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Xhonneux I, Marei WFA, Meulders B, Andries S, Leroy JLMR. The interplay of maternal and offspring obesogenic diets: the impact on offspring metabolism and muscle mitochondria in an outbred mouse model. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1354327. [PMID: 38585221 PMCID: PMC10995298 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1354327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumption of obesogenic (OB) diets increases the prevalence of maternal obesity worldwide, causing major psychological and social burdens in women. Obesity not only impacts the mother's health and fertility but also elevates the risk of obesity and metabolic disorders in the offspring. Family lifestyle is mostly persistent through generations, possibly contributing to the growing prevalence of obesity. We hypothesized that offspring metabolic health is dependent on both maternal and offspring diet and their interaction. We also hypothesized that the sensitivity of the offspring to the diet may be influenced by the match or mismatch between offspring and maternal diets. To test these hypotheses, outbred Swiss mice were fed a control (C, 10% fat, 7% sugar, and n = 14) or OB diet (60% fat, 20% sugar, and n = 15) for 7 weeks and then mated with the same control males. Mice were maintained on the same corresponding diet during pregnancy and lactation, and the offspring were kept with their mothers until weaning. The study focused only on female offspring, which were equally distributed at weaning and fed C or OB diets for 7 weeks, resulting in four treatment groups: C-born offspring fed C or OB diets (C » C and C » OB) and OB-born offspring fed C or OB diets (OB » C and OB » OB). Adult offspring's systemic blood profile (lipid and glucose metabolism) and muscle mitochondrial features were assessed. We confirmed that the offspring's OB diet majorly impacted the offspring's health by impairing the offspring's serum glucose and lipid profiles, which are associated with abnormal muscle mitochondrial ultrastructure. Contrarily, maternal OB diet was associated with increased expression of mitochondrial complex markers and mitochondrial morphology in offspring muscle, but no additive effects of (increased sensitivity to) an offspring OB diet were observed in pups born to obese mothers. In contrast, their metabolic profile appeared to be healthier compared to those born to lean mothers and fed an OB diet. These results are in line with the thrifty phenotype hypothesis, suggesting that OB-born offspring are better adapted to an environment with high energy availability later in life. Thus, using a murine outbred model, we could not confirm that maternal obesogenic diets contribute to female familial obesity in the following generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inne Xhonneux
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Gamete Research Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Waleed F. A. Marei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Gamete Research Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ben Meulders
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Gamete Research Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Silke Andries
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Gamete Research Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jo L. M. R. Leroy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Gamete Research Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Tang Y, Xu W, Liu Y, Zhou J, Cui K, Chen Y. Autophagy protects mitochondrial health in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:113-123. [PMID: 37823952 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-023-10354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The progression of heart failure is reported to be strongly associated with homeostatic imbalance, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal autophagy, in the cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrial dysfunction triggers autophagic and cardiac dysfunction. In turn, abnormal autophagy impairs mitochondrial function and leads to apoptosis or autophagic cell death under certain circumstances. These events often occur concomitantly, forming a vicious cycle that exacerbates heart failure. However, the role of the crosstalk between mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal autophagy in the development of heart failure remains obscure and the underlying mechanisms are mainly elusive. The potential role of the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal autophagy in heart failure progression has recently garnered attention. This review summarized recent advances of the interactions between mitochondria and autophagy during the development of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Tang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China.
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Lecordier L, Heo P, Graversen JH, Hennig D, Skytthe MK, Cornet d'Elzius A, Pincet F, Pérez-Morga D, Pays E. Apolipoproteins L1 and L3 control mitochondrial membrane dynamics. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113528. [PMID: 38041817 PMCID: PMC10765320 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoproteins L1 and L3 (APOLs) are associated at the Golgi with the membrane fission factors phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase-IIIB (PI4KB) and non-muscular myosin 2A. Either APOL1 C-terminal truncation (APOL1Δ) or APOL3 deletion (APOL3-KO [knockout]) reduces PI4KB activity and triggers actomyosin reorganization. We report that APOL3, but not APOL1, controls PI4KB activity through interaction with PI4KB and neuronal calcium sensor-1 or calneuron-1. Both APOLs are present in Golgi-derived autophagy-related protein 9A vesicles, which are involved in PI4KB trafficking. Like APOL3-KO, APOL1Δ induces PI4KB dissociation from APOL3, linked to reduction of mitophagy flux and production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. APOL1 and APOL3, respectively, can interact with the mitophagy receptor prohibitin-2 and the mitophagosome membrane fusion factor vesicle-associated membrane protein-8 (VAMP8). While APOL1 conditions PI4KB and APOL3 involvement in mitochondrion fission and mitophagy, APOL3-VAMP8 interaction promotes fusion between mitophagosomal and endolysosomal membranes. We propose that APOL3 controls mitochondrial membrane dynamics through interactions with the fission factor PI4KB and the fusion factor VAMP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Lecordier
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Paul Heo
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, 75005 Paris, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jonas H Graversen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Dorle Hennig
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Maria Kløjgaard Skytthe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - Frédéric Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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Neikirk K, Lopez EG, Marshall AG, Alghanem A, Krystofiak E, Kula B, Smith N, Shao J, Katti P, Hinton A. Call to action to properly utilize electron microscopy to measure organelles to monitor disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151365. [PMID: 37864884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the current methods for quantifying mitochondrial ultrastructure, including cristae morphology, mitochondrial contact sites, and recycling machinery and a guide to utilizing electron microscopy to effectively measure these organelles. Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial ultrastructure is essential for understanding mitochondrial biology and developing therapeutic strategies for mitochondrial-related diseases. Techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and serial block face-scanning electron microscopy, as well as how they can be combined with other techniques including confocal microscopy, super-resolution microscopy, and correlative light and electron microscopy are discussed. Beyond their limitations and challenges, we also offer specific magnifications that may be best suited for TEM analysis of mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and recycling machinery. Finally, perspectives on future quantification methods are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edgar-Garza Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ahmad Alghanem
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ali Al Arini, Ar Rimayah, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evan Krystofiak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bartosz Kula
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester 14642, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester 14642, USA
| | - Jianqiang Shao
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Prasanna Katti
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Mitophagy and Traumatic Brain Injury: Regulatory Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:1649842. [PMID: 36846712 PMCID: PMC9957633 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1649842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a kind of external trauma-induced brain function alteration, has posed a financial burden on the public health system. TBI pathogenesis involves a complicated set of events, including primary and secondary injuries that can cause mitochondrial damage. Mitophagy, a process in which defective mitochondria are specifically degraded, segregates and degrades defective mitochondria allowing a healthier mitochondrial network. Mitophagy ensures that mitochondria remain healthy during TBI, determining whether neurons live or die. Mitophagy acts as a critical regulator in maintaining neuronal survival and healthy. This review will discuss the TBI pathophysiology and the consequences of the damage it causes to mitochondria. This review article will explore the mitophagy process, its key factors, and pathways and reveal the role of mitophagy in TBI. Mitophagy will be further recognized as a therapeutic approach in TBI. This review will offer new insights into mitophagy's role in TBI progression.
