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Maharaj R, Seocharan I, Lakan V, Nyawo Z, Mkhabela M, Balakrishna Y. Field evaluation of the residual efficacy of new generation insecticides for potential use in indoor residual spray programmes in South Africa. Malar J 2024; 23:127. [PMID: 38689283 PMCID: PMC11059639 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decreasing residual efficacy of insecticides is an important factor when making decisions on insecticide choice for national malaria control programmes. The major challenge to using chemicals for vector control is the selection for the development of insecticide resistance. Since insecticide resistance has been recorded for most of the existing insecticides used for indoor residual spraying, namely, DDT, pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates, and new chemicals are necessary for the continued success of indoor residual spraying. The aim of this study was to assess the residual efficacy of Actellic 300CS, SumiShield™ 50WG and Fludora®Fusion by spraying on different wall surfaces. METHODS One hundred and sixty-eight houses with different wall surface types (mud, cement, painted cement, and tin) which represented the rural house wall surface types in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa were used to evaluate the residual efficacy of Actellic 300CS, SumiShield 50WG and Fludora®Fusion with DDT as the positive control. All houses were sprayed by experienced spray operators from the Malaria Control Programme. Efficacy of these insecticides were evaluated by contact bioassays against Anopheles arabiensis, a vector species. The residual efficacy of the insecticide formulations was evaluated against a susceptible insectary-reared population of An. arabiensis using WHO cone bioassays. RESULTS Effectiveness of the three insecticides was observed up to 12 months post-spray. When assessing the achievement of 100% mortality over time, SumiShield performed significantly better than DDT on mud (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.72-3.04) and painted cement wall types (OR 3.52, 95% CI 2.36-5.26). On cement wall types, Actellic was found to be less effective than DDT (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.37-0.82) while Fludora®Fusion was less effective on tin wall types (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47-0.95). When compared to the combined efficacy of DDT on mud surfaces, SumiShield applied to each of the mud, cement and painted cement wall types and DDT applied to the cement wall types was found to be significantly more effective. These insecticides usually resulted in 100% mortality for up to 12 months with a delayed mortality period of 96-144 h, depending on the insecticide evaluated and the surface type sprayed. CONCLUSION Field evaluation of these insecticides have shown that Actellic, SumiShield and Fludora®Fusion are suitable replacements for DDT. Each of these insecticides can be used for malaria vector control, requiring just one spray round. These insecticides can be used in rotation or as mosaic spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Maharaj
- Malaria Research Group, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Ishen Seocharan
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vishan Lakan
- Malaria Research Group, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zuziwe Nyawo
- KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, South Africa
| | - Moses Mkhabela
- KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, South Africa
| | - Yusentha Balakrishna
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
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Saizonou H, Impoinvil LM, Derilus D, Omoke D, Okeyo S, Dada N, Corredor C, Mulder N, Lenhart A, Ochomo E, Djogbénou LS. Transcriptomic analysis of Anopheles gambiae from Benin reveals overexpression of salivary and cuticular proteins associated with cross-resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:348. [PMID: 38582836 PMCID: PMC10998338 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance (IR) is one of the major threats to malaria vector control programs in endemic countries. However, the mechanisms underlying IR are poorly understood. Thus, investigating gene expression patterns related to IR can offer important insights into the molecular basis of IR in mosquitoes. In this study, RNA-Seq was used to characterize gene expression in Anopheles gambiae surviving exposure to pyrethroids (deltamethrin, alphacypermethrin) and an organophosphate (pirimiphos-methyl). RESULTS Larvae of An. gambiae s.s. collected from Bassila and Djougou in Benin were reared to adulthood and phenotyped for IR using a modified CDC intensity bottle bioassay. The results showed that mosquitoes from Djougou were more resistant to pyrethroids (5X deltamethrin: 51.7% mortality; 2X alphacypermethrin: 47.4%) than Bassila (1X deltamethrin: 70.7%; 1X alphacypermethrin: 77.7%), while the latter were more resistant to pirimiphos-methyl (1.5X: 48.3% in Bassila and 1X: 21.5% in Djougou). RNA-seq was then conducted on resistant mosquitoes, non-exposed mosquitoes from the same locations and the laboratory-susceptible An. gambiae s.s. Kisumu strain. The results showed overexpression of detoxification genes, including cytochrome P450s (CYP12F2, CYP12F3, CYP4H15, CYP4H17, CYP6Z3, CYP9K1, CYP4G16, and CYP4D17), carboxylesterase genes (COEJHE5E, COE22933) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTE2 and GSTMS3) in all three resistant mosquito groups analyzed. Genes encoding cuticular proteins (CPR130, CPR10, CPR15, CPR16, CPR127, CPAP3-C, CPAP3-B, and CPR76) were also overexpressed in all the resistant groups, indicating their potential role in cross resistance in An. gambiae. Salivary gland protein genes related to 'salivary cysteine-rich peptide' and 'salivary secreted mucin 3' were also over-expressed and shared across all resistant groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that in addition to metabolic enzymes, cuticular and salivary gland proteins could play an important role in cross-resistance to multiple classes of insecticides in Benin. These genes warrant further investigation to validate their functional role in An. gambiae resistance to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Lucy Mackenzie Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dieunel Derilus
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Diana Omoke
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Stephen Okeyo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Nsa Dada
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Claudia Corredor
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicola Mulder
- Human, Heredity, and Health in Africa H3ABionet network, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
- Regional Institute of Public Health (IRSP), Ouidah, Benin.
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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Sadia CG, Bonneville JM, Zoh MG, Fodjo BK, Kouadio FPA, Oyou SK, Koudou BG, Adepo-Gourene BA, Reynaud S, David JP, Mouahamadou CS. The impact of agrochemical pollutant mixtures on the selection of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: insights from experimental evolution and transcriptomics. Malar J 2024; 23:69. [PMID: 38443984 PMCID: PMC10916200 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several indications that pesticides used in agriculture contribute to the emergence and spread of resistance of mosquitoes to vector control insecticides. However, the impact of such an indirect selection pressure has rarely been quantified and the molecular mechanisms involved are still poorly characterized. In this context, experimental selection with different agrochemical mixtures was conducted in Anopheles gambiae. The multi-generational impact of agrochemicals on insecticide resistance was evaluated by phenotypic and molecular approaches. METHODS Mosquito larvae were selected for 30 generations with three different agrochemical mixtures containing (i) insecticides, (ii) non-insecticides compounds, and (iii) both insecticide and non-insecticide compounds. Every five generations, the resistance of adults to deltamethrin and bendiocarb was monitored using bioassays. The frequencies of the kdr (L995F) and ace1 (G119S) target-site mutations were monitored every 10 generations. RNAseq was performed on all lines at generation 30 in order to identify gene transcription level variations and polymorphisms associated with each selection regime. RESULTS Larval selection with agrochemical mixtures did not affect bendiocarb resistance and did not select for ace1 mutation. Contrastingly, an increased deltamethrin resistance was observed in the three selected lines. Such increased resistance was not majorly associated with the presence of kdr L995F mutation in selected lines. RNA-seq identified 63 candidate resistance genes over-transcribed in at least one selected line. These include genes coding for detoxification enzymes or cuticular proteins previously associated with insecticide resistance, and other genes potentially associated with chemical stress response. Combining an allele frequency filtering with a Bayesian FST-based genome scan allowed to identify genes under selection across multiple genomic loci, supporting a multigenic adaptive response to agrochemical mixtures. CONCLUSION This study supports the role of agrochemical contaminants as a significant larval selection pressure favouring insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. Such selection pressures likely impact kdr mutations and detoxification enzymes, but also more generalist mechanisms such as cuticle resistance, which could potentially lead to cross-tolerance to unrelated insecticide compounds. Such indirect effect of global landscape pollution on mosquito resistance to public health insecticides deserves further attention since it can affect the nature and dynamics of resistance alleles circulating in malaria vectors and impact the efficacy of control vector strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christabelle G Sadia
- University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Jean-Marc Bonneville
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marius G Zoh
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC)/Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Behi K Fodjo
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - France-Paraudie A Kouadio
- University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Sebastien K Oyou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Stephane Reynaud
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
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In vitro and in silico analysis of the Anopheles anticholinesterase activity of terpenoids. Parasitol Int 2023; 93:102713. [PMID: 36455706 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis, and An. funestus are major vectors in high malaria endemic African regions. Various terpenoid classes form the main chemical constituent repository of essential oils, many of which have been shown to possess insecticidal effects against Anopheles species. The current study aimed to assess the bioactivity of terpenoids including four sesquiterpene alcohols, farnesol, (-)-α-bisabolol, cis-nerolidol, and trans-nerolidol; a phenylpropanoid, methyleugenol, and a monoterpene, (R)-(+)-limonene, using the larvicidal screening assay against the four Anopheles species. The mechanism of action was investigated through in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay and in silico molecular modelling. All six terpenoids showed potent larvicidal activity against the four Anopheles species. Insights into the mechanism of action revealed that the six terpenoids are strong AChE inhibitors against An. funestus and An. arabiensis, while there was a moderate inhibitory activity against An. gambiae AChE, but very weak activity against An. coluzzii. Interestingly, in the in silico study, farnesol established a favourable hydrogen bonding interaction with a conserved amino acid residue, Cys447, at the entrance to the active site gorge. While (-)-α-bisabolol and methyleugenol displayed a strong interaction with the catalytic Ser360 and adjacent amino acid residues; but sparing the mutable Gly280 residue that confers resistance to the current anticholinesterase insecticides. As a result, this study identified farnesol, (-)-α-bisabolol, and methyleugenol as selective bioinsecticidal agents with potent Anopheles AChE inhibition. These terpenoids present as natural compounds for further development as anticholinesterase bioinsecticides.
