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Svane N, Pedersen ABV, Rodenberg A, Ozgür B, Saaby L, Bundgaard C, Kristensen M, Tfelt-Hansen P, Brodin B. The putative proton-coupled organic cation antiporter is involved in uptake of triptans into human brain capillary endothelial cells. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:39. [PMID: 38711118 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triptans are anti-migraine drugs with a potential central site of action. However, it is not known to what extent triptans cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The aim of this study was therefore to determine if triptans pass the brain capillary endothelium and investigate the possible underlying mechanisms with focus on the involvement of the putative proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter. Additionally, we evaluated whether triptans interacted with the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp). METHODS We investigated the cellular uptake characteristics of the prototypical H+/OC antiporter substrates, pyrilamine and oxycodone, and seven different triptans in the human brain microvascular endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3. Triptan interactions with P-gp were studied using the IPEC-J2 MDR1 cell line. Lastly, in vivo neuropharmacokinetic assessment of the unbound brain-to-plasma disposition of eletriptan was conducted in wild type and mdr1a/1b knockout mice. RESULTS We demonstrated that most triptans were able to inhibit uptake of the H+/OC antiporter substrate, pyrilamine, with eletriptan emerging as the strongest inhibitor. Eletriptan, almotriptan, and sumatriptan exhibited a pH-dependent uptake into hCMEC/D3 cells. Eletriptan demonstrated saturable uptake kinetics with an apparent Km of 89 ± 38 µM and a Jmax of 2.2 ± 0.7 nmol·min-1·mg protein-1 (n = 3). Bidirectional transport experiments across IPEC-J2 MDR1 monolayers showed that eletriptan is transported by P-gp, thus indicating that eletriptan is both a substrate of the H+/OC antiporter and P-gp. This was further confirmed in vivo, where the unbound brain-to-unbound plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu) was 0.04 in wild type mice while the ratio rose to 1.32 in mdr1a/1b knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that the triptan family of compounds possesses affinity for the H+/OC antiporter proposing that the putative H+/OC antiporter plays a role in the BBB transport of triptans, particularly eletriptan. Our in vivo studies indicate that eletriptan is subjected to simultaneous brain uptake and efflux, possibly facilitated by the putative H+/OC antiporter and P-gp, respectively. Our findings offer novel insights into the potential central site of action involved in migraine treatment with triptans and highlight the significance of potential transporter related drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Svane
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Rodenberg
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Burak Ozgür
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - Lasse Saaby
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bioneer: FARMA, Bioneer A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mie Kristensen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peer Tfelt-Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Blood-brain barrier transporters: a translational consideration for CNS delivery of neurotherapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:71-89. [PMID: 38217410 PMCID: PMC10842757 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2306138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Successful neuropharmacology requires optimization of CNS drug delivery and, by extension, free drug concentrations at brain molecular targets. Detailed assessment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) physiological characteristics is necessary to achieve this goal. The 'next frontier' in CNS drug delivery is targeting BBB uptake transporters, an approach that requires evaluation of brain endothelial cell transport processes so that effective drug accumulation and improved therapeutic efficacy can occur. AREAS COVERED BBB permeability of drugs is governed by tight junction protein complexes (i.e., physical barrier) and transporters/enzymes (i.e., biochemical barrier). For most therapeutics, a component of blood-to-brain transport involves passive transcellular diffusion. Small molecule drugs that do not possess acceptable physicochemical characteristics for passive permeability may utilize putative membrane transporters for CNS uptake. While both uptake and efflux transport mechanisms are expressed at the brain microvascular endothelium, uptake transporters can be targeted for optimization of brain drug delivery and improved treatment of neurological disease states. EXPERT OPINION Uptake transporters represent a unique opportunity to optimize brain drug delivery by leveraging the endogenous biology of the BBB. A rigorous understanding of these transporters is required to improve translation from the bench to clinical trials and stimulate the development of new treatment paradigms for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine
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Mehranpour M, Moghaddam MH, Abdollahifar MA, Salehi M, Aliaghaei A. Tramadol induces apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in rat choroid plexus. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2679-2690. [PMID: 37831362 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The choroid plexus (CP) is the principal source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It can produce and release a wide range of materials, including growth and neurotrophic factors which have a crucial role in the maintenance and proper functioning of the brain. Tramadol is a synthetic analog of codeine, mainly prescribed to alleviate mild to moderate pains. Nevertheless, it causes several side effects, such as emotional instability and anxiety. METHODS In this study, we focused on alterations in the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic genes in the CP under chronic tramadol exposure. Herein, rats were treated daily with tramadol at 50 mg/kg doses for three weeks. CSF samples were collected, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) measured in the CSF. RESULTS We found that tramadol reduced the SOD and GSH levels in the CSF. Furthermore, the stereological analysis revealed a significant increase in the CP volume, epithelial cells, and capillary number upon tramadol administration. Tramadol elevated the number of blob mitochondria in CP. Also, we observed the upregulation of inflammatory and apoptosis genes following tramadol administration in the CP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that tramadol induces neurotoxicity in the CP via apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mehranpour
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Hassani Moghaddam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Salehi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Bällgren F, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Loryan I. Active Uptake of Oxycodone at Both the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier and The Blood-Brain Barrier without Sex Differences: A Rat Microdialysis Study. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2715-2730. [PMID: 37610619 PMCID: PMC10733202 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxycodone active uptake across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is associated with the putative proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter system. Yet, the activity of this system at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is not fully understood. Additionally, sex differences in systemic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone has been reported, but whether the previous observations involve sex differences in the function of the H+/OC antiporter system remain unknown. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the extent of oxycodone transport across the BBB and the BCSFB in female and male Sprague-Dawley rats using microdialysis. METHODS Microdialysis probes were implanted in the blood and two of the following brain locations: striatum and lateral ventricle or cisterna magna. Oxycodone was administered as an intravenous infusion, and dialysate, blood and brain were collected. Unbound partition coefficients (Kp,uu) were calculated to understand the extent of oxycodone transport across the blood-brain barriers. Non-compartmental analysis was conducted using Phoenix 64 WinNonlin. GraphPad Prism version 9.0.0 was used to perform t-tests, one-way and two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's or Šídák's multiple comparison tests. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS The extent of transport at the BBB measured in striatum was 4.44 ± 1.02 (Kp,uu,STR), in the lateral ventricle 3.41 ± 0.74 (Kp,uu,LV) and in cisterna magna 2.68 ± 1.01 (Kp,uu,CM). These Kp,uu values indicate that the extent of oxycodone transport is significantly lower at the BCSFB compared with that at the BBB, but still confirm the presence of active uptake at both blood-brain interfaces. No significant sex differences were observed in neither the extent of oxycodone delivery to the brain, nor in the systemic pharmacokinetics of oxycodone. CONCLUSIONS The findings clearly show that active uptake is present at both the BCSFB and the BBB. Despite some underestimation of the extent of oxycodone delivery to the brain, CSF may be an acceptable surrogate of brain ISF for oxycodone, and potentially also other drugs actively transported into the brain via the H+/OC antiporter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Bällgren
- Translational Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics group (tPKPD), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Translational Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics group (tPKPD), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irena Loryan
- Translational Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics group (tPKPD), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kitamura A, Higuchi K, Kurosawa T, Okura T, Kubo Y, Deguchi Y. Naltrexone Transport by a Proton-Coupled Organic Cation Antiporter in hCMEC/D3 Cells, an in Vitro Human Blood-Brain Barrier Model. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1585-1589. [PMID: 36184519 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Naltrexone is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist used in the treatment of opioid and alcohol dependence. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport characteristics of naltrexone was investigated by means of hCMEC/D3 cells, a human immortalized brain capillary endothelial cell line. In hCMEC/D3 cells, naltrexone is taken up in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, naltrexone uptake significantly decreased in the presence of H+/organic cation (OC) antiporter substrates, during the little alteration exhibited by substrates of well-identified OC transporters classified into SLC22A family. Although naltrexone uptake by hCMEC/D3 cells was partially affected by changes of ionic conditions, it was markedly decreased in the presence of the metabolic inhibitor sodium azide. Furthermore, when treated by ammonium chloride, naltrexone uptake by hCMEC/D3 cells was altered by intracellular acidification and alkalization, suggesting the involvement of oppositely directed proton gradient in naltrexone transport across the BBB. The results obtained in the present in vitro study suggest the active transport of naltrexone from blood to the brain across the BBB by the H+/OC antiporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Toshiki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Takashi Okura