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Effect of Thyroxine on the Structural and Dynamic Features of Cardiac Mitochondria and Mitophagy in Rats. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030396. [PMID: 36766738 PMCID: PMC9913912 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of thyroxine on the biogenesis and quality control system in rat heart mitochondria. In hyperthyroid rats, the concentrations of free triiodothyronine and thyroxine increased severalfold, indicating the development of hyperthyroidism in these animals. The electron microscopy showed 58% of cardiac mitochondria to be in a swollen state. Some organelles were damaged and had a reduced number of cristae. Multilamellar bodies formed from cristae/membranes were found in the vacuolated part of the mitochondria. The hyperthyroidism caused no changes to mitochondrial biogenesis in the investigated animals. At the same time, the levels of mitochondrial dynamics proteins OPA1 and Drp1 increased in the hyperthyroid rats. The administration of thyroxine to the animals led to a decrease in the amount of PINK1 and Parkin in heart tissue. The data suggest that excess thyroid hormones lead to changes in mitochondrial dynamics and impair Parkin-dependent mitophagy in hyperthyroid rat heart.
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Koči J, Novotová M, Sláviková M, Klempa B, Zahradník I. SARS-CoV-2 Exploits Non-Canonical Autophagic Processes to Replicate, Mature, and Egress the Infected Vero E6 Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121535. [PMID: 36558869 PMCID: PMC9781122 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus transforms the cytoplasm of susceptible cells to support virus replication. It also activates autophagy-like processes, the role of which is not well understood. Here, we studied SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells using transmission electron microscopy and autophagy PCR array. After 6-24 h post-infection (hpi), the cytoplasm of infected cells only contained double-membrane vesicles, phagophores, and phagosomes engulfing virus particles and cytoplasmic debris, including damaged mitochondria. The phagosomes interacted with the viral nucleoprotein complex, virus particles, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. The phagosomes transformed into egress vacuoles, which broke through the plasmalemma and discharged the virus particles. The Vero E6 cells exhibited pronounced virus replication at 6 hpi, which stabilized at 18-24 hpi at a high level. The autophagy PCR array tests revealed a significant upregulation of 10 and downregulation of 8 autophagic gene markers out of 84. Altogether, these results underline the importance of autophagy-like processes for SARS-CoV-2 maturation and egress, and point to deviations from a canonical autophagy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Koči
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (I.Z.)
| | - Marta Novotová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Sláviková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Klempa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Zahradník
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (I.Z.)
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Najdawi ZR, Abu-Asab MS. An Ultrastructural Perspective on Cell Death. JORDAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 56:10.35516/jmj.v56i1.232. [PMID: 36168597 PMCID: PMC9511926 DOI: 10.35516/jmj.v56i1.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the field of cell death, there is still a wide gap between the molecular models and their ultrastructural phenotypes. Because only very few published works included electron microscopy (EM) images, many ultrastructural features have not yet been incorporated into the descriptions of death modes. Some of the EM features that appear in dying cells have not been incorporated in describing death modes. It includes the accumulation of lipid droplets and glycogen, the appearance of extranuclear chromatin in the cytoplasm, and the various ways mitochondria become damaged. We argue that electron microscopy should be routinely included in these studies because it exposes some new features that molecular studies do not. It has successfully recognized new modes of cell death, such as entosis, methuosis, and paraptosis. Elucidating the precise sequence of events in death modes could be the cornerstone for offering the proper therapy of many diseases by slowing down or stopping the progression of degeneration. This review presents our own experience applying ultrastructural interpretations to death modes and explaining their biochemical implications. We complement the molecular and biochemical data and point out missing features that should be considered and studied.
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Yang Y, Zheng L, Zheng X, Ge L. Autophagosomal Membrane Origin and Formation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1208:17-42. [PMID: 34260019 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-2830-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagosome formation is a regulated membrane remodeling process, which involves the generation of autophagosomal membrane precursors (vesicles), the assembly of the autophagosomal membrane precursors to form the phagophore, and phagophore elongation to complete the autophagosome. The sources of the autophagosomal membrane precursors are endomembrane compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), ER-exit sites (ERES), and endosomes. In response to stress, these structures are remodeled, to generate the early autophagosomal membrane precursors. The phagophore assembly site (PAS), which mainly localizes on the ER, harbors the site for autophagosomal membrane assembly, elongation, and completion. ATG proteins, membrane remodeling factors, and autophagic membranes follow a precise choreography to complete the overall process. In this chapter, we briefly discuss our current knowledge on the membrane origins of the autophagosome, as well as autophagosomal precursor generation, assembly, and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Liang Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Schaefer L, Dikic I. Autophagy: Instructions from the extracellular matrix. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:1-8. [PMID: 34217800 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, extensive research has uncovered crucial regulatory roles for the extracellular matrix (ECM) in regulating autophagy. Autophagy is a ubiquitous and highly conserved catabolic process that allows the selective removal and recycling of cytosolic components via lysosomal or vacuolar degradation. Due to its pivotal role in cellular homeostasis, the impairment of autophagy is involved in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, comprising infectious diseases, immune and neurodegenerative disorders, renal and hepatic diseases, intervertebral and cartilage disorders, as well as fibrosis and cancer. Several ECM-derived proteoglycans and proteins, including decorin, biglycan, endorepellin, endostatin, collagen VI, and plasminogen kringle 5, have been identified as strong inducers of autophagy. In contrast, laminin α2, perlecan, and lumican exert opposite function by suppressing autophagy. Importantly, by direct interaction with various receptors, which interplay with their co-receptors and adhesion molecules, the ECM is able to direct autophagy in a molecular and cell context-specific manner. Thus, vast pharmacological potential resides in translating this knowledge into the development of ECM-derived therapeutics selectively regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Pays E. The function of apolipoproteins L (APOLs): relevance for kidney disease, neurotransmission disorders, cancer and viral infection. FEBS J 2021; 288:360-381. [PMID: 32530132 PMCID: PMC7891394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) is the trypanolytic factor of human serum raised interest about the function of APOLs, especially following the unexpected finding that in addition to their protective action against sleeping sickness, APOL1 C-terminal variants also cause kidney disease. Based on the analysis of the structure and trypanolytic activity of APOL1, it was proposed that APOLs could function as ion channels of intracellular membranes and be involved in mechanisms triggering programmed cell death. In this review, the recent finding that APOL1 and APOL3 inversely control the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) by the Golgi PI(4)-kinase IIIB (PI4KB) is commented. APOL3 promotes Ca2+ -dependent activation of PI4KB, but due to their increased interaction with APOL3, APOL1 C-terminal variants can inactivate APOL3, leading to reduction of Golgi PI(4)P synthesis. The impact of APOLs on several pathological processes that depend on Golgi PI(4)P levels is discussed. I propose that through their effect on PI4KB activity, APOLs control not only actomyosin activities related to vesicular trafficking, but also the generation and elongation of autophagosomes induced by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular ParasitologyIBMMUniversité Libre de BruxellesGosseliesBelgium