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Rants’o TA, van Greunen DG, van der Westhuizen CJ, Riley DL, Panayides JL, Koekemoer LL, van Zyl RL. The in silico and in vitro analysis of donepezil derivatives for Anopheles acetylcholinesterase inhibition. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277363. [PMID: 36350894 PMCID: PMC9645637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies on Anopheles anticholinesterase insecticides are focusing on identifying agents with high selectivity towards Anopheles over mammalian targets. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from electric eel is often used as the bioequivalent enzyme to study ligands designed for activity and inhibition in human. In this study, previously identified derivatives of a potent AChE, donepezil, that have exhibited low activity on electric eel AChE were assessed for potential AChE-based larvicidal effects on four African malaria vectors; An. funestus, An. arabiensis, An. gambiae and An. coluzzii. This led to the identification of four larvicidal agents with a lead molecule, 1-benzyl-N-(thiazol-2-yl) piperidine-4-carboxamide 2 showing selectivity for An. arabiensis as a larvicidal AChE agent. Differential activities of this molecule on An. arabiensis and electric eel AChE targets were studied through molecular modelling. Homology modelling was used to generate a three-dimensional structure of the An. arabiensis AChE for this binding assay. The conformation of this molecule and corresponding interactions with the AChE catalytic site was markedly different between the two targets. Assessment of the differences between the AChE binding sites from electric eel, human and Anopheles revealed that the electric eel and human AChE proteins were very similar. In contrast, Anopheles AChE had a smaller cysteine residue in place of bulky phenylalanine group at the entrance to the catalytic site, and a smaller aspartic acid residue at the base of the active site gorge, in place of the bulky tyrosine residues. Results from this study suggest that this difference affects the ligand orientation and corresponding interactions at the catalytic site. The lead molecule 2 also formed more favourable interactions with An. arabiensis AChE model than other Anopheles AChE targets, possibly explaining the observed selectivity among other assessed Anopheles species. This study suggests that 1-benzyl-N-(thiazol-2-yl) piperidine-4-carboxamide 2 may be a lead compound for designing novel insecticides against Anopheles vectors with reduced toxic potential on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thankhoe A. Rants’o
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Divan G. van Greunen
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa
| | - C. Johan van der Westhuizen
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, CSIR Future Production: Chemicals, Tshwane, South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa
| | - Jenny-Lee Panayides
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, CSIR Future Production: Chemicals, Tshwane, South Africa
| | - Lizette L. Koekemoer
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robyn L. van Zyl
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Hamzah SN, Avicor SW, Alias Z, Razak SA, Bakhori SKM, Hsieh TC, Syanizam NN, Farouk SA. In Vivo Glutathione S-Transferases Superfamily Proteome Analysis: An Insight into Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes upon Acute Xenobiotic Challenges. INSECTS 2022; 13:1028. [PMID: 36354852 PMCID: PMC9698486 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the induction of glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymatic activities in Aedes albopictus under 24 h of xenobiotic challenges was investigated. From LCMS analysis, 23 GST isoforms were identified under Delta, Epsilon, Sigma, Zeta, Omega, and Iota classes, together with one GSTX1-1 isoform, in both treated and untreated samples. Using STRING 11.5, the functional enrichment network of Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, the identified peptides were found to be involved in the glutathione metabolic biological process (GO:0006749, p-value: 1.93 × 10−29), and the molecular functions involved are due to glutathione transferase (GO:0016848, p-value: 2.92 × 10−8) aside from carbon-halide lyase activity (GO:004364, p-value: 1.21 × 10−31). The Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network (STRING 11.5) showed significant interactions within the GST superfamily and some of the GST classes interacted with other proteins among the input domain of the identified peptides (p-value < 1.0 × 10−16). In TMT labeling for the quantification of peptide abundance, isoforms from Delta (GSTD1-2, GSTD1-3, GSTD1-4) and Epsilon (GSTE3-1, GSTE4-2) were found to be overexpressed (between 1.5-fold and 2-fold changes). In the PPI analysis, 12 common enriched pathways of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were found to be intercorrelated with the identified GSTs at PPI enrichment p-value < 1.0 × 10−16. Overall, this study indicates that distinct GST enzymes, which were identified up to their specific protein isoforms, are involved in the metabolic mechanisms underlying xenobiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nasuha Hamzah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Silas Wintuma Avicor
- Entomology Division, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, New Tafo-Akim P.O. Box 8, Ghana
| | - Zazali Alias
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sarah Abdul Razak
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | | | - Ting Chuan Hsieh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nurin Nazifa Syanizam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Salinah Abdul Farouk
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Abdel Haleem DR, El Tablawy NH, Ahmed Alkeridis L, Sayed S, Saad AM, El-Saadony MT, Farag SM. Screening and evaluation of different algal extracts and prospects for controlling the disease vector mosquito Culex pipiens L. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:933-940. [PMID: 35197761 PMCID: PMC8848025 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Continual application of synthetic insecticides in controlling mosquito larvae has resulted in several problems as build-up of mosquito resistance beside to negative impacts on human health and environment. Discovering new and affordable bio-insecticidal agents with high efficiency, cost effective and target specific become a crucial need. The current study assessed the larvicidal activity of eight methanolic algal extracts belong to three different algal divisions against the 3rd larval instar of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Comparative studies showed that four species of red and green algal extracts exhibited good larvicidal activity. Galaxaura elongata and Jania rubens (Rhodophyta), Codium tomentosum and Ulva intestinales (Chlorophyta) showed higher larvicidal potencies than Padina boryana, Dictyota dichotoma, and Sargassum dentifolium (Phaeophyta) and Gelidium latifolium (Rhodophyta). The maximum level of toxicity was achieved by exposure to G. elongata extract with LC50 (31.13 ppm), followed by C. tomentosum (69.85 ppm) then J. rubens (84.82 ppm) and U. intestinalis (97.54 ppm), while the lowest toxicity exhibited by G. latifolium (297.38 ppm) at 72 h post- treatment. The application of LC50 values of G. elongate, J. rubens, C. tomentosum, and U. intestinalis extracts affected the activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase as oxidative stress markers. An increase of antioxidant enzymes activities was recorded. Therefore, a significant elimination of free radicals, causing toxic effects. Overall, this study casts light on the insecticidal activity of some algal extracts, suggesting the possibility of application of these bio- agents as novel and cost- effective larvicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa R. Abdel Haleem
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Neamat H. El Tablawy
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lamya Ahmed Alkeridis
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Sayed
- Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, B.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Saad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Shaimaa M. Farag
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
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Kefi M, Charamis J, Balabanidou V, Ioannidis P, Ranson H, Ingham VA, Vontas J. Transcriptomic analysis of resistance and short-term induction response to pyrethroids, in Anopheles coluzzii legs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:891. [PMID: 34903168 PMCID: PMC8667434 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying comprise the major control measures against Anopheles gambiae sl, the dominant vector in sub-Saharan Africa. The primary site of contact with insecticide is through the mosquitoes' legs, which represents the first barrier insecticides have to bypass to reach their neuronal targets. Proteomic changes and leg cuticle modifications have been associated with insecticide resistance that may reduce the rate of penetration of insecticides. Here, we performed a multiple transcriptomic analyses focusing on An. coluzzii legs. RESULTS Firstly, leg-specific enrichment analysis identified 359 genes including the pyrethroid-binder SAP2 and 2 other chemosensory proteins, along with 4 ABCG transporters previously shown to be leg enriched. Enrichment of gene families included those involved in detecting chemical stimuli, including gustatory and ionotropic receptors and genes implicated in hydrocarbon-synthesis. Subsequently, we compared transcript expression in the legs of a highly resistant strain (VK7-HR) to both a strain with very similar genetic background which has reverted to susceptibility after several generations without insecticide pressure (VK7-LR) and a lab susceptible population (NG). Two hundred thirty-two differentially expressed genes (73 up-regulated and 159 down-regulated) were identified in the resistant strain when compared to the two susceptible counterparts, indicating an over-expression of phase I detoxification enzymes and cuticular proteins, with decrease in hormone-related metabolic processes in legs from the insecticide resistant population. Finally, we analysed the short-term effect of pyrethroid exposure on An. coluzzii legs, comparing legs of 1 h-deltamethrin-exposed An. coluzzii (VK7-IN) to those of unexposed mosquitoes (VK7-HR) and identified 348 up-regulated genes including those encoding for GPCRs, ABC transporters, odorant-binding proteins and members of the divergent salivary gland protein family. CONCLUSIONS The data on An. coluzzii leg-specific transcriptome provides valuable insights into the first line of defense in pyrethroid resistant and short-term deltamethrin-exposed mosquitoes. Our results suggest that xenobiotic detoxification is likely occurring in legs, while the enrichment of sensory proteins, ABCG transporters and cuticular genes is also evident. Constitutive resistance is primarily associated with elevated levels of detoxification and cuticular genes, while short-term insecticide-induced tolerance is linked with overexpression of transporters, GPCRs and GPCR-related genes, sensory/binding and salivary gland proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kefi
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - J Charamis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - V Balabanidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - P Ioannidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - H Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - V A Ingham
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
- Parasitology Unit, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece.
