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Petta I, Thorp M, Ciers M, Blancke G, Boon L, Meese T, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Wullaert A, Grencis R, Elewaut D, van Loo G, Vereecke L. Myeloid A20 is critical for alternative macrophage polarization and type-2 immune-mediated helminth resistance. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1373745. [PMID: 38680500 PMCID: PMC11045979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1373745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Protective immunity against intestinal helminths requires induction of robust type-2 immunity orchestrated by various cellular and soluble effectors which promote goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus production, epithelial proliferation, and smooth muscle contractions to expel worms and re-establish immune homeostasis. Conversely, defects in type-2 immunity result in ineffective helminth clearance, persistent infection, and inflammation. Macrophages are highly plastic cells that acquire an alternatively activated state during helminth infection, but they were previously shown to be dispensable for resistance to Trichuris muris infection. Methods We use the in vivo mouse model A20myel-KO, characterized by the deletion of the potent anti-inflammatory factor A20 (TNFAIP3) specifically in the myeloid cells, the excessive type-1 cytokine production, and the development of spontaneous arthritis. We infect A20myel-KO mice with the gastrointestinal helminth Trichuris muris and we analyzed the innate and adaptive responses. We performed RNA sequencing on sorted myeloid cells to investigate the role of A20 on macrophage polarization and type-2 immunity. Moreover, we assess in A20myel-KO mice the pharmacological inhibition of type-1 cytokine pathways on helminth clearance and the infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Results We show that proper macrophage polarization is essential for helminth clearance, and we identify A20 as an essential myeloid factor for the induction of type-2 immune responses against Trichuris muris. A20myel-KO mice are characterized by persistent Trichuris muris infection and intestinal inflammation. Myeloid A20 deficiency induces strong classical macrophage polarization which impedes anti-helminth type-2 immune activation; however, it promotes detrimental Th1/Th17 responses. Antibody-mediated neutralization of the type-1 cytokines IFN-γ, IL-18, and IL-12 prevents myeloid-orchestrated Th1 polarization and re-establishes type-2-mediated protective immunity against T. muris in A20myel-KO mice. In contrast, the strong Th1-biased immunity in A20myel-KO mice offers protection against Salmonella typhimurium infection. Conclusions We hereby identify A20 as a critical myeloid factor for correct macrophage polarization and appropriate adaptive mucosal immunity in response to helminth and enteric bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Petta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie Thorp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Ciers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gillian Blancke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Tim Meese
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- NXTGNT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- NXTGNT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Wullaert
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Cell Death Signaling Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Richard Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars Vereecke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
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Solomon DH, Demler O, Rist PM, Santacroce L, Tawakol A, Giles JT, Liao KP, Bathon JM. Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From the TARGET Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032095. [PMID: 38416140 PMCID: PMC10944054 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains an important comorbidity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but traditional models do not accurately predict cardiovascular risk in patients with RA. The addition of biomarkers could improve prediction. METHODS AND RESULTS The TARGET (Treatments Against RA and Effect on FDG PET/CT) trial assessed whether different treatment strategies in RA differentially impact cardiovascular risk as measured by the change in arterial inflammation on arterial target to background ratio on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans conducted 24 weeks apart. A group of 24 candidate biomarkers supported by prior literature was assessed at baseline and 24 weeks later. Longitudinal analyses examined the association between baseline biomarker values, measured in plasma EDTA, and the change in arterial inflammation target to background ratio. Model fit was assessed for the candidate biomarkers only, clinical variables only, and models combining both. One hundred nine patients with median (interquartile range) age 58 years (53-65 years), RA duration 1.4 years (0.5-6.6 years), and 82% women had biomarkers assessed at baseline and follow-up. Because the main trial analyses demonstrated significant target to background ratio decreases with both treatment strategies but no difference across treatment groups, we analyzed all patients together. Baseline values of serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, adiponectin, YKL-40, and osteoprotegerin were associated with significant change in target to background ratio. When selected candidate biomarkers were added to the clinical variables, the adjusted R2 improved from 0.20 to 0.33 (likelihood ratio P=0.0005). CONCLUSIONS A candidate biomarker approach identified several promising biomarkers that associate with baseline and treatment-associated changes in arterial inflammation in patients with RA. These will now be tested in an external validation cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Solomon
- Division of RheumatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
| | - Olga Demler
- Harvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