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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13
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He W, Wang P, Chen Q, Li C. Exercise enhances mitochondrial fission and mitophagy to improve myopathy following critical limb ischemia in elderly mice via the PGC1a/FNDC5/irisin pathway. Skelet Muscle 2020; 10:25. [PMID: 32933582 PMCID: PMC7490877 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-00245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elderly populations are susceptible to critical limb ischemia (CLI), but conventional treatments cannot significantly decrease amputation and mortality. Although exercise is an effective “non-pharmacological medicine” targeting mitochondria to improve skeletal muscle function, few studies have focused on the application of exercise in CLI. Methods Elderly male C57BL/6 mice (14 months old) were used to establish a CLI model to assess the effect of exercise on perfusion, performance recovery, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial turnover in gastrocnemius muscle. The potential underlying mechanism mediated by PGC1a/FNDC5/irisin was confirmed in hypoxic and nutrient-deprived myotubes undergoing electrical pulse stimuli (EPS). Results Exercise significantly accelerated the perfusion recovery and exercise performance in ischemic limbs following CLI. Exercise improved the mitochondrial membrane potential and total ATP production and decreased apoptosis in the ischemic limbs. Exercise increased the formation of mitochondrial derived vesicle-like structures and decreased the mitochondrial length in the ischemic limbs, accompanied by upregulated PGC1a/FNDC5/irisin expression. In vitro, PGC1a/FNDC5/irisin downregulation decreased EPS-elevated PINK1, Parkin, DRP1, and LC3B mRNA levels. The irisin levels in the culture medium were correlated with the expression of mitochondrial fission and mitophagy markers in myotubes. Conclusion Exercise enhanced mitochondrial fission and selective autophagy to promote the recovery of myopathy after CLI in elderly mice through the PGC1a/FNDC5/irisin pathway, supporting the efficacy of exercise therapy in elderly individuals with CLI and demonstrating the potential of targeting PGC1a/FNDC5/irisin as a new strategy for the treatment of CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang He
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing, 400010, China.,Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Central Hospital of Fuling District, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingwei Chen
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Chunqiu Li
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing, 400010, China
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14
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Schmukler E, Solomon S, Simonovitch S, Goldshmit Y, Wolfson E, Michaelson DM, Pinkas-Kramarski R. Altered mitochondrial dynamics and function in APOE4-expressing astrocytes. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:578. [PMID: 32709881 PMCID: PMC7382473 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
APOE4 is a major risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease; however, it is unclear how it exerts its pathological effects. Others and we have previously shown that autophagy is impaired in APOE4 compared to APOE3 astrocytes, and demonstrated differences in the expression of mitochondrial dynamics proteins in brains of APOE3 and APOE4 transgenic mice. Here, we investigated the effect of APOE4 expression on several aspects of mitochondrial function and network dynamics, including fusion, fission, and mitophagy, specifically in astrocytes. We found that APOE3 and APOE4 astrocytes differ in their mitochondrial dynamics, suggesting that the mitochondria of APOE4 astrocytes exhibit reduced fission and mitophagy. APOE4 astrocytes also show impaired mitochondrial function. Importantly, the autophagy inducer rapamycin enhanced mitophagy and improved mitochondrial functioning in APOE4 astrocytes. Collectively, the results demonstrate that APOE4 expression is associated with altered mitochondrial dynamics, which might lead to impaired mitochondrial function in astrocytes. This, in turn, may contribute to the pathological effects of APOE4 in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Schmukler
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Shira Solomon
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Shira Simonovitch
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Yona Goldshmit
- Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash Biotechnology, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Eya Wolfson
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel
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15
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A current view of molecular dissection in autophagy machinery. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:357-372. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Zhang C, Miyagishima KJ, Dong L, Rising A, Nimmagadda M, Liang G, Sharma R, Dejene R, Wang Y, Abu-Asab M, Qian H, Li Y, Kopera M, Maminishkis A, Martinez J, Miller S. Regulation of phagolysosomal activity by miR-204 critically influences structure and function of retinal pigment epithelium/retina. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3355-3368. [PMID: 31332443 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-204 (miR-204) is expressed in pulmonary, renal, mammary and eye tissue, and its reduction can result in multiple diseases including cancer. We first generated miR-204-/- mice to study the impact of miR-204 loss on retinal and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) structure and function. The RPE is fundamentally important for maintaining the health and integrity of the retinal photoreceptors. miR-204-/- eyes evidenced areas of hyper-autofluorescence and defective photoreceptor digestion, along with increased microglia migration to the RPE. Migratory Iba1+ microglial cells were localized to the RPE apical surface where they participated in the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (POSs) and contributed to a persistent build-up of rhodopsin. These structural, molecular and cellular outcomes were accompanied by decreased light-evoked electrical responses from the retina and RPE. In parallel experiments, we suppressed miR-204 expression in primary cultures of human RPE using anti-miR-204. In vitro suppression of miR-204 in human RPE similarly showed abnormal POS clearance and altered expression of autophagy-related proteins and Rab22a, a regulator of endosome maturation. Together, these in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that the normally high levels of miR-204 in RPE can mitigate disease onset by preventing generation of oxidative stress and inflammation originating from intracellular accumulation of undigested photoreactive POS lipids. More generally, these results implicate RPE miR-204-mediated regulation of autophagy and endolysosomal interaction as a critical determinant of normal RPE/retina structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxiao Zhang
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kiyoharu J Miyagishima
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Lijin Dong
- Genetic Engineering Facility, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron Rising
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Malika Nimmagadda
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Genqing Liang
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roba Dejene
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Section of Histopathology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yichao Li
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan Kopera
- Genetic Engineering Facility, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, National Institute of Environmental Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheldon Miller
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, Section on Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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17
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Jung M, Choi H, Mun JY. The autophagy research in electron microscopy. Appl Microsc 2019; 49:11. [PMID: 33580401 PMCID: PMC7809580 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-019-0012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a highly conserved process of eukaryotic cellular recycling, plays an important role in cell survival and maintenance. Dysfunctional autophagy contributes to the pathologies of many human diseases. Many studies have attempted to clarify the process of autophagy. Here, we review morphological studies of autophagy involving electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyo Jung
- Neural circuit research group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyosun Choi
- BK21 Plus Program, Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural circuit research group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea.
