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Elshebiney SA, Elgohary RA, El-Shamarka ME, Mabrouk M, Beheri HH. A novel tramadol-polycaprolactone implant could palliate heroin conditioned place preference and withdrawal in rats: behavioral and neurochemical study. Behav Pharmacol 2024; 35:280-292. [PMID: 38900102 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Drug dependence is a chronic brain disease characterized by craving and recurrent episodes of relapse. Tramadol HCl is a promising agent for withdrawal symptoms management, considering its relatively low abuse potential and safety. Oral administration, however, is not preferred in abstinence maintenance programs. Introducing an implantable, long-lasting formula is suggested to help outpatient abstinence programs achieve higher rates of treatment continuation. Tramadol implants (T350 and T650) were prepared on polycaprolactone polymer ribbons by the wet method. Male Wistar rats were adapted to heroin-conditioned place preference (CPP) at escalating doses (3-30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, for 14 days). Implants were surgically implanted in the back skin of rats. After 14 days, the CPP score was recorded. Naloxone (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was used to induce withdrawal on day 15, and symptoms were scored. Elevated plus maze and open field tests were performed for anxiety-related symptoms. Striata were analyzed for neurochemical changes reflected in dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and serotonin levels. Brain oxidative changes including glutathione and lipid peroxides were assessed. The tramadol implants (T350 and T650) reduced heroin CPP and limited naloxone-induced withdrawal symptoms. The striata showed increased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and serotonin and decreased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine after heroin withdrawal induction, which were reversed after implanting T350 and T650. Implants restore the brain oxidative state. Nonsignificant low naloxone-induced withdrawal score after the implant was used in naive subjects indicating low abuse potential of the implants. The presented tramadol implants were effective at diminishing heroin CPP and withdrawal in rats, suggesting further investigations for application in the management of opioid withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A Elshebiney
- Narcotics, Ergogenics, and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (NRC)
| | - Rania A Elgohary
- Narcotics, Ergogenics, and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (NRC)
| | - Marwa E El-Shamarka
- Narcotics, Ergogenics, and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (NRC)
| | - Mostafa Mabrouk
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials, Technology and Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Beheri
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials, Technology and Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
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Effect of Immature Rubus occidentalis on Postoperative Pain in a Rat Model. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020264. [PMID: 36837466 PMCID: PMC9958716 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to identify the analgesic properties of immature Rubus occidentalis extract (iROE) using a postoperative-pain rat model. We also aimed to compare the analgesic effects of iROE to those of mature R. occidentalis extract (mROE) and examine the proinflammatory cytokine response and associated underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods: In adult male Sprague Dawley rats, acute postoperative pain was induced through plantar hind-paw incisions. After the plantar incisions were made, the rats were intraperitoneally administered with normal saline or various doses of iROE and mROE to investigate and compare the analgesic effects of iROE and mROE. The mechanisms underlying iROE-induced analgesia were investigated via post-incisional administration of yohimbine, dexmedetomidine, prazosin, naloxone, atropine, or mecamylamine, followed by iROE. Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) evaluations with von Frey filaments were carried out at different time points. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were measured to assess inflammatory responses. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and linear mixed-effects model (LMEM) analysis were used to analyze the analgesic effect data. Results: The MWTs demonstrated significant increases in iROE in a dose-dependent manner up to 2 h after the plantar incisions were made. An LMEM analysis demonstrated that iROE yielded a significantly greater analgesic effect than mROE, but there was no significant difference between the two according to MANOVA. Dexmedetomidine enhanced the MWT-confirmed iROE response, while yohimbine and naloxone diminished it. Administration of iROE significantly attenuated the post-incisional increases in serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels. Conclusions: The iROE demonstrated analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of incisional pain, which were more pronounced than those associated with mROE. The analgesic activity of iROE may be associated with α2-adrenergic and opioid receptors.
