1
|
Pagare PP, McGinn M, Ghatge MS, Shekhar V, Alhashimi RT, Daniel Pierce B, Abdulmalik O, Zhang Y, Safo MK. The antisickling agent, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural: Other potential pharmacological applications. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38842004 DOI: 10.1002/med.22062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
For the last two decades, the aromatic aldehyde 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural (5-HMF) has been the subject of several investigations for its pharmacologic potential. In 2004, the Safo group reported that 5-HMF has potent antisickling activity by targeting and ameliorating the primary pathophysiology of hypoxia-induced sickling of erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBC]). Following the encouraging outcome of the preclinical and phase I/II clinical studies of 5-HMF for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD), there have been multiple studies suggesting 5-HMF has several other biological or pharmacologic activities, including anti-allergic, antioxidant, anti-hypoxic, anti-ischemic, cognitive improvement, anti-tyrosinase, anti-proliferation, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. The wide range of its effects makes 5-HMF a potential candidate for treating a variety of diseases including cognitive disorders, gout, allergic disorders, anemia, hypoxia, cancers, ischemia, hemorrhagic shock, liver fibrosis, and oxidative injury. Several of these therapeutic claims are currently under investigation and, while promising, vary in terms of the strength of their evidence. This review presents the research regarding the therapeutic potential of 5-HMF in addition to its sources, physicochemical properties, safety, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mina McGinn
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Vibha Shekhar
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rana T Alhashimi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - B Daniel Pierce
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu Y, Gong H, Zou Y, Mao X. Antihyperuricemic activity and inhibition mechanism of xanthine oxidase inhibitory peptides derived from whey protein by virtual screening. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1877-1886. [PMID: 37923199 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO), a rate-limiting enzyme in uric acid production, is the pivotal therapeutic target for gout and hyperuricemia. In this study, 57 peptides from α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin were obtained via virtual enzymatic hydrolysis, and 10 XO inhibitory peptides were virtually screened using molecular docking. Then toxicity, allergenicity, solubility, and isoelectric point of the obtained 10 novel peptides were evaluated by in silico tools. The XO activity of these synthetic peptides was tested using an in vitro assay by high-performance liquid chromatography. Their inhibitory mechanism was further explored by molecular docking. The results showed that 4 peptides GL, PM, AL, and AM exhibited higher inhibitory activity, and their half maximal inhibitory concentration in vitro was 10.20 ± 0.89, 23.82 ± 0.94, 34.49 ± 0.89, and 40.45 ± 0.92 mM, respectively. The peptides fitted well with XO through hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interaction, and van der Waals forces, and amino acid residues Glu802, Leu873, Arg880, and Pro1076 played an important role in this process. Overall, this study indicated 4 novel peptides GL, PM, AL, and AM from whey protein exhibited XO inhibitory activity, and they might be useful and safe XO inhibitors for hyperuricemia prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Han Gong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Tianjin Haihe Dairy Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300000, China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Qi C, Shao M, Yang Y, Wang Y, Li J, Xiao Z, Ye F. A System for Discovering Novel Uricosurics Targeting Urate Transporter 1 Based on In Vitro and In Vivo Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:172. [PMID: 38399232 PMCID: PMC10893275 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia has become a global burden with the increasing prevalence and risk of associated metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Uricosurics act as a vital urate-lowering therapy by promoting uric acid excretion via the kidneys. However, potent and safe uricosurics are still in urgent demand for use in the clinic. In this study, we aimed to establish in vitro and in vivo models to aid the discovery of novel uricosurics, and to search for potent active compounds, especially targeting urate transporter 1 (URAT1), the major urate transporter in the kidney handling uric acid homeostasis. As a result, for preliminary screening, the in vitro URAT1 transport activity was assessed using a non-isotopic uric acid uptake assay in hURAT1-stably expressed HEK293 cells. The in vivo therapeutic effect was evaluated in a subacute hyperuricemic mouse model (sub-HUA) and further confirmed in a chronic hyperuricemic mouse model (Ch-HUA). By utilizing these models, compound CC18002 was obtained as a potent URAT1 inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 1.69 μM, and favorable uric acid-lowering effect in both sub-HUA and Ch-HUA mice, which was comparable to that of benzbromarone at the same dosage. Moreover, the activity of xanthine oxidoreductase, the key enzyme catalyzing uric acid synthesis, was not altered by CC18002 treatment. Taken together, we have developed a novel screening system, including a cell model targeting URAT1 and two kinds of mouse models, for the discovery of novel uricosurics. Utilizing this system, compound CC18002 was investigated as a candidate URAT1 inhibitor to treat hyperuricemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chufan Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mengjie Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao H, Liu Z, Song F, Xing J, Zheng Z, Hou Z, Liu S. Establishment of Polydopamine-Modified HK-2 Cell Membrane Chromatography and Screening of Active Components from Plantago asiatica L. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1153. [PMID: 38256226 PMCID: PMC10816010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane chromatography (CMC) has been widely recognized as a highly efficient technique for in vitro screening of active compounds. Nevertheless, conventional CMC approaches suffer from a restricted repertoire of cell membrane proteins, making them susceptible to oversaturation. Moreover, the binding mechanism between silica gel and proteins primarily relies on intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which is inherently unstable and somewhat hampers the advancement of CMC. Consequently, this investigation aimed to establish a novel CMC column that could augment protein loading, enhance detection throughput, and bolster binding affinity through the introduction of covalent bonding with proteins. This study utilizes polydopamine (PDA)-coated silica gel, which is formed through the self-polymerization of dopamine (DA), as the carrier for the CMC column filler. The objective is to construct the HK-2/SiO2-PDA/CMC model to screen potential therapeutic drugs for gout. To compare the quantity and characteristics of Human Kidney-2 (HK-2) cell membrane proteins immobilized on SiO2-PDA and silica gel, the proteins were immobilized on both surfaces. The results indicate that SiO2-PDA has a notably greater affinity for membrane proteins compared to silica gel, resulting in a significant improvement in detection efficiency. Furthermore, a screening method utilizing HK-2/SiO2-PDA/CMC was utilized to identify seven potential anti-gout compounds derived from Plantago asiatica L. (PAL). The effectiveness of these compounds was further validated using an in vitro cell model of uric acid (UA) reabsorption. In conclusion, this study successfully developed and implemented a novel CMC filler, which has practical implications in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (H.G.)
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (H.G.)
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Fengrui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (H.G.)
| | - Junpeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (H.G.)
| | - Zhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (H.G.)
| | - Zong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (H.G.)
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (H.G.)