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18
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Thekkinghat AA, Yadav KK, Rangarajan PN. Apolipoprotein L9 interacts with LC3/GABARAP and is a microtubule-associated protein with a widespread subcellular distribution. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio045930. [PMID: 31515254 PMCID: PMC6777357 DOI: 10.1242/bio.045930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse Apolipoprotein L9 is a 34-kDa phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-binding protein. The gene is present only in mouse and rat genomes; hence it is restricted to two species. To understand why, it is essential to uncover details about its functions in cellular processes. Here we show that ApoL9 interacts with the proteins of the LC3 and GABARAP subfamilies, which are key players in macroautophagy. In vitro binding studies show a strong association with GABARAP, and in amino acid-starved cells it preferentially interacts with lipidated LC3B, likely by binding to its PE moiety through its lipid-binding domain. On treatment with autophagy inhibitors bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, ApoL9 is found near swollen mitochondria and on lysosomes/LAMP1-positive compartments. However, ApoL9 itself does not seem to be degraded as a result of autophagy, suggesting that it is not an autophagy cargo receptor. Deletions in a putative transmembrane region between amino acids 110 and 145 abolish binding to PE. In addition, ApoL9 can redistribute to stress granules, can homo-oligomerize, and is a microtubule-associated protein. In short, its distribution in the cell is quite widespread, suggesting that it could have functions at the intersection of membrane binding and reorganization, autophagy, cellular stress and intracellular lipid transport.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind A Thekkinghat
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Kamlesh K Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Pundi N Rangarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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19
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mTOR Inhibitor Everolimus in Regulatory T Cell Expansion for Clinical Application in Transplantation. Transplantation 2019; 103:705-715. [PMID: 30451741 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and preclinical evidence suggest that adoptive transfer of regulatory T (Treg) cells could be an appropriate therapeutic strategy to induce tolerance and improve graft survival in transplanted patients. The University of Kentucky Transplant Service Line is developing a novel phase I/II clinical trial with ex vivo expanded autologous Treg cells as an adoptive cellular therapy in renal transplant recipients who are using everolimus (EVR)-based immunosuppressive regimen. METHODS The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms of action and efficacy of EVR for the development of functionally competent Treg cell-based adoptive immunotherapy in transplantation to integrate a common EVR-based regimen in vivo (in the patient) and ex vivo (in the expansion of autologous Treg cells). CD25 Treg cells were selected from leukapheresis product with a GMP-compliant cell separation system and placed in 5-day (short) or 21-day (long) culture with EVR or rapamycin (RAPA). Multi-parametric flow cytometry analyses were used to monitor the expansion rates, phenotype, autophagic flux, and suppressor function of the cells. phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway profiles of treated cells were analyzed by Western blot and cell bioenergetic parameters by extracellular flux analysis. RESULTS EVR-treated cells showed temporary slower growth, lower metabolic rates, and reduced phosphorylation of protein kinase B compared with RAPA-treated cells. In spite of these differences, the expansion rates, phenotype, and suppressor function of long-term Treg cells in culture with EVR were similar to those with RAPA. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the feasibility of EVR to expand functionally competent Treg cells for their clinical use.
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20
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Qin P, Du EZ, Luo WT, Yang YL, Zhang YQ, Wang B, Huang YW. Characteristics of the Life Cycle of Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) In Vitro: Replication Kinetics, Cellular Ultrastructure and Virion Morphology, and Evidence of Inducing Autophagy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050455. [PMID: 31109068 PMCID: PMC6563515 DOI: 10.3390/v11050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in affected piglets. The aim of this study was to establish the basic, in vitro characteristics of the life cycle such as replication kinetics, cellular ultrastructure, virion morphology, and induction of autophagy of PDCoV. Time-course analysis of viral subgenomic and genomic RNA loads and infectious titers indicated that one replication cycle of PDCoV takes 5 to 6 h. Electron microscopy showed that PDCoV infection induced the membrane rearrangements with double-membrane vesicles and large virion-containing vacuoles. The convoluted membranes structures described in alpha- and beta-coronavirus were not observed. PDCoV infection also increased the number of autophagosome-like vesicles in the cytoplasm of cells, and the autophagy response was detected by LC3 I/II and p62 Western blot analysis. For the first time, this study presents the picture of the PDCoV infection cycle, which is crucial to help elucidate the molecular mechanism of deltacoronavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - En-Zhong Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- YEBIO Bioengineering Co., Ltd. of Qingdao, Qingdao 266114, China.
| | - Wen-Ting Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yong-Le Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yu-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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21
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Gaudioso A, Garcia-Rozas P, Casarejos MJ, Pastor O, Rodriguez-Navarro JA. Lipidomic Alterations in the Mitochondria of Aged Parkin Null Mice Relevant to Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:329. [PMID: 31068772 PMCID: PMC6491511 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control is important in neurological diseases, but in genetic Parkinson’s disease caused by mutations in PINK and parkin mitochondrial degradation through autophagy is crucial. Reductions in autophagy and mitophagy are implicated in aging, age related diseases and Parkinson. The parkin null mice (PK-KO) show only a subtle phenotype, apparent with age or with stressors. We have studied the changes in the lipidomic composition of the mitochondrial membranes isolated from the brains of young and old PK-KO mice and compared them to wild type in order to determine possible implications for Parkinson’s disease pathology. We observed an increase in the levels of phosphatidylethanolamine in the young PK-KO mice that is lost in the old and correlate to changes in the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. PK-KO old mice mitochondria showed lower phosphatidylglicerol and phosphatidylinositol levels and higher levels of some forms of hydroxylated ceramides. Regarding cardiolipins there were changes in the degree of saturation mainly with age. The lipidomic composition discriminates between the study groups using partial least square discriminant analysis. We discuss the relevance of the lipid changes for the autophagic activity, the mitophagy, the mitochondrial activity and the Parkinson’s disease pathology in absence of parkin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gaudioso
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology Department, UCS-UCM, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Garcia-Rozas
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology Department, UCS-UCM, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Casarejos
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurobiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Pastor
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, UCA-CCM, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Rodriguez-Navarro
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology Department, UCS-UCM, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Huang Y, Yang P, Chen H, Bai X, Wang X, Vistro WA, Haseeb A, Shi Y, Chen Q. A "Lamellar structure" contributes to autophagosome biogenesis and mitophagy in zebrafish hepatocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:83-91. [PMID: 29960063 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite many studies being conducted over the past few decades, the origin of autophagosomal membranes remains unclear. The present study aimed to uncover the formation process of autophagosomal membranes in hepatocytes of zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model organism in medical science. Immunohistochemistry of zebrafish hepatocytes indicated that light chain 3-like protein 2 (LC3-II) is highly active in some hepatocytes, but poorly expressed in others. Under transmission electron microscopy, the amount of autophagosomes (APs) varied in different hepatocytes. When the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is dispersed in the cytoplasm, few isolation membranes (IMs) and APs were observed. Subsequently, when the ER assembles into a particular "lamellar structure" (LS), IMs arise from it and extend to enwrap the mitochondria. With further aggregation of the ER, the LS developed into an over twenty-layered structure, and mitophagy was more obvious in the hepatocytes and cavities appeared in mitochondria. Finally, most ERs were assembled into several LSs. At this point, mitophagy was most active in the hepatocytes. Thereafter, glycogen and lipid droplet increased gradually, while the LS degenerated and ER scatter increased. Then, the glycogen and lipid droplets dominated the hepatocellular cytoplasm. After suppressing the formation of autophagosomes using 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), the LS could no longer be visualized in the hepatocellular cytoplasm, and mitophagy decreased drastically. Taken together, the results suggested that this LS in the hepatocytes of zebrafish, might be another manifestation of a pre-autophagosomal structure in zebrafish liver, analogous to the omegasome in yeast or the ER-IM complex in mammalian cell lines. Furthermore, selective mitophagy and consequent cyclic utilization of its products were probably relevant to dynamic cycle of the hepatocellular cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Hong Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Xindong Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Waseem Ali Vistro
