1
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Lapenta OM, Rêgo GG, Boggio PS. Transcranial electrical stimulation for procedural learning and rehabilitation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 213:107958. [PMID: 38971460 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Procedural learning is the acquisition of motor and non-motor skills through a gradual process that increases with practice. Impairments in procedural learning have been consistently demonstrated in neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Considering that noninvasive brain stimulation modulates brain activity and boosts neuroplastic mechanisms, we reviewed the effects of coupling transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with training methods for motor and non-motor procedural learning to explore tDCS potential use as a tool for enhancing implicit learning in healthy and clinical populations. The review covers tDCS effects over i. motor procedural learning, from basic to complex activities; ii. non-motor procedural learning; iii. procedural rehabilitation in several clinical populations. We conclude that targeting the primary motor cortex and prefrontal areas seems the most promising for motor and non-motor procedural learning, respectively. For procedural rehabilitation, the use of tDCS is yet at an early stage but some effectiveness has been reported for implicit motor and memory learning. Still, systematic comparisons of stimulation parameters and target areas are recommended for maximising the effectiveness of tDCS and its robustness for procedural rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Morgan Lapenta
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, University of Minho - Rua da Universidade, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Gabriel Gaudencio Rêgo
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University - Rua Piauí, 181, 01241-001 São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Social and Affective Neuroscience (INCT-SANI), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University - Rua Piauí, 181, 01241-001 São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Social and Affective Neuroscience (INCT-SANI), São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Yang C, Jung B, Lee SH. Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: Clinical Implication and Practice for Treatment of Psychiatric Illness. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 22:391-404. [PMID: 39069679 PMCID: PMC11289600 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.23.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Brain electrical stimulation, particularly non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), have emerged as a promising treatment for various psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. tES techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), are cost-effective and safe interventions that are designed to affect neuronal circuits in the brain using various modalities. Although tES has shown effectiveness in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, there is a lack of comprehensive papers that consider its clinical implications. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the clinical implications of tES and provide practical guidance for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Moreover, this review provides an overview of tES techniques and their mechanisms of action and summarizes recent clinical studies that have examined the use of tES for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeyeon Yang
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Bori Jung
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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3
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Lowenthal-Raz J, Liebermann DG, Friedman J, Soroker N. Kinematic descriptors of arm reaching movement are sensitive to hemisphere-specific immediate neuromodulatory effects of transcranial direct current stimulation post stroke. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11971. [PMID: 38796610 PMCID: PMC11127956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) exerts beneficial effects on motor recovery after stroke, presumably by enhancement of adaptive neural plasticity. However, patients with extensive damage may experience null or deleterious effects with the predominant application mode of anodal (excitatory) stimulation of the damaged hemisphere. In such cases, excitatory stimulation of the non-damaged hemisphere might be considered. Here we asked whether tDCS exerts a measurable effect on movement quality of the hemiparetic upper limb, following just a single treatment session. Such effect may inform on the hemisphere that should be excited. Using a single-blinded crossover experimental design, stroke patients and healthy control subjects were assessed before and after anodal, cathodal and sham tDCS, each provided during a single session of reaching training (repeated point-to-point hand movement on an electronic tablet). Group comparisons of endpoint kinematics at baseline-number of peaks in the speed profile (NoP; smoothness), hand-path deviations from the straight line (SLD; accuracy) and movement time (MT; speed)-disclosed greater NoP, larger SLD and longer MT in the stroke group. NoP and MT revealed an advantage for anodal compared to sham stimulation of the lesioned hemisphere. NoP and MT improvements under anodal stimulation of the non-lesioned hemisphere correlated positively with the severity of hemiparesis. Damage to specific cortical regions and white-matter tracts was associated with lower kinematic gains from tDCS. The study shows that simple descriptors of movement kinematics of the hemiparetic upper limb are sensitive enough to demonstrate gain from neuromodulation by tDCS, following just a single session of reaching training. Moreover, the results show that tDCS-related gain is affected by the severity of baseline motor impairment, and by lesion topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lowenthal-Raz
- Physical Therapy Department, Loewenstein Rehabilitation Medical Center, Ra'anana, Israel
- Neurological Rehabilitation Department, Loewenstein Rehabilitation Medical Center, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Dario G Liebermann
- Physical Therapy Department, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jason Friedman
- Physical Therapy Department, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nachum Soroker
- Neurological Rehabilitation Department, Loewenstein Rehabilitation Medical Center, Ra'anana, Israel.
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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4
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Muller CO, Metais A, Boublay N, Breuil C, Deligault S, Di Rienzo F, Guillot A, Collet C, Krolak-Salmon P, Saimpont A. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation does not enhance the effects of motor imagery training of a sequential finger-tapping task in young adults. J Sports Sci 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38574326 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2328418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
When applied over the primary motor cortex (M1), anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) could enhance the effects of a single motor imagery training (MIt) session on the learning of a sequential finger-tapping task (SFTT). This study aimed to investigate the effect of a-tDCS on the learning of an SFTT during multiple MIt sessions. Two groups of 16 healthy young adults participated in three consecutive MIt sessions over 3 days, followed by a retention test 1 week later. They received active or sham a-tDCS during a MIt session in which they mentally rehearsed an eight-item complex finger sequence with their left hand. Before and after each session, and during the retention test, they physically repeated the sequence as quickly and accurately as possible. Both groups (i) improved their performance during the first two sessions, showing online learning; (ii) stabilised the level they reached during all training sessions, reflecting offline consolidation; and (iii) maintained their performance level one week later, showing retention. However, no significant difference was found between the groups, regardless of the MSL stage. These results emphasise the importance of performing several MIt sessions to maximise performance gains, but they do not support the additional effects of a-tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille O Muller
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Angèle Metais
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nawale Boublay
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Vieillissement Cerveau - Fragilité, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Breuil
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Deligault
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Multimodal et Pluridisciplinaire en Imagerie du Vivant (CERMEP), Département de MagnétoEncéphalographie, Bron, France
| | - Franck Di Rienzo
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian Collet
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre Krolak-Salmon
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Vieillissement Cerveau - Fragilité, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud Saimpont
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, UR 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Kim H, King BR, Verwey WB, Buchanan JJ, Wright DL. Timing of transcranial direct current stimulation at M1 does not affect motor sequence learning. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25905. [PMID: 38370203 PMCID: PMC10869848 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Administering anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) at the primary motor cortex (M1) at various temporal loci relative to motor training is reported to affect subsequent performance gains. Stimulation administered in conjunction with motor training appears to offer the most robust benefit that emerges during offline epochs. This conclusion is made, however, based on between-experiment comparisons that involved varied methodologies. The present experiment addressed this shortcoming by administering the same 15-minute dose of anodal tDCS at M1 before, during, or after practice of a serial reaction time task (SRTT). It was anticipated that exogenous stimulation during practice with a novel SRTT would facilitate offline gains. Ninety participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: tDCS before practice, tDCS during practice, tDCS after practice, or no tDCS. Each participant was exposed to 15 min of 2 mA of tDCS and motor training of an eight-element SRTT. The anode was placed at the right M1 with the cathode at the left M1, and the left hand was used to execute the SRTT. Test blocks were administered 1 and 24 h after practice concluded. The results revealed significant offline gain for all conditions at the 1-hour and 24-hour test blocks. Importantly, exposure to anodal tDCS at M1 at any point before, during, or after motor training failed to change the trajectory of skill development as compared to the no-stimulation control condition. These data add to the growing body of evidence questioning the efficacy of a single bout of exogenous stimulation as an adjunct to motor training for fostering skill learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakjoo Kim
- Motor Neuroscience Lab, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Bradley R. King
- Lifespan Motor Neuroscience Lab, Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Willem B. Verwey
- Section Cognition, Data & Education, Department of Learning, Data-Analytics and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - John J. Buchanan
- Motor Neuroscience Lab, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - David L. Wright
- Motor Neuroscience Lab, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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6