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece.
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Messenger LA, Impoinvil LM, Derilus D, Yewhalaw D, Irish S, Lenhart A. A whole transcriptomic approach provides novel insights into the molecular basis of organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from Ethiopia. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 139:103655. [PMID: 34562591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is of increasing concern in Ethiopia because of its potential implications for vector control failure. To better elucidate the specificity of resistance mechanisms and to facilitate the design of control strategies that minimize the likelihood of selecting for cross-resistance, a whole transcriptomic approach was used to explore gene expression patterns in a multi-insecticide resistant population of Anopheles arabiensis from Oromia Region, Ethiopia. This field population was resistant to the diagnostic doses of malathion (average mortality of 71.9%) and permethrin (77.4%), with pools of survivors and unexposed individuals analyzed using Illumina RNA-sequencing, alongside insecticide susceptible reference strains. This population also demonstrated deltamethrin resistance but complete susceptibility to alpha-cypermethrin, bendiocarb and propoxur, providing a phenotypic basis for detecting insecticide-specific resistance mechanisms. Transcriptomic data revealed overexpression of genes including cytochrome P450s, glutathione-s-transferases and carboxylesterases (including CYP4C36, CYP6AA1, CYP6M2, CYP6M3, CYP6P4, CYP9K1, CYP9L1, GSTD3, GSTE2, GSTE3, GSTE4, GSTE5, GSTE7 and two carboxylesterases) that were shared between malathion and permethrin survivors. We also identified nineteen highly overexpressed cuticular-associated proteins (including CYP4G16, CYP4G17 and chitinase) and eighteen salivary gland proteins (including D7r4 short form salivary protein), which may be contributing to a non-specific resistance phenotype by either enhancing the cuticular barrier or promoting binding and sequestration of insecticides, respectively. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in this lesser well-characterized major malaria vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A Messenger
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; American Society for Microbiology, 1752 N Street, NW Washington, DC, 20036, USA; Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Mackenzie Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Dieunel Derilus
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Seth Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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Zhang C, Shi Q, Li T, Cheng P, Guo X, Song X, Gong M. Comparative proteomics reveals mechanisms that underlie insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009237. [PMID: 33764997 PMCID: PMC7993597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito control based on chemical insecticides is considered as an important element of the current global strategies for the control of mosquito-borne diseases. Unfortunately, the development of insecticide resistance of important vector mosquito species jeopardizes the effectiveness of insecticide-based mosquito control. In contrast to target site resistance, other mechanisms are far from being fully understood. Global protein profiles among cypermethrin-resistant, propoxur-resistant, dimethyl-dichloro-vinyl-phosphate-resistant and susceptible strain of Culex pipiens pallens were obtained and proteomic differences were evaluated by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric analysis. A susceptible strain of Culex pipiens pallens showed elevated resistance levels after 25 generations of insecticide selection, through iTRAQ data analysis detected 2,502 proteins, of which 1,513 were differentially expressed in insecticide-selected strains compared to the susceptible strain. Finally, midgut differential protein expression profiles were analyzed, and 62 proteins were selected for verification of differential expression using iTRAQ and parallel reaction monitoring strategy, respectively. iTRAQ profiles of adaptation selection to three insecticide strains combined with midgut profiles revealed that multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms operate simultaneously in resistant insects of Culex pipiens pallens. Significant molecular resources were developed for Culex pipiens pallens, potential candidates were involved in metabolic resistance and reducing penetration or sequestering insecticide. Future research that is targeted towards RNA interference of the identified metabolic targets, such as cuticular proteins, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases and ribosomal proteins proteins and biological pathways (drug metabolism—cytochrome P450, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome) could lay the foundation for a better understanding of the genetic basis of insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens pallens. Global protein profiles were compared among a susceptible strain of Cx. pipiens pallens and strains that were cypermethrin-resistant, propoxur-resistant, and dimethyl-dichloro-vinyl-phosphate-resistant after 25 generations of selection by distinct chemical insecticide families, multiple mechanisms were found to operate simultaneously in resistant mosquitoes of Cx. pipiens pallens, including mechanisms to lower penetration of or sequester the insecticide or to increase biodegradation of the insecticide via subtle alterations in either the cuticular protein levels or the activities of detoxification enzymes (P450s and glutathione S-transferases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxing Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZCX); (GMQ)
| | - Qiqi Shi
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Nanning MHelixProTech Co., Ltd., Nanning Hi-tech Zone Bioengineering Center, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxia Guo
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Song
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Maoqing Gong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZCX); (GMQ)
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11
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Bath D, Cook J, Govere J, Mathebula P, Morris N, Hlongwana K, Raman J, Seocharan I, Zitha A, Zitha M, Mabuza A, Mbokazi F, Machaba E, Mabunda E, Jamesboy E, Biggs J, Drakeley C, Moonasar D, Maharaj R, Coetzee M, Pitt C, Kleinschmidt I. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of reactive, targeted indoor residual spraying for malaria control in low-transmission settings: a cluster-randomised, non-inferiority trial in South Africa. Lancet 2021; 397:816-827. [PMID: 33640068 PMCID: PMC7910276 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing insecticide costs and constrained malaria budgets could make universal vector control strategies, such as indoor residual spraying (IRS), unsustainable in low-transmission settings. We investigated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a reactive, targeted IRS strategy. METHODS This cluster-randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial compared reactive, targeted IRS with standard IRS practice in northeastern South Africa over two malaria seasons (2015-17). In standard IRS clusters, programme managers conducted annual mass spray campaigns prioritising areas using historical data, expert opinion, and other factors. In targeted IRS clusters, only houses of index cases (identified through passive surveillance) and their immediate neighbours were sprayed. The non-inferiority margin was 1 case per 1000 person-years. Health service costs of real-world implementation were modelled from primary and secondary data. Incremental costs per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) were estimated and deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses conducted. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02556242. FINDINGS Malaria incidence was 0·95 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 0·58 to 1·32) in the standard IRS group and 1·05 per 1000 person-years (0·72 to 1·38) in the targeted IRS group, corresponding to a rate difference of 0·10 per 1000 person-years (-0·38 to 0·59), demonstrating non-inferiority for targeted IRS (p<0·0001). Per additional DALY incurred, targeted IRS saved US$7845 (2902 to 64 907), giving a 94-98% probability that switching to targeted IRS would be cost-effective relative to plausible cost-effectiveness thresholds for South Africa ($2637 to $3557 per DALY averted). Depending on the threshold used, targeted IRS would remain cost-effective at incidences of less than 2·0-2·7 per 1000 person-years. Findings were robust to plausible variation in other parameters. INTERPRETATION Targeted IRS was non-inferior, safe, less costly, and cost-effective compared with standard IRS in this very-low-transmission setting. Saved resources could be reallocated to other malaria control and elimination activities. FUNDING Joint Global Health Trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bath
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Jackie Cook
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - John Govere
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Phillemon Mathebula
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Natashia Morris
- Health GIS Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Khumbulani Hlongwana
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jaishree Raman
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ishen Seocharan
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alpheus Zitha
- Mpumalanga Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Matimba Zitha
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aaron Mabuza
- Mpumalanga Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Frans Mbokazi
- Mpumalanga Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Elliot Machaba
- Limpopo Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Erik Mabunda
- Limpopo Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Eunice Jamesboy
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joseph Biggs
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Devanand Moonasar
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; South Africa National Malaria Programme, National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- Office of Malaria Research, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maureen Coetzee
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Catherine Pitt
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Immo Kleinschmidt
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Southern African Development Community Malaria Elimination Eight Secretariat, Windhoek, Namibia
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12