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
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Wei Y, Liu M, Li X, Liu J, Li H. Origin of the Autophagosome Membrane in Mammals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1012789. [PMID: 30345294 PMCID: PMC6174804 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1012789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy begins with the nucleation of phagophores, which then expand to give rise to the double-membrane autophagosomes. Autophagosomes ultimately fuse with lysosomes, where the cytosolic cargoes are degraded. Accumulation of autophagosomes is a hallmark of autophagy and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. In recent years, the sources of autophagosome membrane have attracted a great deal of interests, even so, the membrane donors for autophagosomes are still under debate. In this review, we describe the probable sources of autophagosome membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wei
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Meixia Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xianxiao Li
- Department of Oncology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hao Li
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
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Søreng K, Munson MJ, Lamb CA, Bjørndal GT, Pankiv S, Carlsson SR, Tooze SA, Simonsen A. SNX18 regulates ATG9A trafficking from recycling endosomes by recruiting Dynamin-2. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e44837. [PMID: 29437695 PMCID: PMC5891424 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trafficking of mammalian ATG9A between the Golgi apparatus, endosomes and peripheral ATG9A compartments is important for autophagosome biogenesis. Here, we show that the membrane remodelling protein SNX18, previously identified as a positive regulator of autophagy, regulates ATG9A trafficking from recycling endosomes. ATG9A is recruited to SNX18-induced tubules generated from recycling endosomes and accumulates in juxtanuclear recycling endosomes in cells lacking SNX18. Binding of SNX18 to Dynamin-2 is important for ATG9A trafficking from recycling endosomes and for formation of ATG16L1- and WIPI2-positive autophagosome precursor membranes. We propose a model where upon autophagy induction, SNX18 recruits Dynamin-2 to induce budding of ATG9A and ATG16L1 containing membranes from recycling endosomes that traffic to sites of autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiane Søreng
- Deparment of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael J Munson
- Deparment of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher A Lamb
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Group, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gunnveig T Bjørndal
- Deparment of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Serhiy Pankiv
- Deparment of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sven R Carlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Group, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Deparment of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abunimer AN, Mohammed H, Cook KL, Soto-Pantoja DR, Campos MM, Abu-Asab MS. Mitochondrial autophagosomes as a mechanism of drug resistance in breast carcinoma. Ultrastruct Pathol 2018; 42:170-180. [PMID: 29419344 PMCID: PMC6060621 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2017.1419328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described the process by which mitochondria donate their membranes for the formation of autophagosomes, and in this study we show that the same process could be involved in drug sequestration and exocytosis resulting in multidrug-resistant cancerous cells. We examine the implications of mitochondrial vesicle formation of mitoautophagosomes (MAPS) in response to the cytotoxic drug MKT-077, which targets mortalin, in a drug-resistant breast carcinoma cell line overexpressing P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The breast cancer cell line MCF-7Adr is derived from MCF-7, but differs from its ancestral line in tolerance of MKT-077-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Our ultrastructural observations suggest that autophagy in the MCF-7Adr cells entails regional sequestration of MKT077 in multilamellar LC3-labeled MAPS, which then separate from their mitochondria, and fuse with or engulf each other. MAPS appeared to be migrating through the cytoplasm and fusing with the plasma membrane, thus carrying out exocytotic secretion. This mechanism, which seems ineffective in the ancestral cell line, provides a resistance mechanism for MKT-077 by enhancing the efflux process of the cells. After 8 hr of MKT-077 exposure, a fraction of the resistant cells appeared viable and contained larger number of smaller sized mitochondria. Mitoautophagosomes, therefore, provide a potentially novel model for multidrug resistance in cancerous cells and may contribute to the P-gp efflux process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman N. Abunimer
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Heba Mohammed
- Section of Histopathology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine L. Cook
- Department of Surgery and Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David R. Soto-Pantoja
- Department of Surgery and Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Mones S. Abu-Asab
- Section of Histopathology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Macroautophagy is an intracellular pathway used for targeting of cellular components to the lysosome for their degradation and involves sequestration of cytoplasmic material into autophagosomes formed from a double membrane structure called the phagophore. The nucleation and elongation of the phagophore is tightly regulated by several autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, but also involves vesicular trafficking from different subcellular compartments to the forming autophagosome. Such trafficking must be tightly regulated by various intra- and extracellular signals to respond to different cellular stressors and metabolic states, as well as the nature of the cargo to become degraded. We are only starting to understand the interconnections between different membrane trafficking pathways and macroautophagy. This review will focus on the membrane trafficking machinery found to be involved in delivery of membrane, lipids, and proteins to the forming autophagosome and in the subsequent autophagosome fusion with endolysosomal membranes. The role of RAB proteins and their regulators, as well as coat proteins, vesicle tethers, and SNARE proteins in autophagosome biogenesis and maturation will be discussed.
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27
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Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that regulate essential eukaryotic functions including generating energy, sequestering excess calcium, and modulating cell survival. In order for neurons to thrive, mitochondria have to be continuously replenished by maintaining autophagic-lysosomal mediated degradation of mitochondria (mitophagy) and mitochondrial biogenesis. While a plethora of image- and biochemical-based techniques have been developed for measuring autophagy (macroautophagy) in eukaryotic cells, the molecular toolbox for quantifying and assessing mitophagy in neurons continues to evolve. Compared to proliferating cells, quantifying mitophagy in neurons poses a technical challenge given that mitochondria are predominantly present in neurites (axons and dendrites) and are highly dynamic. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview on mitophagy and provide a list of validated fluorescence- and biochemistry-based techniques used for assessing mitophagy in neuronal cells and primary neurons. Secondly, we provide comprehensive guidelines for interpreting steady-state levels of mitophagy and mitophagic flux in neurons using modern fluorescence- and biochemistry-based techniques. Finally, we provide a comprehensive list of common pitfalls to avoid when assessing mitophagy and offer practical solutions to overcome technical issues.
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28
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Abu-Asab MS, Yeung IYL, Ardeljan C, Gonzalez AN, Sidransky E, Chan CC. Ocular Implications of Gaucher Disease. ESSENTIALS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56511-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ultrastructural Characterization of Phagophores Using Electron Tomography on Cryoimmobilized and Freeze Substituted Samples. Methods Enzymol 2016; 587:331-349. [PMID: 28253964 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron tomography has significantly contributed to recent findings regarding the biogenesis of the phagophore, an organelle which initiates autophagic sequestration. The information obtained from 1.9nm slices through the tomograms have revealed that during biogenesis the phagophore is in contact with the membranes of apposing organelles to form tubular connections and membrane contact sites (MCSs). The most reported and established tubular connections occur between the phagophore and the endoplasmic reticulum. However, as the phagophore continues to grow and expand, connections and MCSs have also been reported to occur between the phagophore and several other organelles in a possible attempt to utilize lipids for membrane expansion from alternative sources. Since the lifespan of the phagophore is only a few minutes and membrane connections and MCSs are very dynamic, capturing these two events requires precision during fixation. Up to date there is no quicker alternative for sample preservation in transmission electron microscopy than cryoimmobilization. In this report, we describe our protocol for cryoimmobilization using high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution, and report our first findings on phagophore morphology using this approach.