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schlesinger N, Pérez-Ruiz F, Lioté F. Mechanisms and rationale for uricase use in patients with gout. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:640-649. [PMID: 37684360 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-01006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors such as allopurinol and febuxostat have been the mainstay urate-lowering therapy (ULT) for treating hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. However, not all patients receiving oral ULT achieve the target serum urate level, in part because some patients cannot tolerate, or have actual or misconceived contraindications to, their use, mainly due to comorbidities. ULT dosage is also limited by formularies and clinical inertia. This failure to sufficiently lower serum urate levels can lead to difficult-to-treat or uncontrolled gout, usually due to poorly managed and/or under-treated gout. In species other than humans, uricase (urate oxidase) converts urate to allantoin, which is more soluble in urine than uric acid. Exogenic uricases are an exciting therapeutic option for patients with gout. They can be viewed as enzyme replacement therapy. Uricases are being used to treat uncontrolled gout, and can achieve rapid reduction of hyperuricaemia, dramatic resolution of tophi, decreased chronic joint pain and improved quality of life. Availability, cost and uricase immunogenicity have limited their use. Uricases could become a leading choice in severe and difficult-to-treat gout as induction and/or debulking therapy (that is, for lowering of the urate pool) to be followed by chronic oral ULT. This Review summarizes the evidence regarding available uricases and those in the pipeline, their debulking effect and their outcomes related to gout and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Schlesinger
- Division of Rheumatology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Fernando Pérez-Ruiz
- Rheumatology Division, Cruces University Hospital, Vizcaya, Spain
- Arthritis Investigation Group, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Vizcaya, Spain
- Medicine Department, Medicine and Nursing School, University of the Basque Country, Biskay, Spain
| | - Frédéric Lioté
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Department of Rheumatology, DMU Locomotion, AP-HP Nord & Inserm UMR 1132, Bioscar (Centre Viggo Petersen), Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cho KH, Nam HS, Kim JE, Na HJ, Del Carmen Dominguez-Horta M, Martinez-Donato G. CIGB-258 Exerts Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity against Carboxymethyllysine-Induced Acute Inflammation in Hyperlipidemic Zebrafish via the Protection of Apolipoprotein A-I. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087044. [PMID: 37108210 PMCID: PMC10139093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and atherosclerosis are intimately associated via the production of dysfunctional high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and modification of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. A putative interaction between CIGB-258 and apoA-I was investigated to provide mechanistic insight into the protection of HDL. The protective activity of CIGB-258 was tested in the CML-mediated glycation of apoA-I. The in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy was compared in paralyzed hyperlipidemic zebrafish and its embryo in the presence of CML. Treatment of CML induced greater glycation extent of HDL/apoA-I and proteolytic degradation of apoA-I. In the presence of CML, however, co-treatment of CIGB-258 inhibited the glycation of apoA-I and protected the degradation of apoA-I, exerting enhanced ferric ion reduction ability. Microinjection of CML (500 ng) into zebrafish embryos resulted in acute death with the lowest survivability with severe developmental defects with interleukin (IL)-6 production. Conversely, a co-injection of CIGB-258 or Tocilizumab produced the highest survivability with a normal development speed and morphology. In hyperlipidemic zebrafish, intraperitoneal injection of CML (500 μg) caused the complete loss of swimming ability and severe acute death with only 13% survivability 3 h post-injection. A co-injection of the CIGB-258 resulted in a 2.2-fold faster recovery of swimming ability than CML alone, with higher survivability of approximately 57%. These results suggest that CIGB-258 protected hyperlipidemic zebrafish from the acute neurotoxicity of CML. Histological analysis showed that the CIGB-258 group had 37% lower infiltration of neutrophils in hepatic tissue and 70% lower fatty liver changes than those of the CML-alone group. The CIGB-258 group exhibited the smallest IL-6 expression in the liver and the lowest blood triglyceride level. CIGB-258 displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity in hyperlipidemic zebrafish by inhibiting apoA-I glycation, promoting rapid recovery from the paralysis of CML toxicity and suppression of IL-6, and lowering fatty liver changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hyun Cho
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
- LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Seon Nam
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jee Na
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Gillian Martinez-Donato
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Ave 31, e/158 y 190, Playa, La Habana 10600, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han Y, Zee S, Cho KH. Beeswax Alcohol and Fermented Black Rice Bran Synergistically Ameliorated Hepatic Injury and Dyslipidemia to Exert Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Ethanol-Supplemented Zebrafish. Biomolecules 2023; 13:136. [PMID: 36671520 PMCID: PMC9855622 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse, a global health problem, is closely associated with many pathological processes, such as dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. In particular, excessive alcohol consumption promotes dyslipidemia and liver damage, such as hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Beeswax alcohol (BWA) is a natural product used for its antioxidant properties that has not been evaluated for its efficacy in alcohol-induced liver injury. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to 1% ethanol with supplementation of 10% fermented black rice bran (BRB-F), 10% BWA, or 10% mixtures of BWA+BRB-F (MIX). The BRB-F, BWA, and MIX supplementation increased the survival rate dramatically without affecting the body weight changes. In histology of hepatic tissue, alcoholic foamy degeneration was ameliorated by the BWA or MIX supplements. Moreover, dihydroethidium (DHE) and immunohistochemistry staining suggested that the MIX supplement decreased the hepatic ROS production and interleukin-6 expression significantly owing to the enhanced antioxidant properties, such as paraoxonase. Furthermore, the MIX supplement improved alcohol-induced dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. The BWA and MIX groups showed lower blood total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels with higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) than the alcohol-alone group. The MIX group showed the highest HDL-C/TC ratio and HDL-C/TG ratio with the lowest low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C/HDL-C ratio. In conclusion, BWA and BRB-F showed efficacy to treat alcohol-related metabolic disorders, but the MIX supplement was more effective in ameliorating the liver damage and dyslipidemia, which agrees with an enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity exhibited by BWA/BRB-F in a synergistic manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngji Han
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggeun Zee
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Cho
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
- LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zaitseva OO, Sergushkina MI, Khudyakov AN, Polezhaeva TV, Solomina ON. Seaweed sulfated polysaccharides and their medicinal properties. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Zhu B, Wang Y, Zhou W, Jin S, Shen Z, Zhang H, Zhang X, Ding X, Li Y. Trend dynamics of gout prevalence among the Chinese population, 1990-2019: A joinpoint and age-period-cohort analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1008598. [PMID: 36311630 PMCID: PMC9602928 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1008598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of gout is increasing worldwide, which places a heavy burden on society and healthcare systems. This study investigates the independent effects of age, period, and cohort on the gout prevalence from 1990 to 2019 in China, compares these effects by gender and then predicts the future burden of gout over the next decade. Methods The data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in 2019. Joinpoint regression model was employed to calculate the annual percentage change (APC) in gout prevalence, and the age-period-cohort analysis was utilized to estimate the independent effects of age, period, and cohort. ARIMA model was extended to predict the gout epidemic in 2020-2029. Results In 2019, there were 16.2 million cases of gout in China, with an age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of 12.3‰ and 3.9‰ in men and women, respectively. During 1990-2019, the ASPR of gout was increasing significantly, with an average APC of 0.9%. The periods of 2014-2017 and 2001-2005 were "joinpoint" for men and women (APC: 6.3 and 5.6%). The age-period-cohort analyses revealed that the relative risk (RR) of developing gout increased with age, peaking at 70-74 years in men (RRage(70-74) = 162.9) and 75-79 years in women (RRage(75-79)=142.3). The period effect trended upward, with a more rapid increase in women (RRperiod(2019) = 2.31) than men (RRperiod(2019) = 2.23). The cohort effect generally peaked in the earlier cohort born in 1905-1909 for both sexes. Gout prevalence showed a strong positive correlation with the consumption of meat and aquatic products (rmeat = 0.966, raquaticproducts = 0.953). Within 2029, the ASPR of gout was projected to be 11.7‰ and 4.0‰ in men and women, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of gout is increasing at an alarming rate in China; thus, it is necessary to provide targeted health education, regular screening, and accessible urate-lowering therapy healthcare to prevent and protect against gout in China, particularly in older women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiran Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoqiang Ding
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China,Yang Li
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schlesinger N, Padnick-Silver L, LaMoreaux B. Enhancing the Response Rate to Recombinant Uricases in Patients with Gout. BioDrugs 2022; 36:95-103. [PMID: 35316517 PMCID: PMC8938732 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Refractory, or uncontrolled, gout is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory arthropathy resulting from continued urate deposition after failed attempts to lower serum uric acid below the therapeutic threshold with oral urate-lowering therapies such as allopurinol and febuxostat. Recombinant uricase is increasingly being used to treat refractory gout; however, the immunogenicity of uricase-based therapies has limited the use of these biologic therapies. Antidrug antibodies against biologic therapies, including uricase and PEGylated uricase, can lead to loss of urate-lowering response, increased risk of infusion reactions, and subsequent treatment failure. However, co-therapy with an immunomodulator can attenuate antidrug antibody development, potentially increasing the likelihood of sustained urate lowering, therapy course completion, and successful treatment outcomes. This review summarizes evidence surrounding the use of immunomodulation as co-therapy with recombinant uricases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Schlesinger
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Brian LaMoreaux
