Results Out of the identified 628 papers, 27 met the inclusion criteria for this study. Most studies (63%, 17/27) included were either from small animal or companion animal clinics/hospitals, while 5% (4/27) were from large animal clinics/hospitals inclusive of bovine and equine hospitals. Hospital-acquired bacteria were reported from environmental surfaces (33%, 9/27), animal clinical cases (29.6%, 8/27), and fomites such as cell phones, clippers, stethoscopes, and computers (14.8%, 4/27). Staphylococcus spp. was the most (63%; 17/27) reported organism, followed by Escherichia coli (19%; 5/27), Enterococcus spp. (15%, 4/27), Salmonella spp. (15%; 4/27), Acinetobacter baumannii (15%, 4/27), Clostridioides difficile (4%, 1/27), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4%; 1/27). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms were reported in 71% (12/17) of studies linked to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), Enterococcus spp., Salmonella Typhimurium, A. baumannii, and E. coli. The mecA gene was identified in both MRSA and MRSP, the blaCMY-2 gene in E. coli and Salmonella spp., and the vanA gene in E. faecium isolate. Six studies reported organisms from animals with similar clonal lineage to those reported in human isolates. Conclusion Organisms associated with hospital-acquired infections and zoonosis have been reported from clinical cases, environmental surfaces, and items used during patient treatment and care. Staphylococcus species is the most reported organism in cases of HAIs and some isolates shared similar clonal lineage to those reported in humans. Some organisms associated with HAIs exhibit a high level of resistance and contain genes associated with antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikeledi C. Sebola
- Section Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - James W. Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marleen M. Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Daniel N. Qekwana
- Section Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa,*Correspondence: Daniel N. Qekwana ✉
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Simons D, Attfield LA, Jones KE, Watson-Jones D, Kock R. Rodent trapping studies as an overlooked information source for understanding endemic and novel zoonotic spillover. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010772. [PMID: 36689474 PMCID: PMC9894545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents, a diverse, globally distributed and ecologically important order of mammals are nevertheless important reservoirs of known and novel zoonotic pathogens. Ongoing anthropogenic land use change is altering these species' abundance and distribution, which among zoonotic host species may increase the risk of zoonoses spillover events. A better understanding of the current distribution of rodent species is required to guide attempts to mitigate against potentially increased zoonotic disease hazard and risk. However, available species distribution and host-pathogen association datasets (e.g. IUCN, GBIF, CLOVER) are often taxonomically and spatially biased. Here, we synthesise data from West Africa from 127 rodent trapping studies, published between 1964-2022, as an additional source of information to characterise the range and presence of rodent species and identify the subgroup of species that are potential or known pathogen hosts. We identify that these rodent trapping studies, although biased towards human dominated landscapes across West Africa, can usefully complement current rodent species distribution datasets and we calculate the discrepancies between these datasets. For five regionally important zoonotic pathogens (Arenaviridae spp., Borrelia spp., Lassa mammarenavirus, Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii), we identify host-pathogen associations that have not been previously reported in host-association datasets. Finally, for these five pathogen groups, we find that the proportion of a rodent hosts range that have been sampled remains small with geographic clustering. A priority should be to sample rodent hosts across a greater geographic range to better characterise current and future risk of zoonotic spillover events. In the interim, studies of spatial pathogen risk informed by rodent distributions must incorporate a measure of the current sampling biases. The current synthesis of contextually rich rodent trapping data enriches available information from IUCN, GBIF and CLOVER which can support a more complete understanding of the hazard of zoonotic spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Simons
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren A. Attfield
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate E. Jones
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Watson-Jones
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Richard Kock
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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Palomares Velosa JE, Riaño Sánchez S, Martínez Marín A, Cediel Becerra NM. Prevention of exposure to zoonoses in rural Latin America: Social ecological factors in a diverse regional context. One Health 2022; 15:100444. [PMID: 36277084 PMCID: PMC9582569 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases have serious impacts on human health and well-being, but they are often overlooked in rural Latin America. The design of effective preventive interventions is complex and requires an integrative approach from evidence-based information analyzed through robust theoretical frameworks. We conducted a systematized literature review and qualitative framework-guided thematic analysis to identify social ecological factors affecting the prevention and exposure to zoonotic diseases. Although resources for research are limited in Latin America, we found several studies with relevant results. We extracted and interpreted 8 themes as factors affecting the prevention, transmission, and exposure to zoonosis. These themes included knowledge and misconceptions, low risk perception, gaps in knowledge and communication, psychological effect of diseases, culture and traditions, inequality, disarticulated prevention programs, and organizational responsibility. Alongside this, we compiled and present the recommendations for actions to reduce the impact of zoonoses in these populations. The factors and recommendations here presented can be adapted to inform the design and improvement of preventive programs, focused on One Health and aiming to reduce the impact of zoonotic diseases in rural settings. We identified relevant social and behavioural factors affecting the prevention of Zoonotic diseases in Latin America. Knowledge, risk perceptions, and communication quality were relevant individual factors. Inequity and unarticulated programs were relevant social factors. Characterization of the context-specific social ecology can improve the development of effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Enrique Palomares Velosa
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas - CIDEIM, Cali, valle del cauca, Colombia,Corresponding author at: Calle. 18 #122-135, Icesi University campus, building O, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
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ZEWDIE ASSEFADENEKEW, GAKKHAR SUNITA, GUPTA SHIVKUMAR. MODEL FOR TRANSMISSION AND OPTIMAL CONTROL OF ANTHRAX INVOLVING HUMAN AND ANIMAL POPULATION. J BIOL SYST 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339022500218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, commonly affects animals as well as humans health. In this paper, a nonlinear deterministic anthrax model involving human and animal is proposed and analyzed. The reproduction number [Formula: see text] and equilibrium points are explored to study the dynamic behavior of the disease. The existence and stability of equilibrium points are discussed. For [Formula: see text], the disease-free equilibrium [Formula: see text] is globally stable. However, it is unstable when [Formula: see text] and a locally stable endemic equilibrium point [Formula: see text] exists. The model is then extended to optimal control model considering human vaccination, animal vaccination and proper removal of carcass. The vaccination class of human and animal population appears separately in a model. The existence and characterization of optimal control are discussed. The numerical simulations are carried out for the choice of parametric values and initial conditions. These illustrate scavengers in the suspected area which eat infected dead body of animals contributing to the effort of reducing the expansion of disease. In addition, numerical comparison analysis with four distinct control strategies is carried out. Our findings show that each control technique has its own influence on reducing the total number of infections in the human and animal populations. The cumulative impact of all control measures is found to be extremely effective in lowering the prevalence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- ASSEFA DENEKEW ZEWDIE
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Mathematics, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - SUNITA GAKKHAR
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - SHIV KUMAR GUPTA
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Widdicombe J, Basáñez MG, Entezami M, Jackson D, Larrieu E, Prada JM. The economic evaluation of Cystic echinococcosis control strategies focused on zoonotic hosts: A scoping review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010568. [PMID: 35797271 PMCID: PMC9262177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic neglected tropical disease (zNTD) which imposes considerable financial burden to endemic countries. The 2021–2030 World Health Organization’s roadmap on NTDs has proposed that intensified control be achieved in hyperendemic areas of 17 countries by 2030. Successful interventions for disease control, and the scale-up of programmes applying such interventions, rely on understanding the associated costs and relative return for investment. We conducted a scoping review of existing peer-reviewed literature on economic evaluations of CE control strategies focused on Echinococcus granulosus zoonotic hosts. Methodology/Principal findings Database searches of Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, CABI Direct and JSTOR were conducted and comprehensively reviewed in March 2022, using predefined search criteria with no date, field or language restrictions. A total of 100 papers were initially identified and assessed for eligibility against strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Bibliography review of included manuscripts was used to identify additional literature. Full review of the final manuscript selection (n = 9) was performed and cost data for control interventions were extracted. Conclusions/Significance There are very little published data pertaining to the cost and cost effectiveness of CE control interventions targeting its zoonotic hosts. Data given for costs are often incomplete, thus we were unable to perform an economic analysis and cost effectiveness study, highlighting a pressing need for this information. There is much scope for future work in this area. More detailed information and disaggregated costings need to be collected and made available. This would increase the accuracy of any cost-effective analyses to be performed and allow for a greater understanding of the opportunity cost of healthcare decisions and resource allocation by stakeholders and policy makers for effective and cost-effective CE control. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic neglected tropical disease which predominantly affects poor pastoral communities globally. The parasite cycles between farm dogs and livestock, and is associated with livestock farming and feeding of infected offal to dogs. Although no noticeable clinical signs are seen in livestock, some production losses, such as reduced milk yield and live weight gain may be observed, and offal condemnation at slaughter is common. The disease can also affect people, due to accidental ingestion of parasite eggs on contaminated food and contact with dogs. Human morbidity and mortality occur due to cyst formation in body organs, exerting a substantial health and financial burden to the health sector of affected countries. Control interventions to reduce CE transmission include sheep vaccination and dog deworming. Long-term control programmes are often expensive, and the true costs of such programmes poorly documented. This scoping review aims to examine published literature on the costs of CE control in zoonotic hosts and report detailed costs of individual elements of a control programme, thereby furthering our understanding of the true economic cost of CE control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Widdicombe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - María-Gloria Basáñez
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahbod Entezami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Jackson
- Surrey Health Economics Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Edmundo Larrieu
- Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro, Choele Choel, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Joaquín M. Prada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Cystic Echinococcosis: An Impact Assessment of Prevention Programs in Endemic Developing Countries in Africa, Central Asia, and South America. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8412718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the tapeworm species, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1), is one of many primary neglected zoonoses worldwide. Within endemic developing countries, CE has multiple effects on animal and human health and well-being. To address such effects, veterinary and human medical sector collaboration on prevention program delivery is essential. To begin preliminary evaluations of county specific prevention programs, a critically appraised topic (CAT) was conducted. It sought to answer: What impact do CE prevention programs have on human and animal disease prevalence, in populations living in endemic developing countries within Africa, Central Asia, and South America? Methodology. The aim was to assess the ability of prevention and control program outputs to produce measurable differences in health, social, and economic outcomes (e.g., improved access to medical services, positive behavioral change, or reduced treatment costs, respectively). Included articles were obtained using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria from the four databases (CAB Abstracts and Global Health; the National Library of Medicine (PubMed); ScienceDirect; and WHO Institutional Repository of Information Sharing (IRIS)). The articles were appraised using three checklists: the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS), the Critical Appraisals Skills Programme (CASP), and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. Results. Ten articles were selected. Geographically, 20% of studies were conducted in South America, 30% in Africa, and 50% in Central Asia. For definitive hosts, dogs, CoproELISA antigen testing, before and after Praziquantel (PZQ) de-worming, was a primary focus. For humans, who are intermediate hosts (IH), disease surveillance methods, namely ultrasound (US), were commonly assessed. Whilst for sheep, also acting as IH, disease prevention methods, such as the EG95 livestock vaccine and de-worming farm dogs, were evaluated. Common to all studies were issues of program sustainability, in terms of regular human US screening, dog de-worming, and annual sheep vaccination. This was attributed to transient and remote human or animal populations; limited access to adequate roads or hospitals; few skilled health workers or veterinarians; an over-reliance on communities to administer preventatives; and limited resources. Conclusion. Despite variations in result validity and collection periods, useful comparisons of CE endemic countries produced key research and program recommendations. Future research recommendations included testing the significance of multiple program outcomes in relation to prevalence (e.g., the social outcome: behavioral change), further research on the impact of livestock vaccinations, and the CE transmission role of waterways and sanitation. Program recommendations included calculating and distinguishing between stray versus owned dog populations; formal representation of internal and external stakeholder interests through institutional organization; establishing sustainable guidelines around the frequency of PZQ and vaccination administration; improved veterinary-human medical training and resource sharing; and combined prevention methods and multiple canine disease management.
