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Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Exocytotic Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032085. [PMID: 36768406 PMCID: PMC9916886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as a kind of pluripotent stem cells, have attracted much attention in orthopedic diseases, geriatric diseases, metabolic diseases, and sports functions due to their osteogenic potential, chondrogenic differentiation ability, and adipocyte differentiation. Anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, angiogenesis promotion, neurogenesis, immune regulation, and secreted growth factors, proteases, hormones, cytokines, and chemokines of MSCs have been widely studied in liver and kidney diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In recent years, many studies have shown that the extracellular vesicles of MSCs have similar functions to MSCs transplantation in all the above aspects. Here we review the research progress of MSCs and their exocrine vesicles in recent years.
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Effect of add-on hydroxychloroquine therapy on serum proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10175. [PMID: 35715525 PMCID: PMC9205904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as an add-on treatment to immunosuppressants on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were measured immediately before and 3 months after treatment with oral HCQ. Among the 51 patients enrolled in the study, HCQ treatment led to significantly reduced serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF-A, IL-1ra, and IL-2 (p < 0.0001; p = 0.0006; p = 0.0460, p = 0.0177; p < 0.0001; p = 0.0282, respectively) and to decreased (but not significantly) levels of MIP-1α (p = 0.0746). No significant changes were observed in the serum MCP-1 levels before and after HCQ administration (p = 0.1402). Our results suggest that an add-on HCQ treatment modulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines even in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with low disease activity.
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Li Y, Ricardo SD, Samuel CS. Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Therapies with an Anti-Fibrotic Agent for the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116035. [PMID: 35682717 PMCID: PMC9181689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 1 in 10 members of the general population, placing these patients at an increasingly high risk of kidney failure. Despite the significant burden of CKD on various healthcare systems, there are no effective cures that reverse or even halt its progression. In recent years, human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have been recognised as a novel therapy for CKDs, owing to their well-established immunomodulatory and tissue-reparative properties in preclinical settings, and their promising safety profile that has been demonstrated in patients with CKDs from several clinical trials. However, renal fibrosis (scarring), a hallmark of CKD, has been shown to impair the viability and functionality of BM-MSCs post-transplantation. This has suggested that BM-MSCs might require a pre-treatment or adjunct therapy that can enhance the viability and therapeutic efficacy of these stromal cells in chronic disease settings. To address this, recent studies that have combined BM-MSCs with the anti-fibrotic drug serelaxin (RLX), have demonstrated the enhanced therapeutic potential of this combination therapy in normotensive and hypertensive preclinical models of CKD. In this review, a critical appraisal of the preclinical data available on the anti-fibrotic and renoprotective actions of BM-MSCs or RLX alone and when combined, as a treatment option for normotensive vs. hypertensive CKD, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Li
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Sharon D. Ricardo
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence: (S.D.R.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Chrishan S. Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (S.D.R.); (C.S.S.)
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Nocito C, Lubinsky C, Hand M, Khan S, Patel T, Seliga A, Winfield M, Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Fernandes N, Shi X, Unterwald EM, Persidsky Y, Sriram U. Centrally Acting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Suppresses Type I Interferon Responses and Decreases Inflammation in the Periphery and the CNS in Lupus-Prone Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:573677. [PMID: 33042154 PMCID: PMC7522287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multi-organ damage. Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) is one of the most common manifestations of human SLE, often causing depression. Interferon-α (IFNα) is a central mediator in disease pathogenesis. Administration of IFNα to patients with chronic viral infections or cancers causes depressive symptoms. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is part of the kallikrein-kinin/renin-angiotensin (KKS/RAS) system that regulates many physiological processes, including inflammation, and brain functions. It is known that ACE degrades bradykinin (BK) into inactive peptides. We have previously shown in an in vitro model of mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that captopril (a centrally acting ACE inhibitor-ACEi) suppressed Type I IFN responsive gene (IRG) expression. In this report, we used the MRL/lpr lupus-prone mouse model, an established model to study NPSLE, to determine the in vivo effects of captopril on Type I IFN and associated immune responses in the periphery and brain and effects on behavior. Administering captopril to MRL/lpr mice decreased expression of IRGs in brain, spleen and kidney, decreased circulating and tissue IFNα levels, decreased microglial activation (IBA-1 expression) and reduced depressive-like behavior. Serotonin levels that are decreased in depression were increased by captopril treatment. Captopril also reduced autoantibody levels in plasma and immune complex deposition in kidney and brain. Thus, ACEi's may have potential for therapeutic use for systemic and NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Nocito
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cody Lubinsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michelle Hand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sabeeya Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tulsi Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alecia Seliga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Malika Winfield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Viviana Zuluaga-Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicole Fernandes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiangdang Shi
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ellen M Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Monzavi SM, Alirezaei A, Shariati-Sarabi Z, Tavakol Afshari J, Mahmoudi M, Dormanesh B, Jahandoost F, Khoshdel AR, Etemad Rezaie A. Efficacy analysis of hydroxychloroquine therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a study on disease activity and immunological biomarkers. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 26:1175-1182. [PMID: 29987550 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a widely prescribed medication to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with potential anti-inflammatory effects. This study was performed to investigate the efficacy of HCQ therapy by serial assessment of disease activity and serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines in SLE patients. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, 41 newly diagnosed SLE patients receiving 400 mg HCQ per day were included. Patients requiring statins and immunosuppressive drugs except prednisolone at doses lower than 10 mg/day were excluded. Outcome measures were assessed before commencement of HCQ therapy (baseline visit) as well as in two follow-up visits (1 and 2 months after beginning the HCQ therapy). Serum samples of 41 age-matched healthy donors were used as controls. RESULTS Median levels of IL-1β (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p = 0.001), and TNF-α (p < 0.001) were significantly higher, whereas, median CH50 level was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in SLE patients compared with controls. Two-month treatment with HCQ resulted in significant decrease in SLEDAI-2K (p < 0.001), anti-dsDNA (p < 0.001), IL-1β (p = 0.003), IL-6 (p < 0.001) and TNF-α (p < 0.001) and a significant increase in CH50 levels (p = 0.012). The reductions in SLEDAI-2K and serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly greater in the first month compared with the reductions in the second month. CONCLUSION HCQ therapy is effective on clinical improvement of SLE patients through interfering with inflammatory signaling pathways, reducing anti-DNA autoantibodies and normalizing the complement activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Monzavi
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aida Alirezaei
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Zhaleh Shariati-Sarabi
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Jalil Tavakol Afshari
- Immunology Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Faezeh Jahandoost