- Medical Affairs, Horizon Therapeutics, 1 Horizon Way, Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen Y, Luo L, Hu S, Gan R, Zeng L. The chemistry, processing, and preclinical anti-hyperuricemia potential of tea: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7065-7090. [PMID: 35236179 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2040417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is an abnormal purine metabolic disease that occurs when there is an excess of uric acid in the blood, associated with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, gout, and renal disease. Dietary intervention is one of the most promising strategies for preventing hyperuricemia and controlling uric acid concentrations. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is known as one of the most common beverages and the source of dietary polyphenols. However, the effect of tea on hyperuricemia is unclear. Recent evidence shows that a lower risk of hyperuricemia is associated with tea intake. To better understand the anti-hyperuricemia effect of tea, this review first briefly describes the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia and the processing techniques of different types of tea. Next, the epidemiological and experimental studies of tea and its bioactive compounds on hyperuricemia in recent years were reviewed. Particular attention was paid to the anti-hyperuricemia mechanisms targeting the hepatic uric acid synthase, renal uric acid transporters, and intestinal microbiota. Additionally, the desirable intake of tea for preventing hyperuricemia is provided. Understanding the anti-hyperuricemia effect and mechanisms of tea can better utilize it as a preventive dietary strategy.HighlightsHigh purine diet, excessive alcohol/fructose consumption, and less exercise/sleep are the induction factors of hyperuricemia.Tea and tea compounds showed alleviated effects for hyperuricemia, especially polyphenols.Tea (containing caffeine or not) is not associated with a higher risk of hyperuricemia.Xanthine oxidase inhibition (reduce uric acid production), Nrf2 activation, and urate transporters regulation (increase uric acid excretion) are the potential molecular targets of anti-hyperuricemic effect of tea.About 5 g tea intake per day may be beneficial for hyperuricemia prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liyong Luo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Food Science, Tea Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Renyou Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin G, Yu Q, Xu L, Huang Z, Mai L, Jiang L, Su Z, Xie J, Li Y, Liu Y, Lin Z, Chen J. Berberrubine attenuates potassium oxonate- and hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemia by regulating urate transporters and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174592. [PMID: 34699754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex (PC) is a traditional medicinal material used to treat gout and hyperuricemia (HUA) in China. Berberine (BBR), the main component of PC, possesses anti-hyperuricemic and anti-gout effects. However, BBR exhibits low bioavailability due to its extensive metabolism and limited absorption. Thus, the metabolites of BBR are believed to be the potential active forms responsible for its in vivo biological activities. Berberrubine (BRB), one of the major metabolites of BBR, exhibits appreciable biological activities even superior to BBR. In this work, the anti-hyperuricemic efficacy of BRB was investigated in HUA model mice induced by co-administration with intraperitoneal potassium oxonate (PO) and oral hypoxanthine (HX) for 7 days. Results showed that administration with BRB (6.25, 12.5, and 25.0 mg/kg) significantly decreased the serum levels of uric acid (UA) by 49.70%, 75.35%, and 75.96% respectively, when compared to the HUA group. In addition, BRB sharply decreased the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (by 19.62%, 28.98%, and 38.72%, respectively) and serum creatinine (CRE) (by 16.19%, 25.07%, and 52.08%, respectively) and reversed the PO/HX-induced renal histopathological damage dose-dependently. Additionally, BRB lowered the hepatic XOD activity, downregulated the expressions of glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) and urate transporter 1 (URAT1), upregulated expressions of organic anion transporter 1/3 (OAT1/3) and ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) at both protein and mRNA levels, and suppressed the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. In addition, BRB significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). In conclusion, our study indicated that BRB exerted anti-hyperuricemic effect, at least in part, via regulating the urate transporter expressions and suppressing the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. BRB was believed to be promising for further development into a potential therapeutic agent for HUA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoshu Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qiuxia Yu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510120, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lieqiang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liting Mai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Linyun Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ziren Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510120, Guangzhou, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510120, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, 510120, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yucui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiu Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Jiannan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Amide-based xanthine oxidase inhibitors bearing an N-(1-alkyl-3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl) moiety: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship investigation. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105417. [PMID: 34673452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work identified a promising isonicotinamide based xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, N-(3-cyano-4-((2-cyanobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)isonicotinamide (1), and concluded that amide is an effective linker in exploring the XO inhibitor chemical space that is completely different from the five-membered ring framework of febuxostat and topiroxostat. Indole, an endogenous bioactive substance and a popular drug construction fragment, was involved in the structural optimization campaign of the present effort. After the installation of some functional groups, N-(1-alkyl-3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl) was generated and employed to mend the missing H-bond interaction between the 3'-cyano of 1 and Asn768 residue of XO by shortening their distance. In this context, eight kinds of heterocyclic aromatic amide chemotypes were rationally designed and synthesized to investigate the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of amide-based XO inhibitors. The optimized compound a6 (IC50 = 0.018 μM) exhibits 17.2-fold improved potency than the initial compound 1 (IC50 = 0.31 μM). Its potency is comparable to that of topiroxostat (IC50 = 0.013 μM). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies proved the existence of the stable H-bond between the cyano group and the Asn768 residue. Moreover, oral administration of a6 (11.8 mg/kg) could effectively reduce serum uric acid levels in an acute hyperuricemia rat model. Liver microsomal stability assay illustrated that compound a6 possesses well metabolic stability in rat liver microsomes. However, the in vivo potency of a6 was much lower than that of topiroxostat, which may be explained by the poor absorption found in the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). In addition, 6a has non-cytotoxicity against normal cell lines MCF10A and 16HBE. Taken together, this work culminated in the identification of compound 6a as an excellent lead for further exploration of amide-based XO inhibitors.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hyperuricemia and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review from Physiology and Pathogenesis to the Role of Urate-Lowering Therapy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091674. [PMID: 34574015 PMCID: PMC8466342 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between hyperuricemia, gout, and renal disease has been investigated for several years. From the beginning, kidney disease has been considered a complication of gout; however, the viewpoints changed, claiming that hypertension and elevated uric acid (UA) levels are caused by decreased urate excretion in patients with renal impairment. To date, several examples of evidence support the role of hyperuricemia in cardiovascular or renal diseases. Several mechanisms have been identified that explain the relationship between hyperuricemia and chronic kidney disease, including the crystal effect, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, nitric oxide synthesis inhibition, and intracellular oxidative stress stimulation, and urate-lowering therapy (ULT) has been proven to reduce renal disease progression in the past few years. In this comprehensive review, the source and physiology of UA are introduced, and the mechanisms that explain the reciprocal relationship between hyperuricemia and kidney disease are reviewed. Lastly, current evidence supporting the use of ULT to postpone renal disease progression in patients with hyperuricemia and gout are summarized.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang F, Shi W, Wang L, Qin N, Wang C, Guo Y, Xu G, Fang J, Yu X, Ma Q. Lipidomics study of the therapeutic mechanism of Plantaginis Semen in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia rat. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:175. [PMID: 34172058 PMCID: PMC8235650 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plantaginis Semen has been widely used as folk medicine and health care food against hyperuricemia (HUA) and gout, but its pharmacological mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the therapeutic mechanism of Plantaginis Semen extract on potassium oxonate -induced HUA rats based on a lipidomics approach. METHODS A model of HUA was established by potassium oxonate intragastric administration. 42 Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were randomly divided into the control group, model group, benzbromarone group (10 mg/kg) and three Plantaginis Semen groups (n = 7). The Plantaginis Semen groups were treated orally with Plantaginis Semen, 0.9375, 1.875 or 3.75 g/kg for 28 days. The levels of serum uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), triacylglycerol (TG) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was used for the serum lipidomics analysis, multivariate statistical analysis and independent samples t-test were carried out for the pattern recognition and characteristic metabolites identification. The relative levels of critical regulatory factors were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Compared with the model group, the levels of serum UA, Cr, TG and TNF-α were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in benzbromarone and three Plantaginis Semen groups. With lipidomics analysis, significant lipid metabolic perturbations were observed in HUA rats, 13 metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway was most affected. These perturbations were partially restored via treatment of benzbromarone and Plantaginis Semen. Additionally, the mRNA expression levels of urate anion transporter 1 (URAT1) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinases B (PI3K/Akt) were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) after treatment with benzbromarone and high dose of Plantaginis Semen. CONCLUSIONS Plantaginis Semen had significant effects on anti-HUA, anti-inflammatory and renal protection. It attenuated potassium oxonate-induced HUA through regulation of lipid metabolism disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Wenjun Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Liting Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Nankun Qin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chengxiang Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yuying Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Guang Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jie Fang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qun Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang S, Chen Z, Lai W, Mai Q, Chen D, Sun S, Zhang Y. Decoction of Heat-Clearing, Detoxifying and Blood Stasis Removing Relieves Acute Soft Tissue Injury via Modulating MiR-26b-5p/COX2 Axis to Inhibit Inflammation. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20201981. [PMID: 33270831 PMCID: PMC7753743 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), such as Huanglian-Jie-Du-Tang, a heat-clearing and detoxifying decoction is beneficial to alleviation of inflammation-related diseases. The objective of this study is to uncover the effect and mechanism of heat-clearing, detoxifying and blood stasis removing decoction (HDBD) on the treatment of acute soft tissue injury (STI) which is characterized with excessive inflammatory cascade at the onset. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with hammer beating served as the in vivo models of acute STI. Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used for histopathology assessment. The levels of inflammatory factors, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-αumTNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1t and IL-6 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Human dermal microvascular endothelium cell line HMEC-1 and rat vascular endothelium cell line RAOEC were used to explore the mechanism in vitro. Luciferase gene reporter assay was applied to determine the relationship between miR-26b-5p and COX2. The results showed that HDBD intervention significantly reduced the temperature difference between the healthy side and affected side of rats with hammer beating, together with the decreased levels of COX2, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and the increased level of miR-26b-5p. In mechanism, miR-26b-5p targeted COX2 and decreased its expression, leading to significant decreases in the levels of PGE2, TNF-α and IL-6 in RAOEC and HMEC-1 cells. In addition, miR-26b-5p inhibition impaired the effects of HDBD on the suppression of PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in vitro. In conclusion, this study revealed that HDBD relieved acute STI via modulating miR-26b-5p/COX2 axis to inhibit inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunwan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Wenqiang Lai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Qingchun Mai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Dayu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Shufen Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bupparenoo P, Pakchotanon R, Narongroeknawin P, Asavatanabodee P, Chaiamnuay S. Effect of Curcumin on Serum Urate in Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:248-260. [PMID: 32420786 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1757798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Hyperuricemia leads to gout and renal complications and may increase cardiovascular risk. Curcumin inhibits xanthine oxidase and increases uricosuric activity and, as a result, decreases serum urate (SU). This randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the effects of curcumin versus placebo on SU in subjects with asymptomatic hyperuricemia (SU level ≥ 6 mg/dL in women or ≥ 7 mg/dL in men). METHODS Thirty-nine subjects with persistent hyperuricemia were randomized to receive curcumin (500-mg capsules twice daily, 20 subjects) or placebo (19 subjects). Primary outcome was the difference between SU before and 8 weeks after randomization. Secondary outcomes were differences between urine uric acid (UUA) clearance, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lipid profiles before and 8 weeks after randomization and adverse events. RESULTS Out of 39 subjects, there were no differences at baseline SU, UUA clearance, FPG, lipid profiles, and demographics between curcumin and placebo groups. After 8 weeks, SU was significantly decreased in both groups (6.9% in curcumin group, p = 0.002, and 5.0% in placebo group, p = 0.009). However, there was no difference in SU reduction between the two groups (p = 0.532). There were no differences in UUA, FPG, lipid profiles, or adverse events in either group at 8 weeks after randomization. The most common adverse event was diarrhea with no treatment required. CONCLUSION Curcumin was not superior to placebo in reducing serum urate and in increasing UUA clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pannipa Bupparenoo