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Suu-Ire R, Obodai E, Bel-Nono SO, Ampofo WK, Mazet JAK, Goldstein T, Johnson CK, Smith B, Boaatema L, Asigbee TW, Awuni J, Opoku E, Kelly TR. Surveillance for potentially zoonotic viruses in rodent and bat populations and behavioral risk in an agricultural settlement in Ghana. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2022; 4:6. [PMID: 35256013 PMCID: PMC8901269 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-022-00061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ghana, the conversion of land to agriculture, especially across the vegetative belt has resulted in fragmented forest landscapes with increased interactions among humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. METHODS We investigated viruses in bats and rodents, key reservoir hosts for zoonotic viral pathogens, in a small agricultural community in the vegetation belt of Ghana. We also administered questionnaires among the local community members to learn more about people's awareness and perceptions of zoonotic disease risks and the environmental factors and types of activities in which they engage that might influence pathogen transmission from wildlife. RESULTS Our study detected the RNA from paramyxoviruses and coronaviruses in rodents and bats, including sequences from novel viruses with unknown zoonotic potential. Samples collected from Epomophorus gambianus bats were significantly more likely to be positive for coronavirus RNA during the rainy season, when higher numbers of young susceptible individuals are present in the population. Almost all community members who responded to the questionnaire reported contact with wildlife, especially bats, rodents, and non-human primates in and around their homes and in the agricultural fields. Over half of the respondents were not aware or did not perceive any zoonotic disease risks associated with close contact with animals, such as harvesting and processing animals for food. To address gaps in awareness and mitigation strategies for pathogen transmission risks, we organized community education campaigns using risk reduction and outreach tools focused around living safely with bats and rodents. CONCLUSIONS These findings expand our knowledge of the viruses circulating in bats and rodents in Ghana and of the beliefs, perceptions, and practices that put community members at risk of zoonotic virus spillover through direct and indirect contact with bats and rodents. This study also highlights the importance of community engagement in research and interventions focused on mitigating risk and living safely with wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Suu-Ire
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Evangeline Obodai
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Otis Bel-Nono
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, USA
- Military Veterinarian (Rtd), P.O. Box CT2585, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Kwabena Ampofo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- Zoological Pathology Program, c/o Chicago Zoological Society, 3300 Golf Rd., Brookfield, IL, 60513, USA
| | - Christine Kreuder Johnson
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brett Smith
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Linda Boaatema
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Joseph Awuni
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Veterinary Services Directorate, Ring Road East, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Opoku
- Ghana Health Service, 28th February Road, Accra, Ghana
| | - Terra R Kelly
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, USA.
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Mekonnen SA, Gezehagn A, Berju A, Haile B, Dejene H, Nigatu S, Molla W, Jemberu WT. Health and economic burden of foodborne zoonotic diseases in Amhara region, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0262032. [PMID: 34972156 PMCID: PMC8719781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases from food of animal origin are common health problems in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate health and economic burden, and to identify demographic factors associated with community awareness of foodborne zoonotic diseases in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Data was collected from 435 households in three towns: Gondar, Lalibela and Debark. A retrospective data was also collected from health records in each town. The health burden due to zoonotic diseases was estimated at 0.2, 0.1 and 1.3 DALYs per household per year and at 73.2, 146.6 and 1,689.5 DALYs out of 100,000 populations per year in Gondar, Lalibela and Debark, respectively. The overall health burden due to foodborne zoonotic diseases (aggregated over the 435 households in the three towns) was estimated to be 89.9 DALYs per 100,000 populations per year. The economic impact of foodborne zoonotic diseases in the three towns of Amhara regional state was 278.98 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) (1ETB = 0.025 US Dollar) per household per year and 121,355.68 ETB per year. Costs of preventive measures followed by costs of patients’ time made the highest contribution while costs of diagnosis made the lowest contribution to the total economic burden of foodborne zoonotic diseases. From a total of 435 respondents, 305 (70.1%) had known the presence of zoonotic diseases. Level of education, number of families in the house and income were highly associated with awareness of zoonosis. Although majority of respondents had known zoonotic diseases exists (70.1%) and disease can be acquired from animal source food (63.2%), the health and economic burden associated to foodborne zoonotic diseases are still high. Therefore, changing mindset and practical training aiming in controlling foodborne zoonotic diseases may be suggested to the community in the health improvement extension service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefinew Alemu Mekonnen
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Adugna Berju
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Belete Haile
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haileyesus Dejene
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Seleshe Nigatu
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wudu Temesgen Jemberu
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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15
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Riley T, Anderson NE, Lovett R, Meredith A, Cumming B. Zoonoses and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population: A One Health scoping review. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000921. [PMID: 36962569 PMCID: PMC10022344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With limited access to animal health services, and high disease burdens among domesticated animals, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Australia face higher risk of disease including zoonoses. However, we lack understanding of the contribution of often preventable zoonoses to the health of these communities, which would enable us to enhance public health strategies and improve health outcomes. We conducted a scoping review to identify the current state of evidence on zoonoses in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. We examined the size, scope and characteristics of the evidence base and analysed the zoonoses detected in the studies within a One Health framework. We identified 18 studies that detected 22 zoonotic pathogens in animals, people, and the environment, with most studies detecting pathogens in a single One Health sector and no studies investigating pathogens in all three sectors. Findings indicate that despite the strong conceptual foundations of One Health throughout the evidence base, evidence is lacking in application of this concept. There is a need to undertake further research that prioritises Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leadership, considers the contribution of human, animal and environmental health factors, and investigates the prevalence and impact of zoonoses in communities through a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Riley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Neil E Anderson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Lovett
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Anna Meredith
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
- Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bonny Cumming
- Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities (AMRRIC), Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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16
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Konar KD, Pillay S. A case and literature review of intraocular echinococcus causing bilateral visual loss in a HIV-infected patient. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2022; 10:2050313X221113699. [PMID: 36051405 PMCID: PMC9425879 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x221113699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although echinococcosis is a common parasitic disease endemic to Africa, ocular echinococcosis is rare. We present a case of intraocular echinococcosis in a HIV-infected patient. A 38-year-old South African HIV-infected woman presented to a district-level hospital in Kwa-Zulu Natal on 10 March 2020. Her main presenting complaint was that of progressive, painless, bilateral visual loss. A B-ultrasonography scan revealed tractional retinal detachment on the right eye, while the left eye had tractional bands with a ‘double-walled’ cystic cavity causing retinal traction. A systemic work-up revealed a positive Echinococcus ELISA IgG with a value of 1.3, eosinophilia of 5.70% (0.41 × 109), and elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 47 mg/L and 93 mm/hr, respectively. Based on the above clinical, biochemical and ultrasonographical evidence, a diagnosis of ocular echinococcosis was made. Our differential diagnosis includes toxic optic neuropathy, Jarisch-Herxheimer-like reaction secondary to immune reconstitution and necrotizing herpetic retinitis. She was initiated on topical and intravitreal steroids which led to decreased intraocular inflammation and dry maculae. Five months after presentation, her visual acuity remained unchanged with no light perception in both eyes. We conclude that ocular echinococcosis, although rare, can lead to severe visual impairment as there are no known definite treatment modalities for intraocular hydatid disease. Reports on co-infections with HIV and Echinococcus are limited with a potential scope for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somasundram Pillay
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward VIII Hospital (KEH), Durban, South Africa
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17
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Stephens PR, Gottdenker N, Schatz AM, Schmidt JP, Drake JM. Characteristics of the 100 largest modern zoonotic disease outbreaks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200535. [PMID: 34538141 PMCID: PMC8450623 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic disease outbreaks are an important threat to human health and numerous drivers have been recognized as contributing to their increasing frequency. Identifying and quantifying relationships between drivers of zoonotic disease outbreaks and outbreak severity is critical to developing targeted zoonotic disease surveillance and outbreak prevention strategies. However, quantitative studies of outbreak drivers on a global scale are lacking. Attributes of countries such as press freedom, surveillance capabilities and latitude also bias global outbreak data. To illustrate these issues, we review the characteristics of the 100 largest outbreaks in a global dataset (n = 4463 bacterial and viral zoonotic outbreaks), and compare them with 200 randomly chosen background controls. Large outbreaks tended to have more drivers than background outbreaks and were related to large-scale environmental and demographic factors such as changes in vector abundance, human population density, unusual weather conditions and water contamination. Pathogens of large outbreaks were more likely to be viral and vector-borne than background outbreaks. Overall, our case study shows that the characteristics of large zoonotic outbreaks with thousands to millions of cases differ consistently from those of more typical outbreaks. We also discuss the limitations of our work, hoping to pave the way for more comprehensive future studies. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Stephens
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - N. Gottdenker
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - A. M. Schatz
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - J. P. Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - John M. Drake
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
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18
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Riley T, Anderson NE, Lovett R, Meredith A, Cumming B, Thandrayen J. One Health in Indigenous Communities: A Critical Review of the Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111303. [PMID: 34769820 PMCID: PMC8583238 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous populations around the world face disproportionately high rates of disease related to the environment and animals. One Health is a concept that has been used effectively to understand and address these health risks. One Health refers to the relationships and interdependencies between animal, human, and environmental health and is an emerging research field that aligns with indigenous views of health. To understand the applicability of One Health in indigenous communities, a critical review was undertaken to investigate evidence of One Health research in indigenous communities internationally, assess the strength of evidence, and understand what gaps are present. This review included the appraisal of twenty-four studies based in five regions: Canada, Africa, Australia, South America, and Central America. The review found that there is a need for studies of high strength, with rigorous methods, local leadership, and active involvement of indigenous viewpoints, to be undertaken in indigenous communities internationally that focus on One Health. It highlights the need to further consider indigenous viewpoints in research to reduce limitations, increase effectiveness of findings, consider appropriateness of recommendations, and benefit communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Riley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia; (R.L.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Neil E. Anderson
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (N.E.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Raymond Lovett
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia; (R.L.); (J.T.)