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
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Roy P, Tomassoni D, Nittari G, Traini E, Amenta F. Effects of choline containing phospholipids on the neurovascular unit: A review. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:988759. [PMID: 36212684 PMCID: PMC9541750 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.988759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of choline and of choline-containing phospholipids (CCPLs) on the maintenance and progress of neurovascular unit (NVU) integrity are analyzed. NVU is composed of neurons, glial and vascular cells ensuring the correct homeostasis of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and indirectly the function of the central nervous system. The CCPLs phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), choline alphoscerate or α-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine (α-GPC) contribute to the modulation of the physiology of the NVU cells. A loss of CCPLs contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease. Our study has characterized the cellular components of the NVU and has reviewed the effect of lecithin, of CDP-choline and α-GPC documented in preclinical studies and in limited clinical trials on these compounds. The interesting results obtained with some CCPLs, in particular with α-GPC, probably would justify reconsideration of the most promising molecules in larger attentively controlled studies. This can also contribute to better define the role of the NVU in the pathophysiology of brain disorders characterized by vascular impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proshanta Roy
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giulio Nittari
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Enea Traini
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesco Amenta
- School of Medicinal and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco Amenta,
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Sachkova A, Jensen O, Dücker C, Ansari S, Brockmöller J. The mystery of the human proton-organic cation antiporter: One transport protein or many? Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kurosawa T, Tega Y, Uchida Y, Higuchi K, Tabata H, Sumiyoshi T, Kubo Y, Terasaki T, Deguchi Y. Proteomics-Based Transporter Identification by the PICK Method: Involvement of TM7SF3 and LHFPL6 in Proton-Coupled Organic Cation Antiport at the Blood-Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081683. [PMID: 36015309 PMCID: PMC9413594 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter working at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in humans and rodents is thought to be a promising candidate for the efficient delivery of cationic drugs to the brain. Therefore, it is important to identify the molecular entity that exhibits this activity. Here, for this purpose, we established the Proteomics-based Identification of transporter by Crosslinking substrate in Keyhole (PICK) method, which combines photo-affinity labeling with comprehensive proteomics analysis using SWATH-MS. Using preselected criteria, the PICK method generated sixteen candidate proteins. From these, knockdown screening in hCMEC/D3 cells, an in vitro BBB model, identified two proteins, TM7SF3 and LHFPL6, as candidates for the H+/OC antiporter. We synthesized a novel H+/OC antiporter substrate for functional analysis of TM7SF3 and LHFPL6 in hCMEC/D3 cells and HEK293 cells. The results suggested that both TM7SF3 and LHFPL6 are components of the H+/OC antiporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuma Tega
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.U.); (Y.D.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6832 (Y.U.); +81-3-3964-8246 (Y.D.)
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tabata
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.U.); (Y.D.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6832 (Y.U.); +81-3-3964-8246 (Y.D.)
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Substrates of the Human Brain Proton-Organic Cation Antiporter and Comparison with Organic Cation Transporter 1 Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158430. [PMID: 35955563 PMCID: PMC9369162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organic cations (OCs) may be transported through membranes by a genetically still uncharacterized proton-organic cation (H + OC) antiporter. Here, we characterized an extended substrate spectrum of this antiporter. We studied the uptake of 72 drugs in hCMEC/D3 cells as a model of the human blood–brain barrier. All 72 drugs were tested with exchange transport assays and the transport of 26 of the drugs was studied in more detail concerning concentration-dependent uptake and susceptibility to specific inhibitors. According to exchange transport assays, 37 (51%) drugs were good substrates of the H + OC antiporter. From 26 drugs characterized in more detail, 23 were consistently identified as substrates of the H + OC antiporter in six different assays and transport kinetic constants could be identified with intrinsic clearances between 0.2 (ephedrine) and 201 (imipramine) mL × minute−1 × g protein−1. Excellent substrates of the H + OC antiporter were no substrates of organic cation transporter OCT1 and vice versa. Good substrates of the H + OC antiporter were more hydrophobic and had a lower topological polar surface area than non-substrates or OCT1 substrates. These data and further research on the H + OC antiporter may result in a better understanding of pharmacokinetics, drug–drug interactions and variations in pharmacokinetics.
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pH-Responsive Lipid Nanoparticles Achieve Efficient mRNA Transfection in Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081560. [PMID: 36015185 PMCID: PMC9413996 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB), which is comprised of brain capillary endothelial cells, plays a pivotal role in the transport of drugs from the blood to the brain. Therefore, an analysis of proteins in the endothelial cells, such as transporters and tight junction proteins, which contribute to BBB function, is important for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of brain diseases. However, gene transfection into the vascular endothelial cells of the BBB is fraught with difficulties, even in vitro. We report herein on the development of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), in which mRNA is encapsulated in a nano-sized capsule composed of a pH-activated and reductive environment-responsive lipid-like material (ssPalm). We evaluated the efficiency of mRNA delivery into non-polarized human brain capillary endothelial cells, hCMEC/D3 cells. The ssPalm LNPs permitted marker genes (GFP) to be transferred into nearly 100% of the cells, with low toxicity in higher concentration. A proteomic analysis indicated that the ssPalm-LNP had less effect on global cell signaling pathways than a Lipofectamine MessengerMAX/GFP-encoding mRNA complex (LFN), a commercially available transfection reagent, even at higher mRNA concentrations.
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Kadoguchi M, Arakawa H, Honda R, Hotta K, Shirasaka Y, Deguchi Y, Tamai I. Characterization of Aripiprazole Uptake Transporter in the Blood-Brain Barrier Model hCMEC/D3 Cells by Targeted siRNA Screening. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1549-1559. [PMID: 35314999 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Identification of blood-brain barrier (BBB) uptake transporters is a major challenge in the research and development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs. However, conventional methods that consider known drug uptake characteristics have failed at identifying the responsible transporter molecule. The present study aimed at identifying aripiprazole uptake transporters in BBB model hCMEC/D3 cells using a knockdown screening study targeting various transporters, including uncharacterized ones. METHODS We evaluated the effect of 214 types of siRNA targeting transporters on the uptake of aripiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic drug, in hCMEC/D3 cells. Aripiprazole uptake was determined using Xenopus oocytes expressing the candidate genes extracted from the siRNA screening assay. RESULTS The estimated unbound brain to plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain) of aripiprazole was estimated as 0.67 in wild-type mice and 1.94 in abcb1a/1b/abcg2 knockout mice, suggesting the involvement of both uptake and efflux transporters in BBB permeation. According to siRNA knockdown screening studies, organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2) and long-chain fatty acid transporter 1 (FATP1) were identified as candidate genes. The uptake of aripiprazole by hCMEC/D3 cells was decreased by OCTN2 inhibitors, but not by FATP1 inhibitors. A partially increased uptake of aripiprazole was observed in OCTN2-expressing Xenopus oocytes. Finally, to evaluate transporter-mediated BBB permeation of drugs, the reported and estimated Kp,uu,brain values were summarized. CONCLUSIONS A knockdown screening study in combination with Kp,uu,brain values showed that aripiprazole was a potential substrate of OCTN2. The technique described in this study can be applied to identifying novel BBB transporters for CNS drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeno Kadoguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryokichi Honda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hotta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of Drugs: A Feasibility Study Towards Development of Prediction Methods for Brain Drug Concentration in Humans. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1575-1586. [PMID: 35288803 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vitro human blood-brain barrier (BBB) models in combination with central nervous system-physiologically based pharmacokinetic (CNS-PBPK) modeling, hereafter referred to as the "BBB/PBPK" method, are expected to contribute to prediction of brain drug concentration profiles in humans. As part of our ongoing effort to develop a BBB/PBPK method, we tried to clarify the relationship of in vivo BBB permeability data to those in vitro obtained from a human immortalized cell-based tri-culture BBB model (hiBBB), which we have recently created. METHODS The hiBBB models were developed and functionally characterized as previously described. The in vitro BBB permeabilities (Pe, × 10-6 cm/s) of seventeen compounds were determined by permeability assays, and in vivo BBB permeabilities (QECF) for eight drugs were estimated by CNS-PBPK modeling. The correlation of the Pe values with the QECF values was analyzed by linear regression analysis. RESULTS The hiBBB models showed intercellular barrier properties and several BBB transporter functions, which were enough to provide a wide dynamic range of Pe values from 5.7 ± 0.7 (rhodamine 123) to 2580.4 ± 781.9 (rivastigmine). Furthermore, the in vitro Pe values of the eight drugs showed a good correlation (R2 = 0.96) with their in vivo QECF values estimated from human clinical data. CONCLUSION We show that in vitro human BBB models provide clinically relevant BBB permeability that can be used as input for CNS-PBPK modeling. Therefore, our findings will encourage the development of a BBB/PBPK method as a promising approach for predicting brain drug concentration profiles in humans.