- Division of Preventive MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
- ETHZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pamela M. Rist
- Harvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
- Division of Preventive MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
| | - Leah Santacroce
- Division of RheumatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Department of Medicine (Cardiac Unit)Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | | | - Katherine P. Liao
- Division of RheumatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
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Chen YH, van Zon S, Adams A, Schmidt-Arras D, Laurence ADJ, Uhlig HH. The Human GP130 Cytokine Receptor and Its Expression-an Atlas and Functional Taxonomy of Genetic Variants. J Clin Immunol 2023; 44:30. [PMID: 38133879 PMCID: PMC10746620 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants in IL6ST encoding the shared cytokine receptor for the IL-6 cytokine family GP130 have been associated with a diverse number of clinical phenotypes and disorders. We provide a molecular classification for 59 reported rare IL6ST pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants and additional polymorphisms. Based on loss- or gain-of-function, cytokine selectivity, mono- and biallelic associations, and variable cellular mosaicism, we grade six classes of IL6ST variants and explore the potential for additional variants. We classify variants according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics criteria. Loss-of-function variants with (i) biallelic complete loss of GP130 function that presents with extended Stüve-Wiedemann Syndrome; (ii) autosomal recessive hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) caused by biallelic; and (iii) autosomal dominant HIES caused by monoallelic IL6ST variants both causing selective IL-6 and IL-11 cytokine loss-of-function defects; (iv) a biallelic cytokine-specific variant that exclusively impairs IL-11 signaling, associated with craniosynostosis and tooth abnormalities; (v) somatic monoallelic mosaic constitutively active gain-of-function variants in hepatocytes that present with inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma; and (vi) mosaic constitutively active gain-of-function variants in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells that are associated with an immune dysregulation syndrome. In addition to Mendelian IL6ST coding variants, there are common non-coding cis-acting variants that modify gene expression, which are associated with an increased risk of complex immune-mediated disorders and trans-acting variants that affect GP130 protein function. Our taxonomy highlights IL6ST as a gene with particularly strong functional and phenotypic diversity due to the combinatorial biology of the IL-6 cytokine family and predicts additional genotype-phenotype associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Huai Chen
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah van Zon
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Adams
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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den Hartigh LJ, May KS, Zhang XS, Chait A, Blaser MJ. Serum amyloid A and metabolic disease: evidence for a critical role in chronic inflammatory conditions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1197432. [PMID: 37396595 PMCID: PMC10311072 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1197432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) subtypes 1-3 are well-described acute phase reactants that are elevated in acute inflammatory conditions such as infection, tissue injury, and trauma, while SAA4 is constitutively expressed. SAA subtypes also have been implicated as playing roles in chronic metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, and possibly in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Distinctions between the expression kinetics of SAA in acute inflammatory responses and chronic disease states suggest the potential for differentiating SAA functions. Although circulating SAA levels can rise up to 1,000-fold during an acute inflammatory event, elevations are more modest (∼5-fold) in chronic metabolic conditions. The majority of acute-phase SAA derives from the liver, while in chronic inflammatory conditions SAA also derives from adipose tissue, the intestine, and elsewhere. In this review, roles for SAA subtypes in chronic metabolic disease states are contrasted to current knowledge about acute phase SAA. Investigations show distinct differences between SAA expression and function in human and animal models of metabolic disease, as well as sexual dimorphism of SAA subtype responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. den Hartigh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Karolline S. May
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xue-Song Zhang
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Alan Chait
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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O'Reilly S. Toll-like receptor triggering in systemic sclerosis: time to target. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:SI12-SI19. [PMID: 35863054 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SSc is an autoimmune disease that has features of vascular abnormalities, inflammation and skin and lung fibrosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sentinel receptors that serve to recognize pathogens or internal danger signals leading to downstream signalling pathways that ultimately lead to inflammation and modification of adaptive immunity. Inflammation and fibrosis appear intricately connected in this disease and TLR ligation on fibroblasts can directly activate these cells to produce copious amounts of collagen, a hallmark of disease. The presence of damage-associated molecular patterns in association with fibrosis has been highlighted. Given their prominent role in disease, this review discusses the evidence of their expression and role in disease pathogenesis and possible therapeutic intervention to mitigate fibrosis.