- Rheumatic Disease Unit, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rattapol Pakchotanon
- Rheumatic Disease Unit, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Paijit Asavatanabodee
- Rheumatic Disease Unit, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumapa Chaiamnuay
- Rheumatic Disease Unit, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xiao X, Ye H, Yi C, Lin J, Peng Y, Huang X, Wu M, Wu H, Mao H, Yu X, Yang X. Roles of peritoneal clearance and residual kidney removal in control of uric acid in patients on peritoneal dialysis. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:148. [PMID: 32334567 PMCID: PMC7183606 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been few systematic studies regarding clearance of uric acid (UA) in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). This study investigated peritoneal UA removal and its influencing factors in patients undergoing PD. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled patients who underwent peritoneal equilibration test and assessment of Kt/V from April 1, 2018 to August 31, 2019. Demographic data and clinical and laboratory parameters were collected, including UA levels in dialysate, blood, and urine. RESULTS In total, 180 prevalent patients undergoing PD (52.8% men) were included. Compared with the normal serum UA (SUA) group, the hyperuricemia group showed significantly lower peritoneal UA clearance (39.1 ± 6.2 vs. 42.0 ± 8.0 L/week/1.73m2; P = 0.008). Furthermore, higher transporters (high or high-average) exhibited greater peritoneal UA clearance, compared with lower transporters (low or low-average) (42.0 ± 7.0 vs. 36.4 ± 5.6 L/week/1.73 m2; P < 0.001). Among widely used solute removal indicators, peritoneal creatinine clearance showed the best performance for prediction of higher peritoneal UA clearance in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis [area under curve (AUC) 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-0.99]. Peritoneal UA clearance was independently associated with continuous SUA [standardized coefficient (β), - 0.32; 95% CI, - 6.42 to - 0.75] and hyperuricemia [odds ratio (OR), 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.98] status, only in patients with lower (≤2.74 mL/min/1.73 m2) measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR). In those patients with lower mGFR, lower albumin level (β - 0.24; 95%CI - 7.26 to - 0.99), lower body mass index (β - 0.29; 95%CI - 0.98 to - 0.24), higher transporter status (β 0.24; 95%CI 0.72-5.88) and greater dialysis dose (β 0.24; 95%CI 0.26-3.12) were independently associated with continuous peritoneal UA clearance. Furthermore, each 1 kg/m2 decrease in body mass index (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.63-0.99), each 1 g/dL decrease in albumin level (OR 0.08; 95%CI 0.01-0.47), and each 0.1% increase in average glucose concentration in dialysate (OR 1.56; 95%CI 1.11-2.19) were associated with greater peritoneal UA clearance (> 39.8 L/week/1.73m2). CONCLUSIONS For patients undergoing PD who exhibited worse residual kidney function, peritoneal clearance dominated in SUA balance. Increasing dialysis dose or average glucose concentration may aid in controlling hyperuricemia in lower transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Committee of Health and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hongjian Ye
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Committee of Health and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chunyan Yi
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Committee of Health and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianxiong Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Committee of Health and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Committee of Health and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Committee of Health and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Meiju Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Committee of Health and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Haishan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Committee of Health and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Haiping Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Committee of Health and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Committee of Health and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Committee of Health and Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jung SW, Kim SM, Kim YG, Lee SH, Moon JY. Uric acid and inflammation in kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1327-F1340. [PMID: 32223310 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00272.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is frequently observed in patients with kidney disease. Although a substantial number of epidemiologic studies have suggested that an elevated uric acid level plays a causative role in the development and progression of kidney disease, whether hyperuricemia is simply a result of decreased renal excretion of uric acid or is a contributor to kidney disease remains a matter of debate. Over the last two decades, multiple experimental studies have expanded the knowledge of the biological effects of uric acid beyond its role in gout. In particular, uric acid induces immune system activation and alters the characteristics of resident kidney cells, such as tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, toward a proinflammatory and profibrotic state. These findings have led to an increased awareness of uric acid as a potential and modifiable risk factor in kidney disease. Here, we discuss the effects of uric acid on the immune system and subsequently review the effects of uric acid on the kidneys mainly in the context of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Woong Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Gyun Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Moon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gout is a painful form of inflammatory arthritis associated with several comorbidities, particularly cardiovascular disease. Cherries, which are rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidative bioactive compounds, are proposed to be efficacious in preventing and treating gout, but recommendations to patients are conflicting. Cherry consumption has been demonstrated to lower serum urate levels and inflammation in several small studies. One observational case cross-over study reported that cherry consumption was associated with reduced risk of recurrent gout attacks. This preliminary evidence requires substantiation. The proposed randomised clinical trial aims to test the effect of consumption of tart cherry juice on risk of gout attacks. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This 12-month, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial will recruit 120 individuals (aged 18-80 years) with a clinical diagnosis of gout who have self-reported a gout flare in the previous year. Participants will be randomly assigned to an intervention group, which will receive Montmorency tart cherry juice daily for a 12-month period, or a corresponding placebo group, which will receive a cherry-flavoured placebo drink. The primary study outcome is change in frequency of self-reported gout attacks. Secondary outcome measures include attack intensity, serum urate concentration, fractional excretion of uric acid, biomarkers of inflammation, blood lipids and other markers of cardiovascular risk. Other secondary outcome measures will be changes in physical activity and functional status. Statistical analysis will be conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been granted ethical approval by the National Research Ethics Service, Yorkshire and The Humber-Leeds West Research Ethics Committee (ref: 18/SW/0262). Results of the trial will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03621215.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie Louise Lamb
- Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Anthony Lynn
- Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jean Russell
- Corporate Information and Computing Services, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Margo E Barker
- Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li S, Li L, Yan H, Jiang X, Hu W, Han N, Wang D. Anti‑gouty arthritis and anti‑hyperuricemia properties of celery seed extracts in rodent models. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4623-4633. [PMID: 31702020 PMCID: PMC6797962 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is a type of serious arthritis that is caused by hyperuricemia. Celery is an umbelliferous plant that was shown to exhibit anti‑inflammatory activity in rodent. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and potential preliminary mechanisms of celery seed aqueous extract (CSAE) and celery seed oil extract (CSOL) for gout treatment. The components of CSAE and CSOL were systematically analyzed. In mice with hyperuricemia induced by potassium oxonate and yeast extract, CSAE and CSOL treatment reduced the serum levels of uric acid and xanthine oxidase. In addition, CSAE and CSOL reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species and increased the serum levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in mouse serum. In rats with acute gouty arthritis induced by intra‑articular injection of monosodium urate crystals, CSAE and CSOL treatment alleviated the swelling of the ankle joints and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration around the ankle joints. In addition, CSAE and CSOL reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)‑1β and tumor necrosis factor α and increased the levels of IL‑10. The results of the present study suggested that celery seed extracts may have anti‑gout properties, partially through anti‑inflammatory and antioxidative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Lanzhou Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Han Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xue Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Ning Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
An Improved Method for the Synthesis of Butein Using SOCl 2/EtOH as Catalyst and Deciphering Its Inhibition Mechanism on Xanthine Oxidase. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101948. [PMID: 31117192 PMCID: PMC6572126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Butein (3,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone) belongs to the chalcone family of flavonoids and possesses various biological activities. In this study, butein was synthesized through aldol condensation catalyzed by thionyl chloride (SOCl2)/ethyl alcohol (EtOH) for the first time. The optimal reaction conditions including the molar ratio of reactants, the dosage of catalyst, and the reaction time on the yield of product were investigated, and the straightforward strategy assembles the yield of butein up to 88%. Butein has been found to inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO) activity. Herein, the inhibitory mechanism of butein against XO was discussed in aspects of inhibition kinetic, fluorescence titration, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular docking. The inhibition kinetic analysis showed that butein possessed a stronger inhibition on XO in an irreversible competitive manner with IC50 value of 2.93 × 10-6 mol L-1. The results of fluorescence titrations and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that butein was able to interact with XO at one binding site, and the fluorophores of XO were placed in a more hydrophobic environment with the addition of butein. Subsequently, the result of molecular docking between butein and XO protein revealed that butein formed hydrogen bonding with the amino acid residues located in the hydrophobic cavity of XO. All the results suggested that the inhibitory mechanism of butein on XO may be the insertion of butein into the active site occupying the catalytic center of XO to avoid the entrance of xanthine and inducing conformational changes in XO.