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Joshi R, Murali S, Thirugnanasambandam N. Behavioral Validation of Individualized Low-Intensity Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) Protocols. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0374-22.2023. [PMID: 38135512 PMCID: PMC10748339 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0374-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Large interindividual variability in the effects of low-intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) considerably limits its potential for clinical applications. It has been recently proposed that individualizing stimulation dose by accounting for interindividual anatomic differences would reduce the variability in electric fields (E-fields) over the targeted cortical site and therefore produce more consistent behavioral outcomes. However, improvement in behavioral outcomes following individualized dose tES has never been compared with that of conventional fixed dose tES. In this study, we aimed to empirically evaluate the effect of individualized dose tES on behavior and further compare it with the effects of sham and fixed dose stimulations. We conducted a single-blinded, sham-controlled, repeated-measures study to examine the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor learning and that of transcranial alternating current stimulation on the working memory of 42 healthy adult individuals. Each participant underwent three sessions of tES, receiving fixed dose, individualized dose, or sham stimulation over the targeted brain region for the entire behavioral task. Our results showed that the individualized dose reduced the variability in E-fields at the targeted cortical surfaces. However, there was no significant effect of tES on behavioral outcomes. We argue that although the stimulation dose and E-field intensity at the targeted cortical site are linearly correlated, the effect of E-fields on behavior seems to be more complex. Effective optimization of tES protocols warrants further research considering both neuroanatomical and functional aspects of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Joshi
- National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar 122 052, India
- Human Motor Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sainath Murali
- National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar 122 052, India
- Human Motor Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nivethida Thirugnanasambandam
- National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar 122 052, India
- Human Motor Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076, India
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7
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Voegtle A, Terlutter C, Nikolai K, Farahat A, Hinrichs H, Sweeney-Reed CM. Suppression of Motor Sequence Learning and Execution Through Anodal Cerebellar Transcranial Electrical Stimulation. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:1152-1165. [PMID: 36239839 PMCID: PMC10657296 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellum (CB) and primary motor cortex (M1) have been associated with motor learning, with different putative roles. Modulation of task performance through application of transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) to brain structures provides causal evidence for their engagement in the task. Studies evaluating and comparing TDCS to these structures have provided conflicting results, however, likely due to varying paradigms and stimulation parameters. Here we applied TDCS to CB and M1 within the same experimental design, to enable direct comparison of their roles in motor sequence learning. We examined the effects of anodal TDCS during motor sequence learning in 60 healthy participants, randomly allocated to CB-TDCS, M1-TDCS, or Sham stimulation groups during a serial reaction time task. Key to the design was an equal number of repeated and random sequences. Reaction times (RTs) to implicitly learned and random sequences were compared between groups using ANOVAs and post hoc t-tests. A speed-accuracy trade-off was excluded by analogous analysis of accuracy scores. An interaction was observed between whether responses were to learned or random sequences and the stimulation group. Post hoc analyses revealed a preferential slowing of RTs to implicitly learned sequences in the group receiving CB-TDCS. Our findings provide evidence that CB function can be modulated through transcranial application of a weak electrical current, that the CB and M1 cortex perform separable functions in the task, and that the CB plays a specific role in motor sequence learning during implicit motor sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Voegtle
- Department of Neurology, Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Clara Terlutter
- Department of Neurology, Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Nikolai
- Department of Neurology, Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Amr Farahat
- Department of Neurology, Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation With Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstr. 46, 60528, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Hinrichs
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences - CBBS, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Catherine M Sweeney-Reed
- Department of Neurology, Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences - CBBS, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
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8
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Firouzi M, Baetens K, Saeys M, Duta C, Baeken C, Van Overwalle F, Swinnen E, Deroost N. Differential effects of conventional and high-definition transcranial direct-current stimulation of the motor cortex on implicit motor sequence learning. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4181-4194. [PMID: 37864365 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Conventional transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) delivered to the primary motor cortex (M1) has been shown to enhance implicit motor sequence learning (IMSL). Conventional tDCS targets M1 but also the motor association cortices (MAC), making the precise contribution of these areas to IMSL presently unclear. We aimed to address this issue by comparing conventional tDCS of M1 and MAC to 4 * 1 high-definition (HD) tDCS, which more focally targets M1. In this mixed-factorial, sham-controlled, crossover study in 89 healthy young adults, we used mixed-effects models to analyse sequence-specific and general learning effects in the acquisition and short- and long-term consolidation phases of IMSL, as measured by the serial reaction time task. Conventional tDCS did not influence general learning, improved sequence-specific learning during acquisition (anodal: M = 42.64 ms, sham: M = 32.87 ms, p = .041), and seemingly deteriorated it at long-term consolidation (anodal: M = 75.37 ms, sham: M = 86.63 ms, p = .019). HD tDCS did not influence general learning, slowed performance specifically in sequential blocks across all learning phases (all p's < .050), and consequently deteriorated sequence-specific learning during acquisition (anodal: M = 24.13 ms, sham: M = 35.67 ms, p = .014) and long-term consolidation (anodal: M = 60.03 ms, sham: M = 75.01 ms, p = .002). Our findings indicate that the observed superior conventional tDCS effects on IMSL are possibly attributable to a generalized stimulation of M1 and/or adjacent MAC, rather than M1 alone. Alternatively, the differential effects can be attributed to cathodal inhibition of other cortical areas involved in IMSL by the 4 * 1 HD tDCS return electrodes, and/or more variable electric field strengths induced by HD tDCS, compared with conventional tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Firouzi
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Kris Baetens
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Manon Saeys
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Catalina Duta
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hospital Brussel (UZ Brussel), Jette, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Overwalle
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Eva Swinnen
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Natacha Deroost
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
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9
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Lee H, Lee JH, Lee TL, Ko DK, Kang N. Dual-hemisphere anodal transcranial direct current stimulation improves bilateral motor synergies. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1211034. [PMID: 37546450 PMCID: PMC10400310 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1211034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is one of the non-invasive brain stimulation techniques that can improve motor functions. As bimanual motor actions require high motor cortical activations between hemispheres, applying bilateral anodal stimulation on left and right sides of primary motor cortex (M1) can improve for improvements in bimanual motor tasks. This study investigated which bilateral tDCS protocol effectively improves bimanual hand-grip force control capabilities in healthy young adults. We used three different bilateral tDCS protocols: (a) dual-anodal stimulation on the M1 of bilateral hemispheres (Bi-AA), (b) anodal-cathodal stimulation on the M1 of dominant and nondominant hemispheres (Bi-AC), and (c) sham stimulation (Sham). The results indicated that applying the Bi-AA significantly improved bilateral motor synergies estimated by uncontrolled manifold analysis relative to Sham. However, these differences were not observed in the comparison between Bi-AA and Bi-AC as well as between Bi-AC and Sham. These findings suggest that facilitating motor cortical activations between both hemispheres may be an additional option for advancing interlimb motor coordination patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanall Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ho Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Lee Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Kyung Ko
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Division of Sport Science, Health Promotion Center, Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ghasemian-Shirvan E, Ungureanu R, Melo L, van Dun K, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA, Meesen RLJ. Optimizing the Effect of tDCS on Motor Sequence Learning in the Elderly. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13010137. [PMID: 36672118 PMCID: PMC9857096 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most visible effects of aging, even in healthy, normal aging, is a decline in motor performance. The range of strategies applicable to counteract this deterioration has increased. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that can promote neuroplasticity, has recently gained attention. However, knowledge about optimized tDCS parameters in the elderly is limited. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of different anodal tDCS intensities on motor sequence learning in the elderly. Over the course of four sessions, 25 healthy older adults (over 65 years old) completed the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) while receiving 1, 2, or 3 mA of anodal or sham stimulation over the primary motor cortex (M1). Additionally, 24 h after stimulation, motor memory consolidation was assessed. The results confirmed that motor sequence learning in all tDCS conditions was maintained the following day. While increased anodal stimulation intensity over M1 showed longer lasting excitability enhancement in the elderly in a prior study, the combination of higher intensity stimulation with an implicit motor learning task showed no significant effect. Future research should focus on the reason behind this lack of effect and probe alternative stimulation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensiyeh Ghasemian-Shirvan
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ruxandra Ungureanu
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lorena Melo
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kim van Dun
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Min-Fang Kuo
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael A. Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and University Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Hospital OWL, Bielefeld University, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Raf L. J. Meesen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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11