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Requejo-Aguilar R, Bolaños JP. Mitochondrial control of cell bioenergetics in Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:123-137. [PMID: 27091692 PMCID: PMC5065935 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The earliest biochemical signs of the disease involve failure in mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum cross talk and lysosomal function, mitochondrial electron chain impairment, mitochondrial dynamics alterations, and calcium and iron homeostasis abnormalities. These changes are associated with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) and energy deficiency. Recently, it has been reported that, as an attempt to compensate for the mitochondrial dysfunction, neurons invoke glycolysis as a low-efficient mode of energy production in models of PD. Here, we review how mitochondria orchestrate the maintenance of cellular energetic status in PD, with special focus on the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, as well as the implication of endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes in the control of bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Institute Maimonides of Biomedical Investigation of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Zacarias Gonzalez, 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Hsueh KW, Chiou TW, Chiang SF, Yamashita T, Abe K, Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR, Huang A(YH, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. Autophagic down-regulation in motor neurons remarkably prolongs the survival of ALS mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:152-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Taskintuna I, Elsayed MEAA, Schatz P. Update on Clinical Trials in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2016; 23:13-26. [PMID: 26957835 PMCID: PMC4759891 DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.173134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article summarizes the most recent clinical trials for dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of vision loss in the elderly in developed countries. A literature search through websites https://www.pubmed.org and https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/, both accessed no later than November 04, 2015, was performed. We identified three Phase III clinical trials that were completed over the recent 5 years Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2), implantable miniature telescope and tandospirone, and several other trials targeting a variety of mechanisms including, oxidative stress, complement inhibition, visual cycle inhibition, retinal and choroidal blood flow, stem cells, gene therapy, and visual rehabilitation. To date, none of the biologically oriented therapies have resulted in improved vision. Vision improvement was reported with an implantable mini telescope. Stem cells therapy holds a potential for vision improvement. The AREDS2 formulas did not add any further reduced risk of progression to advanced AMD, compared to the original AREDS formula. Several recently discovered pathogenetic mechanisms in dry AMD have enabled development of new treatment strategies, and several of these have been tested in recent clinical trials and are currently being tested in ongoing trials. The rapid development and understanding of pathogenesis holds promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Taskintuna
- Division of Vitreoretinal, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Patrik Schatz
- Division of Vitreoretinal, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Sciences, Scane County University Hospital, University of Lund, Sweden
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Eid N, Ito Y, Otsuki Y. Triggering of Parkin Mitochondrial Translocation in Mitophagy: Implications for Liver Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:100. [PMID: 27199746 PMCID: PMC4850158 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence based on in vitro studies indicates that mitophagy (selective autophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria) is a prosurvival mechanism associated with cellular exposure to various mitochondrial stressors. Very recently, a limited number of publications on animal-based models of alcoholic fatty liver diseases have reported that Parkin-mediated mitophagy may mitigate hepatocyte apoptosis, improve mitochondrial quality and suppress steatosis (lipid accumulation). From this perspective, the authors focus on the mechanisms of Parkin mitochondrial translocation (a key consideration in mitophagy activation) and therapeutic implications of mitophagy in liver disease. DNA repair and other functions of Parkin beyond mitophagy are also briefly discussed. The paper additionally shows original data from the authors' current research indicating enhanced hepatic mitophagy in ethanol-treated rats, which is associated with Parkin mitochondrial translocation triggered by oxidative mitochondrial DNA damage. Natural or pharmaceutical products that may trigger Parkin mitochondrial translocation in hepatocytes and/or suppress repressors of such translocation could be a potential therapeutic target in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Eid
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Life Sciences, Osaka Medical College Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Ito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Life Sciences, Osaka Medical College Osaka, Japan
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Gould SB, Garg SG, Martin WF. Bacterial Vesicle Secretion and the Evolutionary Origin of the Eukaryotic Endomembrane System. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:525-534. [PMID: 27040918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes possess an elaborate endomembrane system with endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, autophagosomes, and dynamic vesicle traffic. Theories addressing the evolutionary origin of eukaryotic endomembranes have overlooked the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that bacteria, archaea, and mitochondria secrete into their surroundings. We propose that the eukaryotic endomembrane system originated from bacterial OMVs released by the mitochondrial ancestor within the cytosol of its archaeal host at eukaryote origin. Confined within the host's cytosol, OMVs accumulated naturally, fusing either with each other or with the host's plasma membrane. This matched the host's archaeal secretory pathway for cotranslational protein insertion with outward bound mitochondrial-derived vesicles consisting of bacterial lipids, forging a primordial, secretory endoplasmic reticulum as the cornerstone of the eukaryotic endomembrane system. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven B Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sriram G Garg
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - William F Martin
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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35
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Brain metabolism as a modulator of autophagy in neurodegeneration. Brain Res 2016; 1649:158-165. [PMID: 26970520 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence that autophagy serves as a sweeper for toxic materials in the brain gives us new insight into the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis associated with metabolism. Some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer׳s and Parkinson׳s diseases are accompanied by altered metabolism and autophagy in the brain. In this review, we discuss how hormones and nutrients regulate autophagy in the brain and affect neurodegeneration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Autophagy.
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Altered Mitochondrial Respiration and Other Features of Mitochondrial Function in Parkin-Mutant Fibroblasts from Parkinson's Disease Patients. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:1819209. [PMID: 27034887 PMCID: PMC4807059 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1819209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the parkin gene are the most common cause of early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is involved in respiratory chain function, mitophagy, and mitochondrial dynamics. Human cellular models with parkin null mutations are particularly valuable for investigating the mitochondrial functions of parkin. However, published results reporting on patient-derived parkin-mutant fibroblasts have been inconsistent. This study aimed to functionally compare parkin-mutant fibroblasts from PD patients with wild-type control fibroblasts using a variety of assays to gain a better understanding of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. To this end, dermal fibroblasts were obtained from three PD patients with homozygous whole exon deletions in parkin and three unaffected controls. Assays of mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial network integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell growth were performed as informative markers of mitochondrial function. Surprisingly, it was found that mitochondrial respiratory rates were markedly higher in the parkin-mutant fibroblasts compared to control fibroblasts (p = 0.0093), while exhibiting more fragmented mitochondrial networks (p = 0.0304). Moreover, cell growth of the parkin-mutant fibroblasts was significantly higher than that of controls (p = 0.0001). These unanticipated findings are suggestive of a compensatory mechanism to preserve mitochondrial function and quality control in the absence of parkin in fibroblasts, which warrants further investigation.