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Assessing cross-resistance within the pyrethroids in terms of their interactions with key cytochrome P450 enzymes and resistance in vector populations. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:115. [PMID: 33602297 PMCID: PMC7893915 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is important to understand whether the potential impact of pyrethroid resistance on malaria control can be mitigated by switching between different pyrethroids or whether cross-resistance within this insecticide class precludes this approach. Methods Here we assess the relationships among pyrethroids in terms of their binding affinity to, and depletion by, key cytochrome P450 enzymes (hereafter P450s) that are known to confer metabolic pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) and An. funestus, in order to identify which pyrethroids may diverge from the others in their vulnerability to resistance. We then investigate whether these same pyrethroids also diverge from the others in terms of resistance in vector populations. Results We found that the type I and II pyrethroids permethrin and deltamethrin, respectively, are closely related in terms of binding affinity to key P450s, depletion by P450s and resistance within vector populations. Bifenthrin, which lacks the common structural moiety of most pyrethroids, diverged from the other pyrethroids tested in terms of both binding affinity to key P450s and depletion by P450s, but resistance to bifenthrin has rarely been tested in vector populations and was not analysed here. Etofenprox, which also lacks the common structural moiety of most pyrethroids, diverged from the more commonly deployed pyrethroids in terms of binding affinity to key P450s and resistance in vector populations, but did not diverge from these pyrethroids in terms of depletion by the P450s. The analysis of depletion by the P450s indicated that etofenprox may be more vulnerable to metabolic resistance mechanisms in vector populations. In addition, greater resistance to etofenprox was found across Aedes aegypti populations, but greater resistance to this compound was not found in any of the malaria vector species analysed. The results for pyrethroid depletion by anopheline P450s in the laboratory were largely not repeated in the findings for resistance in malaria vector populations. Conclusion Importantly, the prevalence of resistance to the pyrethroids α-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin and permethrin was correlated across malaria vector populations, and switching between these compounds as a tool to mitigate against pyrethroid resistance is not advised without strong evidence supporting a true difference in resistance.![]()
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13
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Buxton M, Wasserman RJ, Nyamukondiwa C. Spatial Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) insecticide resistance patterns across malaria-endemic regions of Botswana. Malar J 2020; 19:415. [PMID: 33213466 PMCID: PMC7678117 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the advent of the Green Revolution, pesticides have played an important role in the global management of invertebrate pests including vector mosquitoes. Despite optimal efficacy, insects often display insensitivity to synthetic insecticides owing to prolonged exposure that may select for resistance development. Such insecticide insensitivity may regress national and regional coordination in mosquito vector management and indeed malaria control. In Botswana, prolonged use of synthetic insecticides against malaria vectors have been practiced without monitoring of targeted mosquito species susceptibility status. Methods Here, susceptibility status of a malaria vector (Anopheles arabiensis), was assessed against World Health Organization-recommended insecticides, across three malaria endemic districts. Adult virgin female mosquitoes (2–5 days old) emerging from wild-collected larvae were exposed to standardized insecticide-impregnated papers with discriminating doses. Results The results showed resistance dynamics were variable in space, presumably as a result of spatial differences in insecticide use across malaria endemic districts and the types of insecticides used in the country. Overall, there was a reduced susceptibility of An. arabiensis for the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and for dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane [DDT], which have similar modes of action and have been used in the country for many years. The Okavango district exhibited the greatest reduction in susceptibility, followed by Ngamiland and then Bobirwa, reflective of national intervention strategy spraying intensities. Vector mosquitoes were, however, highly susceptible to carbamates and organophosphates irrespective of region. Conclusions These results provide important findings of vector susceptibility to insecticides recommended for vector control. The results highlight the need to implement insecticide application regimes that more effectively including regionally integrated resistance management strategies for effective malaria control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mmabaledi Buxton
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Ryan J Wasserman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana.
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Yang X, Leng X, Qi Y, Zhang J, Jiang R, Li W, Zhong H. Monitoring of adsorption and transfer of organochlorines in soybean seeds and sprouts with mass spectrometric imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1130:10-19. [PMID: 32892928 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of analytical techniques that can monitor the adsorption, transfer and in-situ distribution of environmental pollutants in agricultural products is essential to ensure the implementation of stringent food safety standards for consumer protection. A mass spectrometric imaging approach is described herein to investigate the dynamic changes and spatial distributions of 4, 4'-DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) in soybean seeds and sprouts during the growth. Soy beans seeds incubated in DDT containing water were sliced in every 20 μm and directly blotted on the surface of a compressed thin film of (Bi2O3)0.07(CoO)0.03(ZnO)0.9 nanoparticles. Endogenous molecules and exogenous DDT compounds in soy bean seeds were ionized and dissociated by photoelectrons that are generated on surfaces of semiconductor nanoparticles upon the irradiation of the 3rd harmonic (355 nm) of Nd3+:YAG laser. Structural identification is achieved by the interpretation of fragment ions resulting from electron-initiated specific bond cleavages or hole oxidization. Mass spectrometric images reveal increased quantities of DDT residues in soy bean seeds and sprouts during the growth. It provides an in situ way without extensive sample preparation to monitor the transfer and distribution of exogenous pollutants as well as the possible impacts on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yang
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Xiebin Leng
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Yinghua Qi
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Ruowei Jiang
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Weidan Li
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Hongying Zhong
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, PR China.
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Adedeji EO, Ogunlana OO, Fatumo S, Beder T, Ajamma Y, Koenig R, Adebiyi E. Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:465. [PMID: 32912275 PMCID: PMC7488410 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance to currently available insecticides in the malaria vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, hampers their use as an effective vector control strategy for the prevention of malaria transmission. Therefore, there is need for new insecticides and/or alternative vector control strategies, the development of which relies on the identification of possible targets in Anopheles. Some known and promising targets for the prevention or control of malaria transmission exist among Anopheles metabolic proteins. This review aims to elucidate the current and potential contribution of Anopheles metabolic proteins to malaria transmission and control. Highlighted are the roles of metabolic proteins as insecticide targets, in blood digestion and immune response as well as their contribution to insecticide resistance and Plasmodium parasite development. Furthermore, strategies by which these metabolic proteins can be utilized for vector control are described. Inhibitors of Anopheles metabolic proteins that are designed based on target specificity can yield insecticides with no significant toxicity to non-target species. These metabolic modulators combined with each other or with synergists, sterilants, and transmission-blocking agents in a single product, can yield potent malaria intervention strategies. These combinations can provide multiple means of controlling the vector. Also, they can help to slow down the development of insecticide resistance. Moreover, some metabolic proteins can be modulated for mosquito population replacement or suppression strategies, which will significantly help to curb malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Oluwatobiloba Adedeji
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Segun Fatumo
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London, UK
| | - Thomas Beder
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ajamma
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Rainer Koenig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), G200, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Monitoring and molecular profiling of contemporary insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in Guinea-Bissau. Acta Trop 2020; 206:105440. [PMID: 32156617 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite reduction in the prevalence of malaria, Guinea-Bissau (GB) is still widely affected by the disease that is primarily vectored by Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes. Monitoring mosquito susceptibility and investigating the insecticide resistance status is an integral part of malaria control actions. Here, mosquito populations from five regions of GB: Bafatá, Bissau, Buba, Cacheu and Gabu were monitored for species ID and insecticide resistance, using diagnostic and intensity WHO bioassays, as well as molecular assays. Phenotypic and molecular identification of species showed the presence of An. gambiae s.s. (S form), An. coluzzii (M form) and An. arabiensis, as well as rare An. arabiensis/ An. gambiae hybrids. Resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin was found in all Anopheles populations assayed, with the intensity of resistance for permethrin being moderate to high, as confirmed by bioassays performed at concentration intensities of 5X and 10X. Consistent to these findings, molecular analysis showed a higher frequency of knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations (L1014F, L1014S, reaching > 90% in some areas) compared to previous studies in the same region, as well as detected for the first time the presence of the super kdr mutation (N1575Y) in GB. The "iAche" (G119S) resistance mutation was also found in GB in low frequencies (up to 12.41%). Additionally, the synergistic PBO-permethrin bioassays suggested partial involvement of non target (metabolic and/or reduced penetration) resistance mechanism. Expression analysis of known pyrethroid metabolisers indicated the slight overexpression and possible association of the cytochrome P450s CYP6Z1, CYP4G16 with the pyrethroid resistance phenotype. The findings should guide future evidence-based resistance management strategies in GB.