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Abedi R, Talimkhani A, Mohammadzadeh Z, Daryabor A, Naimi SS. The impact of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of primary motor cortex on motor learning in older adults with low levels of activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2021.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background/aims Older adults with different physical activity levels have often demonstrated individual differences in motor performance and learning. Serial reaction time task training and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex were used in this study to evaluate how these interventions affected motor learning in older adults with low activity levels. Methods In this randomised controlled trial, 28 healthy, right-handed, older adults with low activity levels, with a mean age of 69.92 years, were randomly allocated to an anodal transcranial direct current stimulation group (n=14) or sham transcranial direct current stimulation group (n=14), based on a simple non-probability sampling method. The experimental group was exposed to 20 minutes of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex, using a tDCS device, alongside eight sequenced or randomised blocks of serial reaction time task activities, for 5 consecutive days. In the control group, the tDCS device was automatically switched off after 1 minute. To assess implicit motor learning, the response time and error rate of two sequenced blocks of serial reaction time task activities were collected before, immediately following, 1 day and 1 week after the completion of the intervention. Results Immediately following the end of the intervention, at day 5, the mean response time and error rate were 925.09 and 2.55 in the experimental group, and 1016.52 and 4.10 in the control group. At 1 day after the completion of the intervention, the mean response time and error rates were 927.40 and 3.03 in the experimental group and 1021.91 and 4.34 in the control group. At 1 week after the completion of the intervention, the mean response time and error rates were 942.26 and 3.63 in the experimental group and 1050.08 and 5.11 in the control group. These findings indicate that response time and error rate were significantly decreased in both stimulation groups at different time points (P<0.001). At the same time, there were no significant differences in the response time and error rate between the two groups at different time points: immediately (P=0.07, P=0.31), 1 day (P=0.06, P=0.41) and 1 week (P=0.04, P=0.35) after the completion of the intervention respectively. Conclusions Serial reaction time task training, with or without applying anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, can improve motor learning in low-activity older adults. Therefore, it appears that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation did not affect or improve motor learning in older adults with low motor activity. Motor learning training can be used alone as a practical and helpful intervention to improve performance and implicit motor skill learning with long-lasting effects in older adults with low levels of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Abedi
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ailin Talimkhani
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zahra Mohammadzadeh
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliyeh Daryabor
- Physiotherapy Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sadat Naimi
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Perri RL, Perrotta D, Rossani F, Pekala RJ. Boosting the hypnotic experience. Inhibition of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex alters hypnotizability and sense of agency. A randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled tDCS study. Behav Brain Res 2022; 425:113833. [PMID: 35276309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hypnotizability refers to the individual responsiveness to hypnosis, and literature shows that the greater the hypnotizability, the more effective the hypnotic suggestions. So far, few studies attempted to enhance hypnotizability, and only two adopted brain stimulation with magnetic pulses. In the present study, we aimed to boost hypnotizability through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). To this aim, bilateral tDCS was applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with the target electrode providing negative current (cathodal stimulation) over the left hemisphere. Twenty-nine subjects participated in the study and they were randomly assigned to the sham or the active group in a double-blind design. The hypnotic experience was assessed before and after the stimulation through a phenomenological measure of consciousness (the PCI-HAP). The main findings revealed that a single tDCS session enhanced the hypnotic depth by 11% and reduced the volitional control by 30%, while no differences emerged in the sham group. This is the first study adopting the electrical neurostimulation to produce an alteration of hypnotizability and sense of agency, and confirmed the key-role of the DLPFC and executive control in the hypnotic phenomena. If confirmed, these findings could have relevant implications as enhanced hypnotizability could be translated into better outcomes for many hypnotic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo L Perri
- University Niccolò Cusano, Rome, Italy; De Sanctis Clinical Center (CCDS), Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Ronald J Pekala
- Private Practice, West Chester, PA, USA & Coatesville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Coatesville, PA, USA
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13
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Kerstens S, Orban de Xivry JJ, Mc Laughlin M. A novel tDCS control condition using optimized anesthetic gel to block peripheral nerve input. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1049409. [PMID: 36452171 PMCID: PMC9702085 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1049409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies indicate that some transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects may be caused by indirect stimulation of peripheral nerves in the scalp rather than the electric field in the brain. To address this, we developed a novel tDCS control condition in which peripheral input is blocked using topical anesthetics. We developed a compounded anesthetic gel containing benzocaine and lidocaine (BL10) that blocks peripheral input during tDCS. Methods In a blinded randomized cross-over study of 18 healthy volunteers (M/F), we compared the gel's efficacy to EMLA and an inert placebo gel. Subjects used a visual analog scale (VAS) to rate the stimulation sensation in the scalp produced by 10 s of 2 mA tDCS every 2 min during 1 h. In an additional in-vitro experiment, the effect of a DC current on gel resistivity and temperature was investigated. Results Both the BL10 and EMLA gel, lowered the stimulation sensations compared to the placebo gel. The BL10 gel showed a tendency to work faster than the EMLA gel with reported sensations for the BL10 gel being lower than for EMLA for the first 30 min. The DC current caused a drastic increase in gel resistivity for the EMLA gel, while it did not affect gel resistivity for the BL10 and placebo gel, nor did it affect gel temperature. Conclusions Topical anesthetics reduce stimulation sensations by blocking peripheral nerve input during tDCS. The BL10 gel tends to work faster and is more electrically stable than EMLA gel. Clinical trial registration The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with name "Understanding the Neural Mechanisms Behind tDCS" and number NCT04577677.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kerstens
- Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, The Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myles Mc Laughlin
- Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Firouzi M, Baetens K, Swinnen E, Baeken C, Van Overwalle F, Deroost N. Registered report: Does transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex improve implicit motor sequence learning in Parkinson's disease? J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2406-2415. [PMID: 34181300 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Implicit motor sequence learning (IMSL) is a cognitive function that is known to be directly associated with impaired motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD). Research on healthy young participants shows the potential for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive brain stimulation technique, over the primary motor cortex (M1) to enhance IMSL. tDCS has direct effects on the underlying cortex, but also induces distant (basal ganglia) network effects-hence its potential value in PD, a prime model of basal ganglia dysfunction. To date, only null effects have been reported in persons with PD. However, these studies did not determine the reacquisition effects, although previous studies in healthy young adults suggest that tDCS specifically exerts its beneficial effects on IMSL on reacquisition rather than acquisition. In the current study, we will therefore establish possible reacquisition effects, which are of a particular interest, as long-term effects are vital for the successful functional rehabilitation of persons with PD. Using a sham-controlled, counterbalanced design, we will investigate the potential of tDCS delivered over M1 to enhance IMSL, as measured by the serial reaction time task, in persons with PD and a neurologically healthy age- and sex-matched control (HC) group. Multilevel Mixed Models will be implemented to analyze the sequence-specific aspect of IMSL (primary outcome) and general learning (secondary outcome). We will determine not only the immediate effects that may occur concurrently with the application of tDCS but also the short-term (5 min post-tDCS) and long-term (1 week post-tDCS) reacquisition effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Firouzi
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium.,Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium.,Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Kris Baetens
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium.,Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Eva Swinnen
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium.,Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium.,Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), University Hospital Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Overwalle
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium.,Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Natacha Deroost
- Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium.,Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, Belgium
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15
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Wang B, Xiao S, Yu C, Zhou J, Fu W. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With Physical Training on the Excitability of the Motor Cortex, Physical Performance, and Motor Learning: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:648354. [PMID: 33897361 PMCID: PMC8062775 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.648354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This systematic review aims to examine the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with physical training on the excitability of the motor cortex, physical performance, and motor learning. Methods: A systematic search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases for relevant research published from inception to August 2020. Eligible studies included those that used a randomized controlled design and reported the effects of tDCS combined with physical training to improve motor-evoked potential (MEP), dynamic posture stability index (DPSI), reaction time, and error rate on participants without nervous system diseases. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Results: Twenty-four of an initial yield of 768 studies met the eligibility criteria. The risk of bias was considered low. Results showed that anodal tDCS combined with physical training can significantly increase MEP amplitude, decrease DPSI, increase muscle strength, and decrease reaction time and error rate in motor learning tasks. Moreover, the gain effect is significantly greater than sham tDCS combined with physical training. Conclusion: tDCS combined with physical training can effectively improve the excitability of the motor cortex, physical performance, and motor learning. The reported results encourage further research to understand further the synergistic effects of tDCS combined with physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Songlin Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Changxiao Yu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- The Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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16
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Romanella SM, Sprugnoli G, Ruffini G, Seyedmadani K, Rossi S, Santarnecchi E. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation & Space Exploration: Opportunities and Challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:294-319. [PMID: 32937115 PMCID: PMC8361862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As NASA prepares for longer space missions aiming for the Moon and Mars, astronauts' health and performance are becoming a central concern due to the threats associated with galactic cosmic radiation, unnatural gravity fields, and life in extreme environments. In space, the human brain undergoes functional and structural changes related to fluid shift and changes in intracranial pressure. Behavioral abnormalities, such as cognitive deficits, sleep disruption, and visuomotor difficulties, as well as psychological effects, are also an issue. We discuss opportunities and challenges of noninvasive brain stimulation (NiBS) methods - including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) - to support space exploration in several ways. NiBS includes safe and portable techniques already applied in a wide range of cognitive and motor domains, as well as therapeutically. NiBS could be used to enhance in-flight performance, supporting astronauts during pre-flight Earth-based training, as well as to identify biomarkers of post-flight brain changes for optimization of rehabilitation/compensatory strategies. We review these NiBS techniques and their effects on brain physiology, psychology, and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Romanella