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The Nephroprotective Effects of α-Bisabolol in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040842. [PMID: 35453592 PMCID: PMC9032774 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CP) treatment has been long associated with the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) through mechanisms involving inflammation and oxidative stress. α-Bisabolol (BIS), a sesquiterpene alcohol isolated from the essential oil of various plants, including chamomile, has garnered popularity lately due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Therefore, we investigated the nephroprotective effects of BIS in the murine model of CP-induced AKI and the underlying mechanism of action. BALB/c mice were given BIS orally at 25 mg/kg for 7 days. On day 7, they were given a single dose of CP at 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally. BIS treatment continued for 3 more days. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment (day 11). Kidneys, plasma, and urine were collected, and subsequently, various physiological, biochemical, and histological parameters were assessed. BIS has significantly normalized the alterations of water intake, urine volume, relative kidney weight, and the concentrations of urea and creatinine, as well as the creatinine clearance induced by CP treatment. BIS significantly mitigated the effects of CP-induced kidney injury by reducing kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, adiponectin, and cystatin C. Likewise, the renal concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β that were elevated in CP group were significantly reduced in mice treated with BIS and CP. A similar significant reduction was also observed in the CP-induced augmented levels of markers of oxidative stress, as well as the metabolite pteridine. Moreover, BIS significantly reduced the CP–induced renal DNA damage, and markedly lessened the acute tubular necrosis observed in kidney histology. Additionally, BIS significantly reduced the CP-induced increase in the phosphorylated nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in the kidney. These data strongly suggest that BIS exerts a protective action against CP-induced nephrotoxicity by mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress through the inhibition of NFκB activation. No overt adverse effects were noted with BIS treatment. Additional investigations should be done to consider BIS as an efficacious nephroprotective agent against CP.
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Rodriguez CEB, Ouyang L, Kandasamy R. Antinociceptive effects of minor cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids in Cannabis. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:130-157. [PMID: 33709984 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties. Given the dangerous and unpleasant side effects of existing analgesics, the chemical constituents of Cannabis have garnered significant interest for their antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. To date, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) remain the two most widely studied constituents of Cannabis in animals. These studies have led to formulations of THC and CBD for human use; however, chronic pain patients also use different strains of Cannabis (sativa, indica and ruderalis) to alleviate their pain. These strains contain major cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, but they also contain a wide variety of cannabinoid and noncannabinoid constituents. Although the analgesic effects of Cannabis are attributed to major cannabinoids, evidence indicates other constituents such as minor cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids also produce antinociception against animal models of acute, inflammatory, neuropathic, muscle and orofacial pain. In some cases, these constituents produce antinociception that is equivalent or greater compared to that produced by traditional analgesics. Thus, a better understanding of the extent to which these constituents produce antinociception alone in animals is necessary. The purposes of this review are to (1) introduce the different minor cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids found in Cannabis and (2) discuss evidence of their antinociceptive properties in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Erwin B Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, California, USA
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Health Benefits, Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential of α-Bisabolol. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071370. [PMID: 35405982 PMCID: PMC9002489 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Bisabolol is one of the important monocyclic sesquiterpenes, derived naturally from essential oils of many edible and ornamental plants. It was first obtained from Matricaria chamomilla, commonly known as chamomile or German chamomile. The available literature indicates that this plant along with other α-Bisabolol containing plants is popularly used in traditional medicine for potential health benefits and general wellbeing. Nutritional studies are indicative of the health benefits of α-Bisabolol. Numerous experimental studies demonstrated pharmacological properties of α-Bisabolol including anticancer, antinociceptive, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antimicrobial. This review aims to collectively present different pharmacological activities based on both in vitro and in vivo studies. In the present review using synoptic tables and figures, we comprehensively present that α-Bisabolol possesses therapeutic and protective activities, therefore, it can be used for potential health benefits based on pharmacological effects, underlying molecular mechanism, and favorable pharmaceutical properties. Based on the studies mostly performed on cell lines or animal models, it is evident that α-Bisabolol may be a promising nutraceutical and phytomedicine to target aberrant biological mechanisms which result in altered physiological processes and various ailments. Given the polypharmacological effects and pleiotropic properties, along with favorable pharmacokinetics, and dietary availability and safety, α-Bisabolol can be used as a dietary agent, nutraceutical or phytopharmaceutical agent or as an adjuvant with currently available modern medicines. The regulatory approval of this molecule for use as food additives, and in cosmetics and fragrance industry is also supportive of its human usage. Moreover, further studies are necessary to address pharmaceutical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects before clinical or nutritional usage in humans. The biological actions and health benefits open opportunities for pharmaceutical development with pharmacological basis of its use in future therapeutics.