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Saxena V, Steendam R, Jansen TLC. Distinguishing islet amyloid polypeptide fibril structures with infrared isotope-label spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:055101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vishesh Saxena
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Steendam
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas L. C. Jansen
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Role of Polypeptide Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of COVID-19. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022; 28:59. [PMID: 35095356 PMCID: PMC8785374 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic that took over the world in December 2019 has had everlasting devastating impacts on the lives of people globally. It manifests a huge symptom spectrum ranging from asymptomatic to critically ill patients with an unpredictable outcome. Timely diagnosis and assessment of disease severity is imperative for effective treatment. Possibilities exist that by the time symptoms appear the viral load might increase beyond control. However, it is advisable to get adequately diagnosed as soon as the first symptom appears. There is an immediate requirement of reliable biomarkers of COVID-19 manifesting an early onset for effective clinical management, stratification of high risk patients and ensuring ideal resource allocation. In this review, we attempt to explore and describe important polypeptide inflammatory biomarkers, namely C-reactive protein, Procalcitonin, Ferritin, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Serum amyloid A, Interleukin-6, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and LIGHT used in the detection and management of COVID-19. Viral pathogenesis and the role of these inflammatory biomarkers is highlighted, based on the evidences available till date. An integrative data monitoring along with their correlation with the natural disease progression is of utmost importance in the management of COVID-19. So further research and in-depth analysis of these biomarkers is warranted in the present scenario.
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Verstappen M, van Steenbergen HW, de Jong PHP, van der Helm-van Mil AHM. Unraveling heterogeneity within ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis: the subgroup of patients with a strong clinical and serological response to initiation of DMARD treatment favor disease resolution. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:4. [PMID: 34980246 PMCID: PMC8722281 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous disease, as evidenced by the differences in long-term outcomes. This applies especially to anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA)-negative RA, where a proportion achieves sustained DMARD-free remission (SDFR; sustained absence of synovitis after DMARD cessation). Differentiation of RA patients who will achieve SDFR can guide personalized treatment/tapering strategies. Although this subgroup remains scarcely discerned, previous research demonstrated that these RA patients are characterized by an early clinical response (DAS remission after 4 months) after DMARD start. We studied whether, in addition to this clinical response, a specific biomarker response can further distinguish the subgroup of RA patients most likely to achieve SDFR. METHODS In 266 RA patients, levels of 12 biomarkers (SAA/CRP/MMP-1/MMP-3/resistin/leptin/IL-6/TNF-R1/YKL-40/EGF/VEGF/VCAM-1), in the first 2 years after diagnosis, were studied in relation to SDFR, stratified for ACPA status. Subsequently, biomarkers associated with SDFR development were combined with early DAS remission to study its additional value in defining subgroups. Since most biomarker levels are not routinely measured in clinical practice, we explored how this subgroup can be clinically recognized. RESULTS ACPA-negative RA patients achieving SDFR were characterized by high baseline levels and stronger decline in MMP-1/MMP-3/SAA/CRP after DMARD-start, respectively 1.30×/1.44×/2.12×/2.24× stronger. This effect was absent in ACPA-positive RA. In ACPA-negative RA, a strong biomarker decline is associated with early DAS remission. The combination of both declines (clinical, biomarker) was present in a subgroup of ACPA-negative RA patients achieving SDFR. This subgroup can be clinically recognized by the combination of high baseline CRP levels (≥ 3 times ULN), and early DAS remission (DAS4 months < 1.6). This latter was replicated in independent ACPA-negative RA patients. CONCLUSIONS ACPA-negative RA patients with early DAS remission and a strong biomarker response (or baseline CRP levels ≥ 3× ULN) are most likely to achieve SDFR later on. This could guide personalized decisions on DMARD tapering/cessation in ACPA-negative RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Verstappen
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - H W van Steenbergen
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P H P de Jong
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A H M van der Helm-van Mil
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Nurmi K, Niemi K, Kareinen I, Silventoinen K, Lorey MB, Chen Y, Kouri VP, Parantainen J, Juutilainen T, Öörni K, Kovanen PT, Nordström D, Matikainen S, Eklund KK. Native and oxidised lipoproteins negatively regulate the serum amyloid A-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human macrophages. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1323. [PMID: 34377468 PMCID: PMC8329955 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in arterial wall inflammation. In this study, we elucidated the role of serum lipoproteins in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by serum amyloid A (SAA) and other inflammasome activators. Methods The effect of lipoproteins on the NLRP3 inflammasome activation was studied in primary human macrophages and THP‐1 macrophages. The effect of oxidised low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) was examined in an in vivo mouse model of SAA‐induced peritoneal inflammation. Results Native and oxidised high‐density lipoproteins (HDL3) and LDLs inhibited the interaction of SAA with TLR4. HDL3 and LDL inhibited the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐1β and tumor necrosis factor by reducing their transcription. Oxidised forms of these lipoproteins reduced the secretion of mature IL‐1β also by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome induced by SAA, ATP, nigericin and monosodium urate crystals. Specifically, oxidised LDL was found to inhibit the inflammasome complex formation. No cellular uptake of lipoproteins was required, nor intact lipoprotein particles for the inhibitory effect, as the lipid fraction of oxidised LDL was sufficient. The inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by oxidised LDL was partially dependent on autophagy. Finally, oxidised LDL inhibited the SAA‐induced peritoneal inflammation and IL‐1β secretion in vivo. Conclusions These findings reveal that both HDL3 and LDL inhibit the proinflammatory activity of SAA and this inhibition is further enhanced by lipoprotein oxidation. Thus, lipoproteins possess major anti‐inflammatory functions that hinder the NLRP3 inflammasome‐activating signals, particularly those exerted by SAA, which has important implications in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Nurmi
- Helsinki Rheumatic Diseases and Inflammation Research Group Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Helsinki University Clinicum Helsinki Finland
| | | | | | - Kristiina Silventoinen
- Helsinki Rheumatic Diseases and Inflammation Research Group Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Helsinki University Clinicum Helsinki Finland
| | - Martina B Lorey
- Helsinki Rheumatic Diseases and Inflammation Research Group Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Helsinki University Clinicum Helsinki Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute Helsinki Finland
| | - Yan Chen
- Helsinki Rheumatic Diseases and Inflammation Research Group Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Helsinki University Clinicum Helsinki Finland
| | - Vesa-Petteri Kouri
- Helsinki Rheumatic Diseases and Inflammation Research Group Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Helsinki University Clinicum Helsinki Finland
| | - Jukka Parantainen
- Helsinki Rheumatic Diseases and Inflammation Research Group Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Helsinki University Clinicum Helsinki Finland
| | - Timo Juutilainen
- Division of Orthopedics Department of Surgery Helsinki University Central Hospital Vantaa Finland
| | | | | | - Dan Nordström
- Helsinki Rheumatic Diseases and Inflammation Research Group Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Helsinki University Clinicum Helsinki Finland.,Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- Helsinki Rheumatic Diseases and Inflammation Research Group Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Helsinki University Clinicum Helsinki Finland
| | - Kari K Eklund
- Helsinki Rheumatic Diseases and Inflammation Research Group Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Helsinki University Clinicum Helsinki Finland.,Division of Rheumatology Department of Medicine Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland.,Orton Orthopaedic Hospital Helsinki Finland
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Wang Y, Emre C, Gyllenhammar-Schill H, Fjellman K, Eyjolfsdottir H, Eriksdotter M, Schultzberg M, Hjorth E. Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammatory Markers in Alzheimer's Disease: Influence of Comorbidities. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:157-170. [PMID: 33784960 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210330162207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) develops into dementia after several years, and subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are used as intermediary diagnoses of increasing severity. Inflammation is an important part of AD pathology and provides potential novel biomarkers and treatment targets. OBJECTIVE To identify novel potential biomarkers of AD in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and create a molecular pattern of inflammatory factors providing differentiation between AD and SCI. METHODS We analyzed 43 inflammatory-related mediators in CSF samples from a cohort of SCI and AD cases vetted for confounding factors (Training cohort). Using multivariate analysis (MVA), a model for discrimination between SCI and AD was produced, which we then applied to a larger nonvetted cohort (named Test cohort). The data were analyzed for factors showing differences between diagnostic groups and factors that differed between the vetted and non-vetted cohorts. The relationship of the factors to the agreement between model and clinical diagnosis was investigated. RESULTS A good MVA model able to discriminate AD from SCI without including tangle and plaque biomarkers was produced from the Training cohort. The model showed 50% agreement with clinical diagnosis in the Test cohort. Comparison of the cohorts indicated different patterns of factors distinguishing SCI from AD. As an example, soluble interleukin (IL)-6Rα showed lower levels in AD cases in the Training cohort, whereas placental growth factor (PlGF) and serum amyloid A (SAA) levels were higher in AD cases of the Test cohort. The levels of p-tau were also higher in the Training cohort. CONCLUSION This study provides new knowledge regarding the involvement of inflammation in AD by indicating different patterns of factors in CSF depending on whether potential confounding comorbidities are present or not, and presents sIL-6Rα as a potential new biomarker for improved diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, BioClinicum J9:20, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Visionsgatan 4, SE-171 64 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ceren Emre
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, BioClinicum J9:20, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Visionsgatan 4, SE-171 64 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Fjellman
- Karolinska University Hospital, Theme Clinical Pharmacology, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Eriksdotter