- Siena Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - G Sprugnoli
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Radiology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - G Ruffini
- Neuroelectrics Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Seyedmadani
- University Space Research Association NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA; Ann and H.J. Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Human Physiology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - E Santarnecchi
- Siena Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Firouzi M, Van Herk K, Kerckhofs E, Swinnen E, Baeken C, Van Overwalle F, Deroost N. Transcranial direct‐current stimulation enhances implicit motor sequence learning in persons with Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment. J Neuropsychol 2020; 15:363-378. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Firouzi
- Brain, Body and Cognition Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
- Rehabilitation Research Department of Physiotherapy Human Physiology and Anatomy Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
| | - Karlijn Van Herk
- Rehabilitation Research Department of Physiotherapy Human Physiology and Anatomy Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
| | - Eric Kerckhofs
- Brain, Body and Cognition Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
- Rehabilitation Research Department of Physiotherapy Human Physiology and Anatomy Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
| | - Eva Swinnen
- Rehabilitation Research Department of Physiotherapy Human Physiology and Anatomy Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Brain, Body and Cognition Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Ghent University University Hospital Ghent Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Vrije Universiteit Brussel University Hospital Brussel Belgium
| | - Frank Van Overwalle
- Brain, Body and Cognition Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
| | - Natacha Deroost
- Brain, Body and Cognition Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
- Rehabilitation Research Department of Physiotherapy Human Physiology and Anatomy Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium
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18
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Sehatpour P, Dondé C, Hoptman MJ, Kreither J, Adair D, Dias E, Vail B, Rohrig S, Silipo G, Lopez-Calderon J, Martinez A, Javitt DC. Network-level mechanisms underlying effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on visuomotor learning. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117311. [PMID: 32889116 PMCID: PMC7778833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation approach in which low level currents are administered over the scalp to influence underlying brain function. Prevailing theories of tDCS focus on modulation of excitation-inhibition balance at the local stimulation location. However, network level effects are reported as well, and appear to depend upon differential underlying mechanisms. Here, we evaluated potential network-level effects of tDCS during the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) using convergent EEG- and fMRI-based connectivity approaches. Motor learning manifested as a significant (p <.0001) shift from slow to fast responses and corresponded to a significant increase in beta-coherence (p <.0001) and fMRI connectivity (p <.01) particularly within the visual-motor pathway. Differential patterns of tDCS effect were observed within different parametric task versions, consistent with network models. Overall, these findings demonstrate objective physiological effects of tDCS at the network level that result in effective behavioral modulation when tDCS parameters are matched to network-level requirements of the underlying task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Sehatpour
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
| | - Clément Dondé
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew J Hoptman
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johanna Kreither
- PIA Ciencias Cognitivas, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Centro de Psicología Aplicada, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Devin Adair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, NY, USA
| | - Elisa Dias
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Blair Vail
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Rohrig
- Department of Psychology, Hofstra University, New Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Gail Silipo
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | | | - Antigona Martinez
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Daniel C Javitt
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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19
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Pollok B, Keitel A, Foerster M, Moshiri G, Otto K, Krause V. The posterior parietal cortex mediates early offline-rather than online-motor sequence learning. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107555. [PMID: 32653440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Learning of new motor skills occurs particularly during training on a task (i.e. online) but has been observed between training-blocks lasting up to days after the end of the training (i.e. offline). Offline-learning occurs as further improvement in task performance indicated by increased accuracy and/or faster responses as well as less interference with respect to a distracting condition. Successful motor learning requires the functional interplay between cortical as well as subcortical brain areas. While the involvement of the primary motor cortex in online-as well as early offline-learning is well established, the functional significance of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is less clear. Since the PPC may act as sensory-motor interface, a causal involvement in motor learning is conceivable. In order to characterize the functional significance of the left PPC for motor sequence learning, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied either immediately prior to, during or immediately after training on a serial reaction time task (SRTT) in a total of 54 healthy volunteers. While the analysis did not provide evidence for a significant modulation of reaction times during SRTT training (i.e. online-learning), cathodal tDCS decelerated reaction times of the learned sequences as compared to anodal and sham stimulation 30 min after the end of training. The findings suggest that cathodal tDCS over the left parietal cortex interferes with the reproduction of learned sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Pollok
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany.
| | - Ariane Keitel
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany
| | - Maike Foerster
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany
| | - Geraldine Moshiri
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany
| | - Katharina Otto
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany
| | - Vanessa Krause
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany; Mauritius Hospital Meerbusch, Department of Neuropsychology, Germany
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20
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Berlot E, Popp NJ, Diedrichsen J. A critical re-evaluation of fMRI signatures of motor sequence learning. eLife 2020; 9:e55241. [PMID: 32401193 PMCID: PMC7266617 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous studies, there is little agreement about what brain changes accompany motor sequence learning, partly because of a general publication bias that favors novel results. We therefore decided to systematically reinvestigate proposed functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of motor learning in a preregistered longitudinal study with four scanning sessions over 5 weeks of training. Activation decreased more for trained than untrained sequences in premotor and parietal areas, without any evidence of learning-related activation increases. Premotor and parietal regions also exhibited changes in the fine-grained, sequence-specific activation patterns early in learning, which stabilized later. No changes were observed in the primary motor cortex (M1). Overall, our study provides evidence that human motor sequence learning occurs outside of M1. Furthermore, it shows that we cannot expect to find activity increases as an indicator for learning, making subtle changes in activity patterns across weeks the most promising fMRI correlate of training-induced plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Berlot
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioOntarioCanada
| | - Nicola J Popp
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioOntarioCanada
| | - Jörn Diedrichsen
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioOntarioCanada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Western OntarioOntarioCanada
- Department of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of Western OntarioOntarioCanada
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21
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Halakoo S, Ehsani F, Hosnian M, Zoghi M, Jaberzadeh S. The comparative effects of unilateral and bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation on motor learning and motor performance: A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 72:8-14. [PMID: 31973922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Application of unilateral tDCS (Uni-tDCS) vs. bilateral tDCS (Bi-tDCS) is another important factor that can affect the physiological results of tDCS intervention on motor learning and motor performance. According to the evidence, some studies indicated that motor performance or motor learning are facilitated in healthy individuals by application of the Bi-tDCS more than the Uni-tDCS. On the other hand, some studies showed that there was no significant differences between Uni-tDCS and Bi-tDCS; and both techniques were more effective than sham stimulation. In contrast, the other studies have shown more significant effectiveness of Uni-tDCS than Bi-tDCS on motor performance and motor learning. The aim of this study was to systematically review the studies which investigated the effectiveness of Uni-tDCS and Bi-tDCS intervention on the motor learning and motor performance. The search was performed from databases in the Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Medline, Ovid and Science Direct with the keywords of motor behavior, motor performance, motor learning, Bi-tDCS or bilateral tDCS, dual tDCS, Uni-tDCS or unilateral tDCS, anodal tDCS and cathodal tDCS from 2000 to 2019. The results indicated that the study population was a key factor in determining study's findings. Data meta-analysis showed that Uni-tDCS was more effective than Bi-tDCS in patients with stroke, while, Bi-tDCS was more effective than Uni-tDCS to improve motor learning and motor performance in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Halakoo
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ehsani
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Motahareh Hosnian
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Small AT, Dougherty ET. Mathematical Modeling of Neurostimulation for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Migration Towards Multiscale Modeling to Assess Neural Response to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Treatments. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:2340-2343. [PMID: 31946369 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neurological condition which results from a traumatic experience caused by physiological shock or physical harm. Clinical results show success in combating the symptoms of PTSD with a neurostimulation treatment called transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Though effective, the underlying mechanisms of the treatment and its success are not fully comprehended. In order to elucidate reasons for its efficacy, a mathematical model of tDCS has been implemented to quantify the electrical energy delivered by this treatment. Computational simulation results of various PTSD-focused electrode montages on a three-dimensional, MRI-derived cranial cavity with biologically-based tissue conductivities parallel results from published literature and clinical experiments. Specifically, regions of the brain thought to be targeted by tDCS treatments are confirmed with in silico experiments. Finally, an extension of this model to a unique multiscale mathematical model of tDCS is presented, which adds the ability to quantify neural tissue response via tDCS-induced transmembrane voltage polarization, the first of its kind for tDCS simulations for PTSD.