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Choi GJ, Kang H, Lee OH, Ahn EJ, White FA, Cho YJ, Baek CW, Jung YH, Kwon JW. Effectiveness of maturity of Rubus occidentalis on hyperalgesia induced by acidic saline injection in rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:12. [PMID: 35016667 PMCID: PMC8751266 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Rubus occidentalis, also known as black raspberry, contains several bioactive components that vary depending on the maturity of the fruit. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of immature Rubus occidentalis extract(iROE) on acid-induced hyperalgesia, investigate the mechanism involved, and compare the antihyperalgesic effect of immature and mature ROEs.
Methods
In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, chronic muscle pain was induced via two injections of acidic saline into one gastrocnemius muscle. To evaluate the dose response, the rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.9% saline or iROE (10, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg) following hyperalgesia development. To evaluate the mechanism underlying iROE-induced analgesia, the rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline, yohimbine 2 mg/kg, dexmedetomidine 50 μg/kg, prazosin 1 mg/kg, atropine 5 mg/kg, mecamylamine 1 mg/kg, or naloxone 5 mg/kg 24 h after hyperalgesia development, followed by iROE 300 mg/kg administration. To compare immature versus mature ROE, the rats were injected with mature ROE 300 mg/kg and immature ROE 300 mg/kg after hyperalgesia development. For all experiments, the mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT) was evaluated using von Frey filaments before the first acidic saline injection, 24 h after the second injection, and at various time points after drug administration. Data were analysed using multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA) and the linear mixed-effects model(LMEM). We compared the MWT at each time point using analysis of variance with the Bonferroni correction.
Results
The iROE 300 mg/kg injection resulted in a significant increase in MWT compared with the control, iROE 30 mg/kg, and iROE 100 mg/kg injections at ipsilateral and contralateral sites. The iROE injection together with yohimbine, mecamylamine, or naloxone significantly decreased the MWT compared with iROE alone, whereas ROE together with dexmedetomidine significantly increased the MWT. According to MANOVA, the effects of immature and mature ROEs were not significantly different; however, the LMEM presented a significant difference between the two groups.
Conclusions
Immature R. occidentalis showed antihyperalgesic activity against acid-induced chronic muscle pain, which may be mediated by the α2-adrenergic, nicotinic cholinergic, and opioid receptors. The iROE displayed superior tendency regarding analgesic effect compared to mature ROE.