Collapse
|
23
|
Choi W, Villegas V, Istre H, Heppler B, Gonzalez N, Brusman N, Snider L, Hogle E, Tucker J, Oñate A, Oñate S, Ma L, Paula S. Synthesis and characterization of CAPE derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors with radical scavenging properties. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:686-695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
24
|
Edwards A, Auberson M, Ramakrishnan SK, Bonny O. A model of uric acid transport in the rat proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F934-F947. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00603.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to theoretically investigate the mechanisms underlying uric acid transport in the proximal tubule (PT) of rat kidneys, and their modulation by factors, including Na+, parathyroid hormone, ANG II, and Na+-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. To that end, we incorporated the transport of uric acid and its conjugate anion urate in our mathematical model of water and solute transport in the rat PT. The model accounts for parallel urate reabsorption and secretion pathways on apical and basolateral membranes and their coupling to lactate and α-ketoglutarate transport. Model results agree with experimental findings at the segment level. Net reabsorption of urate by the rat PT is predicted to be ~70% of the filtered load, with a rate of urate removal from the lumen that is 50% higher than the rate of urate secretion. The model suggests that apical URAT1 deletion significantly reduces net urate reabsorption across the PT, whereas ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 dysfunction affects it only slightly. Inactivation of basolateral glucose transporter-9 raises fractional urate excretion above 100%, as observed in patients with renal familial hypouricemia. Furthermore, our results suggest that reducing Na+ reabsorption across Na+/H+ exchangers or Na+-glucose cotransporters augments net urate reabsorption. The model predicts that parathyroid hormone reduces urate excretion, whereas ANG II increases it. In conclusion, we have developed the first model of uric acid transport in the rat PT; this model provides a framework to gain greater insight into the numerous solutes and coupling mechanisms that affect the renal handing of uric acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Muriel Auberson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Suresh K. Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kaushal N, Vohora D, Jalali RK, Jha S. Review of the Literature Examining the Association of Serum Uric Acid with Osteoporosis and Mechanistic Insights into Its Effect on Bone Metabolism. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:259-273. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666181102115106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background And Objective:Osteoporosis is a common bone disorder that increases susceptibility to fragility bone fractures. The clinical and public health repercussions of osteoporosis are huge due to the morbidity, mortality, and cost of medical care linked with fragility fractures. Clinical assessment of osteoporotic risk factors can help to identify candidates at an early stage that will benefit from medical intervention and potentially lowering the morbidity and mortality seen with fractures and complications. Given this, research is ongoing to evaluate the association of osteoporosis with some novel or less well-studied risk factors/bio-markers such as uric acid (UA).Discussion:Uric acid’s antioxidant activity has been proposed to be one of the factors responsible for increasing longevity and lowering rates of age-related cancers during primate evolution, the level of which increased markedly due to loss of uricase enzyme activity (mutational silencing). Accumulated evidence shows that oxidative stress is the fundamental mechanism of age-related bone loss and acts via enhancing osteoclastic activity and increasing bone resorption. Antioxidant substances such as ascorbic acid scavenge free radicals are positively related to bone health. Thus, it is hypothesized that uric acid holds bone-protective potential owing to its potent antioxidative property. Several correlation studies have been conducted globally to investigate the relationship between serum uric acid with bone mineral density and osteoporosis. Few pre-clinical studies have tried to investigate the interaction between uric acid and bone mineral density and reported important role played via Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2)/core-binding factor subunit alpha-1 (CBF-alpha-1), Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)-3a/β-catenin signaling pathway and 11β Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase type 1.Conclusion:In this review, the authors provided a comprehensive summary of the literature related to association studies reported in humans as well work done until date to understand the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms that interplay between uric acid and bone metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Kaushal
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajinder K Jalali
- Medical Affairs & Clinical Research, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, Gurgaon, India
| | - Sujeet Jha
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Max Healthcare Inst. Ltd, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luna G, Dolzhenko AV, Mancera RL. Inhibitors of Xanthine Oxidase: Scaffold Diversity and Structure-Based Drug Design. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:714-743. [PMID: 30740924 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. In the last decade there has been a resurgence in the search for new inhibitors of XO, as the activity of XO and hyperuricemia have also been associated with a variety of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. In recent years the non-purine inhibitor febuxostat was approved in Europe and the USA for the treatment of hyperuricemia. This drug was followed by another XO inhibitor called topiroxostat. This review discusses the molecular structures and activities of the multiple classes of inhibitors that have been developed since the discovery of allopurinol, with a brief review of the molecular interactions between inhibitors and XO active site residues for the most important molecules. The challenges ahead for the discovery of new inhibitors of XO with novel chemical structures are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Luna
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jacomelli G, Baldini E, Mugnaini C, Micheli V, Bernardini G, Santucci A. Inhibiting PNP for the therapy of hyperuricemia in Lesch-Nyhan disease: Preliminary in vitro studies with analogues of immucillin-G. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:178-185. [PMID: 30740729 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is a rare X-linked genetic disorder, with complete hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency, uric acid (UA), hypoxanthine and xanthine accumulation, and a devastating neurologic syndrome. UA excess, causing renal failure, is commonly decreased by xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitors, such as allopurinol, yielding a xanthine and hypoxanthine increase. Xanthine accumulation may result in renal stones, while hypoxanthine excess seems involved in the neurological disorder. Inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) represents a different strategy for lowering urate. PNP catalyzes the cleavage of purine ribo- and d-ribo-nucleosides into ribose/deoxyribose phosphate and free bases, starting catabolism to uric acid. Clinical trials demonstrated that PNP inhibitors, initially developed as anticancer drugs, lowered UA in some gouty patients, in association or not with allopurinol. The present study tested the reliability of an analogue of immucillin-G (C1a), a PNP inhibitor, as a therapy for urate, hypoxanthine, and xanthine excess in LND patients by blocking hypoxanthine production upstream. The therapeutic aim is to limit the administration of XOR inhibitors to LND patients by supplying the PNP inhibitor in low doses, avoiding d-nucleoside toxicity. We report studies conducted in primary cultures of skin fibroblasts from controls and LND patients grown in the presence of the PNP inhibitor. Cell viability, oxypurine release in culture medium, and endocellular nucleotide pattern have been monitored in different growth conditions (inhibitor concentration, time, added inosine). Our results demonstrate effective PNP inhibition by low inhibitor concentration, with reduced hypoxanthine release, and no appreciable toxicity in control or patient cells, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy for LND hyperuricemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Jacomelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Eva Baldini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vanna Micheli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang D, Liu H, Luo P, Li Y. Production Inhibition and Excretion Promotion of Urate by Fucoidan from Laminaria japonica in Adenine-Induced Hyperuricemic Mice. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E472. [PMID: 30486413 PMCID: PMC6315909 DOI: 10.3390/md16120472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to explore the amelioration of fucoidan on adenine-induced hyperuricemia and hepatorental damage. Adenine-induced hyperuricemic mice were administered with fucoidan, allopurinol and vehicle control respectively to compare the effects of the drugs. Serum uric acid, urea nitrogen, hepatorenal functions, activities of hepatic adenosine deaminase (ADA), xanthine oxidase (XOD), renal urate transporter 1 (URAT1) and NF-κB p65 were assessed. As the serum uric acid, urea nitrogen, creatinine, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) data demonstrated, the adenine not only mediated hepatorenal function disorders, but also induced hyperuricemia in mice. Meanwhile, activities of hepatic ADA and XOD were markedly augmented by adenine, and the expression of URAT1 was promoted, which was conducive to the reabsorption of urate. However, exposure to fucoidan completely reversed those adenine-induced negative alternations in mice, and the activities of hepatic ADA and XOD were recovered to the normal level. It was obvious that hepatic and renal functions were protected by fucoidan treatment. The expression of URAT1 was returned to normal, resulting in an increase of renal urate excretion and consequent healing of adenine-induced hyperuricemia in mice. Expression and activation of NF-κB p65 was promoted in kidneys of adenine treated mice, but suppressed in kidneys of mice exposed to fucoidan from Laminaria japonica or allopurinol. In conclusion, the fucoidan is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of hyperuricemia through dual regulatory roles on inhibition of hepatic metabolism and promotion of renal excretion of urate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- College of Food Science & Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Huazhong Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Ping Luo
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Yanqun Li