- Karolinska University Hospital, Theme Aging, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marianne Schultzberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, BioClinicum J9:20, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Visionsgatan 4, SE-171 64 Solna, Sweden
| | - Erik Hjorth
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, BioClinicum J9:20, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Visionsgatan 4, SE-171 64 Solna, Sweden
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Ji M, Ryu HJ, Hong JH. Signalling and putative therapeutic molecules on the regulation of synoviocyte signalling in rheumatoid arthritis. Bone Joint Res 2021; 10:285-297. [PMID: 33890482 PMCID: PMC8077181 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.104.bjr-2020-0331.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by symmetrical and chronic polyarthritis. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes are mainly involved in joint inflammation and cartilage and bone destruction by inflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading enzymes in RA. Approaches that induce various cellular growth alterations of synoviocytes are considered as potential strategies for treating RA. However, since synoviocytes play a critical role in RA, the mechanism and hyperplastic modulation of synoviocytes and their motility need to be addressed. In this review, we focus on the alteration of synoviocyte signalling and cell fate provided by signalling proteins, various antioxidant molecules, enzymes, compounds, clinical candidates, to understand the pathology of the synoviocytes, and finally to achieve developed therapeutic strategies of RA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(4):285–297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hee Jung Ryu
- Department of Rheumatology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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Zinellu A, Paliogiannis P, Carru C, Mangoni AA. Serum amyloid A concentrations, COVID-19 severity and mortality: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105:668-674. [PMID: 33737133 PMCID: PMC7959678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES An excessive inflammatory response in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with high disease severity and mortality. Specific acute phase reactants might be useful for risk stratification. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted of studies on serum amyloid A (SAA) in patients with COVID-19. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched, covering the period January 2020 to December 2020, for studies reporting SAA concentrations, COVID-19 severity, and survival status. RESULTS Nineteen studies involving 5617 COVID-19 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled results showed that SAA concentrations were significantly higher in patients with severe disease and non-survivors (standard mean difference (SMD) 1.20, 95% confidence interval 0.91-1.49, P < 0.001). Extreme between-study heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 92.4%, P < 0.001). In the sensitivity analysis, the effect size was not significantly affected when each study was removed in turn (range 1.10-1.29). The Begg test (P = 0.030), but not the Egger test (P = 0.385), revealed the presence of publication bias. Pooled SMD values were significantly and positively associated with sex (t = 2.20, P = 0.047) and aspartate aminotransferase (t = 3.44, P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS SAA concentrations were significantly and positively associated with higher COVID-19 severity and mortality. This acute phase reactant might assist with risk stratification and monitoring in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Quality Control Unit, University Hospital (AOUSS), Sassari, Italy
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia.
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13
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Sorić Hosman I, Kos I, Lamot L. Serum Amyloid A in Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: A Compendious Review of a Renowned Biomarker. Front Immunol 2021; 11:631299. [PMID: 33679725 PMCID: PMC7933664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.631299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein with a significant importance for patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD). The central role of SAA in pathogenesis of IRD has been confirmed by recent discoveries, including its involvement in the activation of the inflammasome cascade and recruitment of interleukin 17 producing T helper cells. Clinical utility of SAA in IRD was originally evaluated nearly half a century ago. From the first findings, it was clear that SAA could be used for evaluating disease severity and monitoring disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and secondary amyloidosis. However, cost-effective and more easily applicable markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), overwhelmed its use in clinical practice. In the light of emerging evidences, SAA has been discerned as a more sensitive biomarker in a wide spectrum of IRD, especially in case of subclinical inflammation. Furthermore, a growing number of studies are confirming the advantages of SAA over many other biomarkers in predicting and monitoring response to biological immunotherapy in IRD patients. Arising scientific discoveries regarding the role of SAA, as well as delineating SAA and its isoforms as the most sensitive biomarkers in various IRD by recently developing proteomic techniques are encouraging the revival of its clinical use. Finally, the most recent findings have shown that SAA is a biomarker of severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this review is to discuss the SAA-involving immune system network with emphasis on mechanisms relevant for IRD, as well as usefulness of SAA as a biomarker in various IRD. Therefore, over a hundred original papers were collected through an extensive PubMed and Scopus databases search. These recently arising insights will hopefully lead to a better management of IRD patients and might even inspire the development of new therapeutic strategies with SAA as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Sorić Hosman