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Gründemann D, Hartmann L, Flögel S. The Ergothioneine Transporter (ETT): Substrates and Locations, an Inventory. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:1252-1269. [PMID: 34958679 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In all vertebrates including mammals, the ergothioneine transporter ETT (obsolete name OCTN1; human gene symbol SLC22A4) is a powerful and highly specific transporter for the uptake of ergothioneine (ET). ETT is not expressed ubiquitously and only cells with high ETT cell-surface levels can accumulate ET to high concentration. Without ETT, there is no uptake because the plasma membrane is essentially impermeable to this hydrophilic zwitterion. Here, we review the substrate specificity and localization of ETT, which is prominently expressed in neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and developing erythrocytes. Most sites of strong expression are conserved across species, but there are also major differences. In particular, we critically analyze the evidence for the expression of ETT in the brain as well as recent data suggesting that the transporter SLC22A15 may transport also ET. We conclude that, to date, ETT remains the only well-defined biomarker for intracellular ET activity. In humans, the ability to take up, distribute, and retain ET depends principally on this transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lea Hartmann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Flögel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Kido Y, Nanchi I, Fusamae Y, Matsuzaki T, Akazawa T, Sawada H, Iwasaki M, Nishida K, Tsuchiya E, Okuda T. Species difference in brain penetration of P-gp and BCRP substrates among monkey, dog and mouse. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 42:100426. [PMID: 34974334 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain penetration of 19 drugs, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and/or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrates, was compared among mice, cynomolgus monkeys and beagle dogs. The brain-to-plasma concentration ratios (Kp,brain) of the tested compounds in monkey and dog showed good correlation, whereas species differences were observed between non-rodents (monkey/dog) and rodents (mouse). In particular, the Kp,brain values of 7 compounds out of 12 P-gp substrates (Kp,brain ratio in P-gp knockout mice versus wild-type mice ≥3) in monkey and dog were more than three-fold higher than those in mice and a similar trend was observed in the brain-to-plasma unbound concentration ratios (Kp,uu,brain). The cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) drug concentrations (CCSF), a surrogate for unbound brain concentration (Cu,brain), were also compared between dog and monkey, and the CSF-to-plasma unbound concentration ratios (Kp,uu,CSF) of BCRP substrates in dog were notably higher than those in monkey, although non-bcrp substrates showed good correlation. Also, the Kp,uu,CSF values of BCRP substrates in dog were clearly higher than the Kp,uu,brain values, indicating that the dog CCSF of BCRP substrates was not suitable as a surrogate of Cu,brain. These observations should be useful when selecting the appropriate animal models for CNS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Kido
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Isamu Nanchi
- Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Fusamae
- Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takanobu Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takanori Akazawa
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Sawada
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Makoto Iwasaki
- Shionogi Techno Advance Research & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kimiko Nishida
- Shionogi Techno Advance Research & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | - Tomohiko Okuda
- Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
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15
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Wang S, Chen C, Guan C, Qiu L, Zhang L, Zhang S, Zhou H, Du H, Li C, Wu Y, Chang H, Wang T. Effects of membrane transport activity and cell metabolism on the unbound drug concentrations in the skeletal muscle and liver of drugs: A microdialysis study in rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00879. [PMID: 34628723 PMCID: PMC8502442 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The unbound concentrations of 14 commercial drugs, including five non-efflux/uptake transporter substrates-Class I, five efflux transporter substrates-class II and four influx transporter substrates-Class III, were simultaneously measured in rat liver, muscle, and blood via microanalysis. Kpuu,liver and Kpuu,muscle were calculated to evaluate the membrane transport activity and cell metabolism on the unbound drug concentrations in the skeletal muscle and liver. For Class I compounds, represented by antipyrine, unbound concentrations among liver, muscle and blood are symmetrically distributed when compound hepatic clearance is low. And when compound hepatic clearance is high, unbound concentrations among liver, muscle and blood are asymmetrically distributed, such as Propranolol. For Class II and III compounds, overall, the unbound concentrations among liver, muscle, and blood are asymmetrically distributed due to a combination of hepatic metabolism and efflux and/or influx transporter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Wang
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Chun Chen
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Chi Guan
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | | | - Hongyu Zhou
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Du
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Hang Chang
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
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16
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Xia X, Zhou Y, Gao H. Prodrug strategy for enhanced therapy of central nervous system disease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8842-8855. [PMID: 34486590 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most notorious arch-criminals of human health across the world. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to promote the development of CNS drugs, ideal therapeutical effects are yet far from enough. The blood-brain barrier remains a major player that impedes the full potential of CNS therapeutical agents as it blocks the entry of CNS drugs into the brain. The past few decades have witnessed the upspring of prodrug strategies as a promising method to accelerate CNS drug development. The prodrug strategy with the ability to overcome the formidable blood-brain barrier enhances the delivery to the brain and hence improves the effects of the CNS therapeutics. In this Feature Article, we summarize the reported barriers and strategies for CNS therapeutics and spotlight prodrug design strategies to improve the efficiency of crossing the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
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17
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Sachkova A, Doetsch DA, Jensen O, Brockmöller J, Ansari S. How do psychostimulants enter the human brain? Analysis of the role of the proton-organic cation antiporter. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114751. [PMID: 34464621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although psychostimulants apparently do cross the BBB, it is poorly understood how these hydrophilic and positively charged molecules can pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB). That may be mediated by a genetically still uncharacterized H+/OC antiporter with high activity at the BBB. METHODS We studied the uptake of 16 psychostimulants and hallucinogens with hCMEC/D3 cells using the prototypic inhibitor imipramine (cis-inhibition), exchange transport with diphenhydramine and clonidine (trans-stimulation), proton dependency of the uptake, and we characterized the concentration-dependent uptake. RESULTS Cell uptake of methylenedioxyamphetamines, amphetamines and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) were strongly inhibited (to about 10% of the controls) by imipramine and diphenhydramine, whereas uptake of cathine was only weakly inhibited and mescaline not significantly. Amphetamine, methylamphetamine, para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine (PMMA), Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), phentermine and DMT exhibited the highest exchange after preloading with diphenhydramine with only 5.5%, 5.2%, 7.8%, 6%, 1.9%, 7.6% remaining in the cells. Less and no exchange were seen with cathine and mescaline, respectively. Dependence on intracellular pH was most pronounced with the methylendioxyamphetamines while uptake of cathine, DOI and cocaine were only moderately affected and mescaline not at all. CONCLUSION Except for mescaline, all psychostimulants studied here were substrates of the H+/OC antiporter, implicating a strong need for a better characterization of this transport protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sachkova
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.
| | - David Alexander Doetsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ole Jensen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Salim Ansari
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Increased brain penetration of diphenhydramine and memantine in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Brain Res 2021; 1768:147581. [PMID: 34280372 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain penetration of cationic drugs is an important determinant of their efficacy and side effects. However, the effects of alterations in the activity of uptake transporters in the brain under inflammatory conditions on the brain penetration of cationic drugs are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to examine changes in brain penetration of cationic drugs, including diphenhydramine (DPHM), memantine (MMT), and cimetidine (CMD), and changes in the expression of uptake transporters such as organic cation transporter (Oct) in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) under inflammatory conditions. To clarify the effects of inflammation on the brain penetration of DPHM, MMT, and CMD, we performed brain microdialysis studies in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA). Further, differences in transporter mRNA expression levels between BMECs from control and AA rats were evaluated. Brain microdialysis showed that the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) for DPHM and MMT was significantly lower in AA rats compared with control rats. OCT mRNA levels were increased and proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter mRNA levels were decreased in AA rats compared with control rats. Taken together, our findings suggest that inflammation decreases the brain penetration of H+/OC antiporter substrates such as DPHM and MMT.