| | - Anna Meredith
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (N.E.A.); (A.M.)
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Bonny Cumming
- Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities (AMRRIC), Darwin 0801, Australia;
| | - Joanne Thandrayen
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia; (R.L.); (J.T.)
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19
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Limongi JE, Costa LCGP, Perissato IL, Giorgiani M, Rocha MB, Faria LFD, Valente HCO, Oliveira SV. Knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning visceral leishmaniasis among residents of a sporadic transmission area in southeast Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:644-652. [PMID: 33037433 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last four decades, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has undergone an urbanization process in Brazil. This research aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning VL among residents of a sporadic transmission urban area in southeast Brazil. METHODS A community-based, cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted. Scores for knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning VL were evaluated and the bivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS The analysis indicated that 29.9% had good knowledge, 5.2% had appropriate attitudes and 62.1% had appropriate practices. Notwithstanding that, pivotal practices for controlling VL had unsatisfactory individual frequencies. Good knowledge on VL was related to women, a higher level of education, a higher income, the place of residence and having pets. Appropriate attitudes were related to the place of residence. The practices had no significant associations with the sociodemographic and epidemiological variables. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that even in the area of disease transmission, knowledge on VL is very limited, including at the most basic level. In order to achieve effectiveness in actions against VL in Brazil, the participation of the affected communities is imperative, therefore popular health education interventions are necessary to improve the population's understanding of the disease and to avoid inappropriate attitudes and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Limongi
- Graduation course in Collective Health, Institute of Geography, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38.400-902, Brazil
| | - Luiz C G P Costa
- Technical School of Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38.400-902, Brazil
| | - Izabela L Perissato
- Graduation course in Collective Health, Institute of Geography, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38.400-902, Brazil
| | - Mariana Giorgiani
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38.400-902, Brazil
| | - Máyra B Rocha
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38.400-902, Brazil
| | - Larissa F D Faria
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38.400-902, Brazil
| | - Hiléia C O Valente
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38.400-902, Brazil
| | - Stefan V Oliveira
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38.400-902, Brazil
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20
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Sun X, Jiang W, Li Y, Li X, Zeng Q, Du J, Yin A, Lu QB. Evaluating active versus passive sources of human brucellosis in Jining City, China. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11637. [PMID: 34221727 PMCID: PMC8231335 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brucellosis (HB) remains a serious public health concern owing to its resurgence across the globe and specifically in China. The timely detection of this disease is the key to its prevention and control. We sought to describe the differences in the demographics of high-risk populations with detected cases of HB contracted from active versus passive sources. We collected data from a large sample population from January to December 2018, in Jining City, China. We recruited patients that were at high-risk for brucellosis from three hospitals and Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs). These patients were classified into two groups: the active detection group was composed of individuals receiving brucellosis counseling at the CDCs; the passive detection group came from hospitals and high-risk HB groups. We tested a total of 2,247 subjects and 13.3% (299) presented as positive for HB. The positive rates for active and passive detection groups were 20.5% (256/1,249) and 4.3% (43/998), respectively (p < 0.001). The detection rate of confirmed HB cases varied among all groups but was higher in the active detection group than in the passive detection group when controlled for age, sex, ethnicity, education, career, and contact history with sheep or cattle (p < 0.05). Males, farmers, those with four types of contact history with sheep or cattle, and those presenting fever, hyperhidrosis and muscle pain were independent factors associated with confirmed HB cases in multivariate analysis of the active detection group. Active detection is the most common method used to detect brucellosis cases and should be applied to detect HB cases early and avoid misdiagnosis. We need to improve our understanding of brucellosis for high-risk populations. Passive HB detection can be supplemented with active detection when the cognitive changes resulting from brucellosis are low. It is important that healthcare providers understand and emphasis the timely diagnosis of HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Sun
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, Shandong, China
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Wenguo Jiang
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuchun Li
- Liangshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Qingyi Zeng
- Yutai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, Peking University Institute for Global Health, Beijing, China
| | - Aitian Yin
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, Peking University Institute for Global Health, Beijing, China
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Alebie A, Tewachew T. Household Practice Related to Zoonotic Diseases Transmission in Rural Community of Gondar Zuria District. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:109-115. [PMID: 34104631 PMCID: PMC8178743 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s306941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The study was done from October 2019 to April 2020 for the purpose of identifying practices and characterizing the general public knowledge, attitudes and associated risk factors related to animal contact that influence zoonotic disease transmission in the rural household heads of North Gondar area, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Patients and Methods During this study, a cross-sectional type of study was designed and a simple random sampling method was used to choose kebeles. Six kebeles were randomly selected using a lottery method. Systematic random sampling method was employed to select and question 65 household heads from each of the kebeles. In total, 390 structured questionnaires were prepared for those household heads and the data were collected using face to face interviews. Finally, the recorded data were examined using STATA version 16 statistical software and the frequency distribution of both variables was observed using descriptive statistics. Linear regression model was used to see the relation between household practices and the explanatory factors. Results The results showed that there was a gender difference in responsibility for managing livestock and the central aim of rearing livestock was for sale. Among 390 members of households, 38.7% understand a probability of disease transmission in their community between livestock, humans and wildlife, regardless of the fact that household practices related to zoonosis transmission were common. Of the households, 52.3% responded that they permit animals to go into kitchen and sleeping areas (95% CI = 1.15–2.73; P = 0.009). The factors which influence the household practices were agro-ecology activities; livestock management; number of individuals in the household; types of livestock reared; and zoonosis awareness. Conclusion In general, the present study showed that the public had a very low awareness about major zoonotic diseases. This indicates the need for awareness creation through education and an inter-disciplinary health approach with close collaboration among veterinarians, public health practitioners and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atnaf Alebie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
| | - Tibeyin Tewachew
- Colleague of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Burthe SJ, Schäfer SM, Asaaga FA, Balakrishnan N, Chanda MM, Darshan N, Hoti SL, Kiran SK, Seshadri T, Srinivas PN, Vanak AT, Purse BV. Reviewing the ecological evidence base for management of emerging tropical zoonoses: Kyasanur Forest Disease in India as a case study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009243. [PMID: 33793560 PMCID: PMC8016103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses disproportionately affect tropical communities and are associated with human modification and use of ecosystems. Effective management is hampered by poor ecological understanding of disease transmission and often focuses on human vaccination or treatment. Better ecological understanding of multi-vector and multi-host transmission, social and environmental factors altering human exposure, might enable a broader suite of management options. Options may include "ecological interventions" that target vectors or hosts and require good knowledge of underlying transmission processes, which may be more effective, economical, and long lasting than conventional approaches. New frameworks identify the hierarchical series of barriers that a pathogen needs to overcome before human spillover occurs and demonstrate how ecological interventions may strengthen these barriers and complement human-focused disease control. We extend these frameworks for vector-borne zoonoses, focusing on Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV), a tick-borne, neglected zoonosis affecting poor forest communities in India, involving complex communities of tick and host species. We identify the hierarchical barriers to pathogen transmission targeted by existing management. We show that existing interventions mainly focus on human barriers (via personal protection and vaccination) or at barriers relating to Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) vectors (tick control on cattle and at the sites of host (monkey) deaths). We review the validity of existing management guidance for KFD through literature review and interviews with disease managers. Efficacy of interventions was difficult to quantify due to poor empirical understanding of KFDV-vector-host ecology, particularly the role of cattle and monkeys in the disease transmission cycle. Cattle are hypothesised to amplify tick populations. Monkeys may act as sentinels of human infection or are hypothesised to act as amplifying hosts for KFDV, but the spatial scale of risk arising from ticks infected via monkeys versus small mammal reservoirs is unclear. We identified 19 urgent research priorities for refinement of current management strategies or development of ecological interventions targeting vectors and host barriers to prevent disease spillover in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Burthe
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Natrajan Balakrishnan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Narayanaswamy Darshan
- Department of Health and Family Welfare Services, Government of Karnataka, Shivamogga, India
- ICMR-National Institute for Traditional Medicine, Belgavi, India
| | - Subhash L. Hoti
- ICMR-National Institute for Traditional Medicine, Belgavi, India
| | - Shivani K. Kiran
- Department of Health and Family Welfare Services, Government of Karnataka, Shivamogga, India
| | - Tanya Seshadri
- Vivekananda Gorukana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK), Chamarajanagar, India
| | - Prashanth N. Srinivas
- Ashoka Trust for Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru, India
- DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellow, Hyderabad, India
- Institute of Public Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Abi T. Vanak
- Ashoka Trust for Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru, India
- DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellow, Hyderabad, India
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bethan V. Purse
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom
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Islam SS, Rumi TB, Kabir SML, Rahman AKMA, Faisal MMH, Islam R, van der Zanden AGM, Ward MP, Ross AG, Rahim Z. Zoonotic tuberculosis knowledge and practices among cattle handlers in selected districts of Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009394. [PMID: 33930015 PMCID: PMC8115789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) knowledge and prevention and control practices of 404 cattle handlers via a survey in three dairy-intensive districts of Bangladesh. Most respondents were aged 30-49 (52%) and male (95%). Almost all (99%) recognized the important public health burden of tuberculosis in Bangladesh, however, most (58%) had inadequate knowledge about zTB transmission to humans. Inappropriate practices such as: not using protective equipment (98%); smoking, drinking or eating food whilst working with cattle (69%); and sharing the same premises with animals (83%) were identified. Cattle handlers educated at secondary or higher levels were 2.82- (95% CI: 1.59-5.10) and 5.15 times (95% CI: 1.74-15.20) more likely to have adequate knowledge of control and prevention activities compared to those with no formal education. Those who had reared animals for 1-5 years were 2.67 times (95% CI: 1.44-4.91) more likely to have adequate knowledge, compared to those who reared animals for >15 years. Cattle handlers with a monthly incomes of 10,000-20,000 taka were significantly (Odds Ratio = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.14-0.92) less likely to have adequate knowledge compared to those with monthly incomes <10,000 taka. Cattle handlers with high school or higher education were 6.98 times (95% CI: 2.47-19.71) more likely to use appropriate zTB control and prevention practices compared to those without formal education. Those who had reared animals for 1-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-15 years were 2.72- (95% CI: 1.42-5.24), 2.49- (95% CI: 1.29-4.77) and 2.86 times (95% CI: 1.13-7.23) more likely to apply appropriate practices compared to those who reared animals for >15 years. Overall, education, duration of cattle rearing and monthly income predicted zTB knowledge and practices. There is an urgent need to educate those at high-risk of zTB transmission on issues including the handling of infected animals, and general hygiene. A One Health approach, to support the Sustainable Development Goals and the End TB strategy, appears to be the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzida Begum Rumi
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Robiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allen G. Ross
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zeaur Rahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Shehab AY, Allam AF, Farag HF, Elhadad H, Kotb SFE, El-Taweel HA. Intestinal parasites among humans and their livestock animals in a rural community in Gharbia governorate, Egypt. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:96-100. [PMID: 33746392 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01282-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to study the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among humans and their contact livestock animals in a rural community in Gharbia governorate, Egypt. The collected human and livestock animal fecal samples were examined by formol ether sedimentation technique and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Human samples were further examined by the Kato-Katz technique. The total prevalence of intestinal parasites in humans was 52.3%; 7.3% helminths and 45% protozoa. Regarding animals, 29% of livestock animals had protozoan parasites and no helminths were detected. Results revealed that risk factors including drinking tap water and attendance of nurseries, affected the rate of parasitic infection among humans. The infection rate of protozoa was significantly higher among humans (1.5 times) as compared to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Youssef Shehab
- Head of Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, 165 El Horreya Avenue, El Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal Farahat Allam
- Head of Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, 165 El Horreya Avenue, El Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda Fahmy Farag
- Head of Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, 165 El Horreya Avenue, El Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba Elhadad
- Head of Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, 165 El Horreya Avenue, El Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Fawzy El Kotb
- Head of Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, 165 El Horreya Avenue, El Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hend Aly El-Taweel
- Head of Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, 165 El Horreya Avenue, El Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
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Molia S, Saillard J, Dellagi K, Cliquet F, Bart JM, Rotureau B, Giraudoux P, Jannin J, Debré P, Solano P. Practices in research, surveillance and control of neglected tropical diseases by One Health approaches: A survey targeting scientists from French-speaking countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009246. [PMID: 33661894 PMCID: PMC7963066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One health (OH) approaches have increasingly been used in the last decade in the fight against zoonotic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). However, descriptions of such collaborations between the human, animal and environmental health sectors are still limited for French-speaking tropical countries. The objective of the current survey was to explore the diversity of OH experiences applied to research, surveillance and control of NTDs by scientists from French-speaking countries, and discuss their constraints and benefits. Six zoonotic NTDs were targeted: echinococcoses, trypanosomiases, leishmaniases, rabies, Taenia solium cysticercosis and leptospiroses. Invitations to fill in an online questionnaire were sent to members of francophone networks on NTDs and other tropical diseases. Results from the questionnaire were discussed during an international workshop in October 2019. The vast majority (98%) of the 171 respondents considered OH approaches relevant although only 64% had implemented them. Among respondents with OH experience, 58% had encountered difficulties mainly related to a lack of knowledge, interest and support for OH approaches by funding agencies, policy-makers, communities and researchers. Silos between disciplines and health sectors were still strong at both scientific and operational levels. Benefits were reported by 94% of respondents with OH experience, including increased intellectual stimulation, stronger collaborations, higher impact and cost-efficiency of interventions. Recommendations for OH uptake included advocacy, capacity-building, dedicated funding, and higher communities' involvement. Improved research coordination by NTD networks, production of combined human-animal health NTD impact indicators, and transversal research projects on diagnostic and reservoirs were also considered essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Molia
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Koussai Dellagi
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | | | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors and INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environnement Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, Besançon, France
| | - Jean Jannin
- Société de Pathologie Exotique, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Solano
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Booth H, Clark M, Milner-Gulland EJ, Amponsah-Mensah K, Antunes AP, Brittain S, Castilho LC, Campos-Silva JV, Constantino PDAL, Li Y, Mandoloma L, Nneji LM, Iponga DM, Moyo B, McNamara J, Rakotonarivo OS, Shi J, Tagne CTK, van Velden J, Williams DR. Investigating the risks of removing wild meat from global food systems. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1788-1797.e3. [PMID: 33607034 PMCID: PMC8094154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought humanity’s strained relationship with nature into sharp focus, with calls for cessation of wild meat trade and consumption, to protect public health and biodiversity.1,2 However, the importance of wild meat for human nutrition, and its tele-couplings to other food production systems, mean that the complete removal of wild meat from diets and markets would represent a shock to global food systems.3, 4, 5, 6 The negative consequences of this shock deserve consideration in policy responses to COVID-19. We demonstrate that the sudden policy-induced loss of wild meat from food systems could have negative consequences for people and nature. Loss of wild meat from diets could lead to food insecurity, due to reduced protein and nutrition, and/or drive land-use change to replace lost nutrients with animal agriculture, which could increase biodiversity loss and emerging infectious disease risk. We estimate the magnitude of these consequences for 83 countries, and qualitatively explore how prohibitions might play out in 10 case study places. Results indicate that risks are greatest for food-insecure developing nations, where feasible, sustainable, and socially desirable wild meat alternatives are limited. Some developed nations would also face shocks, and while high-capacity food systems could more easily adapt, certain places and people would be disproportionately impacted. We urge decision-makers to consider potential unintended consequences of policy-induced shocks amidst COVID-19; and take holistic approach to wildlife trade interventions, which acknowledge the interconnectivity of global food systems and nature, and include safeguards for vulnerable people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie Booth
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Michael Clark
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Martin School and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - André Pinassi Antunes
- Department of Ecology, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Brazil; RedeFauna-Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, 70879-070, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Brittain
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luciana C Castilho
- Ethnoconservation and Protected Areas Laboratory, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Campos-Silva
- Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, AL Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Yuhan Li
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Donald Midoko Iponga
- Institut de recherche en ecologie tropicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Boyson Moyo
- Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Malawi
| | | | | | - Jianbin Shi
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875, China
| | | | - Julia van Velden
- Environmental Futures research institute, Griffith University, Australia
| | - David R Williams
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Namusisi S, Mahero M, Travis D, Pelican K, Robertson C, Mugisha L. A descriptive study of zoonotic disease risk at the human-wildlife interface in a biodiversity hot spot in South Western Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008633. [PMID: 33406074 PMCID: PMC7845987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases pose a significant health challenge at the human-wildlife interface, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where ecosystem services contribute significantly to local livelihoods and individual well-being. In Uganda, the fragmented forests of Hoima district, form part of a "biodiversity and emerging infectious disease hotspot" composed of communities with high dependency on these wildlife protected areas, unaware of the associated health risks. We conducted a cross-sectional mixed methods study from March to May 2017 and interviewed 370 respondents, using a semi-structured questionnaire from eight villages neighbouring forest fragments in Hoima District, Uganda. Additionally, a total of ten (10) focus group discussions (FGDs) consisting of 6-10 men or women were conducted to further explore the drivers of hunting and perception of zoonotic disease risks at community level. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using content analysis and STATA version 12 respectively. We found twenty-nine percent (29.0%, CI: 24.4-33.9) of respondents were engaged in hunting of wildlife such as chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and 45.8% (CI: 40.6-51.0), cane rats (Thryonomyidae spp). Acquisition of animal protein was among the main reasons why communities hunt (55.3%, CI: 50.1-60.4), followed by "cultural" and "medicinal" uses of wildlife and or its parts (22.7%, CI: 18.6-27.4). Results further revealed that hunting and bushmeat consumption is persistent for other perceived reasons like; bushmeat strengthens the body, helps mothers recover faster after delivery, boosts one's immunity and hunting is exercise for the body. However, respondents reported falling sick after consumption of bushmeat at least once (7.9%, CI: 5.3-11.1), with 5.3% (CI: 2.60-9.60) reporting similar symptoms among some family members. Generally, few respondents (37.0%, CI: 32.1-42.2) were aware of diseases transmissible from wildlife to humans, although 88.7% (CI: 85.0-92.0) had heard of Ebola or Marburg without context. Hunting non-human primate poses a health risk compared to edible rats (cane rats) and wild ruminants (cOR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.1-0.9) and (cOR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.2-2.1) respectively. Study suggests some of the pathways for zoonotic disease spillover to humans exist at interface areas driven by livelihoods, nutrition and cultural needs. This study offers opportunities for a comprehensive risk communication and health education strategy for communities living at the interface of wildlife and human interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Mahero