- Department of Pediatrics, Zadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Ivanka Kos
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lovro Lamot
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Lin X, Watanabe K, Kuragano M, Tokuraku K. Aggregation of Mouse Serum Amyloid A Protein Was Promoted by Amyloid-Enhancing Factors with the More Genetically Homologous Serum Amyloid A. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031036. [PMID: 33494290 PMCID: PMC7864520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is a condition in which amyloid fibrils characterized by a linear morphology and a cross-β structure accumulate and are deposited extracellularly in organs, resulting in chronic inflammatory diseases and infections. The incidence of AA amyloidosis is high in humans and several animal species. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is one of the most important precursor amyloid proteins and plays a vital step in AA amyloidosis. Amyloid enhancing factor (AEF) serves as a seed for fibril formation and shortens the onset of AA amyloidosis sharply. In this study, we examined whether AEFs extracted and purified from five animal species (camel, cat, cattle, goat, and mouse) could promote mouse SAA (mSAA) protein aggregation in vitro using quantum-dot (QD) nanoprobes to visualize the aggregation. The results showed that AEFs shortened and promoted mSAA aggregation. In addition, mouse and cat AEFs showed higher mSAA aggregation-promoting activity than the camel, cattle, and goat AEFs. Interestingly, homology analysis of SAA in these five animal species revealed a more similar amino acid sequence homology between mouse and cat than between other animal species. Furthermore, a detailed comparison of amino acid sequences suggested that it was important to mSAA aggregation-promoting activity that the 48th amino acid was a basic residue (Lys) and the 125th amino acid was an acidic residue (Asp or Glu). These data imply that AA amyloidosis exhibits higher transmission activity among animals carrying genetically homologous SAA gene, and may provide a new understanding of the pathogenesis of amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Lin
- Muroran Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran 050-8585, Japan; (X.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Research Center of Global Agromedicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Kuragano
- Muroran Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran 050-8585, Japan; (X.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Kiyotaka Tokuraku
- Muroran Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran 050-8585, Japan; (X.L.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-0143-46-5721
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15
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Lin A, Liu J, Gong P, Chen Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Yu Y. Serum amyloid A inhibits astrocyte migration via activating p38 MAPK. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:254. [PMID: 32861245 PMCID: PMC7456509 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of astrocytes around senile plaques is one of the pathological characteristics in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Serum amyloid A (SAA), known as a major acute-phase protein, colocalizes with senile plaques in AD patients. Here, we demonstrate the role of SAA in astrocyte migration. METHODS The effects of SAA on astrocyte activation and accumulation around amyloid β (Aβ) deposits were detected in APP/PS1 transgenic mice mated with Saa3-/- mice. SAA expression, astrocyte activation, and colocalization with Aβ deposits were evaluated in mice using immunofluorescence staining and/or Western blotting. The migration of primary cultures of mouse astrocytes and human glioma U251 cells was examined using Boyden chamber assay and scratch-would assay. The actin and microtubule networks, protrusion formation, and Golgi apparatus location in astrocytes were determined using scratch-would assay and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Saa3 expression was significantly induced in aged APP/PS1 transgenic mouse brain. Saa3 deficiency exacerbated astrocyte activation and increased the number of astrocytes around Aβ deposits in APP/PS1 mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that SAA inhibited the migration of primary cultures of astrocytes and U251 cells. Mechanistic studies showed that SAA inhibited astrocyte polarization and protrusion formation via disrupting actin and microtubule reorganization and Golgi reorientation. Inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway abolished the suppression of SAA on astrocyte migration and polarization. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that increased SAA in the brain of APP/PS1 mice inhibits the migration of astrocytes to amyloid plaques by activating the p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanqing Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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16
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Lee JY, Hall JA, Kroehling L, Wu L, Najar T, Nguyen HH, Lin WY, Yeung ST, Silva HM, Li D, Hine A, Loke P, Hudesman D, Martin JC, Kenigsberg E, Merad M, Khanna KM, Littman DR. Serum Amyloid A Proteins Induce Pathogenic Th17 Cells and Promote Inflammatory Disease. Cell 2019; 180:79-91.e16. [PMID: 31866067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoid cells that produce interleukin (IL)-17 cytokines protect barrier tissues from pathogenic microbes but are also prominent effectors of inflammation and autoimmune disease. T helper 17 (Th17) cells, defined by RORγt-dependent production of IL-17A and IL-17F, exert homeostatic functions in the gut upon microbiota-directed differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells. In the non-pathogenic setting, their cytokine production is regulated by serum amyloid A proteins (SAA1 and SAA2) secreted by adjacent intestinal epithelial cells. However, Th17 cell behaviors vary markedly according to their environment. Here, we show that SAAs additionally direct a pathogenic pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation program, acting directly on T cells in collaboration with STAT3-activating cytokines. Using loss- and gain-of-function mouse models, we show that SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3 have distinct systemic and local functions in promoting Th17-mediated inflammatory diseases. These studies suggest that T cell signaling pathways modulated by the SAAs may be attractive targets for anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Yong Lee