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Liktor-Busa E, Keresztes A, LaVigne J, Streicher JM, Largent-Milnes TM. Analgesic Potential of Terpenes Derived from Cannabis sativa. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:98-126. [PMID: 34663685 PMCID: PMC11060501 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain prevalence among adults in the United States has increased 25% over the past two decades, resulting in high health-care costs and impacts to patient quality of life. In the last 30 years, our understanding of pain circuits and (intra)cellular mechanisms has grown exponentially, but this understanding has not yet resulted in improved therapies. Options for pain management are limited. Many analgesics have poor efficacy and are accompanied by severe side effects such as addiction, resulting in a devastating opioid abuse and overdose epidemic. These problems have encouraged scientists to identify novel molecular targets and develop alternative pain therapeutics. Increasing preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that cannabis has several beneficial pharmacological activities, including pain relief. Cannabis sativa contains more than 500 chemical compounds, with two principle phytocannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Beyond phytocannabinoids, more than 150 terpenes have been identified in different cannabis chemovars. Although the predominant cannabinoids, Δ9-THC and CBD, are thought to be the primary medicinal compounds, terpenes including the monoterpenes β-myrcene, α-pinene, limonene, and linalool, as well as the sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene and α-humulene may contribute to many pharmacological properties of cannabis, including anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about terpene compounds in cannabis and to analyze the available scientific evidence for a role of cannabis-derived terpenes in modern pain management. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Decades of research have improved our knowledge of cannabis polypharmacy and contributing phytochemicals, including terpenes. Reform of the legal status for cannabis possession and increased availability (medicinal and recreational) have resulted in cannabis use to combat the increasing prevalence of pain and may help to address the opioid crisis. Better understanding of the pharmacological effects of cannabis and its active components, including terpenes, may assist in identifying new therapeutic approaches and optimizing the use of cannabis and/or terpenes as analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attila Keresztes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Justin LaVigne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Ortiz MI, Cariño-Cortés R, Muñoz-Pérez VM, Salas-Casas A, Castañeda-Hernández G. Role of the NO-cGMP-K + channels pathway in the peripheral antinociception induced by α-bisabolol. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1048-1056. [PMID: 33857384 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine if the peripheral antinociception of α-bisabolol involves the participation of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis followed by K+ channel opening in the formalin test. Wistar rats were injected in the dorsal surface of the right hind paw with formalin (1%). Rats received a subcutaneous injection into the dorsal surface of the paw of vehicles or increasing doses of α-bisabolol (100-300 µg/paw). To determine whether the peripheral antinociception induced by α-bisabolol was mediated by either the opioid receptors or the NO-cGMP-K+ channels pathway, the effect of pretreatment (10 min before formalin injection) with the appropriate vehicles, naloxone, naltrexone, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo[4,2-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), glibenclamide, glipizide, apamin, charybdotoxin, tetraethylammonium, or 4-aminopyridine on the antinociceptive effects induced by local peripheral α-bisabolol (300 µg/paw) were assessed. α-Bisabolol produced antinociception during both phases of the formalin test. α-Bisabolol antinociception was blocked by L-NAME, ODQ, and all the K+ channels blockers. The peripheral antinociceptive effect produced by α-bisabolol was not blocked by the opioid receptor inhibitors. α-Bisabolol was able to active the NO-cGMP-K+ channels pathway to produce its antinoceptive effect. The participation of opioid receptors in the peripheral local antinociception induced by α-bisabolol is excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I Ortiz
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Raquel Cariño-Cortés
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Muñoz-Pérez
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Andrés Salas-Casas
- Área Académica de Gerontología del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Castañeda-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Fontinele LL, Heimfarth L, Pereira EWM, Rezende MM, Lima NT, Barbosa Gomes de Carvalho YM, Afonso de Moura Pires E, Guimarães AG, Bezerra Carvalho MT, de Souza Siqueira Barreto R, Campos AR, Antoniolli AR, Antunes de Souza Araújo A, Quintans-Júnior LJ, de Souza Siqueira Quintans J. Anti-hyperalgesic effect of (-)-α-bisabolol and (-)-α-bisabolol/β-Cyclodextrin complex in a chronic inflammatory pain model is associated with reduced reactive gliosis and cytokine modulation. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104530. [PMID: 31425746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a continuous or recurring pain which exceeds the normal course of recovery to an injury or disease. According to the origin of the chronic pain, it can be classified as inflammatory or neuropathic. This study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of (-)-α-bisabolol (BIS) alone and complexed with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) in preclinical models of chronic pain. Chronic pain was induced by Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) or partial lesion of the sciatic nerve (PLSN). Swiss mice were treated with BIS, BIS-βCD (50 mg/kg, p.o) or vehicle (control) and mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, muscle strength and motor coordination were evaluated. In addition, levels of TNF-α and IL-10 and expression of the ionized calcium-binding adapter protein (IBA-1) were assessed in the spinal cord of the mice. The complexation efficiency of BIS in βCD was evaluated by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. BIS and BIS-βCD reduced (p < 0.001) mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. No alterations were found in force and motor coordination. In addition, BIS and BIS-βCD inhibited (p < 0.05) TNF-α production in the spinal cord and stimulated (p < 0.05) the release of IL-10 in the spinal cord in PLSN-mice. Further, BIS and BIS-βCD reduced IBA-1 immunostaining. Therefore, BIS and BIS-βCD attenuated hyperalgesia, deregulated cytokine release and inhibited IBA-1 expression in the spinal cord in the PLSN model. Moreover, our results show that the complexation of BIS in βCD reduced the therapeutic dose of BIS. We conclude that BIS is a promising molecule for the treatment of chronic pain.