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Distribution of Anopheles mosquito species, their vectorial role and profiling of knock-down resistance mutations in Botswana. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1201-1208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Jeanrenaud ACSN, Brooke BD, Oliver SV. The effects of larval organic fertiliser exposure on the larval development, adult longevity and insecticide tolerance of zoophilic members of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215552. [PMID: 30998732 PMCID: PMC6472872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoophilic members of the Anopheles gambiae complex are often associated with cattle. As such, it is likely that the immature aquatic stages will be exposed to cattle faeces as a pollutant. This study aimed to examine the effect of cattle manure on members of the An. gambiae complex found in South Africa. In this study, a commercial organic fertiliser originating from cattle manure was used as a proxy for cattle faeces. Laboratory strains of An. merus, An. quadriannulatus as well as four An. arabiensis strains (SENN and MBN: insecticide susceptible, MBN-DDT: insecticide resistant, unselected, SENN-DDT: insecticide resistant: selected for resistance) were used in this study. The effect of larval fertiliser exposure on larval development rate and adult longevity was assessed in all three species. The effect of larval fertiliser exposure on subsequent adult size, insecticide tolerance and detoxification enzyme activity of the four strains of the malaria vector An. arabiensis was also assessed. Following fertiliser treatment, all strains and species showed a significantly increased rate of larval development, with insecticide susceptible strains gaining the greatest advantage. The adult longevities of An. merus, An. quadriannulatus, insecticide susceptible and resistant An. arabiensis were significantly increased following fertiliser treatment. Insecticide susceptible and resistant An. arabiensis adults were significantly larger after larval organic fertiliser exposure. Larval fertiliser exposure also increased insecticide tolerance in adult An. arabiensis, particularly in the insecticide resistant, selected strain. This 4.7 fold increase in deltamethrin tolerance translated to an increase in pyrethroid resistance intensity, which could exert operational effects. In general, larval exposure to cattle faeces significantly affects the life histories of members of the An. gambiae complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. S. N. Jeanrenaud
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Basil D. Brooke
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shüné V. Oliver
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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19
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Hamzah SN, Farouk SA, Alias Z. Isoenzymes of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Glutathione S-transferases: Isolation and expression after acute insecticide treatment. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 153:116-121. [PMID: 30744884 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) from susceptible Aedes albopictus larvae were partially isolated using two different purification strategies (GSTrap™ HP and GSH-agarose affinity columns) and the effects of permethrin and DDT on expression of the GSTs were investigated. Distinct double bands on SDS-PAGE with molecular weights between 20 and 25 kDa were successfully purified using GSTrap™ HP while a single band of 24.5 kDa was purified using GSH-agarose. The isolated GSTs belonged to the Delta, Sigma and Theta GST classes. When exposed to permethrin, one isoform of Theta, four isoforms of Sigma and thirteen isoforms of Delta GSTs showed an increased expression between 1.4-fold and 2.5-fold while DDT treatment resulted in between 1.4-fold and 3.2-fold increased expression in one isoform of Theta, four isoforms of Sigma and eleven isoforms of Delta GSTs (p < .05). This study indicated that GSTrap™ HP was more competent in isolating Ae. albopictus GSTs compared to GSH-agarose and also variable expression of GST isoforms occur in response to different insecticides. This information may be useful for improving insecticide resistance management strategies in aspect of molecular resistant and evolutionary tolerant detoxification enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nasuha Hamzah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Salinah Abdul Farouk
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zazali Alias
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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20
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Koimbu G, Czeher C, Katusele M, Sakur M, Kilepak L, Tandrapah A, Hetzel MW, Pulford J, Robinson L, Karl S. Status of Insecticide Resistance in Papua New Guinea: An Update from Nation-Wide Monitoring of Anopheles Mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:162-165. [PMID: 29141726 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance (IR) monitoring is an important component of vector-borne disease control. The last assessment of IR in Papua New Guinea (PNG) was conducted in 2010. Since then, vector populations have been exposed to higher levels of pyrethroids with the continued nation-wide distribution of insecticide-treated nets. Here, we provide an update on phenotypic IR in four highly malaria-endemic areas of PNG. IR against deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane was assessed using World Health Organization bioassays. A total of 108 bioassays for each insecticide were conducted screening 2,290 adult female anopheline mosquitoes. No phenotypic resistance was observed. Bioassay parameters agreed well with those observed in other studies that used the same assays and insecticides. These results indicate that the three tested insecticides are still universally effective in PNG. Continued IR monitoring (every 1-2 years) in PNG is recommended to detect reduced susceptibility early and adjust guidelines to prevent widespread resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gussy Koimbu
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Cyrille Czeher
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Michelle Katusele
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Muker Sakur
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Lemen Kilepak
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Anthony Tandrapah
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Manuel W Hetzel
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Justin Pulford
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Robinson
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Stephan Karl
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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21
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Nardini L, Hunt RH, Dahan-Moss YL, Christie N, Christian RN, Coetzee M, Koekemoer LL. Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus. Malar J 2017; 16:448. [PMID: 29115954 PMCID: PMC5678590 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is characterized as a holoendemic malaria area with the main vectors being Anopheles funestus and members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Due to political instability and socio-economic challenges in the region, knowledge of insecticide resistance status and resistance mechanisms in these vectors is limited. Mosquitoes were collected from a mining site in the north-eastern part of the country and, following identification, were subjected to extensive testing for the target-site and biochemical basis of resistance. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess a suite of 10 genes frequently involved in pyrethroid and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance in An. gambiae females and males. In An. funestus, gene expression microarray analysis was carried out on female mosquitoes. Results In both species, deltamethrin resistance was recorded along with high resistance and suspected resistance to DDT in An. gambiae and An. funestus, respectively. A total of 85% of An. gambiae carried the kdr mutations as either homozygous resistant (RR) (L1014S, L1014F or both) or heterozygous (RS), however only 3% carried the rdl mutant allele (RS) and no ace-1 mutations were recorded. Synergist assays indicated a strong role for P450s in deltamethrin resistance in both species. In An. gambiae, analysis of transcription levels showed that the glutathione-S-transferase, GSTS1-2, produced the highest fold change in expression (7.6-fold in females and 31-fold in males) followed by GSTE2, thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX2), and cytochrome oxidases (CYP6M2 and CYP6P1). All other genes tested produced fold change values below 2. Microarray analysis revealed significant over-transcription of cuticular proteins as well as CYP6M7, CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b in insecticide resistant An. funestus. Conclusions These data show that high levels of deltamethrin resistance in the main malaria vector species, conferred by enzymatic detoxification, are present in the DRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Nardini
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Richard H Hunt
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Yael L Dahan-Moss
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Nanette Christie
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Riann N Christian
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Maureen Coetzee
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa. .,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa.
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22
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Chand G, Behera P, Bang A, Singh N. Status of insecticide resistance in An. culicifacies in Gadchiroli (Maharashtra) India. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:362-366. [PMID: 28971738 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1378836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An. culicifacies is the major vector of malaria in tribal community and tribal dominated areas in India. Development of resistance to insecticides is the major challenge to curb the transmission. Gadchiroli (Maharashtra) is a tribal district in central India where incidence of malaria increased from 2012 to 2015 despite indoor space spray with synthetic pyrethroids. To determine the susceptibility status of An. culicifacies against commonly used insecticides in public health program in Gadchiroli. standard WHO method and test kit were used. The insecticide impregnated papers were procured from vector control unit Malaysia. An. culicifacies found resistance to three major groups of pesticides i.e. organochlorine (DDT 4%), organophosphorous (Malathion 5%) and pyrethroids (Cyfluthrin 0.15%, Deltametherin 0.05% and Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%). The susceptibility status in Permethrin 0.75% needs further confirmation. Development of resistance to different insecticides of varied groups is an adverse finding for the elimination of malaria, explaining the recent increase in malaria incidence in Gadchiroli. The phenomenon further needs to be studied in different locations and the susceptibility needs to test against other insecticides. The findings may have significant implications to the choice of insecticides in the malaria control program in tribal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Chand
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health , Jabalpur , India
| | - Priyamadhaba Behera
- b Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health , Gadchiroli , India
| | - Abhay Bang
- b Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health , Gadchiroli , India
| | - Neeru Singh
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health , Jabalpur , India
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23
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Nnko EJ, Kihamia C, Tenu F, Premji Z, Kweka EJ. Insecticide use pattern and phenotypic susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato to commonly used insecticides in Lower Moshi, northern Tanzania. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:443. [PMID: 28877733 PMCID: PMC5585946 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of insecticide resistance has been documented in different malaria endemic areas. Surveillance studies to allow prompt investigation of associated factors to enable effective insecticide resistance management are needed. The objective of this study was to assess insecticide use pattern and phenotypic susceptibility level of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato to insecticides commonly used in malaria control in Moshi, northern Tanzania. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess insecticide usage pattern. Data was collected was through closed and open ended questionnaires The WHO diagnostic standard kit with doses of 0.1% bendiocarb, 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.75% permethrin and 4% DDT were used to detect knockdown time, mortality and resistance ratio of wild A. gambiae sensu lato. The questionnaire survey data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance while susceptibility data was analysed by logistic regression with probit analysis using SPSS program. The WHO criteria was used to evaluate the resistance status of the tested mosquito populations. RESULTS A large proportion of respondents (80.8%) reported to have used insecticide mainly for farming purposes (77.3%). Moreover, 93.3% of household reported usage of long lasting insecticidal nets. The frequently used class of insecticide was organophosphate with chloropyrifos as the main active ingredients and dursban was the brand constantly reported. Very few respondents (24.1%) applied integrated vector control approaches of and this significantly associated with level of knowledge of insecticide use (P < 0.001). Overall knockdown time for A. gambiae s.l was highest in DDT, followed by Pyrethroids (Permethrin and deltamethrin) and lowest in bendiocarb. Anopheles gambiae s.l showed susceptibility to bendiocarb, increased tolerance to permethrin and resistant to deltamethrin. The most effective insecticide against the population from tested was bendiocarb, with a resistance ratio ranging between 0.93-2.81. CONCLUSION Education on integrated vector management should be instituted and a policy change on insecticide of choice for malaria vector control from pyrethroids to carbamates (bendiocarb) is recommended. Furthermore, studies to detect cross resistance between pyrethroids and organophosphates should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinas J. Nnko