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota United States of America
| | - Dominic Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota United States of America
| | - Katherine Pelican
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota United States of America
| | - Cheryl Robertson
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota United States of America
- Ecohealth Research Group, Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Kampala, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources & Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Ghanbari MK, Gorji HA, Behzadifar M, Sanee N, Mehedi N, Bragazzi NL. One health approach to tackle brucellosis: a systematic review. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:86. [PMID: 33093792 PMCID: PMC7574566 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is the most significant and common bacterial zoonosis and is recognized as a re-emerging and neglected disease. Tackling zoonosis is very important for the health and the economy. One Health is an approach characterized by the integration of human and animal health, plants, and ecosystems and encourages joining local, national, and global multidisciplinary efforts to achieve optimal levels of health and collaboration among different disciplines to address complex health problems. Objectives The present study aimed to review published scientific literature related to the use of the One Health approach to tackle human brucellosis. Methods Web of Science (WoS), PubMed, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were searched from inception until 30 January 2020. The reference lists of all relevant papers were hand-searched. Two authors extracted data from published studies independently. The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was used to assess the quality of studies. Results Of 2297 studies, 10 studies were deemed eligible, which were conducted between 2013 and 2019. Studies were performed in Uganda, Malta, Serbia, Greece, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Israel, India, Ethiopia, and the USA. All studies suggested that brucellosis is still a major public health problem and that the most important aspect of the One Health approach is the interdependence of humans, ecosystems, and animals .Some studies have focused on livestock vaccination as the most effective way to prevent disease, and others have focused on the biology of Brucella infection and its transmission patterns. Some studies have pointed to the effectiveness of the One Health approach in all the phases of disease management as well as to its role in reducing health costs. Conclusion The success of the approach depends on the willingness of the decision-makers to implement the necessary policies. Due to the heterogeneity of current practices, and organizations involved in One Health approach-based programs, it will be incomplete without proper planning. To better implement the approach, strategies should be appraised and disseminated by experts and relevant stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Khaton Ghanbari
- Student Research Committee, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Zoonoses Control Unit, Center of Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Abolghasem Gorji
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Nadia Sanee
- Student Research Committee, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiul Mehedi
- Department of Social Work, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Riley T, Lovett R, Thandrayen J, Cumming B, Thurber KA. Evaluating Impacts of a One Health Approach to Companion Animal Health and Management in a Remote Aboriginal Community in the Northern Territory, Australia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101790. [PMID: 33019718 PMCID: PMC7601729 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many remote Australian Aboriginal communities face barriers in accessing animal health care for their pets. A community that faces these barriers implemented a community-driven program with the objective of improving animal health and population management. The program was evaluated by comparing the percentage of animals desexed, the body and hair condition of dogs, and the presentations at the health clinic for dog bites before versus after 12 months of program implementation. Results show improved animal health measures and no measurable change in human presentations for dog bites. This program, with One Health considerations, could be suitable for other communities facing similar animal health care barriers. Abstract This study evaluated a community-driven animal health and management program in the remote community of Wadeye, Northern Territory. This evaluation used a pre-post design to assess changes in animal and human health outcomes over a 12-month period of program implementation, from June 2018 to June 2019. The evaluation assessed the program by comparing animal health outcomes before versus one year after program implementation and comparing human health outcomes before versus during the first 12 months of the program. Outcome measures included the desexing status of dogs and cats, body condition and hair score of dogs, and rates of people presenting to the health clinic for a dog bite. Animal health outcomes significantly improved after program implementation. From pre to post program, there was a 77% increase in the prevalence of good body condition score among dogs and a 9% increase in the prevalence of good hair score among dogs, and the prevalence of desexed dogs and cats more than doubled. There was no significant change in the number of people presenting to the health clinic for a dog bite. Consideration on how to further incorporate human and environmental health aspects into the program could be useful for future One Health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Riley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; (R.L.); (J.T.); (K.A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Raymond Lovett
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; (R.L.); (J.T.); (K.A.T.)
| | - Joanne Thandrayen
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; (R.L.); (J.T.); (K.A.T.)
| | - Bonny Cumming
- Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia;
| | - Katherine A. Thurber
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; (R.L.); (J.T.); (K.A.T.)
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Aminu OR, Lembo T, Zadoks RN, Biek R, Lewis S, Kiwelu I, Mmbaga BT, Mshanga D, Shirima G, Denwood M, Forde TL. Practical and effective diagnosis of animal anthrax in endemic low-resource settings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008655. [PMID: 32925904 PMCID: PMC7513992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax threatens human and animal health, and people's livelihoods in many rural communities in Africa and Asia. In these areas, anthrax surveillance is challenged by a lack of tools for on-site detection. Furthermore, cultural practices and infrastructure may affect sample availability and quality. Practical yet accurate diagnostic solutions are greatly needed to quantify anthrax impacts. We validated microscopic and molecular methods for the detection of Bacillus anthracis in field-collected blood smears and identified alternative samples suitable for anthrax confirmation in the absence of blood smears. We investigated livestock mortalities suspected to be caused by anthrax in northern Tanzania. Field-prepared blood smears (n = 152) were tested by microscopy using four staining techniques as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Bayesian latent class analysis. Median sensitivity (91%, CI 95% [84-96%]) and specificity (99%, CI 95% [96-100%]) of microscopy using azure B were comparable to those of the recommended standard, polychrome methylene blue, PMB (92%, CI 95% [84-97%] and 98%, CI 95% [95-100%], respectively), but azure B is more available and convenient. Other commonly-used stains performed poorly. Blood smears could be obtained for <50% of suspected anthrax cases due to local customs and conditions. However, PCR on DNA extracts from skin, which was almost always available, had high sensitivity and specificity (95%, CI 95% [90-98%] and 95%, CI 95% [87-99%], respectively), even after extended storage at ambient temperature. Azure B microscopy represents an accurate diagnostic test for animal anthrax that can be performed with basic laboratory infrastructure and in the field. When blood smears are unavailable, PCR using skin tissues provides a valuable alternative for confirmation. Our findings lead to a practical diagnostic approach for anthrax in low-resource settings that can support surveillance and control efforts for anthrax-endemic countries globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubunmi R. Aminu
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Biek
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanna Lewis
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Ireen Kiwelu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Gabriel Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Matt Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Taya L. Forde
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Miambo R, Afonso S, Noormahomed E, Pondja A, Mukaratirwa S. Echinococcosis in humans and animals in Southern Africa Development Community countries: A systematic review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 20:e00087. [PMID: 32995581 PMCID: PMC7501418 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The taeniid Echinococcus is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease echinococcosis/hydatidosis and is associated with economic losses in livestock production. This review summarizes available scientific literature on circulating species of Echinococcus in humans, wild and domestic animals in countries of Southern Africa Development Community, and identifies knowledge gaps and recommend research priorities. Data were systematically accessed from Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed and from library resources from December 2017 to June 2019. Meta-analysis was conducted in STATA program and heterogeneity and prevalence values were pooled by host species with 95% confidence interval. In intermediate hosts, the overall prevalence of Echinococcus by meat inspection was 10% (CI: 9-11%) in small ruminants, 7% (CI: 5-8%) in cattle, 1% (CI: 0-1%) in pigs and 9% (CI: 0-29%) in wild herbivores. In canids by CoproAg-ELISA and necropsy the prevalence was of 10% (CI: 8-10%) and 6% (CI: 3-10%) respectively. A high level of heterogeneity (I2 > 65%) was observed for all study groups. Echinococcus equinus, E. canadensis, E ortleppi and E. felidis were reported from wildlife and E. ortleppi, E. granulosus s. s. and E. canadensis from humans. There is paucity of research in echinococcosis and gaps in prevalence reports over time in both humans and animals in the SADC region and we recommend an increase in future studies on the epidemiology of disease, risk factors for transmission in animals and humans and its relation with human health specially in the advent of HIV pandemic following a "One Health" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.D. Miambo
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- School of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - S.M.S Afonso
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - E.V. Noormahomed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - A. Pondja