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Etemad Rezaie
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Seliga A, Lee MH, Fernandes NC, Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Didukh M, Persidsky Y, Potula R, Gallucci S, Sriram U. Kallikrein-Kinin System Suppresses Type I Interferon Responses: A Novel Pathway of Interferon Regulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:156. [PMID: 29456540 PMCID: PMC5801412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kallikrein–Kinin System (KKS), comprised of kallikreins (klks), bradykinins (BKs) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and many other molecules, regulates a number of physiological processes, including inflammation, coagulation, angiogenesis, and control of blood pressure. In this report, we show that KKS regulates Type I IFN responses, thought to be important in lupus pathogenesis. We used CpG (TLR9 ligand), R848 (TLR7 ligand), or recombinant IFN-α to induce interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and proteins, and observed that this response was markedly diminished by BKs, klk1 (tissue kallikrein), or captopril (an ACE inhibitor). BKs significantly decreased the ISGs induced by TLRs in vitro and in vivo (in normal and lupus-prone mice), and in human PBMCs, especially the induction of Irf7 gene (p < 0.05), the master regulator of Type I IFNs. ISGs induced by IFN-α were also suppressed by the KKS. MHC Class I upregulation, a classic response to Type I IFNs, was reduced by BKs in murine dendritic cells (DCs). BKs decreased phosphorylation of STAT2 molecules that mediate IFN signaling. Among the secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines analyzed (IL-6, IL12p70, and CXCL10), the strongest suppressive effect was on CXCL10, a highly Type I IFN-dependent cytokine, upon CpG stimulation, both in normal and lupus-prone DCs. klks that break down into BKs, also suppressed CpG-induced ISGs in murine DCs. Captopril, a drug that inhibits ACE and increases BK, suppressed ISGs, both in mouse DCs and human PBMCs. The effects of BK were reversed with indomethacin (compound that inhibits production of PGE2), suggesting that BK suppression of IFN responses may be mediated via prostaglandins. These results highlight a novel regulatory mechanism in which members of the KKS control the Type I IFN response and suggest a role for modulators of IFNs in the pathogenesis of lupus and interferonopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia Seliga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael Hweemoon Lee
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicole C Fernandes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Viviana Zuluaga-Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marta Didukh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Raghava Potula
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Sadeghi L, Karimi MH, Kamali-Sarvestani E, Azarpira N, Shariati M. The Immunomodulatory Effect of Bone-Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Expression of TLR3 and TLR9 in Mice Dendritic Cells. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2017; 8:35-42. [PMID: 28299026 PMCID: PMC5347404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with immunomodulatory effect on immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APC). MSCs have been found to modulate both differentiation and function of DCs. DCs express a broad range of Toll-like receptors (TLR), which play a critical role in DCs maturation and function. OBJECTIVE To evaluate expression level of TLR3 and TLR9 transcripts in DCs following treatment with MSCs supernatant. METHODS MSCs and DCs were derived from adult BALB/c mice bone marrow and spleen, respectively. MSCs supernatant was harvested following 24, 48, and 72 hours. Isolated DCs were treated with MSCs supernatant and incubated for 24 and 48 hours. TLR3 and TLR9 transcript levels were evaluated using real-time PCR. RESULTS The results showed that 48 and 72 hours MSCs supernatant significantly decreased the expression of TLR3 in DCs following 24 and 48 hours incubation in comparison with untreated cells (p<0.01). Moreover, 48 hours of treatment with 24, 48 and 72 hours MSCs supernatant significantly decreased TLR9 transcript level (p<0.05). CONCLUSION TLR3 and TLR9 mRNA expression decreases in DCs after incubation with MSCs culture supernatant. This confirms the immunomodulatory role of MSCs in cell-base therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sadeghi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M. H. Karimi
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence: Mohammad Hossein Karimi, Assistant Professor of Immunology, Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ,Fax: +98-713-647-4331, E-mail:
| | - E. Kamali-Sarvestani
- Autoimmune Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N. Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M. Shariati
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun Branch, Kazerun, Iran
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Yusuf JH, Kaliyaperumal D, Jayaraman M, Ramanathan G, Devaraju P. Genetic selection pressure in TLR9 gene may enforce risk for SLE in Indian Tamils. Lupus 2016; 26:307-310. [PMID: 27432810 DOI: 10.1177/0961203316659151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Lupus is a classical systemic autoimmune disease with genetics as one of the well known causative factors for the disease pathogenesis. Toll-like receptors are the major pattern recognition receptors associated with innate immunity and also act as an interface with the adaptive immunity. Genetic polymorphisms in genes encoding TLRs were implicated in the development of infections, malignancies and autoimmune diseases. TLR9 is a member of TLR family, and recognizes the CpG DNA motifs of pathogens. Though the incidence rate of lupus in Asians was reported to be low (30 - 50/100,000 population), poor disease prognosis due to higher incidence of renal complications and aggressive disease worsens the scenario. The ability of TLR9 to detect and elicit an immune response against double-stranded DNA makes TLR9 a relevant factor to be tested for its association with the clinical and serological phenotypes of lupus. However, lack of relevant genetic data on normative frequencies of the TLR9 (rs187084) polymorphism may serve as a constraint to derive the sample size to conduct case control association studies. Hence this study was conducted to establish the normative frequency of TLR9 (rs187084) polymorphism in Indian Tamils. Materials and methods The TLR9 (rs187084) polymorphism was screened in South Indian Tamils ( n = 208) by PCR-RFLP. Results and discussion We observed a higher occurrence of the mutant allele (65%) in South Indian Tamils. No gender disparity with respect to the mutant allele frequency was observed. The higher incidence of mutant allele in both genders suggests that this population had undergone a genetic selection pressure as an evolutionary genetic measure to withstand the prevailing endemic infections like TB and malaria. Though the enhanced expression of TLR9 was protective against infections, it may also influence the development of autoimmune diseases. Conclusion The higher incidence of theTLR9 (rs187084) over-expression mutation in Indian Tamils is suggestive of a genetic adaptation or selection pressure to withstand the prevailing endemic infectious and parasitic diseases. However, this genetic adaptation poses a greater risk to develop autoimmune diseases like SLE etc through complex gene environment interactions. The normative frequency of the TLR9 (rs187084) polymorphism established in our population could now be used to define the sample size for future case control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Yusuf
- 1 Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - D Kaliyaperumal
- 2 Department of Dermatology, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College, Pondicherry, India
| | - M Jayaraman
- 1 Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - G Ramanathan
- 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, India
| | - P Devaraju
- 1 Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
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Jacobson JM, Bosinger SE, Kang M, Belaunzaran-Zamudio P, Matining RM, Wilson CC, Flexner C, Clagett B, Plants J, Read S, Purdue L, Myers L, Boone L, Tebas P, Kumar P, Clifford D, Douek D, Silvestri G, Landay AL, Lederman MM. The Effect of Chloroquine on Immune Activation and Interferon Signatures Associated with HIV-1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:636-47. [PMID: 26935044 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation associated with HIV-1 infection contributes to morbidity and mortality. We studied whether chloroquine, through Toll-like receptor (TLR) antagonist properties, could reduce immune activation thought to be driven by TLR ligands, such as gut-derived bacterial elements and HIV-1 RNAs. AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5258 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 33 HIV-1-infected participants off antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 37 participants on ART. Study participants in each cohort were randomized 1:1 to receive chloroquine 250 mg orally for the first 12 weeks then cross over to placebo for 12 weeks or placebo first and then chloroquine. Combining the periods of chloroquine use in both arms of the on-ART cohort yielded a modest reduction in the proportions of CD8 T cells co-expressing CD38 and DR (median decrease = 3.0%, p = .003). The effect on immune activation in the off-ART cohort was likely confounded by increased plasma HIV-1 RNA during chloroquine administration (median 0.29 log10 increase, p < .001). Transcriptional analyses in the off-ART cohort showed decreased expression of interferon-stimulated genes in 5 of 10 chloroquine-treated participants and modest decreases in CD38 and CCR5 RNAs in all chloroquine-treated participants. Chloroquine modestly reduced immune activation in ART-treated HIV-infected participants. Clinical Trials Registry Number: NCT00819390.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minhee Kang
- Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Roy M. Matining
- Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Charles Flexner
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Jill Plants
- Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sarah Read
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Linda Boone
- Social and Scientific Systems, Inc., Silver Springs, Maryland
| | - Pablo Tebas
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Princy Kumar
- Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - David Clifford
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland
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Yoshizaki A, Taniguchi T, Saigusa R, Fukasawa T, Ebata S, Numajiri H, Nakamura K, Yamashita T, Takahashi T, Toyama T, Asano Y, Tedder TF, Sato S. Nucleosome in patients with systemic sclerosis: possible association with immunological abnormalities via abnormal activation of T and B cells. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:1858-65. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11
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Kirou KA, Mavragani CP, Crow MK. Activation of type I interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:579-88. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.4.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Zhang S, Wang D, Wang X, Li S, Li J, Li H, Yan Z. Aqueous extract of Bai-Hu-Tang, a classical Chinese herb formula, prevents excessive immune response and liver injury induced by LPS in rabbits. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:321-7. [PMID: 23827759 PMCID: PMC7127582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bai-Hu-Tang (BHT) was traditionally used to reduce fever heat and promote generation of body fluids. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect and mechanism of BHT in the prevention of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fever in manners of immune modulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The model of fever syndrome of Chinese medicine pattern was imitated by LPS injection i.v. in rabbits, and BHT was gavaged. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6, 10) and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, and IgM) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were tested by biochemical methods. Liver tissue damage was detected by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stain. Subpopulation of T cells was detected by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS). Genes expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) in liver tissue were assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULT The results demonstrated that BHT prevented sudden increase of IL-10, TNF-α, ALT and AST, and liver damage induced by LPS. BHT also prevented significant decrease of the percentage of CD(8+) T cells since LPS injection. At the same time, BHT did not affect the gene expression of TLR4 and serum concentration of three immunoglobulins, which were increased by LPS, but made gene expression of LBP higher. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicated that BHT played an important role in immunity protection and anti-injury through preventing immunoinflammatory damage by LPS. The achievement thereby scientifically provided mechanism of BHT in the prevention of febrile disease, and supported its traditional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Discovery, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Research Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Discovery, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xurong Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shihong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Research Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Discovery, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Research Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zuoting Yan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Corresponding author at: Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China. Tel.: +86 931 2115261; fax: +86 931 2115191.
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Kenny EF, Quinn SR, Doyle SL, Vink PM, van Eenennaam H, O'Neill LAJ. Bruton's tyrosine kinase mediates the synergistic signalling between TLR9 and the B cell receptor by regulating calcium and calmodulin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74103. [PMID: 23967355 PMCID: PMC3743783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells signal through both the B cell receptor (BCR) which binds antigens and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) including TLR9 which recognises CpG DNA. Activation of TLR9 synergises with BCR signalling when the BCR and TLR9 co-localise within an auto-phagosome-like compartment. Here we report that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is required for synergistic IL6 production and up-regulation of surface expression of MHC-class-II, CD69 and CD86 in primary murine and human B cells. We show that BTK is essential for co-localisation of the BCR and TLR9 within a potential auto-phagosome-like compartment in the Namalwa human B cell line. Downstream of BTK we find that calcium acting via calmodulin is required for this process. These data provide new insights into the role of BTK, an important target for autoimmune diseases, in B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F Kenny
- Immunology Research Centre, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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von Glehn F, Santos LM, Balashov KE. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis. Immunotherapy 2013; 4:1053-61. [PMID: 23148757 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized APCs implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Compared with other peripheral blood mononuclear cells, pDCs express a high level of TLR9, which recognizes viral DNA at the initial phase of viral infection. Upon stimulation, these cells produce large amounts of type I interferon and other proinflammatory cytokines and are able to prime T lymphocytes. Thus, pDCs regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. This article reviews select aspects of pDC biology relevant to the disease pathogenesis and immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis. Many unresolved questions remain in this area, promising important future discoveries in pDC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe von Glehn
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Evolution & Bioagents, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP Brazil, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
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Matesic D, Lenert A, Lenert P. Modulating toll-like receptor 7 and 9 responses as therapy for allergy and autoimmunity. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 12:8-17. [PMID: 22086297 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-011-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Type I allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma, depend on allergen-induced T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells and IgE-secreting plasma cells. Fortunately, this harmful immune response can be modified by engaging Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR9, offering hopes to allergy sufferers. While clinical trials employing synthetic ligands for TLR7 or TLR9 are under way, one can wonder whether TLR7 or TLR9 engagements may trigger inadvertent autoreactivity and/or Th1-/Th17-mediated tissue pathology. To neutralize such danger, we have pioneered the development of potent TLR9 pathway antagonists, inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODNs), which work in a sequence-specific manner. Interestingly, INH-ODNs also have TLR7-inhibitory properties; however, these effects appear to be sequence independent and phosphorothioate backbone dependent. In B cells, co-engagement of the B-cell receptor for antigen and TLR7 or TLR9 may influence how INH-ODNs impose their regulatory effects. INH-ODNs block TLR9 activation by competitively antagonizing ligand binding to proteolytically cleaved C-terminal TLR9 fragment. One may envision future use of INH-ODNs in systemic autoimmune diseases, DNA-mediated sepsis, or other situations in which chronic inflammation results from abnormal TLR7- and/or TLR9-mediated immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Matesic
- Indiana Institute of Immunology, Allergy, and Asthma, Kokomo, IN 46902, USA.