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(-)-α-Bisabolol reduces nociception and trigeminal central sensitisation in acute orofacial neuropathic pain induced by infraorbital nerve injury. Life Sci 2019; 227:122-128. [PMID: 31002923 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic orofacial pain conditions represent a challenge to diagnose and treat. Natural substances are promising therapeutic options for the control of pain. AIMS This study aimed to examine whether (-)-α-bisabolol (BISA), a natural terpene, can attenuate nociceptive behaviour and central sensitisation in a rodent model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Infraorbital nerve transection (IONX) or sham operation was performed in adult male rats. Head withdrawal thresholds as a measure of facial mechanical sensitivity were tested with von Frey monofilaments applied bilaterally to the facial vibrissal pad pre-operatively (baseline) and then post-operatively before and at 60, 120, 240 and 360 min after administration of vehicle control per oris (p.o.) or BISA (200 mg/kg p.o.) (n = 8/group). Effects of BISA or vehicle on the activity of nociceptive neurons recorded in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) were tested on post - operative day 8-10. ANOVA followed by post-hoc Bonferroni tested for statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) across study groups and time points. KEY FINDINGS IONX animals (but not sham or naïve animals) showed post-operative facial mechanical hypersensitivity that was unaffected by vehicle. However, administration of BISA at post-operative day 7 significantly reversed the mechanical hypersensitivity in IONX rats; this effect lasted for at least 6 h. BISA also attenuated IONX-induced central sensitisation of MDH nociceptive neurons, as reflected in reversal of their reduced activation thresholds, increased responses to graded mechanical stimuli and enhanced spontaneous activity. SIGNIFICANCE BISA may attenuate nociceptive behaviour and central sensitisation in a rat model of acute trigeminal neuropathic pain.
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Nuutinen T. Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:198-228. [PMID: 30096653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cannabaceae plants Cannabis sativa L. and Humulus lupulus L. are rich in terpenes - both are typically comprised of terpenes as up to 3-5% of the dry-mass of the female inflorescence. Terpenes of cannabis and hops are typically simple mono- and sesquiterpenes derived from two and three isoprene units, respectively. Some terpenes are relatively well known for their potential in biomedicine and have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, while others are yet to be studied in detail. The current, comprehensive review presents terpenes found in cannabis and hops. Terpenes' medicinal properties are supported by numerous in vitro, animal and clinical trials and show anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anticonvulsive, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticancer, antitumor, neuroprotective, anti-mutagenic, anti-allergic, antibiotic and anti-diabetic attributes, among others. Because of the very low toxicity, these terpenes are already widely used as food additives and in cosmetic products. Thus, they have been proven safe and well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Nuutinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Univerisity of Eastern Finland (UEF), Finland; Department of Physics and Mathematics, UEF, Finland.