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Biazik J, Ylä-Anttila P, Vihinen H, Jokitalo E, Eskelinen EL. Ultrastructural relationship of the phagophore with surrounding organelles. Autophagy 2016; 11:439-51. [PMID: 25714487 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagophore nucleates from a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) termed the omegasome and also makes contact with other organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi complex, plasma membrane and recycling endosomes during its formation. We have used serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SB-EM) and electron tomography (ET) to image phagophore biogenesis in 3 dimensions and to determine the relationship between the phagophore and surrounding organelles at high resolution. ET was performed to confirm whether membrane contact sites (MCSs) are evident between the phagophore and those surrounding organelles. In addition to the known contacts with the ER, we identified MCSs between the phagophore and membranes from putative ER exit sites, late endosomes or lysosomes, the Golgi complex and mitochondria. We also show that one phagophore can have simultaneous MCSs with more than one organelle. Future membrane flux experiments are needed to determine whether membrane contacts also signify lipid translocation.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3 dimensional
- ATG, autophagy-related
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- COPII, coat protein II
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ET, electron tomography
- GOLGA2/GM130, golgin A2
- Golgi complex
- LAMP1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1
- MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MCS, membrane contact site
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SB-EM, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy
- SEC31A, SEC31 homolog A (S. cerevisiae)
- TFRC, transferrin receptor
- WIPI2, WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2
- autophagy
- electron tomography
- immunoEM
- immunoEM, immuno electron microscopy
- lysosome
- mitochondrion
- serial block face scanning electron microscopy
- three dimensional
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Biazik
- a Department of Biosciences ; Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of Helsinki ; Helsinki , Finland
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Cook KL, Wärri A, Soto-Pantoja DR, Clarke PA, Cruz MI, Zwart A, Clarke R. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits autophagy to potentiate antiestrogen responsiveness in ER+ breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:3222-32. [PMID: 24928945 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-targeted therapies including tamoxifen (TAM) or Faslodex (ICI) are used to treat ER(+) breast cancers. Up to 50% of tumors will acquire resistance to these interventions. Autophagy has been implicated as a major driver of antiestrogen resistance. We have explored the ability of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which inhibits autophagy, to affect antiestrogen responsiveness. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TAM-resistant MCF7-RR and ICI-resistant/TAM cross-resistant LCC9 ER(+) breast cancer cells were injected into mammary fat pads of female athymic mice and treated with TAM and/or ICI in combination with oral low-dose HCQ. RESULTS We show that HCQ can increase antiestrogen responsiveness in MCF7-RR and LCC9 cells and tumors, likely through the inhibition of autophagy. However, the combination of ICI+HCQ was less effective than HCQ alone in vivo, unlike the TAM+HCQ combination. Antiestrogen treatment stimulated angiogenesis in tumors but did not prevent HCQ effectiveness. The lower efficacy of ICI+HCQ was associated with ICI effects on cell-mediated immunity within the tumor microenvironment. The mouse chemokine KC (CXCL1) and IFNγ were differentially regulated by both TAM and ICI treatments, suggesting a possible effect on macrophage development/activity. Consistent with these observations, TAM+HCQ treatment increased tumor CD68(+) cells infiltration, whereas ICI and ICI+HCQ reduced peripheral tumor macrophage content. Moreover, macrophage elimination of breast cancer target cells in vitro was reduced following exposure to ICI. CONCLUSION HCQ restores antiestrogen sensitivity to resistant tumors. Moreover, the beneficial combination of TAM+HCQ suggests a positive outcome for ongoing neoadjuvant clinical trials using this combination for the treatment of ER(+) ductal carcinoma in situ lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Cook
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anni Wärri
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David R Soto-Pantoja
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pamela Ag Clarke
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - M Idalia Cruz
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alan Zwart
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert Clarke
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Eid N, Ito Y, Otsuki Y. Mitophagy in steatotic hepatocytes of ethanol-treated wild-type and Parkin knockout mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G513-4. [PMID: 26374875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00254.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Eid
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Life Sciences, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Ito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Life Sciences, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Otsuki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Life Sciences, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Ardeljan CP, Ardeljan D, Abu-Asab M, Chan CC. Inflammation and Cell Death in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Immunopathological and Ultrastructural Model. J Clin Med 2015; 3:1542-60. [PMID: 25580276 PMCID: PMC4287551 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) remains elusive despite the characterization of many factors contributing to the disease in its late-stage phenotypes. AMD features an immune system in flux, as shown by changes in macrophage polarization with age, expression of cytokines and complement, microglial accumulation with age, etc. These point to an allostatic overload, possibly due to a breakdown in self vs. non-self when endogenous compounds and structures acquire the appearance of non-self over time. The result is inflammation and inflammation-mediated cell death. While it is clear that these processes ultimately result in degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor, the prevalent type of cell death contributing to the various phenotypes is unknown. Both molecular studies as well as ultrastructural pathology suggest pyroptosis, and perhaps necroptosis, are the predominant mechanisms of cell death at play, with only minimal evidence for apoptosis. Herein, we attempt to reconcile those factors identified by experimental AMD models and integrate these data with pathology observed under the electron microscope—particularly observations of mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA leakage, autophagy, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Ardeljan
- Histology Core, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.A.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Daniel Ardeljan
- Human Genetics Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, MD, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Histology Core, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.A.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Histology Core, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.A.); (M.A.-A.)
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-301-496-0417
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Moussa CEH. Parkin Is Dispensable for Mitochondrial Function, but Its Ubiquitin Ligase Activity Is Critical for Macroautophagy and Neurotransmitters: Therapeutic Potential beyond Parkinson's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:259-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000430888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Clarke R, Cook KL. Unfolding the Role of Stress Response Signaling in Endocrine Resistant Breast Cancers. Front Oncol 2015; 5:140. [PMID: 26157705 PMCID: PMC4475795 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an ancient stress response that enables a cell to manage the energetic stress that accompanies protein folding. There has been a significant recent increase in our understanding of the UPR, how it integrates physiological processes within cells, and how this integration can affect cancer cells and cell fate decisions. Recent publications have highlighted the role of UPR signaling components on mediating various cell survival pathways, cellular metabolism and bioenergenics, and autophagy. We address the role of UPR on mediating endocrine therapy resistance and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Katherine L Cook
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, DC , USA
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Shi YB. The 2014 ming k jeang award for excellence in cell & bioscience. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:22. [PMID: 26000165 PMCID: PMC4440278 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three research groups led by Dr. Robert Clarke of Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Dr. Lixin Wei of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; and Dr. Zhiming Zhang of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China, won the 2014 Ming K Jeang Award for Excellence in Cell & Bioscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Bo Shi
- The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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44
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Giorgi C, Missiroli S, Patergnani S, Duszynski J, Wieckowski MR, Pinton P. Mitochondria-associated membranes: composition, molecular mechanisms, and physiopathological implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:995-1019. [PMID: 25557408 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In all cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are physically connected to form junctions termed mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). This subcellular compartment is under intense investigation because it represents a "hot spot" for the intracellular signaling of important pathways, including the synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids, calcium homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activity. RECENT ADVANCES The advanced methods currently used to study this fascinating intracellular microdomain in detail have enabled the identification of the molecular composition of MAMs and their involvement within different physiopathological contexts. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we review the knowledge regarding (i) MAMs composition in terms of protein composition, (ii) the relationship between MAMs and ROS, (iii) the involvement of MAMs in cell death programs with particular emphasis within the tumor context, (iv) the emerging role of MAMs during inflammation, and (v) the key role of MAMs alterations in selected neurological disorders. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Whether alterations in MAMs represent a response to the disease pathogenesis or directly contribute to the disease has not yet been unequivocally established. In any case, the signaling at the MAMs represents a promising pharmacological target for several important human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giorgi