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Chen DY, Lin CC, Chen YM, Lan JL, Hung WT, Chen HH, Lai KL, Hsieh CW. Involvement of TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of adult-onset Still's disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R39. [PMID: 23497717 PMCID: PMC3672755 DOI: 10.1186/ar4193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study was to investigate the potential role of the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD). Methods Frequencies of TLR7-expressing precursor of myeloid dendritic cells (pre-mDCs) and mDCs in 28 AOSD patients, 28 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 12 healthy controls (HC) were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Transcript and protein levels of TLR7 signaling molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated by quantitative PCR and western blotting respectively. Serum cytokines levels were measured by ELISA. Results Significantly higher median frequencies of TLR7-expressing pre-mDCs and mDCs were observed in AOSD patients (65.5% and 14.9%, respectively) and in SLE patients (60.3% and 14.4%, respectively) than in HC (42.8% and 8.8%, respectively; both P <0.001). Transcript and protein levels of TLR7-signaling molecules, including MyD88, TRAF6, IRAK4 and IFN-α, were upregulated in AOSD patients and SLE patients compared with those in HC. Disease activity scores were positively correlated with the frequencies of TLR7-expressing mDCs and expression levels of TLR7 signaling molecules in both AOSD and SLE patients. TLR7 ligand (imiquimod) stimulation of PBMCs resulted in significantly enhanced levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and IFN-α in AOSD and SLE patients. Frequencies of TLR7-expressing mDCs and expression levels of TLR7 signaling molecules significantly decreased after effective therapy. Conclusions Elevated levels of TLR7 signaling molecules and their positive correlation with disease activity in AOSD patients suggest involvement of the TLR7 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of this disease. The overexpression of TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling molecules may be a common pathogenic mechanism for both AOSD and SLE.
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Kahlenberg JM, Thacker SG, Berthier CC, Cohen CD, Kretzler M, Kaplan MJ. Inflammasome activation of IL-18 results in endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6143-56. [PMID: 22058412 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with heterogeneous manifestations including severe organ damage and vascular dysfunction leading to premature atherosclerosis. IFN-α has been proposed to have an important role in the development of lupus and lupus-related cardiovascular disease, partly by repression of IL-1 pathways leading to impairments in vascular repair induced by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and circulating angiogenic cells (CACs). Counterintuitively, SLE patients also display transcriptional upregulation of the IL-1β/IL-18 processing machinery, the inflammasome. To understand this dichotomy and its impact on SLE-related cardiovascular disease, we examined cultures of human and murine control or lupus EPC/CACs to determine the role of the inflammasome in endothelial differentiation. We show that caspase-1 inhibition improves dysfunctional SLE EPC/CAC differentiation into mature endothelial cells and blocks IFN-α-mediated repression of this differentiation, implicating inflammasome activation as a crucial downstream pathway leading to aberrant vasculogenesis. Furthermore, serum IL-18 levels are elevated in SLE and correlate with EPC/CAC dysfunction. Exogenous IL-18 inhibits endothelial differentiation in control EPC/CACs and neutralization of IL-18 in SLE EPC/CAC cultures restores their capacity to differentiate into mature endothelial cells, supporting a deleterious effect of IL-18 on vascular repair in vivo. Upregulation of the inflammasome machinery was operational in vivo, as evidenced by gene array analysis of lupus nephritis biopsies. Thus, the effects of IFN-α are complex and contribute to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease by suppression of IL-1β pathways and by upregulation of the inflammasome machinery and potentiation of IL-18 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Innate Immunity and Host Defense against Microbial Infection. Mol Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816834.ch54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu X, Zheng J, Zhou H. TLRs as pharmacological targets for plant-derived compounds in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1451-6. [PMID: 21586344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are generally involved in host immune responses against microbial invasions. Dysfunction of TLRs is closely related to infectious and inflammatory diseases, for which therapeutic manipulation with TLRs agonists and antagonists represent a promising drug strategy. Medicinal plants were used traditionally for the prevention and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Active compounds derived from these plants were also found with unique features as TLRs agonists and antagonists. These findings bring about new hopes for the application of these naturally existed TLRs modulators. They also provide evidences encouraging further research work of continued characterization for these compounds, which will become promising drug candidates in TLRs-based therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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Goeken JA, Layer T, Fleenor S, Laccheo M, Lenert P. B-cell receptor for antigen modulates B-cell responses to complex TLR9 agonists and antagonists: implications for systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2010; 19:1290-301. [PMID: 20605877 DOI: 10.1177/0961203310371157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to make secondary structures significantly affects the ability of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists and antagonists to either induce or block TLR9-dependent activation in B cells. However, it has a minor impact on TLR9-induced activation in interferon alpha (IFNα)-producing dendritic cells. Based on the ability of inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides to form predictable secondary structures, we have classified TLR9-antagonists into Class R ('restricted', palindromic) and Class B ('broadly reactive', linear) oligodeoxynucleotides. In non-autoreactive B cells, Class R oligodeoxynucleotides are at least 10-fold less potent TLR9-inhibitors. We wanted to determine whether engagement of the B-cell receptor for antigen could overcome this restriction. Here we show that in non-autoreactive mouse B cells, B-cell receptor for antigen engagement increased the potency of Class R oligodeoxynucleotides for TLR9 activation at least 10-fold, making it equal in potency to linear oligodeoxynucleotides. However, this enhanced potency was selective for TLR9-induced B-cell cycling and apoptosis protection while TLR9-induced IL-6, an event that strongly depends on signaling via late endosomes, still required 10 times more Class R oligodeoxynucleotides. Thus, pathway-specific effects of Class R oligodeoxynucleotides for TLR9/B-cell receptor for antigen co-stimulated B cells may have therapeutic advantages over non-selective targeting of B cells, a strategy that may be seen as a potential therapy for human systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Goeken
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Graham KL, Lee LY, Higgins JP, Steinman L, Utz PJ, Ho PP. Treatment with a toll-like receptor inhibitory GpG oligonucleotide delays and attenuates lupus nephritis in NZB/W mice. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:140-55. [PMID: 19845477 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903229239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system by DNA containing hypomethylated CpG motifs has been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we examined the consequences of immunostimulatory CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) and inhibitory GpG-ODN treatment in the NZB x NZW F1 (NZB/W) murine model of SLE. Beginning at 5 months of age, we administered CpG-ODN or GpG-ODN at regular intervals to female NZB/W animals. We also determined the effects of ODN administration on NZB/W mouse lymphocyte function, and the specificity of ODN binding to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) other than TLR-9. While CpG-ODN treatment did not appear to have a major impact on disease severity, GpG-ODN treatment significantly delayed the onset of proteinuria in NZB/W mice. Interestingly, short-term GpG-ODN treatment promoted Th2-type T and B cell responses, and inhibited B lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. On the other hand, extended GpG-ODN treatment did not result in sustained Th2 responses or significantly reduced renal disease. Moreover, the binding of CpG-ODN and GpG-ODN was not restricted to TLR-9 as both ODNs also interacted with TLR-3, TLR-7, and TLR-8. Taken together, the data indicate that the protective mechanism of GpG-ODN treatment in the NZB/W model of lupus nephritis involves modulating T cell cytokine profiles and B lymphocyte activation through the inhibition of several TLRs, including TLR-7 and TLR-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem L Graham
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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Classification, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications of inhibitory oligonucleotides for Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 9. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:986596. [PMID: 20490286 PMCID: PMC2873634 DOI: 10.1155/2010/986596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our immune defense depends on two specialized armed forces. The innate force acts as an alarm mechanism that senses changes in the microenvironment through the recognition of common microbial patterns by Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD proteins. It rapidly generates an inflammatory response aimed at neutralizing the intruder at the mucosal checkpoint. The innate arm also communicates this message with more specialized adaptive forces represented by pathogen-specific B cells and T cells. Interestingly, B cells also express some innate sensors, like TLR7 and TLR9, and may respond to bacterial hypomethylated CpG motifs and single-stranded RNA viruses. Intracellular nucleic acid sensing TLRs play an important role in the pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). In this review, we describe recent achievements in the development of oligonucleotide—(ODN)-based inhibitors of TLR9 and/or TLR7 signaling. We categorize these novel therapeutics into Classes G, R, and B based on their cellular and molecular targets. Several short ODNs have already shown promise as pathway-specific therapeutics for animal lupus. We envision their future use in human SLE, microbial DNA-dependent sepsis, and in other autoinflammatory diseases.