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Leite GDO, Ecker A, Seeger RL, Krum BN, Lugokenski TH, Fachinetto R, Sudati JH, Barbosa NV, Wagner C. Protective effect of (−)-α-bisabolol on rotenone-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:359-365. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
(−)-α-Bisabolol (BISA) is a sesquiterpene alcohol, which has several recognized biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-irritant, and antibacterial properties. In the present study, we investigated the influence of BISA (5, 25, and 250 μmol/L) on rotenone (500 μmol/L)-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster for 7 days. BISA supplementation significantly decreased rotenone-induced mortality and locomotor deficits. The loss of motor function induced by rotenone correlated with a significant change in stress response factors; it decreased thiol levels, inhibited mitochondria complex I, and increased the mRNA expression of antioxidant marker proteins such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the keap1 gene product. Taken together, our findings indicate that the toxicity of rotenone is likely due to the direct inhibition of complex I activity, resulting in a high level of oxidative stress. Dietary supplementation with BISA affected the expression of SOD mRNA only at a concentration of 250 μmol/L, and did not affect any other parameter measured. Our results showed a protective effect of BISA on rotenone-induced mortality and locomotor deficits in Drosophila; this effect did not correlate with mitochondrial complex I activity, but may be related to the antioxidant protection afforded by eliminating superoxide generated as a result of rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlânia de Oliveira Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Assis Ecker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Lopes Seeger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Nunes Krum
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | | | - Roselei Fachinetto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | | | - Nilda Vargas Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Wagner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Caçapava do Sul, Caçapava do Sul – RS, Brazil
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Ortiz MI, Cariño-Cortés R, Ponce-Monter HA, Castañeda-Hernández G, Chávez-Piña AE. Pharmacological interaction of α-bisabolol and diclofenac on nociception, inflammation, and gastric integrity in rats. Drug Dev Res 2017; 79:29-37. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario I. Ortiz
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Pachuca Hidalgo Mexico
| | - Raquel Cariño-Cortés
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Pachuca Hidalgo Mexico
| | - Héctor A. Ponce-Monter
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Pachuca Hidalgo Mexico
| | - Gilberto Castañeda-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Aracely Evangelina Chávez-Piña
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Programa Institucional en Biomedicina Molecular; Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México Mexico
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14
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Analgesic-Like Activity of Essential Oil Constituents: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122392. [PMID: 29232831 PMCID: PMC5751100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The constituents of essential oils are widely found in foods and aromatic plants giving characteristic odor and flavor. However, pharmacological studies evidence its therapeutic potential for the treatment of several diseases and promising use as compounds with analgesic-like action. Considering that pain affects a significant part of the world population and the need for the development of new analgesics, this review reports on the current studies of essential oils’ chemical constituents with analgesic-like activity, including a description of their mechanisms of action and chemical aspects.
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Teixeira GFD, Vieira-Neto AE, da Costa FN, e Silva ARA, Campos AR. Antinociceptive effect of (-)-α-bisabolol in nanocapsules. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:946-950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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(−)-α-Bisabolol reduces orofacial nociceptive behavior in rodents. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 390:187-195. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Barreto RSS, Quintans JSS, Amarante RKL, Nascimento TS, Amarante RS, Barreto AS, Pereira EWM, Duarte MC, Coutinho HDM, Menezes IRA, Zengin G, Aktumsek A, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Evidence for the involvement of TNF-α and IL-1β in the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. (Lamiaceae) essential oil and (-)-α-bisabolol, its main compound, in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 191:9-18. [PMID: 27292196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in Turkey and Iranian folk medicine due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, but little is known about its essential oil. AIM OF THIS STUDY We studied the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of S. lavandulifolia essential oil (EOSl) and (-)-α-bisabolol (BIS), its main compound, in algogen-induced orofacial nociceptive behavior in mice, and assessed the possible involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines in these profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS The GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of EOSl demonstrated the presence of (-)-α-bisabolol (56.4%), bicyclogermacrene (5.3%), δ-cadinene (4.2%) and spathulenol (2.9%) as the main compounds. Male Swiss mice were pretreated with EOSl (25 or 50mg/kg, p.o.), BIS (25 or 50mg/kg, p.o.), morphine (3mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (saline 0.9% with two drops of tween 80, 0.2%), before formalin- (20μl, 2%), capsaicin- (20μl, 2.5µg) or glutamate- (20μl, 25Mm) injection into the right upper lip (perinasal area) in mice. The anti-inflammatory profile of EOSl or BIS (50mg/kg) was assessed by the inflammatory response induced by carrageenan (2% in 0.2mL) in mice (pleurisy model). RESULTS Our results showed that p.o. treatment with EOSl and BIS displayed significant inhibitory (p<0.05 or p<0.01 or p<0.001) effects in different orofacial pain tests on mice, but BIS proved to be more effective, significantly reducing nociceptive behavior in all tests including both phases of the formalin test. The analgesic effect is not related to any abnormality since EOSl- or BIS-treated mice exhibited no performance alteration in grip strength. Moreover, EOS1 and BIS exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory effect (p<0.001) in the pleurisy model of inflammation, which seems to be related to a significant reduction (p<0.05) of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in BIS treatment, and of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (p<0.01) in EOS1 treatment. CONCLUSION Our results corroborate the use of S. lavandulifolia in traditional medicine as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory, which seems to be related to (-)-α-Bisabolol, the main compound of EOSl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana S S Barreto
- Department of Health Education (Lagarto Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Jullyana S S Quintans
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ruthy K L Amarante
- Department of Health Education (Lagarto Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Tainá S Nascimento
- Department of Health Education (Lagarto Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rosana S Amarante
- Department of Health Education (Lagarto Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André S Barreto
- Department of Health Education (Lagarto Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Erik W M Pereira
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Duarte
- Department of Pharmacy (São Cristóvão Campus), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto or São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - Irwin R A Menezes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato-CE, Brazil
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Choi GJ, Kang H, Kim WJ, Baek CW, Jung YH, Woo YC, Kwon JW. Rubus occidentalis alleviates hyperalgesia induced by repeated intramuscular injection of acidic saline in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:202. [PMID: 27400712 PMCID: PMC4940828 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) fruit extract (ROE) in a rat model of chronic muscle pain and examine the mechanisms involved. Methods Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were used, and chronic muscle pain was induced by two injections of acidic saline into one gastrocnemius muscle. For the first experiment, 50 rats were randomly assigned to five groups. After the development of hyperalgesia, rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.9 % saline or ROE (10, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg). For the second experiment, 70 rats were randomly assigned to seven groups. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline, yohimbine, dexmedetomidine, prazosin, atropine, mecamylamine, or naloxone after the development of hyperalgesia. Ten minutes later, ROE (300 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. For both experiments, the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) was evaluated with von Frey filaments before the first acidic saline injection, 24 h after the second injection, and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 80, 100, and 120 min, 24 and 48 h after the drug administration. Results Compared with the control group, the MWT significantly increased up to 45 min after injection of ROE 100 mg/kg and up to 60 min after injection of ROE 300 mg/kg, respectively. Injection of ROE together with yohimbine or mecamylamine significantly decreased the MWT compared with the effect of ROE alone, while ROE together with dexmedetomidine significantly increased the MWT. Conclusions ROE showed antinociceptive activity against induced chronic muscle pain, which may be mediated by α2-adrenergic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1192-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Nurulain S, Prytkova T, Sultan AM, Ievglevskyi O, Lorke D, Yang KHS, Petroianu G, Howarth FC, Kabbani N, Oz M. Inhibitory actions of bisabolol on α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuroscience 2015; 306:91-9. [PMID: 26283025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bisabolol is a plant-derived monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with antinociceptive and antiinflammatory actions. However, molecular targets mediating these effects of bisabolol are poorly understood. In this study, using a two-electrode voltage-clamp and patch-clamp techniques and live cellular calcium imaging, we have investigated the effect of bisabolol on the function of human α7 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in Xenopus oocytes, interneurons of rat hippocampal slices. We have found that