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65011, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles Kihamia
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65011, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Filemoni Tenu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, P.O. Box 81, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Zul Premji
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65011, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eliningaya J. Kweka
- Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Health Disease Vector Control, Mosquito Section, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464 Mwanza, Tanzania
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24
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Carmona-Antoñanzas G, Bekaert M, Humble JL, Boyd S, Roy W, Bassett DI, Houston RD, Gharbi K, Bron JE, Sturm A. Maternal inheritance of deltamethrin resistance in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) is associated with unique mtDNA haplotypes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180625. [PMID: 28704444 PMCID: PMC5507548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections by the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), cause huge economic damage in salmon farming in the northern hemisphere, with combined treatment costs and production losses in 2014 having been estimated at US$ 350 million for Norway (annual production 1.25 million tonnes). The control of L. salmonis relies significantly on medicinal treatments, supplemented by non-pharmacological approaches. However, efficacy losses have been reported for several delousing agents, including the pyrethroid deltamethrin. The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic basis of deltamethrin resistance in L. salmonis. Deltamethrin median effective concentrations (EC50) were 0.28 μg L-1 in the drug susceptible L. salmonis strain IoA-00 and 40.1 μg L-1 in the pyrethroid resistant strain IoA-02. IoA-00 and IoA-02 were crossed to produce families spanning one parental and three filial generations (P0, F1-F3). In three families derived from P0 crosses between an IoA-00 sire and an IoA-02 dam, 98.8% of F2 parasites (n = 173) were resistant, i.e. remained unaffected after exposure to 2.0 μg L-1 deltamethrin. F3 parasites from these crosses showed a deltamethrin EC50 of 9.66 μg L-1. In two families of the inverse orientation at P0 (IoA-02 sire x IoA-00 dam), 16.7% of F2 parasites were resistant (n = 84), while the deltamethrin EC50 in F3 animals was 0.26 μg L-1. The results revealed a predominantly maternal inheritance of deltamethrin resistance. The 15,947-nt mitochondrial genome was sequenced and compared among six unrelated L. salmonis strains and parasites sampled from wild salmon in 2010. IoA-02 and three further deltamethrin resistant strains, established from isolates originating from different regions of Scotland, showed almost identical mitochondrial haplotypes. In contrast, the mitochondrial genome was variable among susceptible strains and L. salmonis from wild hosts. Deltamethrin caused toxicity and depletion of whole body ATP levels in IoA-00 but not IoA-02 parasites. The maternal inheritance of deltamethrin resistance and its association with mitochondrial haplotypes suggests that pyrethroid toxicity in L. salmonis may involve molecular targets encoded by mitochondrial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Carmona-Antoñanzas
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michaël Bekaert
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L. Humble
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Boyd
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - William Roy
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Bassett
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ross D. Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Gharbi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Armin Sturm
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
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25
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Yang J, Ward MD, Kahr B. Abuse of Rachel Carson and Misuse of DDT Science in the Service of Environmental Deregulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10026-10032. [PMID: 28608639 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fake news?? The contact insecticide DDT has been reappraised as a safe, life-saving compound by special interest groups committed to repealing environmental regulations. It is shown in this essay how some specific toxicological data has been misused by those aiming to disingenuously influence public policy. Graphic: Pestroy, a DDT-laced coating marketed in 1946 by Sherwin-Williams Research Laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York City, NY, 10009, USA.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York City, NY, 10009, USA
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York City, NY, 10009, USA.,Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, TWins, Waseda University, 162-0056, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Yang J, Ward MD, Kahr B. Abuse of Rachel Carson and Misuse of DDT Science in the Service of Environmental Deregulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute; New York University; 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001 New York City NY 10009 USA
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute; New York University; 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001 New York City NY 10009 USA
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute; New York University; 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001 New York City NY 10009 USA
- Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, TWins; Waseda University; 162-0056 Tokyo Japan
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27
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Venter N, Oliver SV, Muleba M, Davies C, Hunt RH, Koekemoer LL, Coetzee M, Brooke BD. Benchmarking insecticide resistance intensity bioassays for Anopheles malaria vector species against resistance phenotypes of known epidemiological significance. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:198. [PMID: 28427447 PMCID: PMC5397746 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide use via indoor residual spraying (IRS) or treated nets is the primary method for controlling malaria vector populations. The incidence of insecticide resistance in vector populations is burgeoning globally making resistance management key to the design of effective malaria control and elimination strategies. Vector populations can be assessed for insecticide resistance using a binary (susceptible or resistant) classification based on the use of the standard WHO insecticide susceptibility assay for adult anopheline mosquitoes. However, the recent scaling up of vector control activities has necessitated a revision of the WHO bioassay protocol to include the production of information that not only diagnoses resistance but also gives information on the intensity of expression of resistance phenotypes detected. This revised protocol is expected to inform on the range of resistance phenotypes in a target vector population using discriminating/diagnostic insecticide concentrations (DC) as well as their potential operational significance using 5× DC and 10× DC assays. The aim of this project was to use the revised protocol to assess the intensity of pyrethroid resistance in a range of insecticide resistant Anopheles strains with known resistance mechanisms and for which there is evidence of operational significance in the field setting from which these colonies were derived. Methods Diagnostic concentration (DC) bioassays followed by 5× DC and 10× DC assays using the pyrethroid insecticides permethrin and deltamethrin were conducted according to the standard WHO bioassay method against pyrethroid resistant laboratory strains of Anopheles funestus, An. arabiensis and An. gambiae. Results Low to moderate resistance intensities were recorded for the An. arabiensis and An. gambiae strains while moderate to high intensities were recorded for the An. funestus strains. Conclusions It is evident that resistance intensity assays can add predictive value to the decision making process in vector control settings, although more so in an IRS setting and especially when bench-marked against resistance phenotypes of known operational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelius Venter
- Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shȕné V Oliver
- Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Craig Davies
- Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard H Hunt
- Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maureen Coetzee
- Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Basil D Brooke
- Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Gorouhi MA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Raeisi A, Enayati AA, Mirhendi H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Abai MR, Salim-Abadi Y, Rafi F. Current Susceptibility Status of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) to Different Imagicides in a Malarious Area, Southeastern of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2016; 10:493-500. [PMID: 28032101 PMCID: PMC5186739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles mosquitoes are an important group of arthropods due to their role in transmission of malaria. The present study was conducted for determination of susceptibility status of Anopheles stephensi to different imagicides collected from malarious area in Chabahar city, Iran. METHODS In the present study seven insecticides including: DDT 4%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and etofenprox 0.5% were tested based on WHO method. Regression line was plotted for each insecticide using mortality of different exposure times. Bioassay data were analyzed using Probit software and the lethal time for 50% and 90% mortality (LT50 and LT90) values were calculated. RESULTS The susceptibility levels of field strain of An. stephensi to the discriminative dose of different imagicides were determined 100, 98, 96, 89, 82 and 62% for etofenprox, permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, cyfluthrin and DDT, respectively. Our finding indicated that An. stephensi is resistant to DDT, lambdacyhalothrin and cyfluthrin, and susceptible to etofenprox and permethrin and candidate of resistant to deltamethrin based on WHO criteria. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that An. stephensi is resistant to DDT and some pyrethroid insecticides which can be developed due to application of insecticides in health and agriculture. These results can provide a clue for future chemical control program in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Gorouhi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- National Malaria Control Department, CDC, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Enayati