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19
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Ruan Y, Li X, You L, Chen J, Shen Y, Zhang J, Yuan Y, Kang L, Qin C, Wu C. Effect of Pharmaceutical Excipients on Intestinal Absorption of Metformin via Organic Cation-Selective Transporters. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2198-2207. [PMID: 33956455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown that some pharmaceutical excipients can act on drug transporters. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of 13 commonly used excipients on the intestinal absorption of metformin (MTF) and the underlying mechanisms using Caco-2 cells and an ex vivo mouse non-everted gut sac model. First, the uptake of MTF in Caco-2 cells was markedly inhibited by nonionic excipients including Solutol HS 15, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, and crospovidone. Second, transport profile studies showed that MTF was taken up via multiple cation-selective transporters, among which a novel pyrilamine-sensitive proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC+) antiporter played a key role. Third, Solutol HS 15, polysorbate 40, and polysorbate 60 showed cis-inhibitory effects on the uptake of either pyrilamine (prototypical substrate of the pyrilamine-sensitive H+/OC+ antiporter) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (substrate of traditional cation-selective transporters including OCTs, MATEs, PMAT, SERT, and THTR-2), indicating that their suppression on MTF uptake is due to the synergistic inhibition toward multiple influx transporters. Finally, the pH-dependent mouse intestinal absorption of MTF was significantly decreased by Solutol HS 15, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, and pyrilamine. In conclusion, this study revealed that a novel transport process mediated by the pyrilamine-sensitive H+/OC+ antiporter contributes to the intestinal absorption of MTF in conjunction with the traditional cation-selective transporters. Mechanistic understanding of the interaction of excipients with cation-selective transporters can improve the formulation design and clinical application of cationic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Linjun You
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jungen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yueyue Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yaozuo Yuan
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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20
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Li X, Tang Z, Wen L, Jiang C, Feng Q. Matrine: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, clinical application and preparation researches. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113682. [PMID: 33307055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE "Dogel ebs" was known as Sophora flavescens Ait., which has been widely utilized in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese Mongolian herbal medicine for thousands of years. Shen Nong's Materia Medica (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing in Chinese pinyin) recorded that it is bitter in taste and cold in nature with the effect of clearing heat and eliminating dampness, insecticide, diuresis. Due to its extensive application in the fields of ethnopharmacological utilization, the pharmaceutical researches of Sophora flavescens Ait.s keeps deepening. Modern pharmacological studies have exhibited that matrine, which is rich in this traditional herbal medicine, mediates its main biological properties. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review aimed at summarizing the latest and comprehensive information of matrine on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, clinical application and preparation researches to explore the therapeutic potential of this natural ingredient. In addition, outlooks and perspective for possible future researches that related are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Related information concerning matrine was gathered from the internet database of Google scholar, Pubmed, ResearchGate, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library with the keywords including "matrine", "pharmacology", "toxicology" and "pharmacokinetics", "clinical application", etc. RESULTS: Based on literatures, matrine has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, detoxification and so on. Nevertheless, there are still some doubts about it due to the toxicity and questionable bioavailability that does exist. CONCLUSIONS Future researches directions probably include elucidate the mechanism of its toxicity and accurately tracing the in vivo behavior of its drug delivery system. Without doubt, integration of toxicity and efficiency and structure modification based on it are also pivotal methods to enhance pharmacological activity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ziwei Tang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Beibei Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Chongqing, 400700, China
| | - Li Wen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cen Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Quansheng Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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21
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Tashima T. Smart Strategies for Therapeutic Agent Delivery into Brain across the Blood-Brain Barrier Using Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:316-325. [PMID: 32238649 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Discriminatory drug delivery into target cells is essential to effectively elicit the drug activity and to avoid off-target side effects; however, transporting drugs across the cell membrane is difficult due to factors such as molecular size, hydrophilicity, intercellular adhesiveness, and efflux transporters, particularly, in the brain capillary endothelial cells. Drug delivery into the brain is blocked by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, developing drugs for the central nervous system (CNS) diseases remains a challenge. The approach based on receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) can overcome this impassable problem at the BBB. Well-designed molecules for RMT form conjugates with the ligand and drugs via linkers or nanoparticles. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), receptor-targeting peptides, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are often used as ligands. The binding of ligand to the receptor on the endothelial cell surface induces endocytosis. Existing exosomes comprising the conjugates move in the cytoplasm and fuse with the opposite plasma membrane to release them. Subsequently, the transcytosed conjugate-loaded drugs or released drugs from the conjugates elicit activity in the brain. As receptors, transferrin receptor (TfR), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and insulin receptor (InsR) have been used to intendedly induce transcytosis. Presently, several clinical trials on CNS drugs for Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease are hindered due to poor drug distribution into the brain. Therefore, this strategy based on RMT is a promising method for CNS drugs to be transported into the brain. In this review, I introduce the practicality and possibility of drug delivery into brain across the BBB using RMT.
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22
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Kawase A, Chuma T, Irie K, Kazaoka A, Kakuno A, Matsuda N, Shimada H, Iwaki M. Increased penetration of diphenhydramine in brain via proton-coupled organic cation antiporter in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 10:100188. [PMID: 34589723 PMCID: PMC8474606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake transporters in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are involved in the penetration of basic (cationic) drugs such as diphenhydramine (DPHM) into the brain. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation alters the expression levels and activities of uptake transporters, which change the penetration of DPHM into the brain. A brain microdialysis study showed that the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) for DPHM in LPS rats was approximately two times higher than that in control rats. The transcellular transport of DPHM to BMECs was increased when BMECs were cultured with serum from LPS rats. Compared with control rats or BMECs, the brain uptake of DPHM in LPS rats was increased and the intracellular accumulation of DPHM was increased under a high intracellular pH in BMECs from LPS rats, respectively. Treatment of BMECs with transporter inhibitors or inflammatory cytokines had little impact on the intracellular accumulation of DPHM in BMECs. This study suggests that LPS-induced inflammation promotes unidentified proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporters that improve the penetration of DPHM into rat brain via the blood-brain barrier. The unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient for diphenhydramine (DPHM) was increased in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rats. The uptake of DPHM to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) was promoted by treatments of serum from rats with inflammation. Treatment of BMECs with transporter inhibitors or inflammatory cytokines had little impact on the intracellular accumulation of DPHM in BMECs. LPS-induced inflammation promotes unidentified proton-coupled organic cation antiporters that improve the brain penetration of DPHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Corresponding author. 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Taihei Chuma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kota Irie
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Kazaoka
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asuka Kakuno
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsuda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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23
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Tashima T. Shortcut Approaches to Substance Delivery into the Brain Based on Intranasal Administration Using Nanodelivery Strategies for Insulin. Molecules 2020; 25:E5188. [PMID: 33171799 PMCID: PMC7664636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct delivery of central nervous system (CNS) drugs into the brain after administration is an ideal concept due to its effectiveness and non-toxicity. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents drugs from penetrating the capillary endothelial cells, blocking their entry into the brain. Thus, alternative approaches must be developed. The nasal cavity directly leads from the olfactory epithelium to the brain through the cribriform plate of the skull bone. Nose-to-brain drug delivery could solve the BBB-related repulsion problem. Recently, it has been revealed that insulin improved Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related dementia. Several ongoing AD clinical trials investigate the use of intranasal insulin delivery. Related to the real trajectory, intranasal labeled-insulins demonstrated distribution into the brain not only along the olfactory nerve but also the trigeminal nerve. Nonetheless, intranasally administered insulin was delivered into the brain. Therefore, insulin conjugates with covalent or non-covalent cargos, such as AD or other CNS drugs, could potentially contribute to a promising strategy to cure CNS-related diseases. In this review, I will introduce the CNS drug delivery approach into the brain using nanodelivery strategies for insulin through transcellular routes based on receptor-mediated transcytosis or through paracellular routes based on escaping the tight junction at the olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tashima