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23
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Patel R, Ashcroft J, Patel A, Ashrafian H, Woods AJ, Singh H, Darzi A, Leff DR. The Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Upper-Limb Motor Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1213. [PMID: 31803003 PMCID: PMC6873898 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has previously been reported to improve facets of upper limb motor performance such as accuracy and strength. However, the magnitude of motor performance improvement has not been reviewed by contemporaneous systematic review or meta-analysis of sham vs. active tDCS. Objective: To systematically review and meta-analyse the existing evidence regarding the benefits of tDCS on upper limb motor performance in healthy adults. Methods: A systematic search was conducted to obtain relevant articles from three databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO) yielding 3,200 abstracts. Following independent assessment by two reviewers, a total of 86 articles were included for review, of which 37 were deemed suitable for meta-analysis. Results: Meta-analyses were performed for four outcome measures, namely: reaction time (RT), execution time (ET), time to task failure (TTF), and force. Further qualitative review was performed for accuracy and error. Statistically significant improvements in RT (effect size −0.01; 95% CI −0.02 to 0.001, p = 0.03) and ET (effect size −0.03; 95% CI −0.05 to −0.01, p = 0.017) were demonstrated compared to sham. In exercise tasks, increased force (effect size 0.10; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.13, p < 0.001) and a trend towards improved TTF was also observed. Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides evidence attesting to the impact of tDCS on upper limb motor performance in healthy adults. Improved performance is demonstrable in reaction time, task completion time, elbow flexion tasks and accuracy. Considerable heterogeneity exists amongst the literature, further confirming the need for a standardised approach to reporting tDCS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Patel
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Ashcroft
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hutan Ashrafian
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Woods
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Harsimrat Singh
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ara Darzi
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Richard Leff
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Debarnot U, Neveu R, Samaha Y, Saruco E, Macintyre T, Guillot A. Acquisition and consolidation of implicit motor learning with physical and mental practice across multiple days of anodal tDCS. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 164:107062. [PMID: 31377178 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquisition and consolidation of a new motor skill occurs gradually over long time span. Motor imagery (MI) and brain stimulation have been showed as beneficial approaches that boost motor learning, but little is known about the extent of their combined effects. OBJECTIVE Here, we aimed to investigate, for the first time, whether delivering multiple sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over primary motor cortex during physical and MI practice might improve implicit motor sequence learning in a young population. METHODS Participants practiced a serial reaction time task (SRTT) either physically or through MI, and concomitantly received either an anodal (excitatory) or sham stimulation over the primary motor cortex during three successive days. The effect of anodal tDCS on the general motor skill and sequence specific learning were assessed on both acquisition (within-day) and consolidation (between-day) processes. We further compared the magnitude of motor learning reached after a single and three daily sessions of tDCS. RESULTS The main finding showed that anodal tDCS boosted MI practice, but not physical practice, during the first acquisition session. A second major result showed that compared to sham stimulation, multiple daily session of anodal tDCS, for both types of practice, resulted in greater implicit motor sequence learning rather than a single session of stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The present study is of particular importance in the context of rehabilitation, where we postulate that scheduling mental training when patients are not able to perform physical movement might beneficiate from concomitant and consecutive brain stimulation sessions over M1 to promote functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Debarnot
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Rémi Neveu
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Geneva, 1200 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvette Samaha
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elodie Saruco
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France; Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Bergmannsheil gGmbH, Forschungsgruppe Plastizität, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Tadhg Macintyre
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
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Claus ED, Klimaj SD, Chavez R, Martinez AD, Clark VP. A Randomized Trial of Combined tDCS Over Right Inferior Frontal Cortex and Cognitive Bias Modification: Null Effects on Drinking and Alcohol Approach Bias. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1591-1599. [PMID: 31081924 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deriving novel treatments for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is of critical importance, as existing treatments are only modestly effective for reducing drinking. Two promising strategies for treating AUDs include cognitive bias modification (CBM) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). While each strategy has shown positive results in reducing drinking or alcohol-related constructs (e.g., craving), initial tests of the combination of CBM and tDCS have shown mixed results. The present study investigated the degree to which combining CBM and tDCS (2.0 mA anodal current over F10) could reduce alcohol approach biases and alcohol consumption. METHODS Seventy-nine at-risk drinkers were randomized to 1 of 4 conditions in a 2 × 2 factorial design: verum CBM/verum tDCS, verum CBM/sham tDCS, sham CBM/verum tDCS, or sham CBM/sham tDCS. Participants completed a baseline assessment of alcohol approach bias and drinking quantity/frequency (i.e., drinks per drinking day [DDD] and percent heavy drinking days [PHDD]), 4 sessions of combined CBM and tDCS, and follow-up assessments of approach bias and alcohol consumption. RESULTS Results indicated that while participants did demonstrate significant alcohol approach biases at baseline, neither CBM, tDCS, nor the interaction reduced the bias at the follow-up. In addition, there was evidence of a trend toward reducing DDD from baseline to the 1-week/1-month follow-ups, but there was no significant effect of the intervention on either DDD or PHDD. CONCLUSIONS These results partially replicated null results presented in similar CBM/tDCS trials and suggest that this combination, at least with anodal stimulation over dorsolateral or inferior frontal sites, may have limited utility to reduce drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Claus
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Roberta Chavez
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addiction, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Amber D Martinez
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addiction, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Vincent P Clark
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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26
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Albuquerque LLD, Fischer KM, Pauls AL, Pantovic M, Guadagnoli MA, Riley ZA, Poston B. An acute application of transcranial random noise stimulation does not enhance motor skill acquisition or retention in a golf putting task. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:241-248. [PMID: 31078943 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is a brain stimulation technique that has been shown to increase motor performance in simple motor tasks. The purpose was to determine the influence of tRNS on motor skill acquisition and retention in a complex golf putting task. Thirty-four young adults were randomly assigned to a tRNS group or a SHAM stimulation group. Each subject completed a practice session followed by a retention session. In the practice session, subjects performed golf putting trials in a baseline test block, four practice blocks, and a post test block. Twenty-four hours later subjects completed the retention test block. The golf putting task involved performing putts to a small target located 3 m away. tRNS or SHAM was applied during the practice blocks concurrently with the golf putting task. tRNS was applied over the first dorsal interosseus muscle representation area of the motor cortex for 20 min at a current strength of 2 mA. Endpoint error and endpoint variance were reduced across the both the practice blocks and the test blocks, but these reductions were not different between groups. These findings suggest that an acute application of tRNS failed to enhance skill acquisition or retention in a golf putting task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidio Lima de Albuquerque
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Katherine M Fischer
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Aaron L Pauls
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Milan Pantovic
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Mark A Guadagnoli
- School of Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Zachary A Riley
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brach Poston
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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27
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Non-linear effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the primary motor cortex on implicit motor learning. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:919-925. [PMID: 30661087 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of 1 mA for 13 min was reported to create a linear inter-dependency between the intensity and duration of the current and the effects of the stimulation. tDCS on the primary motor cortex (M1) has been shown to have an effect on both motor-evoked potential (MEP) and motor learning. However, recent findings have shown that the known linear effect is invalid in a 2 mA stimulation for 20 min, where cathodal stimulation led to excitability, rather than inhibition, as measured by MEP changes. Here we aim to replicate the non-linear effect of cathodal stimulation over the M1, using a cognitive task. Twenty-two healthy subjects participated in three sessions, where they were administered with a 2 mA anodal and cathodal stimulation for 20 min over the left M1, and a sham stimulation, while performing the serial reaction time task (SRTT). The overall analysis failed to show any effects of either polarity of tDCS on SRTT performance and hence did not replicate previous findings. However, given our goal to replicate the previously reported reversed polarity effects on MEP, we conducted an exploratory analysis to see whether there were any more subtle signs of a change in sign of the cathodal effect compared with anodal. Anodal stimulation led to faster performance than cathodal stimulation before 13 min of stimulation have passed, however, after 13 min, the pattern had switched, and performance under cathodal stimulation was faster. We conclude that cathodal tDCS has a non-linear effect, and the known polarity-dependent effects of tDCS shift after 13 min of stimulation, leading to an increased, rather than decreased, excitability.