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jason A Hall
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lina Kroehling
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lin Wu
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tariq Najar
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Henry H Nguyen
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Woan-Yu Lin
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hernandez Moura Silva
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dayi Li
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ashley Hine
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Hudesman
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jerome C Martin
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ephraim Kenigsberg
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dan R Littman
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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17
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AA amyloidosis secondary to adult onset Still's disease: About 19 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019; 50:156-165. [PMID: 31488308 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult onset Still's disease (AOSD) is an inflammatory disorder characterized by high spiking fever, evanescent rash, polyarthritis, and many other systemic manifestations. Recurrent or persistent disease can lead to AA amyloidosis (AAA). Our objectives were to present 3 French cases and perform a systematic review of the literature, in order to determine the prevalence, characteristics, predisposing factors, and therapeutic response of AOSD-related AAA. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed by searching MEDLINE from 1971 to 2018. Two independent investigators selected reports of AAA complicating AOSD. New French cases were identified with the help of the Reference Center for rare Auto-Inflammatory Diseases and Amyloidosis (CEREMAIA). Patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis were excluded. RESULTS The prevalence of AAA in AOSD was 0.88% (95%CI [0.49-1.28]) based on 45 articles. In addition to 3 new cases from the CEREMAIA, 16 patients were assessed for clinical presentation, risk factors, and therapeutic response of AOSD-related AAA. Mean age at AOSD onset was 29.6 ± 12.6 years, with a mean delay before AAA diagnosis of 16.75±5.8 years. Renal involvement was the most common manifestation of AAA. The majority of patients presented active AOSD at AAA diagnosis. Various treatments of AOSD-related AAA were attempted including corticosteroids and biotherapies. CONCLUSION AAA is a rare and severe complication that may occur during the course of uncontrolled active AOSD. It could be prevented by early diagnosis and better control of AOSD, with more frequent use of biotherapies.
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18
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Song LT, Lai W, Li JS, Mu YZ, Li CY, Jiang SY. The interaction between serum amyloid A and Toll-like receptor 2 pathway regulates inflammatory cytokine secretion in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2019; 91:129-137. [PMID: 31347700 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum amyloid A (SAA) has been identified to trigger inflammation response, and play a crucial role in chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of SAA still remains unclear during the development of periodontitis METHODS: SAA mRNA and protein expression were detected in healthy and inflammatory gingival tissues using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Human recombinant SAA (Apo-SAA), Pam3CSK4 (a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligand), siRNA-SAA, or TLR2 neutralizing antibody was applied to treat human gingival fibroblasts, respectively, or combined. SAA, TLRs, and inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were analyzed by real-time PCR, western blotting, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS SAA expression increased in human inflammatory gingival tissues from patients with periodontitis (P <0.05). Apo-SAA could increase not only the mRNA expression of TLR2 (P <0.05), but also IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA and protein levels (P <0.05) which was suppressed by TLR2 antibody in human gingival fibroblasts. Pam3CSK4 increased SAA, IL-6, and IL-8 levels (P <0.05). However, the expression of SAA, IL-6, and IL-8 decreased after transfection of siRNA-SAA (P <0.05). CONCLUSION SAA not only increases in inflammatory gingiva, but also triggers inflammatory cytokine secretion via interacting with TLR2 pathway in human gingival fibroblasts, which indicates that SAA is involved in periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Song
- Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wen Lai
- Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Shan Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Zhu Mu
- Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Yi Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Yun Jiang
- Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China.,Center of Stomatology, Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
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19