- Tashima Laboratories of Arts and Sciences, 1239-5 Toriyama-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0035, Japan
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24
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Mochizuki T, Mizuno T, Kurosawa T, Yamaguchi T, Higuchi K, Tega Y, Nozaki Y, Kawabata K, Deguchi Y, Kusuhara H. Functional Investigation of Solute Carrier Family 35, Member F2, in Three Cellular Models of the Primate Blood-Brain Barrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:3-11. [PMID: 33144341 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of drug transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important issue for regulating the pharmacokinetics of drugs in the central nervous system. In this study, we focused on solute carrier family 35, member F2 (SLC35F2), whose mRNA is highly expressed in the BBB. SLC35F2 protein was enriched in isolated mouse and monkey brain capillaries relative to brain homogenates and was localized exclusively on the apical membrane of MDCKII cells and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS-BMECs). SLC35F2 activity was assessed using its substrate, YM155, and pharmacological experiments revealed SLC35F2 inhibitors, such as famotidine (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, 160 μM). Uptake of YM155 was decreased by famotidine or SLC35F2 knockdown in immortalized human BMECs (human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell/D3 cells). Furthermore, famotidine significantly inhibited the apical (A)-to-basal (B) transport of YM155 in primary cultured monkey BMECs and hiPS-BMECs. Crucially, SLC35F2 knockout diminished the A-to-B transport and intracellular accumulation of YM155 in hiPS-BMECs. By contrast, in studies using an in situ brain perfusion technique, neither deletion of Slc35f2 nor famotidine reduced brain uptake of YM155, even though YM155 is a substrate of mouse SLC35F2. YM155 uptake was decreased significantly by losartan and naringin, inhibitors for the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1A4. These findings suggest SLC35F2 is a functional transporter in various cellular models of the primate BBB that delivers its substrates to the brain and that its relative importance in the BBB is modified by differences in the expression of OATPs between primates and rodents. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrated that SLC35F2 is a functional drug influx transporter in three different cellular models of the primate blood-brain barrier (i.e., human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell/D3 cells, primary cultured monkey BMECs, and human induced pluripotent stem-BMECs) but has limited roles in mouse brain. SLC35F2 facilitates apical-to-basal transport across the tight cell monolayer. These findings will contribute to the development of improved strategies for targeting drugs to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Tadahaya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Toshiki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Yuma Tega
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshitane Nozaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
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25
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Tega Y, Tabata H, Kurosawa T, Kitamura A, Itagaki F, Oshitari T, Deguchi Y. Structural Requirements for Uptake of Diphenhydramine Analogs into hCMEC/D3 Cells Via the Proton-Coupled Organic Cation Antiporter. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:397-403. [PMID: 32898521 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that a proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter facilitates uptake of various central nervous system-active drugs, such as the histamine H1 receptor antagonist diphenhydramine, into the brain. The purpose of this study was to clarify the structural requirements for H+/OC antiporter-mediated uptake into hCMEC/D3 cells, an established in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier, by using a series of diphenhydramine analogs. For this purpose, we synthesized seven tertiary amine analogs and three amide analogs. Uptake of all the amines was facilitated by an outwardly directed H+ gradient and inhibited by pyrilamine, a typical substrate and a strong inhibitor of the H+/OC antiporter. Further, uptake of most of the amines was trans-stimulated by pyrilamine. Uptake of the amines was 21 times faster than that of the amides on average, even though the lipophilicity (log D7.4) of the amines is lower than that of the amides. Amines containing a pyrrolidine or piperidine ring showed the highest uptake rates. Our results suggest that an amine moiety, especially a heterocyclic amine moiety, is important for recognition and transport by the H+/OC antiporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Tega
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tabata
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Fumio Itagaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tetsuta Oshitari
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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26
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Islam Y, Khalid A, Pluchino S, Sivakumaran M, Teixidò M, Leach A, Fatokun AA, Downing J, Coxon C, Ehtezazi T. Development of Brain Targeting Peptide Based MMP-9 Inhibiting Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Brain Diseases with Elevated MMP-9 Activity. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3134-3144. [PMID: 32621836 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Latent and active levels of cerebral matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) are elevated in neurological diseases and brain injuries, contributing to neurological damage and poor clinical outcomes. This study aimed developing peptide-based nanoparticles with ability to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and inhibit MMP-9. Three amphiphilic peptides were synthesised containing brain-targeting ligands (HAIYPRH or CKAPETALC) conjugated with MMP-9 inhibiting peptide (CTTHWGFTLC) linked by glycine (spacer) at the N-terminus, and the peptide sequences were conjugated at the N- terminus to cholesterol. 19F NMR assay was developed to measure MMP-9 inhibition. Cell toxicity was evaluated by the LDH assay, and dialysis studies were conducted with/without fetal bovine serum. An in vitro model was employed to evaluate the ability of nanoparticles crossing the BBB. The amphiphilic peptide (Cholesterol-GGGCTTHWGFTLCHAIYPRH) formed nanoparticles (average size of 202.8 nm) with ability to cross the BBB model. MMP-9 inhibiting nanoparticles were non-toxic to cells, and reduced MMP-9 activity from kobs of 4.5 × 10-6s-1 to complete inhibition. Dialysis studies showed that nanoparticles did not disassemble by extreme dilution (40 folds), but gradually hydrolysed by serum enzymes. In conclusion, the MMP-9 inhibiting nanoparticles reduced the activity of MMP-9, with acceptable serum stability, minimal cell toxicity and ability to cross the in vitro BBB model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamir Islam
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Aneesa Khalid
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building - Cambridge Biosciences Campus and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, CB2 0HA Cambridge, UK
| | - Muttuswamy Sivakumaran
- Department of Haematology, Peterborough City Hospital, Edith Cavell Campus, Bretton Gate Peterborough, PE3 9GZ Peterborough, UK
| | - Meritxell Teixidò
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Andrew Leach
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Amos A Fatokun
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - James Downing
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Christopher Coxon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Touraj Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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27
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Rodrigues DA, Pinheiro PDSM, Sagrillo FS, Bolognesi ML, Fraga CAM. Histone deacetylases as targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: Challenges and future opportunities. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2177-2211. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Pedro de S. M. Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum‐University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Fernanda S. Sagrillo
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Maria L. Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum‐University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Carlos A. M. Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum‐University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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28
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Cong J, Ruan Y, Lyu Q, Qin X, Qi X, Liu W, Kang L, Zhang J, Wu C. A proton-coupled organic cation antiporter is involved in the blood-brain barrier transport of Aconitum alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112581. [PMID: 31968215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The herbs of Aconitum are the essential Traditional Chinese medicine and have played an indispensable role in many Asian countries for thousands of years to treat critical illnesses, and chronic, stubborn diseases. However, Aconitum may induce severe neurotoxicity and even death. So far the mechanism of Aconitum penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine whether influx transporters contribute to the brain uptake of the highly toxic alkaloids in Aconitum including aconitine (AC), mesaconitine (MA) and hypaconitine (HA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The uptake of AC, MA and HA was characterized using in vitro hCMEC/D3 model and in situ mouse brain perfusion. In hCMEC/D3 cells, the effect of incubation temperature, time, initial drug concentration, energy (NaN3), extracellular and intracellular pH (FCCP and NH4Cl), the prototypical substrates/inhibitors of known organic cation transporting carriers and trans-stimulation (pre-incubating with pyrilamine and diphenhydramine) on the cellular uptake were studied. In addition, the effect of silencing OCTN1, OCTN2 and PMAT by specific siRNA was investigated. In mice, the contribution of the proton-coupled antiporter on the brain uptake of Aconitum was investigated by chemical inhibition. RESULTS In hCMEC/D3 cells, AC, MA and HA were each taken up in a temperature-, time- and concentration-dependent manner, which were reduced by NaN3 and FCCP. Regulation of extracellular and intracellular pH as well as trans-stimulation studies showed that AC, MA and HA were transported by a proton-coupled antiporter expressed at the plasma membrane that could also transport pyrilamine and diphenhydramine. Each uptake was markedly inhibited by various cationic drugs, but insensitive to the prototypical substrates/inhibitors of identified organic cation transporting carriers, such as OCTs, PMAT, MATEs and OCTNs. In addition, silence of OCTN1, OCTN2 and PMAT had no significant inhibitory effect on the uptake of AC, MA and HA. In mice, the brain uptake of each alkaloid measured by in situ brain perfusion was suppressed by diphenhydramine when the transport capacity of P-gp/Bcrp at the BBB was chemically inhibited. CONCLUSIONS A novel proton-coupled organic cation antiporter plays a predominant role in the blood to brain influx of AC, MA and HA at the BBB, and thus affect the safety of Aconitum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Cong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yiling Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Qinglin Lyu
- China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaohui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xinming Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Junying Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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29