- College of Food Science & Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Thorne C, Takeuchi T, Karpouzas GA, Sheng S, Kurrasch R, Fei K, Hsu B. Investigating sirukumab for rheumatoid arthritis: 2-year results from the phase III SIRROUND-D study. RMD Open 2018; 4:e000731. [PMID: 30564449 PMCID: PMC6269649 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The phase III, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group SIRROUND-D study evaluated long-term efficacy and safety of the interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitor, sirukumab, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) refractory to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Methods Patients were randomised 1:1:1 to sirukumab 100 mg every 2 weeks (q2w), 50 mg every 4 weeks or placebo q2w subcutaneously. Patients initially randomised to placebo were rerandomised at Weeks 18, 40 or 52 to one of the sirukumab groups until Week 104. Results Of 1670 randomised patients, 1402 were included in the full analysis set and 1269 in the radiographic analysis set at Week 104. American College of Rheumatology scores, Disease Activity Score based on C-reactive protein, Clinical Disease Activity Index and clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported outcomes were sustained at Week 104 among patients initially randomised to sirukumab. Placebo patients subsequently rerandomised to sirukumab showed clinical improvements at Week 104 that were comparable to results among patients initially randomised to sirukumab. Radiographic progression from Week 52 to Week 104 was comparable between all groups whether initially randomised to sirukumab or subsequently rerandomised to sirukumab from placebo. No new safety signals were identified in the extended exposure period compared with the initial 52 weeks of treatment. Conclusions Sirukumab treatment resulted in sustained reductions in clinical signs and symptoms and minimal progression in radiographic damage over 2 years among patients with RA refractory to DMARDs. The safety profile of sirukumab was as expected for an anti-IL-6 agent, with no new signals reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carter Thorne
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- University of Toronto and Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Shihong Sheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | | | - Kaiyin Fei
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Hsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu X, Li Y, Li Z, Wei X, Ma Y, Cheng P, Jiao R, Fang J, Xing Y, Tang J, Wang M, Li T. A novel IgG1 monoclonal antibody against xanthine oxidase alleviates inflammation induced by potassium oxonate in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:537-547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Arévalo-Lorido JC, Carretero-Gómez J, Robles NR. Serum uric acid levels and outcome during admission in acute ischaemic stroke, depending on renal function. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:906-912. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1441150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
32
|
Ueno N. Urate-Lowering Therapy Ameliorates Kidney Function in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Hyperuricemia. J Clin Med Res 2017; 9:1007-1012. [PMID: 29163735 PMCID: PMC5687906 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3219w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperuricemia often causes kidney dysfunction which increases serum urate, forming a vicious cycle in the kidney. In this study, urate-lowering therapy was demonstrated in type 2 diabetic patients with hyperuricemia to evaluate the effect on diabetic nephropathy. Methods Type 2 diabetic patients with hyperuricemia (n = 34) were treated by urate-lowering drugs. Serum urate levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), blood pressure, HbA1c, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were measured for 52 weeks. The parameters at the endpoint when serum urate decreased to below 6.0 mg/dL and at 52 weeks were compared to the initial levels at week 0. Results Serum urate level decreased to the endpoint in all patients and was maintained at under 6.0 mg/dL throughout the observation period. eGFR significantly increased at the endpoint and also at 52 weeks. Overall UACR did not change after 52 weeks; however, the treatment decreased UACR significantly in patients with no microalbuminuria. There was a negative relationship between the change of serum urate levels and the change of eGFR, and a negative relationship between the baseline UACR and the change of UACR when patients with macroalbuminuria were excluded. There were no changes in HbA1c levels and blood pressure before and after the treatment. Conclusions There were significant improvements in kidney function by lowering serum urate levels to under 6.0 mg/dL and the effect was maintained for at least 52 weeks. This treatment may be one strategy to slow the progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with hyperuricemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Ueno
- Ueno Internal Medicine and Diabetes Clinic, Hortensia Building 5F, Motomachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0022, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li J, Wu F, Liu X, Zou Y, Chen H, Li Z, Zhang L. Synthesis and bioevaluation of 1-phenyl-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
34
|
Meng Q, Zhao T, Kang D, Huang B, Zhan P, Liu X. The development of an effective synthetic route of lesinurad (RDEA594). Chem Cent J 2017; 11:86. [PMID: 29086884 PMCID: PMC5583131 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lesinurad is a novel selective uric acid salt transport protein 1 (URAT1) inhibitor which is approved in the USA for the treatment of gout. However, there are some shortcomings among the reported synthetic routes, such as expensive materials, environmental pollution and poor yield. Results In this study, an efficient, practical and environmentally-friendly synthetic route of lesinurad is reported. The main advantages of this route include inexpensive starting materials, mild conditions and acceptable overall yield (38.8%). Conclusion Generally, this procedure is reasonable, reliable and suitable for industrial production.The improved synthetic procedure of lesinurad (I). ![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-017-0316-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Meng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Krupp D, Esche J, Mensink GB, Neuhauser HK, Remer T. Diet-independent relevance of serum uric acid for blood pressure in a representative population sample. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:1042-1050. [PMID: 28664546 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A direct relationship between serum uric acid and blood pressure (BP) has been reported, but the possible confounding impact of diet on this association is unclear. The authors performed a cross-sectional analysis in the representative German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (n=6788, aged 18-79 years). In adjusted regression models considering dietary factors, each 1-mg/dL higher uric acid value was associated with a 1.10-mm Hg (P=.0002) and a 0.60-mm Hg (P=.04) higher systolic BP among participants younger than 50 years and participants 50 years and older, respectively. For diastolic BP, uric acid was a significant predictor (β=0.71 mm Hg, P=.0001) among participants younger than 50 years and for participants 50 years and older without antihypertensive treatment. Adjusted odds ratios of hypertension for participants with hyperuricemia were broadly similar in younger (odds ratio, 1.71; P=.02) and older (odds ratio, 1.81; P=.0003) participants. Uric acid is a significant predictor of systolic BP and hypertension prevalence in the general adult population in Germany independently of several known dietary BP influences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danika Krupp
- DONALD Study Dortmund, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences (IEL), Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Esche
- DONALD Study Dortmund, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences (IEL), Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gert Bm Mensink
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannelore K Neuhauser
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Remer
- DONALD Study Dortmund, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences (IEL), Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Gout is the most common crystal arthropathy and the leading cause of inflammatory arthritis. It is associated with functional impairment and, for many, a diminished health-related quality of life. Numerous studies have demonstrated the impact of gout and its associated conditions on patient morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, gout remains under-diagnosed and under-treated in the general community. Despite major advances in treatment strategies, as many as 90% of patients with gout are poorly controlled or improperly managed and their hyperuricemia and recurrent flares continue. The introduction of novel urate-lowering therapies, new imaging modalities, and a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of gout raise the possibility of better gout care and improved patient outcomes. Here, we spotlight recent advances in the diagnosis and management of gout and discuss novel therapeutics in gout treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talia F Igel
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; The School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Svetlana Krasnokutsky
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael H Pillinger
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Enhancement of pharmacological effects of uricosuric agents by concomitant treatment with pyrazinamide in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 390:253-260. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Pieterse E, Jeremic I, Czegley C, Weidner D, Biermann MHC, Veissi S, Maueröder C, Schauer C, Bilyy R, Dumych T, Hoffmann M, Munoz LE, Bengtsson AA, Schett G, van der Vlag J, Herrmann M. Blood-borne phagocytes internalize urate microaggregates and prevent intravascular NETosis by urate crystals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38229. [PMID: 27917897 PMCID: PMC5137018 DOI: 10.1038/srep38229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is strongly linked to cardiovascular complications including atherosclerosis and thrombosis. In individuals with hyperuricemia, needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals (nsMSU) frequently form within joints or urine, giving rise to gouty arthritis or renal calculi, respectively. These nsMSU are potent instigators of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Little is known on the mechanism(s) that prevent nsMSU formation within hyperuricemic blood, which would potentially cause detrimental consequences for the host. Here, we report that complement proteins and fetuins facilitate the continuous clearance by blood-borne phagocytes and resident macrophages of small urate microaggregates (UMA; <1 μm in size) that initially form in hyperuricemic blood. If this clearance fails, UMA exhibit bipolar growth to form typical full-sized nsMSU with a size up to 100 μm. In contrast to UMA, nsMSU stimulated neutrophils to release NETs. Under conditions of flow, nsMSU and NETs formed densely packed DNase I-resistant tophus-like structures with a high obstructive potential, highlighting the importance of an adequate and rapid removal of UMA from the circulation. Under pathological conditions, intravascularly formed nsMSU may hold the key to the incompletely understood association between NET-driven cardiovascular disease and hyperuricemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Pieterse
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ivica Jeremic