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Salim-Abadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rafi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Antonio-Nkondjio C, Poupardin R, Tene BF, Kopya E, Costantini C, Awono-Ambene P, Wondji CS. Investigation of mechanisms of bendiocarb resistance in Anopheles gambiae populations from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Malar J 2016; 15:424. [PMID: 27549778 PMCID: PMC4994282 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb is emerging in Anopheles gambiae populations from the city of Yaoundé in Cameroon. However, the molecular basis of this resistance remains uncharacterized. The present study objective is to investigate mechanisms promoting resistance to bendiocarb in An. gambiae populations from Yaoundé. Methods The level of susceptibility of An. gambiae s.l. to bendiocarb 0.1 % was assessed from 2010 to 2013 using bioassays. Mosquitoes resistant to bendiocarb, unexposed and susceptible mosquitoes were screened for the presence of the Ace-1R mutation using TaqMan assays. Microarray analyses were performed to assess the pattern of genes differentially expressed between resistant, unexposed and susceptible. Results Bendiocarb resistance was more prevalent in mosquitoes originating from cultivated sites compared to those from polluted and unpolluted sites. Both An. gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii were found to display resistance to bendiocarb. No G119S mutation was detected suggesting that resistance was mainly metabolic. Microarray analysis revealed the over-expression of several cytochrome P450 s genes including cyp6z3, cyp6z1, cyp12f2, cyp6m3 and cyp6p4. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis supported the detoxification role of cytochrome P450 s with several GO terms associated with P450 activity significantly enriched in resistant samples. Other detoxification genes included UDP-glucosyl transferases, glutathione-S transferases and ABC transporters. Conclusion The study highlights the probable implication of metabolic mechanisms in bendiocarb resistance in An. gambiae populations from Yaoundé and stresses the need for further studies leading to functional validation of detoxification genes involved in this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Billy Fossog Tene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Carlo Costantini
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR 016, 911, Avenue Agropolis, P.O. Box 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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30
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Choi DB, Grieco JP, Apperson CS, Schal C, Ponnusamy L, Wesson DM, Achee NL. Effect of Spatial Repellent Exposure on Dengue Vector Attraction to Oviposition Sites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004850. [PMID: 27428011 PMCID: PMC4948784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of dengue virus (DENV), the causative agent of dengue fever, an arthropod-borne disease of global importance. Although a vaccine has been recommended for prevention, current dengue prevention strategies rely on vector control. Recently, volatile pyrethroids-spatial repellents-have received interest as a novel delivery system for adult Ae. aegypti control. Understanding the full range of behavioral effects spatial repellents elicit in mosquito species will be critical to understanding the overall impact these products have on vector populations and will guide expectations of efficacy against DENV transmission. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The current study quantified changes in attraction of gravid Ae. aegypti to experimental oviposition sites following exposure to the spatial repellent transfluthrin. Responses were measured with two-choice olfaction bioassays using 'sticky-screens' covering cups to prevent contact with the oviposition substrate. Two cups contained a bacterial attractant composed of four species of bacteria in calcium alginate beads in water and two cups contained only deionized water. Results from 40 replicates (n = 780 females total per treatment) indicated an estimated difference in attraction of 9.35% ± 0.18 (p ≤ 0.003), implying that the transfluthrin-exposed mosquitoes were more attracted to the experimental oviposition sites than the non-exposed mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Findings from this study will further characterize the role of spatial repellents to modify Ae. aegypti behavior related to dengue prevention specifically, and encourage innovation in vector control product development more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane B. Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John P. Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Apperson
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Loganathan Ponnusamy
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dawn M. Wesson
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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31
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Shi L, Hu H, Ma K, Zhou D, Yu J, Zhong D, Fang F, Chang X, Hu S, Zou F, Wang W, Sun Y, Shen B, Zhang D, Ma L, Zhou G, Yan G, Zhu C. Development of Resistance to Pyrethroid in Culex pipiens pallens Population under Different Insecticide Selection Pressures. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003928. [PMID: 26275298 PMCID: PMC4537097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current vector control programs are largely dependent on pyrethroids, which are the most commonly used and only insecticides recommended by the World Health Organization for insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). However, the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance worldwide compromises the effectiveness of control programs and threatens public health. Since few new insecticide classes for vector control are anticipated, limiting the development of resistance is crucial for prolonging efficacy of pyrethroids. In this study, we exposed a field-collected population of Culex pipiens pallens to different insecticide selection intensities to dynamically monitor the development of resistance. Moreover, we detected kdr mutations and three detoxification enzyme activities in order to explore the evolutionary mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. Our results revealed that the level of pyrethroid resistance was proportional to the insecticide selection pressure. The kdr and metabolic resistance both contributed to pyrethroid resistance in the Cx. pipiens pallens populations, but they had different roles under different selection pressures. We have provided important evidence for better understanding of the development and mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance which may guide future insecticide use and vector management in order to avoid or delay resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathogenic Microorganism and Laboratory Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongxia Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Fujin Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuelian Chang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengli Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feifei Zou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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32
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Wang W, Lv Y, Fang F, Hong S, Guo Q, Hu S, Zou F, Shi L, Lei Z, Ma K, Zhou D, Zhang D, Sun Y, Ma L, Shen B, Zhu C. Identification of proteins associated with pyrethroid resistance by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis in Culex pipiens pallens. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:95. [PMID: 25880395 PMCID: PMC4337324 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito control based on chemical insecticides is considered as an important element in the current global strategies for the control of mosquito-borne diseases. Unfortunately, the development of pyrethroid resistance in important vector mosquito species jeopardizes the effectiveness of insecticide-based mosquito control. To date, the mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance are still unclear. Recent advances in proteomic techniques can facilitate to identify pyrethroid resistance-associated proteins at a large-scale for improving our understanding of resistance mechanisms, and more importantly, for seeking some genetic markers used for monitoring and predicting the development of resistance. Methods We performed a quantitative proteomic analysis between a deltamethrin-susceptible strain and a deltamethrin-resistant strain of laboratory population of Culex pipiens pallens using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was used to find the relative processes that these differentially expressed proteins were involved in. One differentially expressed protein was chosen to confirm by Western blot in the laboratory and field populations of Cx. pipiens pallens. Results We identified 30 differentially expressed proteins assigned into 10 different categories, including oxidoreductase activity, transporter activity, catalytic activity, structural constituent of cuticle and hypothetical proteins. GO analysis revealed that 25 proteins were sub-categorized into 35 hierarchically-structured GO classifications. Western blot results showed that CYP6AA9 as one of the up-regulated proteins was confirmed to be overexpressed in the deltamethrin-resistant strains compared with the deltamethrin-susceptible strains both in the laboratory and field populations. Conclusions This is the first study to use modern proteomic tools for identifying pyrethroid resistance-related proteins in Cx. pipiens. The present study brought to light many proteins that were not previously thought to be associated with pyrethroid resistance, which further expands our understanding of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms. CYP6AA9 was overexpressed in the deltamethrin-resistant strains, indicating that CYP6AA9 may be involved in pyrethroid resistance and may be used as a potential genetic marker to monitor and predict the pyrethroid resistance level of field populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0709-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yuan Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Fujin Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shanchao Hong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shengli Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Feifei Zou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Linna Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhentao Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Djègbè I, Agossa FR, Jones CM, Poupardin R, Cornelie S, Akogbéto M, Ranson H, Corbel V. Molecular characterization of DDT resistance in Anopheles gambiae from Benin. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:409. [PMID: 25175167 PMCID: PMC4164740 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance in the mosquito vector is the one of the main obstacles against effective malaria control. In order to implement insecticide resistance management strategies, it is important to understand the genetic factors involved. In this context, we investigated the molecular basis of DDT resistance in the main malaria vector from Benin. METHODS Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were collected from four sites across Benin and identified to species/molecular form. Mosquitoes from Cotonou (M-form), Tori-Bossito (S-form) and Bohicon (S-form) were exposed to DDT 4% at a range of exposure times (30 min to 300 min). Another batch of mosquitoes from Cotonou and Malanville were exposed to DDT for 1 hour and the survivors 48 hours post exposure were used to quantify metabolic gene expression. Quantitative PCR assays were used to quantify mRNA levels of metabolic enzymes: GSTE2, GSTD3, CYP6P3 and CYP6M2. Expression (fold-change) was calculated using the ∆∆Ct method and compared to susceptible strains. Detection of target-site mutations (L1014F, L1014S and N1575Y) was performed using allelic discrimination TaqMan assays. RESULTS DDT resistance was extremely high in all populations, regardless of molecular form, with no observed mortality after 300 min exposure. In both DDT-survivors and non-exposed mosquitoes, GSTE2 and GSTD3 were over-expressed in the M form at 4.4-fold and 3.5-fold in Cotonou and 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold in Malanville respectively, when compared to the susceptible strain. The CYP6M2 and CYP6P3 were over-expressed at 4.6-fold and 3.8-fold in Cotonou and 1.2-fold and 2.5-fold in Malanville respectively. In contrast, no differences in GSTE2 and CYP6M2 were observed between S form mosquitoes from Tori-Bossito and Bohicon compared to susceptible strain. The 1014 F allele was fixed in the S-form and at high frequency in the M-form (0.7-0.914). The frequency of 1575Y allele was 0.29-0.36 in the S-form and nil in the M-form. The 1014S allele was detected in the S form of An. gambiae in a 1014 F/1014S heterozygous specimen. CONCLUSION Our results show that the kdr 1014 F, 1014S and 1575Y alleles are widespread in Benin and the expression of two candidate metabolic markers (GSTE2 and CYP6M2) are over-expressed specifically in the M-form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Djègbè
- />Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université de Parakou, BP 123 Parakou, Benin
| | - Fiacre R Agossa
- />Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin
- />Département de Zoologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey Calavi (UAC), BP 526 Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Christopher M Jones
- />Insect Migration & Spatial Ecology; Group AgroEcology Rothamsted, Research Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- />Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA UK
| | - Sylvie Cornelie
- />Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, 01 BP 4414 RP Cotonou, Bénin
- />Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Martin Akogbéto
- />Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin
- />Département de Zoologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey Calavi (UAC), BP 526 Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Hilary Ranson
- />Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA UK
| | - Vincent Corbel
- />Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, 01 BP 4414 RP Cotonou, Bénin
- />Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