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28
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Alkharan A, Almasoud AS, Alkahtani LS, Bashir S. Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Motor Cortex for Cognition. BRAIN & NEUROREHABILITATION 2019. [DOI: 10.12786/bn.2019.12.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Alkharan
- Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Talimkhani A, Abdollahi I, Mohseni-Bandpei MA, Ehsani F, Khalili S, Jaberzadeh S. Differential Effects of Unihemispheric Concurrent Dual-Site and Conventional tDCS on Motor Learning: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Study. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019; 10:59-72. [PMID: 31031894 PMCID: PMC6484181 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Based on the literature, unihemispheric concurrent dual-site anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (a-tDCSUHCDS) of primary Motor cortex (M1) and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) would be more efficient than conventional a-tDCS of M1 to induce larger and longer-lasting M1 corticospinal excitability. The main objective of the present study was to compare the effects of a-tDCSUHCDS and conventional M1 a-tDCS on the extent and durability of the motor sequence acquisition in healthy individuals. Methods: In this randomized sham-controlled study, healthy volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: experimental (a-tDCSUHCDS), control (M1 a-tDCS), and sham stimulation groups. The participants practiced serial response time task over three consecutive days when they simultaneously received a-tDCS. Using the skill measure, we assessed motor learning up to 4 weeks after the completion of experimental conditions. Results: Data analysis revealed that all groups exhibited the improved trend over the training course (P<0.001). There were no significant differences in skill acquisition among groups at post-intervention (P>0.05), while a significant improvement was observed between experimental and sham group at the retention time (P<0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences between the control and two other groups with regard to the retention time (P>0.05). Conclusion: These results revealed a significant increase in the skill acquisition by a-tDCSUHCDS technique with regard to retention issue, which could be a valuable finding in neuro-rehabilitation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Talimkhani
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Abdollahi
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,University Institute of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Fatemeh Ehsani
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Khalili
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation & Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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30
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Sobierajewicz J, Jaśkowski W, Van der Lubbe RHJ. Does Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Affect the Learning of a Fine Sequential Hand Motor Skill with Motor Imagery? J Mot Behav 2018; 51:451-465. [PMID: 30240335 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2018.1513395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Learning a fine sequential hand motor skill, like playing the piano or learning to type, improves not only due to physical practice, but also due to motor imagery. Previous studies revealed that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and motor imagery independently affect motor learning. In the present study, we investigated whether tDCS combined with motor imagery above the primary motor cortex influences sequence-specific learning. Four groups of participants were involved: an anodal, cathodal, sham stimulation, and a control group (without stimulation). A modified discrete sequence production (DSP) task was employed: the Go/NoGo DSP task. After a sequence of spatial cues, a response sequence had to be either executed, imagined, or withheld. This task allows to estimate both non-specific learning and sequence-specific learning effects by comparing the execution of unfamiliar sequences, familiar imagined, familiar withheld, and familiar executed sequences in a test phase. Results showed that the effects of anodal tDCS were already developing during the practice phase, while no effects of tDCS on sequence-specific learning were visible during the test phase. Results clearly showed that motor imagery itself influences sequence learning, but we also revealed that tDCS does not increase the influence of motor imagery on sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagna Sobierajewicz
- a Laboratory of Vision Science and Optometry, Faculty of Physics , Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznan , Poland .,b Vision and Neuroscience Laboratory , NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznan , Poland
| | - Wojciech Jaśkowski
- c Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology , Poznan , Poland
| | - Rob H J Van der Lubbe
- a Laboratory of Vision Science and Optometry, Faculty of Physics , Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznan , Poland .,d Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
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31
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Lum JAG, Mills A, Plumridge JMA, Sloan NP, Clark GM, Hedenius M, Enticott PG. Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances retention of a second (but not first) order conditional visuo-motor sequence. Brain Cogn 2018; 127:34-41. [PMID: 30253264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in the implicit learning and retention of a 'simple' first order conditional (FOC) sequence and a relatively 'complex' second order conditional (SOC) sequence, using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS). Groups of healthy adults received either a-tDCS (n = 18) over the left inferior frontal gyrus or sham/placebo (n = 18) stimulation. On separate days, participants completed a serial reaction time (SRT) task whilst receiving stimulation. On one of the days, participants were presented with a FOC sequence and in another, a SOC sequence. Both the learning and short-term retention of the sequences were measured. Results showed a-tDCS enhanced the short-term retention of the SOC sequence but not the FOC sequence. There was no effect of a-tDCS on the learning of either FOC or SOC sequences. The results provide evidence of prefrontal involvement in the retention of a motor sequence. However, its role appears to be influenced by the complexity of the sequence's structure. Additionally, the results show a-tDCS can enhance retention of an implicitly learnt motor sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrad A G Lum
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia.
| | - Andrea Mills
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - James M A Plumridge
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - Nicole P Sloan
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - Gillian M Clark
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - Martina Hedenius
- Department of Neuroscience, Speech Language Pathology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
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32
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Yavari F, van Thriel C, Nitsche MA, Kuo MF. Effect of acute exposure to toluene on cortical excitability, neuroplasticity, and motor learning in healthy humans. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3149-3162. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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33
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Keitel A, Øfsteng H, Krause V, Pollok B. Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Over the Right Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Impairs Implicit Motor Sequence Learning of the Ipsilateral Hand. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:289. [PMID: 30072884 PMCID: PMC6060306 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor sequence learning is associated with the activation of bilateral primary motor cortices (M1). While previous data support the hypothesis that the contralateral M1 is causally involved in the acquisition as well as early consolidation of a motor sequence, the functional significance of the ipsilateral M1 has yet to be solved. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) allows the non-invasive modulation of cortical excitability. Anodal tDCS applied to the left M1 has been shown to facilitate implicit motor sequence learning of the right hand most likely due to increased excitability. The present study aims at characterizing the functional contribution of the ipsilateral (right) M1 on implicit motor sequence learning of the right hand. To this end, 24 healthy, right-handed subjects received anodal and sham tDCS to the right M1 in a counterbalanced order. Stimulation started 8 min prior to training on a variant of the serial reaction time task (SRTT) with the right hand and persists over the entire training period. The SRTT comprised a fixed eight-digit sequence. A random pattern served as control condition. Reaction times were assessed before and at the end of the acquisition (EoA) immediately after training on the SRTT. The analysis revealed significantly faster reaction times of both hands independent of tDCS condition in sequential trials. However, the gain of reaction times was significantly smaller following anodal as compared to sham tDCS. The data suggest that anodal tDCS applied to the right M1 impairs implicit motor sequence learning of both hands. The underlying mechanism likely involves alterations of the interaction between bilateral M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Keitel
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Henning Øfsteng
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Krause
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bettina Pollok
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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34
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Lee DJ, Lee YS, Kim HJ, Seo TH. The effects of exercise training using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on breathing in patients with chronic stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:527-530. [PMID: 28356647 PMCID: PMC5361026 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study was conducted to investigate the effect of exercise training using
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on breathing in patients with chronic
stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty chronic stroke patients who do not show
abnormal response to electric stimulation were enrolled in this study and each 15 subjects
were randomized either into the study group and the sham-controlled group. The subjects
performed diaphragmatic breathing exercise for 20 minutes while tDCS device was attached
to them (for study group, the device was on while for the sham-controlled group, the
device was turned off 30 seconds later) [Results] The results of FVC, FEF1 and FEV1/FVC in
the study group and those of FVC and FEV1 in the sham-controlled group were significantly
increased after the breathing exercise. The independent comparison result between the
groups showed that the breathing performance of study group significantly improved based
on the results of FVC and FEV1. [Conclusion] In conclusion, the results of this study
confirmed that breathing exercise effectively improved FVC and FEV1 in chronic stroke
patients. Also, the breathing exercise using tDCS was more effective in improving FVC and
FEV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gwangju Health University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Seop Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Daewon University College, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hanlyo University, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwa Seo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sangmoo Healing Recuperation Hospital, Republic of Korea