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - S. Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Hermesh B, Rosenthal A, Davidovitch N. The cycle of distrust in health policy and behavior: Lessons learned from the Negev Bedouin. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237734. [PMID: 32817681 PMCID: PMC7446867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last decades, health systems worldwide have faced a decline in public trust. For marginalized minority populations, who generally suffer from poverty and political exclusion, the roots of this trend go much deeper, establishing a state of bi-directional distrust between them and health institutions. Although studied to a lesser extent compared to trust, distrust does impede health initiatives, such as infectious diseases prevention programs, mostly of so-called Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZDs). Where distrust prevails, even trust building actions such as defining rights and obligations, prioritizing “the greater good” and increasing transparency, are prone to failure. In this study, we deepen the understanding of the concept of distrust through a unique case study of Brucellosis, a prevalent bacterial zoonotic disease endemic to disadvantaged Bedouin communities in southern Israel. Methods In the years 2015–2019, we qualitatively studied socio-political aspects in a governmental Brucellosis control campaign in southern Israel. We used in-depth interviews with 38 governmental and private health workers, agriculture and nature preservation workers, livestock owners and community leaders. Further, we conducted participant observation in 10 livestock pens and in policymaking meetings, and collected policy and media documents in order to triangulate the results. Results We conceptualize three different types of distrust between authorities and marginalized communities—“intention-based distrust”, “values-based distrust” and “circular distrust”—to better explain how distrust originates and reinforces itself, reproducing the endemicity of NZDs. Based on that, we portray a practical framework to reduce distrust in health policies, by reframing local discourses, reshaping disease monitoring schemes from enforcement-based to participation-based, and promoting political inclusion of disadvantaged communities. Conclusions The suggested analysis and framework redirect health policy objectives to not only acknowledge, contain and reduce the consequences of distrust, but also to strive for societal justice as a tool for health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Hermesh
- Department of Health Systems Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Anat Rosenthal
- Department of Health Systems Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Nadav Davidovitch
- Department of Health Systems Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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Robertson G, Perry M, Vinh PV, Ngoc DTT, Thanh TPT, My PT, Thao HD, Rabaa M, Baker S, Woolhouse M. Pig Exposure and Health Outcomes in Hospitalized Infectious Disease Patients in Vietnam. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:28-40. [PMID: 31845120 PMCID: PMC7109191 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many infectious diseases have a zoonotic origin, and several have had major public health implications. Contact with animals is a known risk factor for zoonotic infections, although there are limited data on disease symptoms and pathogens associated with contact with different animal species. The rise in pig production in Southeast Asia has contributed to the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic infections caused by contact with pigs and pig products. To compare the symptom and pathogen profiles of hospitalized patients with and without pig contact, we collected data on disease symptoms, infecting pathogens, and animal contact behaviour from patients attending six hospitals across Vietnam between 2012 and 2016. Patients who had previous contact with pigs were more likely to have enteric disease than respiratory or central nervous system infections and were more likely to grow Escherichia coli and Shigella from stool culture than those without pig contact. Patients with enteric infections who kept pigs were also more likely to have a disease of unknown origin. Public health initiatives that account for differences in animal contact behaviours and offer more comprehensive diagnostics in high-risk individuals are needed if emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic disease is to be monitored and prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Robertson
- School of Mathematics, James Clerk Maxwell Building, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Meghan Perry
- Epidemiology Research Group, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dung Tran Thi Ngoc
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tam Pham Thi Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phuc Tran My
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huong Dang Thao
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Woolhouse
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
The Sri Lanka Wildlife Health Centre was created in 2011 as an intersectoral surveillance system intended to address gaps in emerging and zoonotic disease preparedness in the country. This study, which was conducted during August 2015 to November 2015, examined perceived obstacles and opportunities to undertake wildlife disease surveillance in Sri Lanka. Responses to a pretested postal questionnaire by 315 field officers from the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) and Department of Animal Production and Health (livestock development instructors [LDIs] and field veterinary surgeons [FVSs]) were used in the analysis. Responses came from all 25 administrative districts in the country. The reported obstacles (and proportion of respondents) included lack of transport facilities (80%), skilled staff (75%), infrastructure (65%), human resources (62%), training (67%), and a mandate for getting involved in wildlife disease surveillance (28%). These obstacles have resulted in rare or sporadic collection and submission of samples and their testing for surveillance purposes. A focus on rabies surveillance found that 84 (78%) DWC officers whose mandate was to deal with wild animals and 41 (40%) LDIs whose mandate was to deal with agricultural animals had inadequate knowledge to inform rabies surveillance activities and actions. Despite being outside of their mandate, 68% of FVSs and 72% of LDI s were willing to contribute to wild animal disease surveillance. Overcoming legal impediments to handling wildlife was cited as an essential step to establishing a multisectoral surveillance system involving government branches, universities, and citizens.
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Barros GPD, Bricarello PA. Myiasis by <i>Cochliomyia hominivorax</i> (Coquerel, 1858): A Neglected Zoonosis in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Alinaitwe L, Kankya C, Allan KJ, Rodriguez-Campos S, Torgerson P, Dreyfus A. Bovine leptospirosis in abattoirs in Uganda: Molecular detection and risk of exposure among workers. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:636-646. [PMID: 31250522 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease reported worldwide. In Uganda, seropositivity has been reported in both humans and domesticated animals, including cattle. However, it remains unknown whether cattle are shedding leptospires and thus acting as potential source for human leptospirosis. We conducted this cross-sectional study in two cattle abattoirs in Kampala, Uganda between June and July 2017. Kidney and urine samples from 500 cattle sourced from across the country were analysed by real-time PCR to establish the prevalence of Leptospira-positive cattle and risk of exposure to abattoir workers. The species of infecting Leptospira was determined by amplification of secY gene and compared to reference sequences published in GenBank. Of 500 cattle tested, 36 (7.2%) had Leptospira DNA in their kidneys (carriers), 29 (5.8%) in their urine (shedders); with an overall prevalence (kidney and/or urine) of 8.8%. Leptospira borgpetersenii was confirmed as the infecting species in three cattle and Leptospira kirschneri in one animal. Male versus female cattle (OR = 3, p-value 0.003), exotic versus local breeds (OR = 21.3, p-value 0.002) or cattle from Western Uganda (OR = 4.4, p-value 0.001) and from regions across the border (OR = 3.3, p-value 0.032) versus from the central region were more likely to be Leptospira-positive. The daily risk of exposure of abattoir workers to ≥1 (kidney and/or urine) positive carcass ranged from 27% (95% credibility interval 18.6-52.3) to 100% (95% CI 91.0-100.0), with halal butchers and pluck inspectors being at highest risk. In conclusion, cattle slaughtered at abattoirs in Uganda carry and shed pathogenic Leptospira species; and this may pose occupation-related risk of exposure among workers in these abattoirs, with workers who handle larger numbers of animals being at higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lordrick Alinaitwe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Clovice Kankya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kathryn J Allan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Paul Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anou Dreyfus
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Mathematical Global Dynamics and Control Strategies on Echinococcus multilocularis Infection. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3569528. [PMID: 31281409 PMCID: PMC6594268 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3569528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis, a major cause of echinococcosis in human, is a parasitic sylvatic disease between two major hosts in a predator-prey relation. A new model for the transmission dynamics of Echinococcus multilocularis in the population of red foxes and voles with environment as a source of infection is formulated and rigorously analyzed. The model is used to access the impact of treatment on red foxes and environmental disinfection as control strategies on the disease dynamics. The control reproduction number is computed and is used to rigorously prove the local and global dynamics of models' equilibria. Using available data on Echinococcus, elasticity indices and partial rank correlation coefficients of control reproduction number and cumulative new cases in red foxes and voles are computed. Parameters that have high influence locally and globally are identified. Numerical experiments indicate that administering disinfection of environment only induces more positive impact than applying treatment only on red foxes in controlling the infection. Generally, interventions towards treating red foxes and environmental disinfection could be sufficient in tackling transmission of disease in the populations.
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Systematic Review of Important Bacterial Zoonoses in Africa in the Last Decade in Light of the 'One Health' Concept. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020050. [PMID: 30995815 PMCID: PMC6631375 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses present a major public health threat and are estimated to account for a substantial part of the infectious disease burden in low-income countries. The severity of zoonotic diseases is compounded by factors such as poverty, living in close contact with livestock and wildlife, immunosuppression as well as coinfection with other diseases. The interconnections between humans, animals and the environment are essential to understand the spread and subsequent containment of zoonoses. We searched three scientific databases for articles relevant to the epidemiology of bacterial zoonoses/zoonotic bacterial pathogens, including disease prevalence and control measures in humans and multiple animal species, in various African countries within the period from 2008 to 2018. The review identified 1966 articles, of which 58 studies in 29 countries met the quality criteria for data extraction. The prevalence of brucellosis, leptospirosis, Q fever ranged from 0–40%, 1.1–24% and 0.9–28.2%, respectively, depending on geographical location and even higher in suspected outbreak cases. Risk factors for human zoonotic infection included exposure to livestock and animal slaughters. Dietary factors linked with seropositivity were found to include consumption of raw milk and locally fermented milk products. It was found that zoonoses such as leptospirosis, brucellosis, Q fever and rickettsiosis among others are frequently under/misdiagnosed in febrile patients seeking treatment at healthcare centres, leading to overdiagnoses of more familiar febrile conditions such as malaria and typhoid fever. The interactions at the human–animal interface contribute substantially to zoonotic infections. Seroprevalence of the various zoonoses varies by geographic location and species. There is a need to build laboratory capacity and effective surveillance processes for timely and effective detection and control of zoonoses in Africa. A multifaceted ‘One Health’ approach to tackle zoonoses is critical in the fight against zoonotic diseases. The impacts of zoonoses include: (1) Humans are always in contact with animals including livestock and zoonoses are causing serious life-threatening infections in humans. Almost 75% of the recent major global disease outbreaks have a zoonotic origin. (2) Zoonoses are a global health challenge represented either by well-known or newly emerging zoonotic diseases. (3) Zoonoses are caused by all-known cellular (bacteria, fungi and parasites) and noncellular (viruses or prions) pathogens. (4) There are limited data on zoonotic diseases from Africa. The fact that human health and animal health are inextricably linked, global coordinated and well-established interdisciplinary research efforts are essential to successfully fight and reduce the health burden due to zoonoses. This critically requires integrated data from both humans and animals on zoonotic diseases.