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Lenert P. Nucleic acid sensing receptors in systemic lupus erythematosus: development of novel DNA- and/or RNA-like analogues for treating lupus. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161:208-22. [PMID: 20456414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded (ds) DNA, DNA- or RNA-associated nucleoproteins are the primary autoimmune targets in SLE, yet their relative inability to trigger similar autoimmune responses in experimental animals has fascinated scientists for decades. While many cellular proteins bind non-specifically negatively charged nucleic acids, it was discovered only recently that several intracellular proteins are involved directly in innate recognition of exogenous DNA or RNA, or cytosol-residing DNA or RNA viruses. Thus, endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR) mediate responses to double-stranded RNA (TLR-3), single-stranded RNA (TLR-7/8) or unmethylated bacterial cytosine (phosphodiester) guanine (CpG)-DNA (TLR-9), while DNA-dependent activator of IRFs/Z-DNA binding protein 1 (DAI/ZBP1), haematopoietic IFN-inducible nuclear protein-200 (p202), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), RNA polymerase III, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) mediate responses to cytosolic dsDNA or dsRNA, respectively. TLR-induced responses are more robust than those induced by cytosolic DNA- or RNA- sensors, the later usually being limited to interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent type I interferon (IFN) induction and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. Interestingly, AIM2 is not capable of inducing type I IFN, but rather plays a role in caspase I activation. DNA- or RNA-like synthetic inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODN) have been developed that antagonize TLR-7- and/or TLR-9-induced activation in autoimmune B cells and in type I IFN-producing dendritic cells at low nanomolar concentrations. It is not known whether these INH-ODNs have any agonistic or antagonistic effects on cytosolic DNA or RNA sensors. While this remains to be determined in the future, in vivo studies have already shown their potential for preventing spontaneous lupus in various animal models of lupus. Several groups are exploring the possibility of translating these INH-ODNs into human therapeutics for treating SLE and bacterial DNA-induced sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lenert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Zorro S, Arias M, Riaño F, Paris S, Ramírez LA, Uribe O, García LF, Vásquez G. Response to ODN-CpG by B Cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus correlates with disease activity. Lupus 2009; 18:718-26. [PMID: 19502268 DOI: 10.1177/0961203309103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Different immunological alterations may condition systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity. However, it is not known whether alterations in the phenotype of circulating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and in the response to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN-CpG) correlate with disease activity. APC expression of HLA-DR, costimulatory molecules, and TLR9 expression was determined in patients with SLE, other autoimmune diseases, and healthy controls. Monocyte and B cell response to synthetic ODN-CpG sequences was also evaluated. Monocytes from patients with moderate SLE activity had higher expression of CD40 and CD86. Decreased numbers of CD19+CD80+ and BDCA-3+CD40+ cells were found in patients with severe SLE activity. In patients with moderate SLE activity, non-adherent and enriched B cell response to ODN-CpG was similar to healthy controls. Adherent and enriched B cells from patients with severe SLE activity did not increase costimulatory molecule expression or cytokine production after ODN-CpG stimulation. APCs from patients with SLE, regardless of disease activity, displayed higher percentage of TLR9+ cells, as well as increased expression of TLR9, compared to healthy controls. Results suggest that the B cell response to ODN-CpG correlates with the SLE activity, independently of TLR9 expression, indicating that alterations in B cell response in severe activity SLE may be caused by events down-stream to TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zorro
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Immunology, Cancer Center, Scottsdale Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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Abstract
B cells and antigen-presenting cells express a group of intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize nucleic acids and can be accessed only when apoptotic debris or immune complexes are internalized by B-cell receptors or Fc receptors. This results in rapid cell activation and release of inflammatory mediators that perpetuate the autoantibody response. TLR-7 and TLR-9 are required to generate autoantibodies to RNA and DNA, respectively. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides that inhibit the activity of these intracellular TLRs attenuate systemic lupus erythematosus in mouse models and may be of therapeutic benefit in human systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Lenert P, Yasuda K, Busconi L, Nelson P, Fleenor C, Ratnabalasuriar RS, Nagy PL, Ashman RF, Rifkin IR, Marshak-Rothstein A. DNA-like class R inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODNs) preferentially block autoantigen-induced B-cell and dendritic cell activation in vitro and autoantibody production in lupus-prone MRL-Fas(lpr/lpr) mice in vivo. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R79. [PMID: 19476613 PMCID: PMC2714127 DOI: 10.1186/ar2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION B cells have many different roles in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ranging from autoantigen recognition and processing to effector functions (for example, autoantibody and cytokine secretion). Recent studies have shown that intracellular nucleic acid-sensing receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9, play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE. Dual engagement of rheumatoid factor-specific AM14 B cells through the B-cell receptor (BCR) and TLR7/9 results in marked proliferation of autoimmune B cells. Thus, strategies to preferentially block innate activation through TLRs in autoimmune B cells may be preferred over non-selective B-cell depletion. METHODS We have developed a new generation of DNA-like compounds named class R inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODNs). We tested their effectiveness in autoimmune B cells and interferon-alpha-producing dendritic cells in vitro and in lupus-prone MRL-Faslpr/lpr mice in vivo. RESULTS Class R INH-ODNs have 10- to 30-fold higher inhibitory potency when autoreactive B cells are synergistically activated through the BCR and associated TLR7 or 9 than when stimulation occurs via non-BCR-engaged TLR7/9. Inhibition of TLR9 requires the presence of both CCT and GGG triplets in an INH-ODN, whereas the inhibition of the TLR7 pathway appears to be sequence-independent but dependent on the phosphorothioate backbone. This difference was also observed in the MRL-Faslpr/lpr mice in vivo, where the prototypic class R INH-ODN was more effective in curtailing abnormal autoantibody secretion and prolonging survival. CONCLUSIONS The increased potency of class R INH-ODNs for autoreactive B cells and dendritic cells may be beneficial for lupus patients by providing pathway-specific inhibition yet allowing them to generate protective immune response when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Lenert