bisabolol reversibly and concentration dependently (IC50 = 3.1 μM) inhibits acetylcholine (ACh)-induced α7 receptor-mediated currents. The effect of bisabolol was not dependent on the membrane potential. Bisabolol inhibition was not changed by intracellular injection of the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA and perfusion with Ca(2+)-free solution containing Ba(2+), suggesting that endogenous Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) channels are not involved in bisabolol actions. Increasing the concentrations of ACh did not reverse bisabolol inhibition. Furthermore, the specific binding of [(125)I] α-bungarotoxin was not attenuated by bisabolol. Choline-induced currents in CA1 interneurons of rat hippocampal slices were also inhibited with IC50 of 4.6 μM. Collectively, our results suggest that bisabolol directly inhibits α7-nAChRs via a binding site on the receptor channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nurulain
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - T Prytkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - A M Sultan
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - O Ievglevskyi
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - D Lorke
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - K-H S Yang
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - G Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - F C Howarth
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - N Kabbani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - M Oz
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Prusator DK, Johnson AC. Animal models of gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Animal models of visceral pain: pathophysiology, translational relevance, and challenges. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G885-903. [PMID: 25767262 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00463.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Visceral pain describes pain emanating from the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal organs. In contrast to somatic pain, visceral pain is generally vague, poorly localized, and characterized by hypersensitivity to a stimulus such as organ distension. Animal models have played a pivotal role in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of visceral pain. This review focuses on animal models of visceral pain and their translational relevance. In addition, the challenges of using animal models to develop novel therapeutic approaches to treat visceral pain will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Dawn K Prusator
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Anthony C Johnson
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Morland RH, Novejarque A, Huang W, Wodarski R, Denk F, Dawes JD, Pheby T, McMahon SB, Rice AS. Short-term effect of acute and repeated urinary bladder inflammation on thigmotactic behaviour in the laboratory rat. F1000Res 2015; 4:109. [PMID: 27158443 PMCID: PMC4850861 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6255.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the non-sensory components of the pain experience is crucial to developing effective treatments for pain conditions. Chronic pain is associated with increased incidence of anxio-depressive disorders, and patients often report feelings of vulnerability which can decrease quality of life. In animal models of pain, observation of behaviours such as thigmotaxis can be used to detect such affective disturbances by exploiting the influence of nociceptive stimuli on the innate behavioural conflict between exploration of a novel space and predator avoidance behaviour. This study investigates whether acute and repeated bladder inflammation in adult female Wistar rats increases thigmotactic behaviour in the open field paradigm, and aims to determine whether this correlates with activation in the central amygdala, as measured by c-Fos immunoreactivity. Additionally, up-regulation of inflammatory mediators in the urinary bladder was measured using RT-qPCR array featuring 92 transcripts to examine how local mediators change under experimental conditions. We found acute but not repeated turpentine inflammation of the bladder increased thigmotactic behaviour (decreased frequency of entry to the inner zone) in the open field paradigm, a result that was also observed in the catheter-only instrumentation group. Decreases in locomotor activity were also observed in both models in turpentine and instrumentation groups. No differences were observed in c-Fos activation, although a general increased in activation along the rostro-caudal axis was seen. Inflammatory mediator up-regulation was greatest following acute inflammation, with CCL12, CCL7, and IL-1β significantly up-regulated in both conditions when compared to naïve tissue. These results suggest that acute catheterisation, with or without turpentine inflammation, induces affective alterations detectable in the open field paradigm accompanied by up-regulation of multiple inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary H Morland
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Amparo Novejarque
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Rachel Wodarski
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Franziska Denk
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John D Dawes
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Pheby
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Disease, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Sc Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London, UK
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