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Sekhar GN, Fleckney AL, Boyanova ST, Rupawala H, Lo R, Wang H, Farag DB, Rahman KM, Broadstock M, Reeves S, Thomas SA. Region-specific blood-brain barrier transporter changes leads to increased sensitivity to amisulpride in Alzheimer's disease. Fluids Barriers CNS 2019; 16:38. [PMID: 31842924 PMCID: PMC6915870 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-019-0158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into amisulpride use in Alzheimer's disease (AD) implicates blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in antipsychotic sensitivity. Research into BBB transporters has been mainly directed towards the ABC superfamily, however, solute carrier (SLC) function in AD has not been widely studied. This study tests the hypothesis that transporters for organic cations contribute to the BBB delivery of the antipsychotics (amisulpride and haloperidol) and is disrupted in AD. METHODS The accumulation of [3H]amisulpride (3.7-7.7 nM) and [3H]haloperidol (10 nM) in human (hCMEC/D3) and mouse (bEnd.3) brain endothelial cell lines was explored. Computational approaches examined molecular level interactions of both drugs with the SLC transporters [organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) and multi-drug and toxic compound extrusion proteins (MATE1)] and amisulpride with the ABC transporter (P-glycoprotein). The distribution of [3H]amisulpride in wildtype and 3×transgenic AD mice was examined using in situ brain perfusion experiments. Western blots determined transporter expression in mouse and human brain capillaries . RESULTS In vitro BBB and in silico transporter studies indicated that [3H]amisulpride and [3H]haloperidol were transported by the influx transporter, OCT1, and efflux transporters MATE1 and PMAT. Amisulpride did not have a strong interaction with OCTN1, OCTN2, P-gp, BCRP or MRP and could not be described as a substrate for these transporters. Amisulpride brain uptake was increased in AD mice compared to wildtype mice, but vascular space was unaffected. There were no measurable changes in the expression of MATE1, MATE2, PMAT OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, OCTN1, OCTN2 and P-gp in capillaries isolated from whole brain homogenates from the AD mice compared to wildtype mice. Although, PMAT and MATE1 expression was reduced in capillaries obtained from specific human brain regions (i.e. putamen and caudate) from AD cases (Braak stage V-VI) compared to age matched controls (Braak stage 0-II). CONCLUSIONS Together our research indicates that the increased sensitivity of individuals with Alzheimer's to amisulpride is related to previously unreported changes in function and expression of SLC transporters at the BBB (in particular PMAT and MATE1). Dose adjustments may be required for drugs that are substrates of these transporters when prescribing for individuals with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Nair Sekhar
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Alice L Fleckney
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sevda Tomova Boyanova
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Huzefa Rupawala
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Rachel Lo
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Hao Wang
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Doaa B Farag
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, 11431, Egypt
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Martin Broadstock
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9N, UK
| | - Suzanne Reeves
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Sarah Ann Thomas
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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30
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Ito R, Umehara K, Suzuki S, Kitamura K, Nunoya KI, Yamaura Y, Imawaka H, Izumi S, Wakayama N, Komori T, Anzai N, Akita H, Furihata T. A Human Immortalized Cell-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Triculture Model: Development and Characterization as a Promising Tool for Drug-Brain Permeability Studies. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4461-4471. [PMID: 31573814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC), together with astrocytes and pericytes, form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that strictly restricts drug penetration into the brain. Therefore, in central nervous system drug development, the establishment of an in vitro human BBB model for use in studies estimating the in vivo human BBB permeability of drug candidates has long been awaited. The current study developed and characterized a human immortalized cell-based BBB triculture model, termed the "hiBBB" model. To set up the hiBBB model, human immortalized BMEC (HBMEC/ci18) were cocultured with human immortalized astrocytes (HASTR/ci35) and brain pericytes (HBPC/ci37) in a transwell system. The trans-endothelial electrical resistance of the hiBBB model was 134.4 ± 5.5 (Ω × cm2), and the efflux ratios of rhodamine123 and dantrolene were 1.72 ± 0.11 and 1.72 ± 0.45, respectively, suggesting that the hiBBB model possesses essential cellular junction and efflux transporter functions. In BBB permeability assays, the mean value of the permeability coefficients (Pe) of BBB permeable compounds (propranolol, pyrilamine, memantine, and diphenhydramine) was 960 × 10-6 cm/s, which was clearly distinguishable from that of BBB nonpermeable compounds (sodium fluorescein and Lucifer yellow, 18 × 10-6 cm/s). Collectively, this study successfully developed the hiBBB model, which exhibits essential BBB functionality. Taking into consideration the high availability of the immortalized cells used in the hiBBB model, our results are expected to become an initial step toward the establishment of a useful human BBB model to investigate drug penetration into the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ito
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Kenta Umehara
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Shota Suzuki
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Keita Kitamura
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nunoya
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamaura
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Haruo Imawaka
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Saki Izumi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Naomi Wakayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Takafumi Komori
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Tokyo 192-0392 , Japan
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Inazu M. Functional Expression of Choline Transporters in the Blood-Brain Barrier. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102265. [PMID: 31547050 PMCID: PMC6835570 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system play a vital role in higher brain functions, such as learning and memory. Choline is essential for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by cholinergic neurons. The synthesis and metabolism of acetylcholine are important mechanisms for regulating neuronal activity. Choline is a positively charged quaternary ammonium compound that requires transporters to pass through the plasma membrane. Currently, there are three groups of choline transporters with different characteristics, such as affinity for choline, tissue distribution, and sodium dependence. They include (I) polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCT1-3: SLC22A1-3) with a low affinity for choline, (II) high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1: SLC5A7), and (III) choline transporter-like proteins (CTL1-5: SLC44A1-5). Brain microvascular endothelial cells, which comprise part of the blood-brain barrier, take up extracellular choline via intermediate-affinity choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and low-affinity CTL2 transporters. CTL2 is responsible for excreting a high concentration of choline taken up by the brain microvascular endothelial cells on the brain side of the blood-brain barrier. CTL2 is also highly expressed in mitochondria and may be involved in the oxidative pathway of choline metabolism. Therefore, CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport to the brain through the blood-brain barrier plays an essential role in various functions of the central nervous system by acting as the rate-limiting step of cholinergic neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Inazu
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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Gyawali A, Krol S, Kang YS. Involvement of a Novel Organic Cation Transporter in Paeonol Transport Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:290-301. [PMID: 30971062 PMCID: PMC6513184 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeonol has neuroprotective function, which could be useful for improving central nervous system disorder. The purpose of this study was to characterize the functional mechanism involved in brain transport of paeonol through blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain transport of paeonol was characterized by internal carotid artery perfusion (ICAP), carotid artery single injection technique (brain uptake index, BUI) and intravenous (IV) injection technique in vivo. The transport mechanism of paeonol was examined using conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cell line (TR-BBB) as an in vitro model of BBB. Brain volume of distribution (VD) of [3H]paeonol in rat brain was about 6-fold higher than that of [14C]sucrose, the vascular space marker of BBB. The uptake of [3H]paeonol was concentration-dependent. Brain volume of distribution of paeonol and BUI as in vivo and inhibition of analog as in vitro studies presented significant reduction effect in the presence of unlabeled lipophilic compounds such as paeonol, imperatorin, diphenhydramine, pyrilamine, tramadol and ALC during the uptake of [3H]paeonol. In addition, the uptake significantly decreased and increased at the acidic and alkaline pH in both extracellular and intracellular study, respectively. In the presence of metabolic inhibitor, the uptake reduced significantly but not affected by sodium free or membrane potential disruption. Similarly, paeonol uptake was not affected on OCTN2 or rPMAT siRNA transfection BBB cells. Interestingly. Paeonol is actively transported from the blood to brain across the BBB by a carrier mediated transporter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Gyawali
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Sokhoeurn Krol
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sook Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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Kurosawa T, Tega Y, Higuchi K, Yamaguchi T, Nakakura T, Mochizuki T, Kusuhara H, Kawabata K, Deguchi Y. Expression and Functional Characterization of Drug Transporters in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5546-5555. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuki Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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35
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Hiranaka S, Tega Y, Higuchi K, Kurosawa T, Deguchi Y, Arata M, Ito A, Yoshida M, Nagaoka Y, Sumiyoshi T. Design, Synthesis, and Blood-Brain Barrier Transport Study of Pyrilamine Derivatives as Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:884-888. [PMID: 30258535 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a pyrilamine derivative 1 as a selective class I HDAC inhibitor that targets pyrilamine-sensitive proton-coupled organic cation antiporter (PYSOCA) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Introduction of pyrilamine moiety to benzamide type HDAC inhibitors kept selective class I HDAC inhibitory activity and increased BBB permeability. Our BBB transport study showed that compound 1 is a substrate of PYSOCA. Thus, our findings suggest that the hybrid method of HDAC inhibitor and substrate of PYSOCA such as pyrilamine is useful for development of HDAC inhibitors with increased BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Hiranaka