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Xu CJ, Zhang WH, Pan HF, Li XP, Xu JH, Ye DQ. Association study of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the exon 2 region of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) gene with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus among Chinese. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 36:2245-8. [PMID: 19130296 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) plays an important role in the induction and regulation of the innate immune system or adaptive immune responses. Genetic variations within human TLR9 have been reported to be associated with a range of immune-related diseases, such as asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and so on. Family-based association analysis was performed to further investigate whether a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs352140) in the exon 2 region of TLR9 gene is associated with susceptibility to SLE in a Chinese population. A total of 77 patients with SLE from 74 nuclear families, aged from 12 to 63 years, were enrolled according to 1997 criteria of American College of Rheumatology (ACR), 211 family members of these patients were also included. Genotyping was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. Among 77 patients with SLE, the CC, CT and TT genetype frequencies of the SNP (rs352140) were 20.8, 61.0 and 18.2%, respectively. Single loci analysis suggested that the T allele at position of rs352140 was significantly associated with the susceptibility to SLE (Z = 2.357, P = 0.018402) in dominant model, but not in additive or recessive model. Genetype analysis showed that individuals with CT genetype had greater susceptibility to SLE than those without (Z = 2.004, P = 0.045067). Our study suggests that a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs352140) in the exon 2 region of TLR9 gene may be a susceptibility factor for SLE in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Juan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, 230032 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Chaturvedi A, Dorward D, Pierce SK. The B cell receptor governs the subcellular location of Toll-like receptor 9 leading to hyperresponses to DNA-containing antigens. Immunity 2008; 28:799-809. [PMID: 18513998 PMCID: PMC2601674 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic engagement of the B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in response to DNA-containing antigens underlies the production of many autoantibodies in systemic autoimmune diseases. However, the molecular basis of this synergistic engagement is not known. Given that these receptors are spatially segregated, with the BCR on the cell surface and TLR9 in endocytic vesicles, achieving synergy must involve unique mechanisms. We show that upon antigen binding, the BCR initiates signaling at the plasma membrane and continues to signal to activate MAP kinases as it traffics to autophagosome-like compartments. The internalized BCR signals through a phospholipase-D-dependent pathway to recruit TLR9-containing endosomes to the autophagosome via the microtubular network. The recruitment of TLR9 to the autophagosomes was necessary for hyperactivation of MAP kinases. This unique mechanism for BCR-induced TLR9 recruitment resulting in B cells hyperresponses may provide new targets for therapeutics for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Chaturvedi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - David Dorward
- Microscopy Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Research Technologies Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, 59840
| | - Susan K. Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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O'Neill LAJ. Primer: Toll-like receptor signaling pathways--what do rheumatologists need to know? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:319-27. [PMID: 18446139 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have caught the attention of rheumatologists searching for additional therapeutic targets for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Signaling from these molecules can induce the expression of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interferon alpha. Strategies that target TLRs and their co-receptors (such as MD2 for TLR4 or CD36 for TLR2) might be a more-selective approach than inhibition of global signals such as nuclear factor kappaB or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. TLR signaling requires adaptor proteins, including MyD88, Mal, TRIF and TRAM, which are recruited to specific receptors: Mal is used only by TLR2 and TLR4, TRIF is used by TLR3 and TLR4, and TRAM is recruited by TLR4 alone. Mal and TRAM are subject to complex biochemical regulation. Inhibition of Mal or MyD88 blocks the production of inflammatory mediators in synovial tissue. Another possible intracellular target is Unc93b, a protein involved in signaling from TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9. Inhibition of TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 has produced intriguing results, which indicate that TLRs and their signaling pathways might indeed have great potential as novel targets for the treatment of inflammatory joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Cognasse F, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Lafarge S, Chavarin P, Pozzetto B, Richard Y, Garraud O. Identification of two subpopulations of purified human blood B cells, CD27- CD23+ and CD27high CD80+, that strongly express cell surface Toll-like receptor 9 and secrete high levels of interleukin-6. Immunology 2008; 125:430-7. [PMID: 18445007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell expression of certain Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is important in linking innate and adaptive immune responses in normal and pathological conditions. The expression of TLR9 plays a role in the recognition of conserved pathogen motifs in a manner that is dependent on B-cell localization, deduced from B-cell phenotype. The nature of TLR9 function is unclear. A first step in unravelling the function of this pattern recognition receptor is to discover the precise nature of the cell types that express TLR9. This study used three-colour flow cytometry to characterize the B lymphocytes from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that express TLR9 on the surface. We sorted TLR9-positive B and non-B cells from the PBMC population and detected TLR9 expression on naïve and memory B cells. Moreover, we identified two discrete subpopulations of B cells: CD19(+) CD27(-) CD23(+) cells and CD19(+) CD27(high) CD80(+) cells. These subpopulations expressed high levels of membrane TLR9 and exhibited a strong in vitro response to binding a relevant CpG motif by secreting high levels of interleukin-6 (compared to controls). Our finding that this pattern recognition receptor is expressed on a variety of cell subsets adds to the current understanding of the functional complexity of B-cell membrane TLR9.