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Buch ER, Santarnecchi E, Antal A, Born J, Celnik PA, Classen J, Gerloff C, Hallett M, Hummel FC, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A, Paulus WJ, Reis J, Robertson EM, Rothwell JC, Sandrini M, Schambra HM, Wassermann EM, Ziemann U, Cohen LG. Effects of tDCS on motor learning and memory formation: A consensus and critical position paper. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:589-603. [PMID: 28231477 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Motor skills are required for activities of daily living. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied in association with motor skill learning has been investigated as a tool for enhancing training effects in health and disease. Here, we review the published literature investigating whether tDCS can facilitate the acquisition, retention or adaptation of motor skills. Work in multiple laboratories is underway to develop a mechanistic understanding of tDCS effects on different forms of learning and to optimize stimulation protocols. Efforts are required to improve reproducibility and standardization. Overall, reproducibility remains to be fully tested, effect sizes with present techniques vary over a wide range, and the basis of observed inter-individual variability in tDCS effects is incompletely understood. It is recommended that future studies explicitly state in the Methods the exploratory (hypothesis-generating) or hypothesis-driven (confirmatory) nature of the experimental designs. General research practices could be improved with prospective pre-registration of hypothesis-based investigations, more emphasis on the detailed description of methods (including all pertinent details to enable future modeling of induced current and experimental replication), and use of post-publication open data repositories. A checklist is proposed for reporting tDCS investigations in a way that can improve efforts to assess reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Buch
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pablo A Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Brain Imaging and NeuroStimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistr, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Brain Imaging and NeuroStimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistr, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter J Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janine Reis
- Department of Neurology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edwin M Robertson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Marco Sandrini
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Heidi M Schambra
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric M Wassermann
- Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Task-specificity of unilateral anodal and dual-M1 tDCS effects on motor learning. Neuropsychologia 2017; 94:84-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Ammann C, Spampinato D, Márquez-Ruiz J. Modulating Motor Learning through Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation: An Integrative View. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1981. [PMID: 28066300 PMCID: PMC5179543 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor learning consists of the ability to improve motor actions through practice playing a major role in the acquisition of skills required for high-performance sports or motor function recovery after brain lesions. During the last decades, it has been reported that transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS), consisting in applying weak direct current through the scalp, is able of inducing polarity-specific changes in the excitability of cortical neurons. This low-cost, painless and well-tolerated portable technique has found a wide-spread use in the motor learning domain where it has been successfully applied to enhance motor learning in healthy individuals and for motor recovery after brain lesion as well as in pathological states associated to motor deficits. The main objective of this mini-review is to offer an integrative view about the potential use of tDCS for human motor learning modulation. Furthermore, we introduce the basic mechanisms underlying immediate and long-term effects associated to tDCS along with important considerations about its limitations and progression in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ammann
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Danny Spampinato
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution Baltimore, MD, USA
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38
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Hsu TY, Juan CH, Tseng P. Individual Differences and State-Dependent Responses in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:643. [PMID: 28066214 PMCID: PMC5174116 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been extensively used to examine whether neural activities can be selectively increased or decreased with manipulations of current polarity. Recently, the field has reevaluated the traditional anodal-increase and cathodal-decrease assumption due to the growing number of mixed findings that report the effects of the opposite directions. Therefore, the directionality of tDCS polarities and how it affects each individual still remain unclear. In this study, we used a visual working memory (VWM) paradigm and systematically manipulated tDCS polarities, types of different independent baseline measures, and task difficulty to investigate how these factors interact to determine the outcome effect of tDCS. We observed that only low-performers, as defined by their no-tDCS corsi block tapping (CBT) performance, persistently showed a decrement in VWM performance after anodal stimulation, whereas no tDCS effect was found when participants were divided by their performance in digit span. In addition, only the optimal level of task difficulty revealed any significant tDCS effect. All these findings were consistent across different blocks, suggesting that the tDCS effect was stable across a short period of time. Lastly, there was a high degree of intra-individual consistency in one’s responsiveness to tDCS, namely that participants who showed positive or negative effect to anodal stimulation are also more likely to show the same direction of effects for cathodal stimulation. Together, these findings imply that tDCS effect is interactive and state dependent: task difficulty and consistent individual differences modulate one’s responsiveness to tDCS, while researchers’ choices of independent behavioral baseline measures can also critically affect how the effect of tDCS is evaluated. These factors together are likely the key contributors to the wide range of “noises” in tDCS effects between individuals, between stimulation protocols, and between different studies in the literature. Future studies using tDCS, and possibly tACS, should take such state-dependent condition in tDCS responsiveness into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Hsu
- Research Center of Brain and Consciousness, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan; Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical UniversityNew Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Health and Biotechnology Law, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Juan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Philip Tseng
- Research Center of Brain and Consciousness, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan; Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical UniversityNew Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
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Motor Sequence Learning in Healthy Older Adults Is Not Necessarily Facilitated by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Geriatrics (Basel) 2016; 1:geriatrics1040032. [PMID: 31022825 PMCID: PMC6371143 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics1040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) can modulate neuronal activity, and improve performance of basic motor tasks. The possibility that tDCS could assist in rehabilitation (e.g., for paresis post-stroke) offers hope but the evidence base is incomplete, with some behavioural studies reporting no effect of tDCS on complex motor learning. Older adults who show age-related decline in movement and learning (skills which tDCS could potentially facilitate), are also under-represented within tDCS literature. To address these issues, we examined whether tDCS would improve motor sequence learning in healthy young and older adults. Methods: In Experiment One, young participants learned 32 aiming movements using their preferred (right) hand whilst receiving: (i) 30 min Anodal Stimulation of left M1; (ii) 30 min Cathodal Stimulation of right M1; or (iii) 30 min Sham. Experiment Two used a similar task, but with older adults receiving Anodal Stimulation or Sham. Results: Whilst motor learning occurred in all participants, tDCS did not improve the rate or accuracy of motor learning for either age group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the effects of tDCS may be limited to motor performance with no clear beneficial effects for motor learning.
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40
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Ehsani F, Bakhtiary A, Jaberzadeh S, Talimkhani A, Hajihasani A. Differential effects of primary motor cortex and cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on motor learning in healthy individuals: A randomized double-blind sham-controlled study. Neurosci Res 2016; 112:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Devanathan D, Madhavan S. Effects of anodal tDCS of the lower limb M1 on ankle reaction time in young adults. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:377-85. [PMID: 26487179 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that modulates cortical excitability and influences motor behavior. There is limited information available regarding the effects of anodal tDCS on lower limb reaction time. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of anodal tDCS on lower limb simple reaction time (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT). We probed this question further by examining the effects of anodal tDCS of the lower limb M1 on an upper limb RT task and a cognitive measure. Fourteen healthy young adults received anodal tDCS and sham tDCS to the lower limb M1 on two separate testing days in a counterbalanced order. After stimulation, we assessed the effects of tDCS on ankle dorsiflexion SRT and CRT, ankle plantarflexion SRT and CRT, wrist extension SRT and CRT and the symbol digit modality test (SDMT). Anodal tDCS significantly improved response times from baseline for ankle CRT but not for ankle SRT or wrist SRT or CRT. A significant decrement (i.e., longer response time) was noted for the sham tDCS conditions. There was a significant difference between anodal and sham conditions for all RT tasks, suggesting that anodal tDCS improved RT compared to sham. No change in SDMT scores was observed for both conditions. Anodal tDCS appeared to differentially modulate ankle SRT and CRT, suggesting an influence of anodal tDCS on complex motor processes and/or the supplementary motor area. Absence of effects on wrist CRT or SDMT suggests a spatial specificity of the influence of tDCS. Anodal tDCS also appears to potentially negate the effects of fatigue or task switching that was detrimental to RT in the sham condition.
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42
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Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the left premotor cortex (PMC) stabilizes a newly learned motor sequence. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:87-93. [PMID: 27542725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While the primary motor cortex (M1) is involved in the acquisition the premotor cortex (PMC) has been related to over-night consolidation of a newly learned motor skill. The present study aims at investigating the possible contribution of the left PMC for the stabilization of a motor sequence immediately after acquisition as determined by susceptibility to interference. Thirty six healthy volunteers received anodal, cathodal and sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the left PMC either immediately prior to or during training on a serial reaction time task (SRTT) with the right hand. TDCS was applied for 10min, respectively. Reaction times were measured prior to training (t1), at the end of training (t2), and after presentation of an interfering random pattern (t3). Beyond interference from learning, the random pattern served as control condition in order to estimate general effects of tDCS on reaction times. TDCS applied during SRTT training did not result in any significant effects neither on acquisition nor on susceptibility to interference. In contrast to this, tDCS prior to SRTT training yielded an unspecific facilitation of reaction times at t2 independent of tDCS polarity. At t3, reduced susceptibility to interference was found following cathodal stimulation. The results suggest the involvement of the PMC in early consolidation and reveal a piece of evidence for the hypothesis that behavioral tDCS effects vary with the activation state of the stimulated area.