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Yamate-cho 3-3-35, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yuma Tega
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kurosawa
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Mayumi Arata
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa,
Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi,
Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa,
Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagaoka
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Yamate-cho 3-3-35, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Yamate-cho 3-3-35, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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36
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Prediction of human CNS pharmacokinetics using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 112:168-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tun T, Kang YS. Imperatorin is Transported through Blood-Brain Barrier by Carrier-Mediated Transporters. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:441-451. [PMID: 28554202 PMCID: PMC5499624 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imperatorin, a major bioactive furanocoumarin with multifunctions, can be used for treating neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of imperatorin transport in the brain. Experiments of the present study were designed to study imperatorin transport across the blood-brain barrier both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo study was performed in rats using single intravenous injection and in situ carotid artery perfusion technique. Conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cells were as an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier to examine the transport mechanism of imperatorin. Brain distribution volume of imperatorin was about 6 fold greater than that of sucrose, suggesting that the transport of imperatorin was through the blood-brain barrier in physiological state. Both in vivo and in vitro imperatorin transport studies demonstrated that imperatorin could be transported in a concentration-dependent manner with high affinity. Imperatorin uptake was dependent on proton gradient in an opposite direction. It was significantly reduced by pretreatment with sodium azide. However, its uptake was not inhibited by replacing extracellular sodium with potassium or N-methylglucamine. The uptake of imperatorin was inhibited by various cationic compounds, but not inhibited by TEA, choline and organic anion substances. Transfection of plasma membrane monoamine transporter, organic cation transporter 2 and organic cation/carnitine transporter 2/1 siRNA failed to alter imperatorin transport in brain capillary endothelial cells. Especially, tramadol, clonidine and pyrilamine inhibited the uptake of [3H]imperatorin competitively. Therefore, imperatorin is actively transported from blood to brain across the blood-brain barrier by passive and carrier-mediated transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temdara Tun
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Information Research Institute and Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sook Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Information Research Institute and Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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Yahata M, Chiba K, Watanabe T, Sugiyama Y. Possibility of Predicting Serotonin Transporter Occupancy From the In Vitro Inhibition Constant for Serotonin Transporter, the Clinically Relevant Plasma Concentration of Unbound Drugs, and Their Profiles for Substrates of Transporters. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2345-2356. [PMID: 28501470 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of target occupancy facilitates central nervous system drug development. In this review, we discuss the predictability of serotonin transporter (SERT) occupancy in human brain estimated from in vitro Ki values for human SERT and plasma concentrations of unbound drug (Cu,plasma), as well as the impact of drug transporters in the blood-brain barrier. First, the geometric means of in vitro Ki values were compared with the means of in vivo Ki values (Ki,u,plasma) which were calculated as Cu,plasma values at 50% occupancy of SERT obtained from previous clinical positron emission tomography/single photon emission computed tomography imaging studies for 6 selective serotonin transporter reuptake inhibitors and 3 serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. The in vitro Ki values for 7 drugs were comparable to their in vivo Ki,u,plasma values within 3-fold difference. SERT occupancy was overestimated for 5 drugs (P-glycoprotein substrates) and underestimated for 2 drugs (presumably uptake transporter substrates, although no evidence exists as yet). In conclusion, prediction of human SERT occupancy from in vitro Ki values and Cu,plasma was successful for drugs that are not transporter substrates and will become possible in future even for transporter substrates, once the transporter activities will be accurately estimated from in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yahata
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Koji Chiba
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takao Watanabe
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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39
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Wang X, Qi B, Su H, Li J, Sun X, He Q, Fu Y, Zhang Z. Pyrilamine-sensitive proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter for brain-specific drug delivery. J Control Release 2017; 254:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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Involvement of Proton-Coupled Organic Cation Antiporter in Varenicline Transport at Blood-Brain Barrier of Rats and in Human Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2576-2582. [PMID: 28454746 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Varenicline is a selective partial α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, which is used to help achieve smoking cessation. Here, we investigated varenicline transport at the blood-brain barrier by means of in vivo microdialysis, in situ brain perfusion, and brain efflux index measurements in rats, and in vitro uptake studies in human brain capillary endothelial cells. Microdialysis demonstrated that varenicline is actively transported from blood to brain in rats. Blood-to-brain uptake transport of varenicline, as measured by the in situ brain perfusion technique, was strongly inhibited by diphenhydramine, a potent inhibitor of proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter. However, brain efflux index study showed that brain-to-blood efflux transport of varenicline was not inhibited by diphenhydramine. In human brain capillary endothelial cells, varenicline was taken up time- and concentration-dependently. The uptake was dependent on an oppositely directed proton gradient, but was independent of extracellular sodium and membrane potential. The uptake was inhibited by a metabolic inhibitor, and by substrates of H+/OC antiporter, but not by substrates or inhibitors of OCTs, OCTNs, PMAT, and MATE1, which are known organic cation transporters. The present results suggest that the H+/OC antiporter contributes predominantly to varenicline uptake at the blood-brain barrier.
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41
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Kanamitsu K, Nozaki Y, Nagaya Y, Sugiyama Y, Kusuhara H. Quantitative prediction of histamine H1 receptor occupancy by the sedative and non-sedative antagonists in the human central nervous system based on systemic exposure and preclinical data. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 32:135-144. [PMID: 28190755 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significant histamine H1 receptor occupation in the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with sedation. Here we examined the time profiles of the H1 receptor occupancy (RO) in the CNS using sedative (diphenhydramine and ketotifen) and non-sedative (bepotastine and olopatadine) antagonists at their therapeutic doses by integrating in vitro and animal data. A pharmacokinetic model was constructed to associate plasma concentrations and receptor binding in the brain. Dissociation and association rate constants with the H1 receptor and plasma and brain unbound fractions were determined in vitro. Passive and active clearances across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were estimated based on physicochemical properties and microdialysis studies in mice and monkeys. The estimated RO values were comparable with the reported values determined at time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of plasma by positron-emission tomography in humans. The simulation suggested that the predicted maximum ROs by bepotastine and olopatadine were greater than the reported values. Sensitivity analysis showed that active transport across BBB had a significant impact on the RO duration of the H1 antagonists examined. The present study demonstrated that modeling and simulation permits a reasonable RO estimation in the human CNS. Our findings will facilitate the development of CNS-acting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Kanamitsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshitane Nozaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yoko Nagaya
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Zheng Y, Chen X, Benet LZ. Reliability of In Vitro and In Vivo Methods for Predicting the Effect of P-Glycoprotein on the Delivery of Antidepressants to the Brain. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:143-67. [PMID: 26293617 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
As the effect of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport on antidepressant delivery has been extensively evaluated using in vitro cellular and in vivo rodent models, an increasing number of publications have addressed the effect of P-gp in limiting brain penetration of antidepressants and causing treatment-resistant depression in current clinical therapies. However, contradictory results have been observed in different systems. It is of vital importance to understand the potential for drug interactions related to P-gp at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and whether coadministration of a P-gp inhibitor together with an antidepressant is a good clinical strategy for dosing of patients with treatment-resistant depression. In this review, the complicated construction of the BBB, the transport mechanisms for compounds that cross the BBB, and the basic characteristics of antidepressants are illustrated. Further, the reliability of different systems related to antidepressant brain delivery, including in vitro bidirectional transport cell lines, in vivo Mdr1 knockout mice, and chemical inhibition studies in rodents are analyzed, supporting a low possibility that P-gp affects currently marketed antidepressants when these results are extrapolated to the human BBB. These findings can also be applied to other central nervous system drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, Room U-68, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0912, USA
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, Room U-68, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0912, USA.