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Lafyatis R, Marshak-Rothstein A. Toll-like receptors and innate immune responses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:222. [PMID: 18086320 PMCID: PMC2246252 DOI: 10.1186/ar2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of discoveries over the past several years has provided a new paradigm for understanding autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. The discoveries of pattern recognition receptors and of how these receptors can be recruited into autoimmune responses underpin this paradigm. The implications of these observations continue to unfold with ongoing investigation into the range and specificity of pattern recognition receptors, into how immune complexes containing nucleic acids trigger these receptors, into how endogenous macromolecular 'danger signals' stimulate innate immune responses, and into the effect of pattern recognition receptor activation on various cell types in initiating and perpetuating autoimmunity. The development of clinical trials using therapeutic agents that target components of the innate immune system suggests that these advances may soon culminate in new medications for treating patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lafyatis
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Section, 715 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex immune disorder in which loss of tolerance to nucleic acid antigens and other crossreactive antigens is associated with the development of pathogenic autoantibodies that damage target organs, including the skin, joints, brain and kidney. New drugs based on modulation of the immune system are currently being developed for the treatment of SLE. Many of these new therapies do not globally suppress the immune system but target specific activation pathways relevant to SLE pathogenesis. Immune modulation in SLE is complicated by differences in the immune defects between patients and at different disease stages. Since both deficiency and hyperactivity of the immune system can give rise to SLE, the ultimate goal for SLE therapy is to restore homeostasis without affecting protective immune responses to pathogens. Here we review recent immunological advances that have enhanced our understanding of SLE pathogenesis and discuss how they may lead to the development of new treatment regimens.
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Praprotnik S, Sodin-Semrl S, Tomsic M, Shoenfeld Y. The curiously suspicious: infectious disease may ameliorate an ongoing autoimmune destruction in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Autoimmun 2007; 30:37-41. [PMID: 18158235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease, which can arise from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In the past, infections (Epstein Barr virus, parvovirus B-19) have been indicated to play a causative role in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as SLE. On the other hand, with the emergence of the "hygiene hypothesis" infections have also shown to play a protective role in autoimmune diseases. Two case studies are presented which provide clinical evidence of SLE patients with severe, long-term disease, despite immunosuppresive therapy. The course of both diseases changed remarkably after they experienced infections with multiple microbes (bacterial, viral and fungal). Surprisingly, their clinical and laboratory signs of SLE normalized and they are now symptom-free after 5 and 3year follow-ups. The second patient has even had a normal pregnancy, which was a trigger factor for disease flare in the past. The infections presumably changed the host immune systems and the mechanisms of their protective effects are most likely multifactorial. Our cases illustrate that infections could be beneficial in SLE patients and re-directing research toward novel innate-based SLE therapy should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Praprotnik
- University Medical Centre, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, Vodnikova 62, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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34
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Primer: signal transduction in rheumatic disease--a clinician's guide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:651-60. [PMID: 17968336 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways enable cells to respond and adapt to environmental stimuli. For instance, extracellular ligands, such as proinflammatory cytokines or pathogen components, bind receptors on the surface of cells that trigger downstream signaling cascades driven by enzymes called kinases. Ultimately, kinases activate transcription factors that bind to DNA and alter the expression of target genes, the products of which allow the cell to respond to the initial stimulus. A variety of chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with altered cellular signaling. Some of the signal cascades that are involved in inflammation and autoimmunity include those mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor-kappaB, interferon regulatory factor and Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors and the inflammasome, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases. Understanding these intracellular pathways might lead to new approaches to the treatment of inflammatory disease, including the use of orally bioavailable small molecules that regulate cytokine function and production.
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Tse K, Horner AA. Update on toll-like receptor-directed therapies for human disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66 Suppl 3:iii77-80. [PMID: 17934102 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.078998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate responses to microbes are mediated in large part by toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognise a diverse range of molecules produced by viruses, bacteria and fungi. Great effort has been directed towards translating this knowledge into the development of new therapies for a wide spectrum of diseases, including infectious, malignant, autoimmune and allergic diseases. This review will provide a brief update on completed, ongoing and planned clinical trials of TLR ligand-based therapies for the treatment of diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tse
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail code 0663, La Jolla, CA 92093-0663, USA
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36
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Monrad S, Kaplan MJ. Dendritic cells and the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Res 2007; 37:135-45. [PMID: 17695248 DOI: 10.1007/bf02685895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has become apparent. As unique mediators of both tolerance and immunity, aberrant myeloid and plasmacytoid DC function can promote autoimmune responses via a number of mechanisms and proinflammatory pathways. This review provides an overview of DC function, the potential role of DCs in promoting autoimmune responses in SLE, and how other abnormalities in lupus can lead to an enhanced engagement of DCs in immune responses. How medications used to treat SLE and other autoimmune conditions may exert effects on DCs is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetha Monrad
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, 5520 MSRBI, Box 0680, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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37
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Kanzler H, Barrat FJ, Hessel EM, Coffman RL. Therapeutic targeting of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor agonists and antagonists. Nat Med 2007; 13:552-9. [PMID: 17479101 DOI: 10.1038/nm1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the antigen recognition receptors for innate immunity, most notably the Toll-like receptors, has sparked great interest in therapeutic manipulation of the innate immune system. Toll-like receptor agonists are being developed for the treatment of cancer, allergies and viral infections, and as adjuvants for potent new vaccines to prevent or treat cancer and infectious diseases. As recognition grows of the role of inappropriate Toll-like receptor stimulation in inflammation and autoimmunity, significant efforts have begun to develop antagonists to Toll-like receptors as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Kanzler
- Dynavax Technologies, 2929 Seventh Street, Suite 100, Berkeley, California 94710, USA
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38