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Rheumatology, Resavska 69, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christine Czegley
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Weidner
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mona H C Biermann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susan Veissi
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rostyslav Bilyy
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Dumych
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis E Munoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ruoff G, Edwards NL. Overview of Serum Uric Acid Treatment Targets in Gout: Why Less Than 6 mg/dL? Postgrad Med 2016; 128:706-15. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2016.1221732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Ruoff
- Department of Family Practice, Michigan State University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The importance of atrial fibrillation (AF) as a cause of mortality and morbidity has prompted research on its pathogenesis and treatment. Recognition of AF risk factors is essential to prevent it and reduce the risk of death. Hyperuricemia has been widely accepted to be associated with the incidence of paroxysmal or persistent AF, as well as to the risk of AF in post cardiovascular surgery patients. The possible explanations for this association have been based on their relation with either oxidative stress or inflammation. To investigate the link between hyperuricemia and AF, it is necessary to refer to hyperuricemia-induced atrial remodeling. So far, both ionic channel and structural remodeling caused by hyperuricemia might be plausible explanations for the occurrence of AF. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, or the use of antioxidants, along with serum uric acid (SUA) level reduction to prevent inflammation, might be useful. Uric acid transporters (UATs) play a key role in the regulation of intracellular uric acid concentration. Intracellular rather than serum uric acid level is considered more important for the pathogenesis of AF. Identification of UATs expressed in cells is thus important, and targeting UATs might become a potential strategy to reduce the risk of hyperuricemia-induced atrial fibrillation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nani Maharani
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Science
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hofmann E, Webster J, Do T, Kline R, Snider L, Hauser Q, Higginbottom G, Campbell A, Ma L, Paula S. Hydroxylated chalcones with dual properties: Xanthine oxidase inhibitors and radical scavengers. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 24:578-87. [PMID: 26762836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the abilities of a series of chalcones to inhibit the activity of the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) and to scavenge radicals. 20 mono- and polyhydroxylated chalcone derivatives were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation reactions and then tested for inhibitory potency against XO, a known generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In parallel, the ability of the synthesized chalcones to scavenge a stable radical was determined. Structure-activity relationship analysis in conjunction with molecular docking indicated that the most active XO inhibitors carried a minimum of three hydroxyl groups. Moreover, the most effective radical scavengers had two neighboring hydroxyl groups on at least one of the two phenyl rings. Since it has been proposed previously that XO inhibition and radical scavenging could be useful properties for reduction of ROS-levels in tissue, we determined the chalcones' effects to rescue neurons subjected to ROS-induced stress created by the addition of β-amyloid peptide. Best protection was provided by chalcones that combined good inhibitory potency with high radical scavenging ability in a single molecule, an observation that points to a potential therapeutic value of this compound class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Center, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099-1905, USA
| | - Jonathan Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Center, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099-1905, USA
| | - Thuy Do
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Center, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099-1905, USA
| | - Reid Kline
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Center, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099-1905, USA
| | - Lindsey Snider
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Center, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099-1905, USA
| | - Quintin Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Center, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099-1905, USA
| | - Grace Higginbottom
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| | - Austin Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| | - Lili Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Center, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099-1905, USA
| | - Stefan Paula
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Center, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099-1905, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Taniguchi T, Ashizawa N, Matsumoto K, Iwanaga T, Saitoh K. Uricosuric agents decrease the plasma urate level in rats by concomitant treatment with topiroxostat, a novel xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:76-83. [PMID: 26589240 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish the rat model for evaluating hypouricemic effects by some uricosuric agents. METHODS Rats were made hyperuricemic by subcutaneous administration of potassium oxonate, a uricase inhibitor, or made hypouricemic by oral administration of topiroxostat, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor. Furthermore, rats were co-treated with topiroxostat and inosine, a urate precursor. In each condition, hypouricemic effects by uricosuric agents were examined. KEY FINDINGS In potassium oxonate-treated rats, treatment with uricosuric agents such as FYU-981, F12859 and probenecid showed no hypouricemic effect. On the other hand, in topiroxostat-treated rats, uricosuric agents remarkably lowered plasma urate level compared with topiroxostat treatment alone, with a dose dependency of 30 and 100 mg/kg for FYU-981 and F12859 each. The decrease in the plasma urate level observed in the topiroxostat-treated rats disappeared by further co-treatment with inosine. CONCLUSIONS Effects of uricosuric agents on the plasma urate level in rats were sensitive to the rate of urate formation. Induction of slower urate formation by topiroxostat provides valuable model for evaluation of hypouricemic effects by uricosuric agents in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Taniguchi
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Nishi-ku, Japan
| | - Naoki Ashizawa
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Nishi-ku, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Nishi-ku, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwanaga
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Nishi-ku, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Saitoh
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Nishi-ku, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lawrence Edwards N, Malouf R, Perez-Ruiz F, Richette P, Southam S, DiChiara M. Computational Lexical Analysis of the Language Commonly Used to Describe Gout. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2015; 68:763-8. [PMID: 26414619 PMCID: PMC6120465 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the current language that is used in describing and defining gout, its symptoms, and its treatment by reviewing recent publications in rheumatology and determining how word choice may, or may not, be reflective of recent scientific developments in gout specifically. METHODS This was a computational linguistics study, using collocations analyses and concordance analyses on a database of scientific literature related to gout. The final data set for analysis included 2,590 articles, all relating to gout and published between May 2003 and May 2013 and amounting to 12,101,036 tokens (sentence segments). Analysis was conducted by a team of linguists and social scientists. RESULTS Our primary finding is that current disease language in gout is marked by ambiguity and imprecision, as evidenced by numerous terms that have similar but distinct meanings, but are nevertheless used interchangeably, therefore blending the slight but significant distinctions between these words. Whereas treatment language is characterized by a multitude of terms to describe a therapeutic mechanism of action, there is a relative void of terms and phrases used to describe success (treating to target) in gout. CONCLUSION The data suggest that the language used to describe gout could be improved and updated. A transformation from an antiquated and insufficiently descript terminological set to one that reflects the recent scientific and clinical advancements made in the category would maximize opportunities for patient and physician understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Perez-Ruiz
- Hospital Universitario Cruces and BioCruces Health Research Institute, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Pascal Richette
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fu W, Li Q, Yao J, Zheng J, Lang L, Li W, Yan J. Protein expression of urate transporters in renal tissue of patients with uric acid nephrolithiasis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:449-54. [PMID: 24723238 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
URAT1 and GLUT9 are two primary urate transporters involved in the renal urate handling. Renal urate underexcretion was reported in uric acid stone formers (UASF) in previous clinical studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features and possible impact of protein expression of URAT1 and GLUT9 in renal tissues of patients with uric acid (UA) nephrolithiasis. 23 UASF, 27 patients with calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones, and 22 normal controls were enrolled in this study. Clinical data revealed that older age of onset, high plasma UA concentration, low urinary PH, and relative renal urate underexcretion were associated with UASF. By immunohistochemical or western blotting analysis, a significant increase in the relative expression quantity of URAT1 in renal tissue of UASF was found compared to patients with CaOx nephrolithiasis and normal controls. In conclusion, our results suggested that upregulated URAT1 protein expression might contribute to the relative urate underexcretion from the kidney of UASF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Fu
- Center of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30, GaoTanYan, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lieberman JA. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Gout Flare in the Clinic: An Office-Based Approach to Gout Management. Postgrad Med 2015; 123:151-65. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2011.11.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
46
|