- 1 Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara, Italy
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45
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Zanellati MC, Monti V, Barzaghi C, Reale C, Nardocci N, Albanese A, Valente EM, Ghezzi D, Garavaglia B. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson disease: evidence in mutant PARK2 fibroblasts. Front Genet 2015; 6:78. [PMID: 25815004 PMCID: PMC4356157 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PARK2, encoding Parkin, cause an autosomal recessive form of juvenile Parkinson Disease (JPD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of PARK2 mutations on mitochondrial function and morphology in human skin fibroblasts. We analyzed cells obtained from four patients clinically characterized by JPD, harboring recessive mutations in PARK2. By quantitative PCR we found a reduction (<50%) of PARK2 transcript in all patients but one; however Western Blot analysis demonstrated the virtual absence of Parkin protein in all mutant fibroblasts. Respiration assays showed an increment of oxygen consumption, which was uncoupled to ATP cellular levels. This finding was probably due to presence of altered mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), confirmed by JC-1 analysis. The mitochondrial network was comparable between mutant and control cells but, interestingly, a “chain-like” network was found only in mutant fibroblasts. Dissipation of ΔΨm usually leads to mitochondrial fragmentation in healthy cells and eventually to mitophagy; however, this behavior was not observed in patients' fibroblasts. The absence of mitochondrial fragmentation in mutant Parkin fibroblasts could results in accumulation of damaged mitochondria not targeted to mitophagy. This condition should increase the oxidative stress and lead to cellular dysfunction and death. Our results suggest that PARK2 mutations cause mitochondrial impairment, in particular reduction in ATP cellular levels and alteration of ΔΨm, even in non-neuronal cells and confirm the hypothesis that Parkin holds a pivotal role in pro-fission events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Zanellati
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics - Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Center for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Monti
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics - Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Center for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Barzaghi
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics - Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Center for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Reale
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics - Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Center for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nardo Nardocci
- Unit of Child Neurology, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Neurology Unit, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Enza M Valente
- Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza Hospital, Mendel Institute Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics - Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Center for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics - Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Center for the Study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Ryter SW, Choi AMK. Autophagy in lung disease pathogenesis and therapeutics. Redox Biol 2015; 4:215-25. [PMID: 25617802 PMCID: PMC4803789 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular pathway for the degradation of damaged organelles and proteins, has gained increasing importance in human pulmonary diseases, both as a modulator of pathogenesis and as a potential therapeutic target. In this pathway, cytosolic cargos are sequestered into autophagosomes, which are delivered to the lysosomes where they are enzymatically degraded and then recycled as metabolic precursors. Autophagy exerts an important effector function in the regulation of inflammation, and immune system functions. Selective pathways for autophagic degradation of cargoes may have variable significance in disease pathogenesis. Among these, the autophagic clearance of bacteria (xenophagy) may represent a crucial host defense mechanism in the pathogenesis of sepsis and inflammatory diseases. Our recent studies indicate that the autophagic clearance of mitochondria, a potentially protective program, may aggravate the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by activating cell death programs. We report similar findings with respect to the autophagic clearance of cilia components, which can contribute to airways dysfunction in chronic lung disease. In certain diseases such as pulmonary hypertension, autophagy may confer protection by modulating proliferation and cell death. In other disorders, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cystic fibrosis, impaired autophagy may contribute to pathogenesis. In lung cancer, autophagy has multiple consequences by limiting carcinogenesis, modulating therapeutic effectiveness, and promoting tumor cell survival. In this review we highlight the multiple functions of autophagy and its selective autophagy subtypes that may be of significance to the pathogenesis of human disease, with an emphasis on lung disease and therapeutics. Autophagy may impact the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases. Mitophagy may exert deleterious effects in the pathogenesis of COPD. Autophagy can exert pleiotropic effects in lung cancer. Targeting autophagy may represent a promising therapeutic strategy in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W Ryter
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Ding WX, Eskelinen EL. Do mitochondria donate membrane to form autophagosomes or undergo remodeling to form mitochondrial spheroids? Cell Biosci 2014; 4:65. [PMID: 25436108 PMCID: PMC4247758 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, MS 1018, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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48
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Cook KL, Soto-Pantoja DR, Jin L, Abu-Asab M, Clarke R. When is a vesicle not just a vesicle: mitochondrial spheroids and mitochondrial autophagosomes. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:66. [PMID: 25699171 PMCID: PMC4332965 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Cook
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - David R Soto-Pantoja
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057 USA
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49
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Zhang H, Duan C, Yang H. Defective autophagy in Parkinson's disease: lessons from genetics. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:89-104. [PMID: 24990317 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder. Genetic studies over the past two decades have greatly advanced our understanding of the etiological basis of PD and elucidated pathways leading to neuronal degeneration. Recent studies have suggested that abnormal autophagy, a well conserved homeostatic process for protein and organelle turnover, may contribute to neurodegeneration in PD. Moreover, many of the proteins related to both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive PD, such as α-synuclein, PINK1, Parkin, LRRK2, DJ-1, GBA, and ATPA13A2, are also involved in the regulation of autophagy. We propose that reduced autophagy enhances the accumulation of α-synuclein, other pathogenic proteins, and dysfunctional mitochondria in PD, leading to oxidative stress and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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50
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Cook KL, Clarke PAG, Parmar J, Hu R, Schwartz-Roberts JL, Abu-Asab M, Wärri A, Baumann WT, Clarke R. Knockdown of estrogen receptor-α induces autophagy and inhibits antiestrogen-mediated unfolded protein response activation, promoting ROS-induced breast cancer cell death. FASEB J 2014; 28:3891-905. [PMID: 24858277 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70% of all newly diagnosed breast cancers express estrogen receptor (ER)-α. Although inhibiting ER action using targeted therapies such as fulvestrant (ICI) is often effective, later emergence of antiestrogen resistance limits clinical use. We used antiestrogen-sensitive and -resistant cells to determine the effect of antiestrogens/ERα on regulating autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. Knockdown of ERα significantly increased the sensitivity of LCC1 cells (sensitive) and also resensitized LCC9 cells (resistant) to antiestrogen drugs. Interestingly, ERα knockdown, but not ICI, reduced nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like (NRF)-2 (UPR-induced antioxidant protein) and increased cytosolic kelch-like ECH-associated protein (KEAP)-1 (NRF2 inhibitor), consistent with the observed increase in ROS production. Furthermore, autophagy induction by antiestrogens was prosurvival but did not prevent ERα knockdown-mediated death. We built a novel mathematical model to elucidate the interactions among UPR, autophagy, ER signaling, and ROS regulation of breast cancer cell survival. The experimentally validated mathematical model explains the counterintuitive result that knocking down the main target of ICI (ERα) increased the effectiveness of ICI. Specifically, the model indicated that ERα is no longer present in excess and that the effect on proliferation from further reductions in its level by ICI cannot be compensated for by increased autophagy. The stimulation of signaling that can confer resistance suggests that combining autophagy or UPR inhibitors with antiestrogens would reduce the development of resistance in some breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Cook
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Pamela A G Clarke
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Rong Hu
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jessica L Schwartz-Roberts
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Section of Immunopathology and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anni Wärri
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - William T Baumann
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; and
| | - Robert Clarke
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA;
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