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Suzuki T, Aoyama T, Suzuki N, Kobayashi M, Fukami T, Matsumoto Y, Tomono K. Involvement of a proton-coupled organic cation antiporter in the blood-brain barrier transport of amantadine. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:323-35. [PMID: 27146715 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The blood-to-brain transport of amantadine, a weak N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, has been shown previously to participate in the cationic drug-sensitive transport system across the mouse blood-brain barrier (BBB). The purpose of the present study was to characterize the influx transport system by means of both an in situ mouse brain perfusion technique and in vitro studies using rat immortalized brain capillary endothelial cells (GPNT). The observed concentration-dependent initial uptake rate of [(3) H]amantadine suggested the involvement of a carrier-mediated transport mechanism. The normal uptake at physiological pH 7.4 was decreased by 72.9% in acidic perfusate, while it was increased by 35.3% in alkaline perfusate. These results suggest that pH-dependent transport is regulated by utilizing an oppositely directed proton gradient as a driving force. In addition, the [(3) H]amantadine uptake was moderately inhibited by the adamantane structural analogs (rimantadine and memantine) and other cationic drugs (pyrilamine, clonidine, nicotine, etc.), but not by substrates or inhibitors of the well-characterized organic cation transporters (tetraethylammonium, l-carnitine and choline). A similar inhibition pattern was observed between the in vivo studies and the in vitro experiments. These results indicate that the influx transport for amantadine across the BBB involves a proton-coupled organic cation antiporter. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyofumi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharamcy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Aoyama
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharamcy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Naoto Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharamcy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Masaru Kobayashi
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Kita-adachi, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fukami
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharamcy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tomono
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharamcy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
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Sheikholeslami B, Gholami M, Lavasani H, Rouini M. Evaluation of the route dependency of the pharmacokinetics and neuro-pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its main metabolites in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 92:55-63. [PMID: 27365222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain. It has three main metabolites: O-desmethyltramadol (M1), N-desmethyltramadol (M2), and N,O-didesmethyltramadol (M5). Because of the frequent use of tramadol by patients and drug abusers, the ability to determine the parent drug and its metabolites in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid is of great importance. In the present study, a pharmacokinetic approach was applied using two groups of five male Wistar rats administered a 20mg/kg dose of tramadol via intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes. Plasma and CSF samples were collected at 5-360min following tramadol administration. Our results demonstrate that the plasma values of Cmax (C0 in i.v. group) and area under the curve (AUC)0-t for tramadol were 23,314.40±6944.85 vs. 3187.39±760.25ng/mL (Cmax) and 871.15±165.98 vs. 414.04±149.25μg·min/mL in the i.v. and i.p. groups, respectively (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between i.v. and i.p. plasma values for tramadol metabolites (p>0.05). Tramadol rapidly penetrated the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) (5.00±0.00 vs. 10.00±5.77min in i.v. and i.p. groups, respectively). Tramadol and its metabolites (M1 and M2) were present to a lesser extent in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than in the plasma. M5 hardly penetrated the CSF, owing to its high polarity. There was no significant difference between the AUC0-t of tramadol in plasma (414.04±149.25μg·min/mL) and CSF (221.81±83.02μg·min/mL) in the i.p. group. In addition, the amounts of metabolites (M1 and M2) in the CSF showed no significant differences following both routes of administration. There were also no significant differences among the Kp,uu,CSF(0-360) (0.51±0.12 vs. 0.63±0.04) and Kp,uu,CSF(0-∞) (0.61±0.10 vs. 0.62±0.02) for i.v. and i.p. pathways, respectively (p>0.05). Drug targeting efficiency (DTE) values of tramadol after i.p. injection were more than unity for all scheduled time points. Considering the main analgesic effect of M1, it is hypothesized that both routes of administration may produce the same amount of analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdi Gholami
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Lavasani
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Rouini
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Proton-Coupled Organic Cation Antiporter Contributes to the Hepatic Uptake of Matrine. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3549(15)00190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cremers TIFH, Flik G, Folgering JHA, Rollema H, Stratford RE. Development of a Rat Plasma and Brain Extracellular Fluid Pharmacokinetic Model for Bupropion and Hydroxybupropion Based on Microdialysis Sampling, and Application to Predict Human Brain Concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:624-33. [PMID: 26916207 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Administration of bupropion [(±)-2-(tert-butylamino)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)propan-1-one] and its preformed active metabolite, hydroxybupropion [(±)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-propanyl)amino]-1-propanone], to rats with measurement of unbound concentrations by quantitative microdialysis sampling of plasma and brain extracellular fluid was used to develop a compartmental pharmacokinetics model to describe the blood-brain barrier transport of both substances. The population model revealed rapid equilibration of both entities across the blood-brain barrier, with resultant steady-state brain extracellular fluid/plasma unbound concentration ratio estimates of 1.9 and 1.7 for bupropion and hydroxybupropion, respectively, which is thus indicative of a net uptake asymmetry. An overshoot of the brain extracellular fluid/plasma unbound concentration ratio at early time points was observed with bupropion; this was modeled as a time-dependent uptake clearance of the drug across the blood-brain barrier. Translation of the model was used to predict bupropion and hydroxybupropion exposure in human brain extracellular fluid after twice-daily administration of 150 mg bupropion. Predicted concentrations indicate that preferential inhibition of the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters by the metabolite, with little to no contribution by bupropion, would be expected at this therapeutic dose. Therefore, these results extend nuclear imaging studies on dopamine transporter occupancy and suggest that inhibition of both transporters contributes significantly to bupropion's therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I F H Cremers
- Brains On-Line BV, Groningen, The Netherlands (T.I.F.H.C., G.F. J.H.A.F.); Rollema Biomedical Consulting, Mystic, Connecticut (H.R.); and Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.E.S.)
| | - Gunnar Flik
- Brains On-Line BV, Groningen, The Netherlands (T.I.F.H.C., G.F. J.H.A.F.); Rollema Biomedical Consulting, Mystic, Connecticut (H.R.); and Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.E.S.)
| | - Joost H A Folgering
- Brains On-Line BV, Groningen, The Netherlands (T.I.F.H.C., G.F. J.H.A.F.); Rollema Biomedical Consulting, Mystic, Connecticut (H.R.); and Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.E.S.)
| | - Hans Rollema
- Brains On-Line BV, Groningen, The Netherlands (T.I.F.H.C., G.F. J.H.A.F.); Rollema Biomedical Consulting, Mystic, Connecticut (H.R.); and Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.E.S.)
| | - Robert E Stratford
- Brains On-Line BV, Groningen, The Netherlands (T.I.F.H.C., G.F. J.H.A.F.); Rollema Biomedical Consulting, Mystic, Connecticut (H.R.); and Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.E.S.)
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Kitamura A, Okura T, Higuchi K, Deguchi Y. Cocktail-Dosing Microdialysis Study to Simultaneously Assess Delivery of Multiple Organic–Cationic Drugs to the Brain. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:935-940. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Higuchi K, Okura T, Deguchi Y. WITHDRAWN: Memantine uptake mediated by a functionally diverse proton-coupled organic cation antiporter in human brain endothelial cells. Asian J Pharm Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Intriguing possibilities and beneficial aspects of transporter-conscious drug design. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4119-4131. [PMID: 26138194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been revealed that many types of drugs interact with transporter proteins within an organism. Transporter proteins absorb or excrete materials, including drugs and nutrients, across the cell membrane. Some hydrophobic drugs are excreted from the cell as xenobiotics by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. However, solute carrier (SLC) transporters are tissue-specifically expressed and have substrate specificities. Thus, transporter-conscious drug design is an excellent method of delivering drugs to pharmaceutical target organs and provides advantages in absorption, distribution, excretion, and toxicity of drugs (ADMET) due to transport systems. In fact, based on this strategy, the bioavailability of prodrugs designed as peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) substrates was better than that of the corresponding parent compounds due to the transport system in the small intestine. Furthermore, in central nervous system (CNS) drug developing, drug delivery into brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a serious problem. However, this problem can be also solved by the use of the transport systems at the BBB. Therefore, transporter-consciously designed drugs not only may effectively elicit activity but also may control adverse side effects caused by off-targets and drug-drug interactions and, consequently, may show good performance in clinical trials. In this review, I introduce possibilities and advantages of transporter-conscious drug designs.
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Gharavi R, Hedrich W, Wang H, Hassan HE. Transporter-Mediated Disposition of Opioids: Implications for Clinical Drug Interactions. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2477-502. [PMID: 25972096 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Opioid-related deaths, abuse, and drug interactions are growing epidemic problems that have medical, social, and economic implications. Drug transporters play a major role in the disposition of many drugs, including opioids; hence they can modulate their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and their associated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Our understanding of the interaction of transporters with many therapeutic agents is improving; however, investigating such interactions with opioids is progressing relatively slowly despite the alarming number of opioids-mediated DDIs that may be related to transporters. This review presents a comprehensive report of the current literature relating to opioids and their drug transporter interactions. Additionally, it highlights the emergence of transporters that are yet to be fully identified but may play prominent roles in the disposition of opioids, the growing interest in transporter genomics for opioids, and the potential implications of opioid-drug transporter interactions for cancer treatments. A better understanding of drug transporters interactions with opioids will provide greater insight into potential clinical DDIs and could help improve opioids safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gharavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Rooms: N525 (Office), Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
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