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40
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Berrian AM, Martínez-López B, Quan V, Conrad PA, van Rooyen J, Simpson GJG, Frean J, Weyer J, Rossouw J, Knobel D, Blumberg L. Risk factors for bacterial zoonotic pathogens in acutely febrile patients in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:458-469. [PMID: 30859717 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endemic zoonoses, such as Q fever and spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiosis, are prevalent in South Africa, yet often undiagnosed. In this study, we reviewed the demographics and animal exposure history of patients presenting with acute febrile illness to community health clinics in Mpumalanga Province to identify trends and risk factors associated with exposure to Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, and infection by SFG Rickettsia spp. Clinical and serological data and questionnaires elucidating exposure to animals and their products were obtained from 141 acutely febrile patients between 2012 and 2016. Exposure or infection status to C. burnetii and SFG Rickettsia spp. was determined by presence of IgG or IgM antibodies. Logistic regression models were built for risk factor analysis. Clinical presentation of patients infected by SFG rickettsiosis was described. There were 37/139 (27%) patients with a positive C. burnetii serology, indicative of Q fever exposure. Patients who had reported attending cattle inspection facilities ("dip tanks") were 9.39 times more likely to be exposed to Q fever (95% CI: 2.9-30.4). Exposure risk also increased with age (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.002-1.06). Twenty-one per cent of febrile patients (24/118) had evidence of acute infection by SFG Rickettsia spp. Similarly, attending cattle inspection facilities was the most significant risk factor (OR: 8.48, 95% CI: 1.58-45.60). Seropositivity of females showed a significant OR of 8.0 when compared to males (95% CI: 1.49-43.0), and consumption of livestock was associated with a decreased risk (OR: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.001-0.54). A trend between domestic cat contact and SFG rickettsiosis was also noted, albeit borderline non-significant. In this endemic region of South Africa, an understanding of risk factors for zoonotic pathogens, including exposure to domestic animals, can help clinic staff with diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic management of acutely febrile patients as well as identify target areas for education and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Berrian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Vanessa Quan
- Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patricia A Conrad
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jacques van Rooyen
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Hans Hoheisen Wildlife Research Station, University of Pretoria, Kruger National Park, South Africa
| | - Gregory J G Simpson
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Hans Hoheisen Wildlife Research Station, University of Pretoria, Kruger National Park, South Africa
| | - John Frean
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Rossouw
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Darryn Knobel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Lucille Blumberg
- Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Floyd JR, Ruktanonchai NW, Wardrop N, Tatem AJ, Ogola J, Fèvre EM. Exploring fine-scale human and livestock movement in western Kenya. One Health 2019; 7:100081. [PMID: 30911595 PMCID: PMC6416412 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and livestock mobility are key factors in the transmission of several high-burden zoonoses such as rift valley fever and trypanosomiasis, yet our knowledge of this mobility is relatively poor due to difficulty in quantifying population-level movement patterns. Significant variation in the movement patterns of individual hosts means it is necessary to capture their fine-scale mobility in order to gain useful knowledge that can be extrapolated to a population level. Here we explore how the movements of people and their ruminants, and their exposure to various types of land cover, correlate with ruminant ownership and other demographic factors which could affect individual exposure to zoonoses. The study was conducted in Busia County, western Kenya, where the population are mostly subsistence farmers operating a mixed crop/livestock farming system. We used GPS trackers to collect movement data from 26 people and their ruminants for 1 week per individual in July/August 2016, and the study was repeated at the end of the same year to compare movement patterns between the short rainy and dry seasons respectively. We found that during the dry season, people and their ruminants travelled further on trips outside of the household, and that people spent less time on swampland compared to the short rainy season. Our findings also showed that ruminant owners spent longer and travelled further on trips outside the household than non-ruminant owners, and that people and ruminants from poorer households travelled further than people from relatively wealthier households. These results indicate that some individual-level mobility may be predicted by season and by household characteristics such as ruminant ownership and household wealth, which could have practical uses for assessing individual risk of exposure to some zoonoses and for future modelling studies of zoonosis transmission in similar rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Floyd
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nick W Ruktanonchai
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Wardrop
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew J Tatem
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Ogola
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
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Donadeu M, Nwankpa N, Abela-Ridder B, Dungu B. Strategies to increase adoption of animal vaccines by smallholder farmers with focus on neglected diseases and marginalized populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006989. [PMID: 30730883 PMCID: PMC6366725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most smallholder farmers (SHFs) and marginalized populations (MPs) in Africa, Asia, and Latin America depend on livestock for their livelihoods. However, significant numbers of these animals do not achieve their potential, die due to disease, or transmit zoonotic diseases. Existing vaccines could prevent and control some of these diseases, but frequently the vaccines do not reach SHFs, especially MPs, making it necessary for specific vaccine adoption strategies. Principal findings Several strategies that have the potential to increase the adoption of animal vaccines by SHFs and MPs have been identified depending on the type of vaccines involved. The strategies differed depending on whether the vaccines were aimed at diseases that cause economic losses, government-controlled diseases, or neglected diseases. The adoption of vaccines for neglected diseases presents a major challenge, because they are mostly for zoonotic diseases that produce few or no clinical signs in the animals, making it more difficult for the farmers to appreciate the value of the vaccines. Strategies can be aimed at increasing the availability of quality vaccines, so that they are produced in sufficient quantity, or aimed at increasing access and demand by SHFs and/or MPs. Some of the strategies to increase vaccine adoption might not provide a definite solution but might facilitate vaccine uptake by decreasing barriers. These strategies are varied and include technical considerations, policy components, involvement by the private sector (local and international), and innovation. Conclusions Several strategies with the potential to reduce livestock morbidity and mortality, or prevent zoonoses in SHFs communities and MPs through vaccination, require the involvement of donors and international organisations to stimulate and facilitate sustainable adoption. This is especially the case for neglected zoonotic diseases. Support for national and regional vaccine manufacturers is also required, especially for vaccines against diseases of interest only in the developing world and public goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Donadeu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
- Initiative for Neglected Animal Diseases (INAND), Midrand, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Nick Nwankpa
- African Union-Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre (AU-PANVAC), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Dungu
- Initiative for Neglected Animal Diseases (INAND), Midrand, South Africa
- Independent Consultant, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Kemunto N, Mogoa E, Osoro E, Bitek A, Kariuki Njenga M, Thumbi SM. Zoonotic disease research in East Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:545. [PMID: 30390630 PMCID: PMC6215645 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The East African region is endemic with multiple zoonotic diseases and is one of the hotspots for emerging infectious zoonotic diseases with reported multiple outbreaks of epidemic diseases such as Ebola, Marburg and Rift Valley Fever. Here we present a systematic assessment of published research on zoonotic diseases in the region and thesis research in Kenya to understand the regional research focus and trends in publications, and estimate proportion of theses research transitioning to peer-reviewed journal publications. METHODS We searched PubMed, Google Scholar and African Journals Online databases for publications on 36 zoonotic diseases identified to have occurred in the East Africa countries of Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda, for the period between 1920 and 2017. We searched libraries and queried online repositories for masters and PhD theses on these diseases produced between 1970 and 2016 in five universities and two research institutions in Kenya. RESULTS We identified 771 journal articles on 22, and 168 theses on 21 of the 36 zoonotic diseases investigated. Research on zoonotic diseases increased exponentially with the last 10 years of our study period contributing more than half of all publications 460 (60%) and theses 102 (61%) retrieved. Endemic diseases were the most studied accounting for 656 (85%) and 150 (89%) of the publication and theses studies respectively, with publications on epidemic diseases associated with outbreaks reported in the region or elsewhere. Epidemiological studies were the most common study types but limited to cross-sectional studies while socio-economics were the least studied. Only 11% of the theses research transitioned to peer-review publications, taking an average of 2.5 years from theses production to manuscript publication. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate increased attention to zoonotic diseases in East Africa but reveal the need to expand the scope, focus and quality of studies to adequately address the public health, social and economic threats posed by zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kemunto
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
- Washington State University Global Health Program Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eddy Mogoa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Osoro
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
- Washington State University Global Health Program Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Austin Bitek
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M. Kariuki Njenga
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
- Washington State University Global Health Program Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S. M. Thumbi
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
- Washington State University Global Health Program Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Stray Dog Population in a City of Southern Mexico and Its Impact on the Contamination of Public Areas. Vet Med Int 2018; 2018:2381583. [PMID: 30356356 PMCID: PMC6176319 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2381583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission as function of stray dog presence and health status, a cross-sectional study was carried out in a large city of southern Mexico that lacks comprehensive strategies for the control of stray canine populations. The photographic capture-recapture method was used to estimate the density of dogs/km2. In the same way, dog feces from 14 public parks of the city were collected to determine the prevalence and intensity of infection with gastrointestinal parasites. The canine population was estimated between 65 and 80 thousand dogs, with a population density of 1,081 dogs/km2, mostly males (71.4%). A high proportion of dogs (72.3%) were found to be in good body condition score (BCS 3). The person:dog ratio was 2.3. The likelihood of being in the BCS 2 category was lower in areas with a higher density of dogs. All feces collected from the parks contained eggs of intestinal parasites, most of them with a medium (42.9%) to high (35.7%) infection intensity, notably Ancylostoma caninum. It was recorded that cases with a low-intensity of GI infection showed polyparasitism (35.7%) associated with A. caninum. There is a large population of stray dogs that roam freely in the streets of Campeche city with access to sources of food, which is reflected by their good BCS, and dogs do not have access to preventive medicine programs (de-worming) and thus contaminate public parks with feces with significant parasitic egg loads of zoonotic importance.