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43
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Marquez J, Conley A, Karayanidis F, Lagopoulos J, Parsons M. Anodal direct current stimulation in the healthy aged: Effects determined by the hemisphere stimulated. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:509-19. [PMID: 26409409 PMCID: PMC4923724 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-140490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Research popularity and scope for the application of transcranial direct current stimulation have been steadily increasing yet many fundamental questions remain unanswered. We sought to determine if anodal stimulation of either hemisphere leads to improved performance of the contralateral hand and/or altered function of the ipsilateral hand, or affects movement preparation, in older subjects. Method: In this cross-over, double blind, sham controlled study, 34 healthy aged participants (age range 40– 86) were randomised to receive 20 minutes of stimulation to either the dominant or non-dominant motor cortex. The primary outcome was functional performance of both upper limbs measured by the Jebsen Taylor Test and hand grip strength. Additionally, we measured motor preparation using electrophysiological (EEG) recordings. Results: Anodal stimulation resulted in statistically significantly improved performance of the non-dominant hand (p < 0.01) but did not produce significant changes in the dominant hand on any measure (p > 0.05). This effect occurred irrespective of the hemisphere stimulated. Stimulation did not produce significant effects on measures of gross function, grip strength, reaction times, or electrophysiological measures on the EEG data. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the hemispheres respond differently to anodal stimulation and the response appears to be task specific but not mediated by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Marquez
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Conley
- Hunter Medical Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Science and IT, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Frini Karayanidis
- Hunter Medical Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Science and IT, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Brain and Mind Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Parsons
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
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44
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Savic B, Meier B. How Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Can Modulate Implicit Motor Sequence Learning and Consolidation: A Brief Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:26. [PMID: 26903837 PMCID: PMC4748051 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to investigate how transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate implicit motor sequence learning and consolidation. So far, most of the studies have focused on the modulating effect of tDCS for explicit motor learning. Here, we focus explicitly on implicit motor sequence learning and consolidation in order to improve our understanding about the potential of tDCS to affect this kind of unconscious learning. Specifically, we concentrate on studies with the serial reaction time task (SRTT), the classical paradigm for measuring implicit motor sequence learning. The influence of tDCS has been investigated for the primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex, the prefrontal cortex, and the cerebellum. The results indicate that tDCS above the primary motor cortex gives raise to the most consistent modulating effects for both implicit motor sequence learning and consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Savic
- Institute of Psychology, University of BernBern, Switzerland; Center for Cognition, Learning, and Memory, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Beat Meier
- Institute of Psychology, University of BernBern, Switzerland; Center for Cognition, Learning, and Memory, University of BernBern, Switzerland
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45
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Curado M, Fritsch B, Reis J. Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function. J Vis Exp 2016:e53367. [PMID: 26889687 PMCID: PMC4781720 DOI: 10.3791/53367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, NEBS can be applied transcranially either as direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS). These stimulation types exert time-, dose- and in the case of tDCS polarity-specific effects on motor function and skill learning in healthy subjects. Lately, tDCS has been used to augment the therapy of motor disabilities in patients with stroke or movement disorders. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for targeting the primary motor cortex with tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range. The setup of two different stimulation montages is explained. In both montages the emitting electrode (the anode for tDCS) is placed on the primary motor cortex of interest. For unilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the contralateral forehead while for bilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the opposite primary motor cortex. The advantages and disadvantages of each montage for the modulation of cortical excitability and motor function including learning are discussed, as well as safety, tolerability and blinding aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Curado
- Department of Neurology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg
| | - Brita Fritsch
- Department of Neurology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg
| | - Janine Reis
- Department of Neurology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg;
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46
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McCambridge AB, Stinear JW, Byblow WD. Neurophysiological and behavioural effects of dual-hemisphere transcranial direct current stimulation on the proximal upper limb. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1419-28. [PMID: 26749182 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dual-hemisphere transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex (M1-M1 tDCS) is assumed to modulate neural excitability in a polarity-dependent manner and improve motor performance of the hand. In the proximal upper limb, the neurophysiological and behavioural after-effects of M1-M1 tDCS are not well known. This study investigated the after-effects of M1-M1 tDCS on contralateral, ipsilateral and transcallosal excitability to the proximal upper limb muscle biceps brachii (BB). Circle tracing was used to assess motor performance before and after tDCS as this task requires coordination of proximal and distal musculature. Sixteen healthy right-handed adults participated in the study, each receiving M1-M1 tDCS (1 mA, 15 min) or sham tDCS in separate sessions. The anode was positioned over right M1 and cathode over left M1. M1-M1 tDCS suppressed transcallosal inhibition from the M1 under the cathode (P < 0.045). No other neurophysiologic or behavioural effects were observed (P > 0.6). The study provides important information regarding inconsistent neurophysiological and behavioural changes following tDCS that have implications for future tDCS research on the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana B McCambridge
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James W Stinear
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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47
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Hashemirad F, Zoghi M, Fitzgerald PB, Jaberzadeh S. The effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on motor sequence learning in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Cogn 2015; 102:1-12. [PMID: 26685088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies have indicated the effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) on the primary motor cortex (M1) during motor skill training. The effects of a-tDCS on different stages of motor sequence learning are not yet completely understood. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the effects of single and multiple sessions of a-tDCS on two different tasks: the sequential finger tapping task/serial reaction time task (SEQTAP/SRTT) and the sequential visual isometric pinch task (SVIPT). We searched electronic databases for M1 a-tDCS studies. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicate that application of multiple sessions of a-tDCS, compared to single session a-tDCS induced a significant improvement in skill in both SEQTAP/SRTT and SVIPT. Retention after a single day and multiple days of a-tDCS was statistically significant for the SEQTAP/SRTT task but not for SVIPT. Therefore, our findings suggest that application of M1 a-tDCS across the three or five consecutive days can be helpful to improve motor sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Hashemirad
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Department of Medicine at Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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48
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Tazoe T, Endoh T, Kitamura T, Ogata T. Polarity specific effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on interhemispheric inhibition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114244. [PMID: 25478912 PMCID: PMC4257682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used as a useful interventional brain stimulation technique to improve unilateral upper-limb motor function in healthy humans, as well as in stroke patients. Although tDCS applications are supposed to modify the interhemispheric balance between the motor cortices, the tDCS after-effects on interhemispheric interactions are still poorly understood. To address this issue, we investigated the tDCS after-effects on interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) between the primary motor cortices (M1) in healthy humans. Three types of tDCS electrode montage were tested on separate days; anodal tDCS over the right M1, cathodal tDCS over the left M1, bilateral tDCS with anode over the right M1 and cathode over the left M1. Single-pulse and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulations were given to the left M1 and right M1 before and after tDCS to assess the bilateral corticospinal excitabilities and mutual direction of IHI. Regardless of the electrode montages, corticospinal excitability was increased on the same side of anodal stimulation and decreased on the same side of cathodal stimulation. However, neither unilateral tDCS changed the corticospinal excitability at the unstimulated side. Unilateral anodal tDCS increased IHI from the facilitated side M1 to the unchanged side M1, but it did not change IHI in the other direction. Unilateral cathodal tDCS suppressed IHI both from the inhibited side M1 to the unchanged side M1 and from the unchanged side M1 to the inhibited side M1. Bilateral tDCS increased IHI from the facilitated side M1 to the inhibited side M1 and attenuated IHI in the opposite direction. Sham-tDCS affected neither corticospinal excitability nor IHI. These findings indicate that tDCS produced polarity-specific after-effects on the interhemispheric interactions between M1 and that those after-effects on interhemispheric interactions were mainly dependent on whether tDCS resulted in the facilitation or inhibition of the M1 sending interhemispheric volleys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Tazoe
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takashi Endoh
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Faculty of Child Development and Education, Uekusa Gakuen University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taku Kitamura
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Division of Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Koyama S, Tanaka S, Tanabe S, Sadato N. Dual-hemisphere transcranial direct current stimulation over primary motor cortex enhances consolidation of a ballistic thumb movement. Neurosci Lett 2014; 588:49-53. [PMID: 25448726 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique that modulates motor performance and learning. Previous studies have shown that tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1) can facilitate consolidation of various motor skills. However, the effect of tDCS on consolidation of newly learned ballistic movements remains unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that tDCS over M1 enhances consolidation of ballistic thumb movements in healthy adults. Twenty-eight healthy subjects participated in an experiment with a single-blind, sham-controlled, between-group design. Fourteen subjects practiced a ballistic movement with their left thumb during dual-hemisphere tDCS. Subjects received 1mA anodal tDCS over the contralateral M1 and 1mA cathodal tDCS over the ipsilateral M1 for 25min during the training session. The remaining 14 subjects underwent identical training sessions, except that dual-hemisphere tDCS was applied for only the first 15s (sham group). All subjects performed the task again at 1h and 24h later. Primary measurements examined improvement in peak acceleration of the ballistic thumb movement at 1h and 24h after stimulation. Improved peak acceleration was significantly greater in the tDCS group (144.2±15.1%) than in the sham group (98.7±9.1%) (P<0.05) at 24h, but not 1h, after stimulation. Thus, dual-hemisphere tDCS over M1 enhanced consolidation of ballistic thumb movement in healthy adults. Dual-hemisphere tDCS over M1 may be useful to improve elemental motor behaviors, such as ballistic movements, in patients with subcortical strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Koyama
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Kawamura Hospital, Gifu 501-3144, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Psychology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Tanabe
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
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de Xivry JJO, Shadmehr R. Electrifying the motor engram: effects of tDCS on motor learning and control. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3379-95. [PMID: 25200178 PMCID: PMC4199902 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Learning to control our movements is accompanied by neuroplasticity of motor areas of the brain. The mechanisms of neuroplasticity are diverse and produce what is referred to as the motor engram, i.e., the neural trace of the motor memory. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) alters the neural and behavioral correlates of motor learning, but its precise influence on the motor engram is unknown. In this review, we summarize the effects of tDCS on neural activity and suggest a few key principles: (1) Firing rates are increased by anodal polarization and decreased by cathodal polarization, (2) anodal polarization strengthens newly formed associations, and (3) polarization modulates the memory of new/preferred firing patterns. With these principles in mind, we review the effects of tDCS on motor control, motor learning, and clinical applications. The increased spontaneous and evoked firing rates may account for the modulation of dexterity in non-learning tasks by tDCS. The facilitation of new association may account for the effect of tDCS on learning in sequence tasks while the ability of tDCS to strengthen memories of new firing patterns may underlie the effect of tDCS on consolidation of skills. We then describe the mechanisms of neuroplasticity of motor cortical areas and how they might be influenced by tDCS. We end with current challenges for the fields of brain stimulation and motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM) and Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Reza Shadmehr
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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