An G, Liu W, Duan WR, Nothaft W, Awni W, Dutta S. Population pharmacokinetics and exposure-uric acid analyses after single and multiple doses of ABT-639, a calcium channel blocker, in healthy volunteers. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:416-26. [PMID: 25567367 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ABT-639 is a selective T-type calcium channel blocker with efficacy in a wide range of preclinical models of nociceptive and neuropathic pain. In the current first-in-human (FIH) study, the pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and safety of ABT-639 after single- (up to 170 mg) and multiple doses (up to 160 mg BID) were evaluated in healthy volunteers in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled manner. ABT-639 demonstrated acceptable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles in human. Results from assessment of the routine laboratory variables showed an unexpected statistically significant and clinically relevant decrease in blood uric acid with the increase in ABT-639 dose, which is possibly due to inhibition in URAT1 transporter. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models were constructed to characterize the relationship between ABT-639 exposure and uric acid response. The final model was a mechanism-based indirect response pharmacodynamic model with the stimulation of uric acid elimination by ABT-639. The model estimated K in values in males and females were 10.2 and 7.13 μmol/h, respectively. The model estimated K out was 0.033 1/h. ABT-639 concentration that can produce 50% stimulation in uric acid elimination was estimated to be 8,070 ng/mL. Based on the final model, further simulations were conducted to predict the effect of ABT-639 on uric acid in gout patients. The simulation results indicated that, if the urate-lowering response to ABT-639 in gout patients is similar to that in healthy subjects, ABT-639 BID doses of 140 mg or higher would be expected to provide clinically meaningful lowering of blood uric acid levels below the 380 μmol/L solubility limit of monosodium urate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua An
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Research and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ma L, Wei L, Chen H, Zhang Z, Yu Q, Ji Z, Jiang L. Influence of urate-lowering therapies on renal handling of uric acid. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 35:133-41. [PMID: 25373449 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of urate-lowering therapies (ULTs) on renal uric acid excretion in gout patients. This prospective observational study involved 106 primary gout patients and 51 healthy controls. Gout patients received ULT with either xanthine oxidase inhibitors or the uricosuric agent benzbromarone. Parameters such as 24-h urinary uric acid, creatinine clearance, uric acid clearance, glomerular filtration load of uric acid, fractional excretion of uric acid, excretion of uric acid per volume of glomerular filtration, and urinary uric acid to urinary creatinine ratio were used to evaluate the pre- and post-treatment renal capacity for uric acid clearance in gout patients and were compared with the values in the healthy controls. Compared to healthy controls, gout patients had higher glomerular filtration load of uric acid and lower uric acid clearance, creatinine clearance, and fractional uric acid excretion. After ULT, both the xanthine oxidase inhibitor group and benzbromarone group patients showed reduction in glomerular filtration load of uric acid. Creatinine clearance was significantly improved in the xanthine oxidase inhibitor group. Excretion function was remarkably enhanced in patients who reached the treatment target (serum uric acid <6 mg/dl). Changes in glomerular uric acid filtration load were significantly correlated with changes in serum urate levels. Gout patients have impaired renal uric acid excretion. ULTs reduce renal urate load and enhance the renal capacity of uric acid clearance. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors showed superiority over benzbromarone in improving renal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, No. 180, Road Fenglin, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, No. 180, Road Fenglin, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, No. 180, Road Fenglin, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuojun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, No. 180, Road Fenglin, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, No. 180, Road Fenglin, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongfei Ji
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, No. 180, Road Fenglin, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lindi Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, No. 180, Road Fenglin, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Faruque LI, Ehteshami-Afshar A, Wiebe N, Tjosvold L, Homik J, Tonelli M. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the safety and efficacy of febuxostat versus allopurinol in chronic gout. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014; 43:367-75. [PMID: 24326033 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of febuxostat compared to allopurinol for the treatment of chronic gout. METHODS We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized controlled trials that compared oral febuxostat to oral allopurinol for treatment of chronic gout. Two reviewers independently selected studies, assessed study quality, and extracted data. Risk ratios (RR) were calculated with random effects and were reported with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS From 1076 potentially relevant citations, 7 studies and 25 associated publications met inclusion criteria; 5 studies were ultimately included in the analysis. Febuxostat did not reduce the risk of gout flares compared with allopurinol (RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.03-1.30, I(2) = 44%). Overall, the risk of any adverse event was lower in febuxostat recipients compared to allopurinol (RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90-0.99, I(2) = 13%). Patients receiving febuxostat were more likely to achieve a serum uric acid of <6 mg/dl than allopurinol recipients (RR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.22-2.00, I(2) = 92%). Subgroup analysis did not indicate any significant difference between high- and low-dose febuxostat on the risk of gout flares. CONCLUSION Although febuxostat was associated with higher likelihood of achieving a target serum uric acid level of <6 mg/dl, there was significant heterogeneity in the pooled results. There was no evidence that febuxostat is superior to allopurinol for clinically relevant outcomes. Given its higher cost, febuxostat should not be routinely used for chronic gout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Labib I Faruque
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bessoff K, Spangenberg T, Foderaro JE, Jumani RS, Ward GE, Huston CD. Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum active chemical series by Repurposing the open access malaria box. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2731-9. [PMID: 24566188 PMCID: PMC3993250 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02641-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are major etiologic agents of human cryptosporidiosis. The infection is typically self-limited in immunocompetent adults, but it can cause chronic fulminant diarrhea in immunocompromised patients and malnutrition and stunting in children. Nitazoxanide, the current standard of care for cryptosporidiosis, is only partially efficacious for children and is no more effective than a placebo for AIDS patients. Unfortunately, financial obstacles to drug discovery for diseases that disproportionately affect low-income countries and technical limitations associated with studies of Cryptosporidium biology impede the development of better drugs for treating cryptosporidiosis. Using a cell-based high-throughput screen, we queried the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) Open Access Malaria Box for activity against C. parvum. We identified 3 novel chemical series derived from the quinolin-8-ol, allopurinol-based, and 2,4-diamino-quinazoline chemical scaffolds that exhibited submicromolar potency against C. parvum. Potency was conserved in a subset of compounds from each scaffold with varied physicochemical properties, and two of the scaffolds identified exhibit more rapid inhibition of C. parvum growth than nitazoxanide, making them excellent candidates for further development. The 2,4-diamino-quinazoline and allopurinol-based compounds were also potent growth inhibitors of the related apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and a good correlation was observed in the relative activities of the compounds in the allopurinol-based series against T. gondii and C. parvum. Taken together, these data illustrate the utility of the Open Access Malaria Box as a source of both potential leads for drug development and chemical probes to elucidate basic biological processes in C. parvum and other apicomplexan parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kovi Bessoff
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | - Jenna E. Foderaro
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Rajiv S. Jumani
- Cell, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Gary E. Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Cell, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Christopher D. Huston
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Cell, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Krishnan E. Chronic kidney disease and the risk of incident gout among middle-aged men: a seven-year prospective observational study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 65:3271-8. [PMID: 23982888 DOI: 10.1002/art.38171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The kidney is the major organ that facilitates excretion of urate in humans. Surprisingly, few studies have assessed whether a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or kidney damage is associated with a higher incidence of gout, and this study was undertaken to address this question. METHODS Data from a 7-year followup of patients enrolled in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, a primary prevention trial for cardiovascular disease among 12,866 men ages 35-57 years, were used for the present investigation. Presence of gout was determined by the study physicians from the original trial. Chronic kidney disease was defined using criteria similar to those proposed by the National Kidney Foundation. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the association between gout and chronic kidney disease, after accounting for the effects of potential confounders. RESULTS Overall, there were 722 cases of physician- diagnosed incident gout over 76,602 person-years of followup. The standardized incidence ratio of gout among those with chronic kidney disease was 1,217 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1,191-1,244). The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) among those with chronic kidney disease was 1.61 (95% CI 1.60-1.61). Each standard deviation decline in the estimated GFR was associated with an HR of 1.43 (95% CI 1.35-1.51). Including the serum urate level, as well as the urate-chronic kidney disease interaction term, as variables in the second analysis did not attenuate the HR. Proteinuria and hematuria, two markers of kidney damage, were associated with an elevated risk of gout independent of the estimated GFR. CONCLUSION Chronic kidney disease manifesting as reduced glomerular function or as presence of blood or protein in the urine increases the risk of incident gout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eswar Krishnan
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| |
Collapse
|