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Pawar RD, Ramanjaneyulu A, Kulkarni OP, Lech M, Segerer S, Anders HJ. Inhibition of Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR-7) or TLR-7 plus TLR-9 attenuates glomerulonephritis and lung injury in experimental lupus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1721-31. [PMID: 17460144 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small nuclear RNA and associated lupus autoantigens activate B cells and dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR-7); therefore, TLR-7 may represent a potential therapeutic target in lupus. MRL lpr mice were administered an injection of either saline or synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides with immunoregulatory sequences (IRS) that specifically block signaling via TLR-7 (IRS 661) or via TLR-7 and TLR-9 (IRS 954, which uses a active sequence from IRS 661 along with a TLR-9 inhibitory sequence) from weeks 11 to 24 of age. IRS 661 and IRS 954 both significantly reduced the weight of spleen and lymph nodes as well as serum levels of TNF as compared with saline-treated MRL lpr mice. Only IRS 661 but not IRS 954 significantly reduced serum levels of IL-12p40, anti-dsDNA IgG(2a), IgG(2b), and anti-Smith IgG. Both IRS localized to the kidney after intraperitoneal injection and significantly improved the activity index and chronicity index for lupus nephritis in MRL lpr mice. This was associated with significant reduction of renal glomerular and interstitial macrophage infiltrates and the number of interstitial T cells. Autoimmune lung injury was also attenuated with IRS 661 and IRS 954. These data demonstrate that TLR-7 antagonism, initiated after the onset of autoimmunity, can prevent autoimmune kidney and lung injury in MRL lpr mice. Concomitant blockade of TLR-9 with IRS 954 neutralized the effect of TLR-7 blockade on dsDNA IgG(2a), dsDNA IgG(2b), and Smith antigen autoantibodies but had neither additive nor opposing effects on autoimmune lung and kidney injury. Hence, TLR-7 is proposed as a novel and potential therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul D Pawar
- Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
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39
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She K, Gilman AL, Aslanian S, Shimizu H, Krailo M, Chen Z, Reid GS, Wall D, Goldman F, Schultz KR. Altered Toll-like receptor 9 responses in circulating B cells at the onset of extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13:386-97. [PMID: 17382246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.12.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
B cells appear to play a role in chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) as shown in murine models and the success of anti-CD20 B cell antibody treatment in humans. Recent studies have shown that immunostimulatory microbial CpG-DNA splenic responses were enhanced in murine GVHD. We hypothesized that CpG-induced B cell responses are increased in human cGVHD. Newly diagnosed cGVHD patients enrolled on the COG protocol ASCT0031 were divided into early (3-8 months postblood and marrow transplant [BMT]) and late (> or =9 months post-BMT) onset groups and compared to time-matched control BMT patients. A significantly greater percentage of phosphorothioate (PS)-modified CpG stimulated B cells from cGVHD patients demonstrated an increased expression of CD86 compared to controls (P = .0004). This response had a significant correlation between B cell TLR9 expression (r(2) = 0.65; P = .002) and CD86 upregulation using the entirely TLR9-dependent native phosphodiester CpG (P = .003). The PS-modified CpG response at 2 months after initiation of cGVHD therapy demonstrated a trend toward predicting therapeutic response at 9 months post-BMT (P = .07). These findings suggest that an increased number of B cells, primed for a TLR9 response, may play a role in the pathophysiology of cGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin She
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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40
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Abstract
Published reports in 2006 on systemic lupus erythematosus are reviewed with regard to preclinical and clinical studies on disturbances of the immune system including co-stimulation, cytokines and recent insights into new therapeutic approaches. Increasing knowledge of components of the innate immune system, such as certain receptors (Toll-like receptors, Fc receptors and complement receptors) and cytokines as well as immune cells (dendritic cells, plasmacytoid cells and neutrophils) supports their immunopathogenic relevance and enhance our understanding of the pathogenic complexity of lupus. Although it remains to be shown which of those could be targets for therapy or biomarkers, lymphocyte-directed therapy is currently under promising clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Hansen
- Charité Centrum 12, Charité University Medicine, Chariteplatz 01, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Hiepe
- Charité Centrum 12, Charité University Medicine, Chariteplatz 01, 10098 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Rheumatology Research, Chariteplatz 01, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- German Center for Rheumatology Research, Chariteplatz 01, 10098 Berlin, Germany
- Charité Centrum 14, Charité University Medicine, Chariteplatz 01, 10098 Berlin, Germany
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41
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a crucial role in the early detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and the subsequent activation of the adaptive immune response. Whether TLRs also have an important role in the recognition of endogenous ligands has been more controversial. Numerous in vitro studies have documented activation of both autoreactive B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells by mammalian TLR ligands. The issue of whether these in vitro observations translate to an in vivo role for TLRs in either the initiation or the progression of systemic autoimmune disease is a subject of intense research; data are beginning to emerge showing that this is the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and scleroderma, have allowed for reorganization of the classification of these disorders. With these novel stratifications, early identification of rheumatic skin diseases with systemic implications and consistency in designing and executing therapeutic trials will be enhanced. This review will provide a compilation of updates on epidemiology, pathology, evaluation, and classification with a predominant focus on therapeutics, reflecting the growth is this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa I Costner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9190, USA.
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Pawar RD, Patole PS, Ellwart A, Lech M, Segerer S, Schlondorff D, Anders HJ. Ligands to nucleic acid-specific toll-like receptors and the onset of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:3365-73. [PMID: 17082246 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis develops from a combination of genetic and environmental factors such as microbial infection. A role for microbial nucleic acids (e.g., via nucleic acid-specific Toll-like receptors [TLR]) was hypothesized, in this context, because microbial nucleic acids can trigger multiple aspects of autoimmunity in vitro and in vivo. Eight-week-old MRL(lpr/lpr) and MRL wild-type mice received an injection of pI:C RNA (ligand to TLR-3), imiquimod (ligand to TLR-7), or CpG-DNA (ligand to TLR-9) on alternate days for 2 wk. Only CpG-DNA triggered the onset of lupus nephritis in MRL(lpr/lpr) mice, as defined by diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with glomerular IgG and complement C3 deposition, proteinuria, and glomerular macrophage infiltrates. None of the compounds caused DNA autoantibody production or glomerulonephritis in MRL wild-type mice. The role of CpG-DNA to trigger lupus nephritis in MRL(lpr/lpr) mice was found to relate to its potent immunostimulatory effects at multiple levels: B cell IL12p40 production, B cell proliferation, double-stranded DNA autoantibody secretion, and dendritic cell IFN-alpha production. The induction of lupus nephritis by CpG-DNA is motif specific and could be prevented by co-injection of inhibitory DNA. In summary, among the ligands tested, CpG-DNA triggers lupus nephritis in genetically predisposed hosts. These data support the concept that systemic lupus erythematosus is triggered by pathogens that release CG-rich DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul D Pawar
- Medical Poliklinik, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Lartigue A, Courville P, Auquit I, François A, Arnoult C, Tron F, Gilbert D, Musette P. Role of TLR9 in anti-nucleosome and anti-DNA antibody production in lpr mutation-induced murine lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1349-54. [PMID: 16818796 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by the production of autoantibodies directed against nuclear Ags, including nucleosome and DNA. TLR9 is thought to play a role in the production of these autoantibodies through the capacity of nuclear immunogenic particles to interact both with BCR and TLR9. To determine the role of TLR9 in SLE, C57BL/6-lpr/lpr-TLR9(-/-) and TLR9(+/+) mice were analyzed. The abrogation of TLR9 totally impaired the production of anti-nucleosome Abs, whereas no difference was observed in the frequency of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies whose titer was strikingly higher in TLR9(-/-) mice. In addition a higher rate of mesangial proliferation was observed in the kidney of TLR9-deficient animals. These results indicate that in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice, TLR9 is absolutely required for the anti-nucleosome Ab response but not for anti-dsDNA Ab production which is involved in mesangial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Lartigue
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 519 and Institut Fédératif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, 22 boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
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45
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Katsiari CG, Tsokos GC. Systemic lupus erythematosus: From disease pathogenesis to therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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