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Zhu G, Zhong D, Cao J, Zhou H, Li J, Liu Y, Bai L, Xu S, Wang MH, Zhou G, Chang X, Gao Q, Yan G. Transcriptome profiling of pyrethroid resistant and susceptible mosquitoes in the malaria vector, Anopheles sinensis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:448. [PMID: 24909924 PMCID: PMC4070547 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles sinensis is a major malaria vector in China and other Southeast Asian countries, and it is becoming increasingly resistant to the insecticides used for agriculture, net impregnation, and indoor residual spray. Very limited genomic information on this species is available, which has hindered the development of new tools for resistance surveillance and vector control. We used the 454 GS FLX system and generated expressed sequence tag (EST) databases of various life stages of An. sinensis, and we determined the transcriptional differences between deltamethrin resistant and susceptible mosquitoes. RESULTS The 454 GS FLX transcriptome sequencing yielded a total of 624,559 reads (average length of 290 bp) with the pooled An. sinensis mosquitoes across various development stages. The de novo assembly generated 33,411 contigs with average length of 493 bp. A total of 8,057 ESTs were generated with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation. A total of 2,131 ESTs were differentially expressed between deltamethrin resistant and susceptible mosquitoes collected from the same field site in Jiangsu, China. Among these differentially expressed ESTs, a total of 294 pathways were mapped to the KEGG database, with the predominant ESTs belonging to metabolic pathways. Furthermore, a total of 2,408 microsatellites and 15,496 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. CONCLUSIONS The annotated EST and transcriptome databases provide a valuable genomic resource for further genetic studies of this important malaria vector species. The differentially expressed ESTs associated with insecticide resistance identified in this study lay an important foundation for further functional analysis. The identified microsatellite and SNP markers will provide useful tools for future population genetic and comparative genomic analyses of malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoding Zhu
- />Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 PR China
- />Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214064 PR China
- />Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Daibin Zhong
- />Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Jun Cao
- />Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214064 PR China
| | - Huayun Zhou
- />Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214064 PR China
| | - Julin Li
- />Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214064 PR China
| | - Yaobao Liu
- />Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214064 PR China
| | - Liang Bai
- />Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214064 PR China
| | - Sui Xu
- />Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214064 PR China
| | - Mei-Hui Wang
- />Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Guofa Zhou
- />Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Xuelian Chang
- />Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Qi Gao
- />Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 PR China
- />Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214064 PR China
| | - Guiyun Yan
- />Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Mdoe FP, Nkwengulila G, Chobu M, Lyaruu L, Gyunda IL, Mbepera S, Xue RD, Kweka EJ. Larvicidal effect of disinfectant soap on Anopheles gambiae s.s (Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory and semifield environs. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:211. [PMID: 24885903 PMCID: PMC4024623 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito larval control using chemicals and biological agents is of paramount importance in vector population and disease incidence reduction. A commercial synthetic disinfectant soap was evaluated against larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s. in both laboratory and semi field conditions. METHOD Five concentrations of commercial synthetic disinfectant soap (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1%) were prepared and evaluated against third instar larvae in laboratory and semi field environments. Mortality was scored at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hrs. Each dosage had 6 replicates, having twenty 3rd instar larvae of An.gambiae s.s. RESULTS In the laboratory phase, all dosages had significantly higher larval mortalities than in controls, while in semi field conditions, the dosages of 0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01% had lower mortalities than laboratory trials. In the comparison between semi field and laboratory trials, only 0.1 and 1% dosage had significant difference with more mortality in semifield conditions. Proportions of larvae that died during mortality monitoring intervals in laboratory and semi field had significant differences only at 12 hrs and 72 hrs. CONCLUSION The findings of this study have demonstrated that the mortality of larvae caused by commercial synthetic disinfectant soap is worth further studies in open water bodies. More studies are necessary to find out the effect of sunlight on the chemistry of the synthetic disinfectant and other variables in small scale full field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- France P Mdoe
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-es-salaam, P.O.Box 35165 Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gamba Nkwengulila
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-es-salaam, P.O.Box 35165 Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mariam Chobu
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-es-salaam, P.O.Box 35165 Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lucile Lyaruu
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Ngaramtoni, Off Nairobi Road, P.O. Box 3024 Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Israel L Gyunda
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-es-salaam, P.O.Box 35165 Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania
| | - Saada Mbepera
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-es-salaam, P.O.Box 35165 Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rui-De Xue
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 500 Old Beach Road, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Eliningaya J Kweka
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Ngaramtoni, Off Nairobi Road, P.O. Box 3024 Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Mdoe FP, Cheng SS, Msangi S, Nkwengulila G, Chang ST, Kweka EJ. Activity of Cinnamomum osmophloeum leaf essential oil against Anopheles gambiae s.s. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:209. [PMID: 24885613 PMCID: PMC4019784 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing status of insecticide resistant mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa is a threatening alert to the existing control efforts. All sibling species of An. gambiae complex have evolved insecticide resistance in wild populations for different approved classes of the insecticides currently in use in the field. An alternative compound for vector control is absolutely urgently needed. In this study, the larvicidal activity and chemical composition of the Cinnamomum osmophloeum leaf essential oils were investigated. Methods C. osmophloeum leaf essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 6 hours, and their chemical compositions identified using GC-MS. These oils were evaluated against An. gambiae s.s. in both laboratory and semi-field situations. The WHO test procedures for monitoring larvicidal efficacy in malaria vectors were used. Results The composition of C. osmophloeum leaf essential oil has been found to have 11 active compounds. The most abundant compound was trans-cinnamaldehyde (70.20%) and the least abundant was caryophyllene oxide (0.08%). The larvicidal activity was found to be dosage and time dependant both in laboratory and semi-field environments with mortality ranging from 0% to 100%. The LC50 value was found to vary from 22.18 to 58.15 μg/ml in the laboratory while in semi-field environments it was 11.91 to 63.63 μg/ml. The LC90 value was found to range between 57.71 to 91.54 μg/ml in the laboratory while in semi-field environments was 52.07 to 173.77 μg/ml. Mortality ranged from 13% to 100% in the laboratory while in semi-field environments it ranged between 43% to 100% within mortality recording time intervals of 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Conclusions The larvicidal activity shown by C. osmophloeum leaf essential oil is a promising alternative to existing larvicides or to be incorporated in integrated larval source management compounds for An. gambiae s.s control. The efficacy observed in this study is attributed to both major and minor compounds of the essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eliningaya J Kweka
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Ngaramtoni, Off Nairobi Road, PO Box 3024 Arusha, Tanzania.
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Nkya TE, Akhouayri I, Poupardin R, Batengana B, Mosha F, Magesa S, Kisinza W, David JP. Insecticide resistance mechanisms associated with different environments in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: a case study in Tanzania. Malar J 2014; 13:28. [PMID: 24460952 PMCID: PMC3913622 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides is a growing concern in Africa. Since only a few insecticides are used for public health and limited development of new molecules is expected in the next decade, maintaining the efficacy of control programmes mostly relies on resistance management strategies. Developing such strategies requires a deep understanding of factors influencing resistance together with characterizing the mechanisms involved. Among factors likely to influence insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, agriculture and urbanization have been implicated but rarely studied in detail. The present study aimed at comparing insecticide resistance levels and associated mechanisms across multiple Anopheles gambiae sensu lato populations from different environments. METHODS Nine populations were sampled in three areas of Tanzania showing contrasting agriculture activity, urbanization and usage of insecticides for vector control. Insecticide resistance levels were measured in larvae and adults through bioassays with deltamethrin, DDT and bendiocarb. The distribution of An. gambiae sub-species and pyrethroid target-site mutations (kdr) were investigated using molecular assays. A microarray approach was used for identifying transcription level variations associated to different environments and insecticide resistance. RESULTS Elevated resistance levels to deltamethrin and DDT were identified in agriculture and urban areas as compared to the susceptible strain Kisumu. A significant correlation was found between adult deltamethrin resistance and agriculture activity. The subspecies Anopheles arabiensis was predominant with only few An. gambiae sensu stricto identified in the urban area of Dar es Salaam. The L1014S kdr mutation was detected at elevated frequency in An gambiae s.s. in the urban area but remains sporadic in An. arabiensis specimens. Microarrays identified 416 transcripts differentially expressed in any area versus the susceptible reference strain and supported the impact of agriculture on resistance mechanisms with multiple genes encoding pesticide targets, detoxification enzymes and proteins linked to neurotransmitter activity affected. In contrast, resistance mechanisms found in the urban area appeared more specific and more related to the use of insecticides for vector control. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study confirmed the role of the environment in shaping insecticide resistance in mosquitoes with a major impact of agriculture activities. Results are discussed in relation to resistance mechanisms and the optimization of resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia E Nkya
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS-Université de Grenoble 5553, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble cedex 09, France
- National Institute of Medical Research of Tanzania, Amani Medical Research Centre, P. O. Box 81, Tanga, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Idir Akhouayri
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS-Université de Grenoble 5553, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble cedex 09, France
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group. Pembroke place, Liverpool L35QA, UK
| | - Bernard Batengana
- National Institute of Medical Research of Tanzania, Amani Medical Research Centre, P. O. Box 81, Tanga, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Franklin Mosha
- KCM College of Tumaini University, P. O. Box. 2240, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Stephen Magesa
- RTI International-Tanzania, P.O.Box 369, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - William Kisinza
- National Institute of Medical Research of Tanzania, Amani Medical Research Centre, P. O. Box 81, Tanga, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS-Université de Grenoble 5553, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble cedex 09, France
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