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Mwakapeje ER, Høgset S, Softic A, Mghamba J, Nonga HE, Mdegela RH, Skjerve E. Risk factors for human cutaneous anthrax outbreaks in the hotspot districts of Northern Tanzania: an unmatched case-control study. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180479. [PMID: 30839712 PMCID: PMC6170534 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is an aerobic, Gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium, which causes anthrax in herbivores. Humans get infected after coming into contact with infected animals' products. An unmatched case-control study was conducted to identify the importance of demographic, biological and/or behavioural factors associated with human cutaneous anthrax outbreaks in the hotspot areas of Northern Tanzania. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to both cases and controls. The age range of participants was 1-80 years with a median age of 32 years. In the younger group (1-20 years), the odds of being infected were 25 times higher in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group (OR= 25, 95% CI = 1.5-410). By contrast, the odds of exposure in the old group (≥20 years) were three times lower in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.28-8.00). Demographic characteristics, sleeping on animal's skins, contacting with infected carcasses through skinning and butchering, and not having formal education were linked to exposure for anthrax infection. Hence, a One Health approach is inevitable for the prevention and control of anthrax outbreaks in the hotspot areas of Northern Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elibariki R. Mwakapeje
- Epidemiology and Diseases Control Section, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sol Høgset
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Adis Softic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Janneth Mghamba
- Epidemiology and Diseases Control Section, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Hezron E. Nonga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Robinson H. Mdegela
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
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Benon AB, Juliet K, Samuel M, Catherine K, Benjamin S, Michael M, Innocent RB. Health workers' knowledge of zoonotic diseases in an endemic region of Western Uganda. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:850-858. [PMID: 30076681 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many factors, including lack of knowledge, influence diagnosis and reporting of disease in Sub-Saharan Africa. Health Care workers (HCWs) are in constant interaction with communities and play an important role in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, including zoonoses. We determined knowledge of HCWs regarding cause, vector, transmission, diagnosis and clinical symptoms of five zoonotic diseases: anthrax, brucellosis, rabies as well as Ebola and marburg haemorrhagic fevers in endemic western Uganda. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study among HCWs based at health centres in and around Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area, Western Uganda. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure knowledge of these five most common zoonoses recently recorded in the area. Data were captured as true if the responses were correct or false if incorrect. Analyses were in STATA and inferential statistics by cross-tabulation, and a chi-square P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. A majority (114/140; 81.4%) of the respondents had heard about zoonoses. The most accurately identified zoonoses were anthrax (128/140; 91.4%) closely followed by rabies (126/140; 90%), while only 21 (15%) respondents knew that cryptosporidiosis was zoonotic. Up to 20% (28/140) and 12.8% (18/140) thought that malaria and HIV, respectively, were zoonotic. There was poor overall knowledge of the endemic diseases brucellosis among all the participants, where only 1.4% (2/140) knew its causative agent, clinical symptoms and transmission. There was a total lack of knowledge (0%) about anthrax and Ebola whereby none of the 140 HCWs knew all the three above aspects required to be knowledgeable for each of the two diseases. Generally, there was poor knowledge of the five zoonoses. We recommend that medical curricula incorporate training on zoonotic and other emerging diseases, and continuing medical education regarding zoonoses should be designed for the HCWs practicing in hotspot zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiimwe B Benon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kiguli Juliet
- Department of Community Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Majalija Samuel
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem Health and Veterinary Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kansiime Catherine
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sunday Benjamin
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mahero Michael
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, Ecosystem Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Rwego B Innocent
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem Health and Veterinary Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,One Health Central and Eastern Africa, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, Ecosystem Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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Cleaveland S, Hampson K. Rabies elimination research: juxtaposing optimism, pragmatism and realism. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1880. [PMID: 29263285 PMCID: PMC5745407 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 100 years of research has now been conducted into the prevention, control and elimination of rabies with safe and highly efficacious vaccines developed for use in human and animal populations. Domestic dogs are a major reservoir for rabies, and although considerable advances have been made towards the elimination and control of canine rabies in many parts of the world, the disease continues to kill tens of thousands of people every year in Africa and Asia. Policy efforts are now being directed towards a global target of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030 and the global elimination of canine rabies. Here we demonstrate how research provides a cause for optimism as to the feasibility of these goals through strategies based around mass dog vaccination. We summarize some of the pragmatic insights generated from rabies epidemiology and dog ecology research that can improve the design of dog vaccination strategies in low- and middle-income countries and which should encourage implementation without further delay. We also highlight the need for realism in reaching the feasible, although technically more difficult and longer-term goal of global elimination of canine rabies. Finally, we discuss how research on rabies has broader relevance to the control and elimination of a suite of diseases of current concern to human and animal health, providing an exemplar of the value of a ‘One Health’ approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Katie Hampson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Torgerson PR, Rüegg S, Devleesschauwer B, Abela-Ridder B, Havelaar AH, Shaw AP, Rushton J, Speybroeck N. zDALY: An adjusted indicator to estimate the burden of zoonotic diseases. One Health 2018; 5:40-45. [PMID: 29911164 PMCID: PMC6000816 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of human diseases in populations, or for an individual, is frequently estimated in terms of one of a number of Health Adjusted Life Years (HALYs). The Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is a widely accepted HALY metric and is used by the World Health Organization and the Global Burden of Disease studies. Many human diseases are of animal origin and often cause ill health and production losses in domestic animals. The economic losses due to disease in animals are usually estimated in monetary terms. The monetary impact on animal health is not compatible with HALY approaches used to measure the impact on human health. To estimate the societal burden of zoonotic diseases that have substantial human and animal disease burden we propose methodology which can be accommodated within the DALY framework. Monetary losses due to the animal disease component of a zoonotic disease can be converted to an equivalent metric using a local gross national income per capita deflator. This essentially gives animal production losses a time trade-off for human life years. This is the time required to earn the income needed to replace that financial loss. This can then be assigned a DALY equivalent, termed animal loss equivalents (ALE), and added to the DALY associated with human ill health to give a modified DALY. This is referred to as the "zDALY". ALEs could also be estimated using willingness-to-pay for animal health or survey tools to estimate the replacement time value for animals with high societal or emotional value (for example pets) that cannot be calculated directly using monetary worth. Thus the zDALY estimates the impact of a zoonotic disease to animal and human health. The losses due to the animal disease component of the modified DALY are straightforward to calculate. A number of worked examples such as echinococcosis, brucellosis, Q fever and cysticercosis from a diverse spectrum of countries with different levels of economic development illustrate the use of the zDALY indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Rüegg
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle aux champs, 30, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses (FOS), World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Arie H. Havelaar
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Animal Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra P.M. Shaw
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- A P Consultants, 22 Walworth Enterprise Centre, Duke Close, Andover SP10 5AP, UK
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Niko Speybroeck
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle aux champs, 30, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Hanin MCE, Queenan K, Savic S, Karimuribo E, Rüegg SR, Häsler B. A One Health Evaluation of the Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:33. [PMID: 29616227 PMCID: PMC5864892 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rooted in the recognition that emerging infectious diseases occur at the interface of human, animal, and ecosystem health, the Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS) initiative aims to promote a trans-sectoral approach to address better infectious disease risk management in five countries of the Southern African Development Community. Nine years after SACIDS’ inception, this study aimed to evaluate the program by applying a One Health (OH) evaluation framework developed by the Network for Evaluation of One Health (NEOH). The evaluation included a description of the context and the initiative, illustration of the theory of change, identification of outputs and outcomes, and assessment of the One Healthness. The latter is the sum of characteristics that defines an integrated approach and includes OH thinking, OH planning, OH working, sharing infrastructure, learning infrastructure, and systemic organization. The protocols made available by NEOH were used to develop data collection protocols and identify the study design. The framework relies on a mixed methods approach by combining a descriptive and qualitative assessment with a semi-quantitative evaluation (scoring). Data for the analysis were gathered during a document review, in group and individual interviews and in an online survey. Operational aspects (i.e., OH thinking, planning, and working) were found to be balanced overall with the highest score in the planning dimension, whereas the infrastructure (learning infrastructure, systemic organization, and sharing infrastructure) was high for the first two dimensions, but low for sharing. The OH index calculated was 0.359, and the OH ratio calculated was 1.495. The program was praised for its great innovative energy in a difficult landscape dominated by poor infrastructure and its ability to create awareness for OH and enthuse people for the concept; training of people and networking. Shortcomings were identified regarding the balance of contributions, funds and activities across member countries in the South, lack of data sharing, unequal allocation of resources, top-down management structures, and limited horizontal collaboration. Despite these challenges, SACIDS is perceived to be an effective agent in tackling infectious diseases in an integrated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C E Hanin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Queenan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Savic
- Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Simon R Rüegg
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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Cunningham AA, Scoones I, Wood JLN. One Health for a changing world: new perspectives from Africa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0162. [PMID: 28584170 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of One Health, which aims to drive improvements in human, animal and ecological health through an holistic approach, has been gaining increasing support and attention in recent years. While this concept has much appeal, there are few examples where it has been successfully put into practice. This Special Issue explores the challenges in African contexts, with papers looking at the complex interactions between ecosystems, diseases and poverty dynamics; at underlying social and political dimensions; at the potentials for integrative modelling; and at the changes in policy and practice required to realise a One Health approach. This introductory paper offers an overview of the 11 papers, coming from diverse disciplinary perspectives, that each explore how a One Health approach can work in a world of social, economic and environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Ian Scoones
- STEPS Centre, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK
| | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Disease Dynamics Unit, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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