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Jumeau C, Awad F, Assrawi E, Cobret L, Duquesnoy P, Giurgea I, Valeyre D, Grateau G, Amselem S, Bernaudin JF, Karabina SA. Expression of SAA1, SAA2 and SAA4 genes in human primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217005. [PMID: 31100086 PMCID: PMC6524798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating serum amyloid A (SAA) is increased in various inflammatory conditions. The human SAA protein family comprises the acute phase SAA1/SAA2, known to activate a large set of innate and adaptive immune cells, and the constitutive SAA4. The liver synthesis of SAA1/SAA2 is well-established but there is still an open debate on extrahepatic SAA expression especially in macrophages. We aimed to investigate the ability of human primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages to express SAA1, SAA2 and SAA4 at both the transcriptional and protein levels, as previous studies almost exclusively dealt with monocytic cell lines. Monocytes and derived macrophages from healthy donors were stimulated under various conditions. In parallel with SAA, pro-inflammatory IL1A, IL1B and IL6 cytokine expression was assessed. While LPS alone was non-effective, a combined LPS/dexamethasone treatment induced SAA1 and to a lesser extent SAA2 transcription in human monocytes and macrophages. In contrast, as expected, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was strongly induced following stimulation with LPS, an effect which was dampened in the presence of dexamethasone. Furthermore, in monocytes polarized towards a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, SAA expression in response to LPS/dexamethasone was potentiated; a result mainly seen for SAA1. However, a major discrepancy was observed between SAA mRNA and intracellular protein levels under the experimental conditions used. Our results demonstrate that human monocytes and macrophages can express SAA genes, mainly SAA1 in response to an inflammatory environment. While SAA is considered as a member of a large cytokine network, its expression in the monocytes-macrophages in response to LPS-dexamethasone is strikingly different from that observed for classic pro-inflammatory cytokines. As monocytes-macrophages are major players in chronic inflammatory diseases, it may be hypothesized that SAA production from macrophages may contribute to the local inflammatory microenvironment, especially when macrophages are compactly organized in granulomas as in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jumeau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d’Embryologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Awad
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d’Embryologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - Eman Assrawi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d’Embryologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Cobret
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d’Embryologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Duquesnoy
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d’Embryologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - Irina Giurgea
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d’Embryologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Valeyre
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Pneumologie, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13, INSERM UMR 1272, Laboratoire ‘Hypoxie & Poumon’, Bobigny, France
| | - Gilles Grateau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d’Embryologie médicale, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Service de médecine interne, Paris, France
| | - Serge Amselem
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d’Embryologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Bernaudin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d’Embryologie médicale, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Pneumologie, Bobigny, France
- Université Paris 13, INSERM UMR 1272, Laboratoire ‘Hypoxie & Poumon’, Bobigny, France
| | - Sonia-Athina Karabina
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d’Embryologie médicale, Paris, France
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20
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Sheng H, Li H, Wang R. Acute phase reactant serum amyloid A in inflammation and other diseases. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 90:25-80. [PMID: 31122611 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute-phase reactant serum amyloid A (A-SAA) plays an important role in acute and chronic inflammation and is used in clinical laboratories as an indicator of inflammation. Although both A-SAA and C-reactive protein (CRP) are acute-phase proteins, the detection of A-SAA is more conclusive than the detection of CRP in patients with viral infections, severe acute pancreatitis, and rejection reactions to kidney transplants. A-SAA has greater clinical diagnostic value in patients who are immunosuppressed, patients with cystic fibrosis who are treated with corticoids, and preterm infants with late-onset sepsis. Nevertheless, for the assessment of the inflammation status and identification of viral infection in other pathologies, such as bacterial infections, the combinatorial use of A-SAA and other acute-phase proteins (APPs), such as CRP and procalcitonin (PCT), can provide more information and sensitivity than the use of any of these proteins alone, and the information generated is important in guiding antibiotic therapy. In addition, A-SAA-associated diseases and the diagnostic value of A-SAA are discussed. However, the relationship between different A-SAA isotypes and their human diseases are mostly derived from research laboratories with limited clinical samples. Thus, further clinical evaluations are necessary to confirm the clinical significance of each A-SAA isotype. Furthermore, the currently available A-SAA assays are based on polyclonal antibodies, which lack isotype specificity and are associated with many inflammatory diseases. Therefore, these assays are usually used in combination with other biomarkers in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Shanghai R&D Center, DiaSys Diagnostic Systems (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shanghai R&D Center, DiaSys Diagnostic Systems (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Huiming Sheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haichuan Li
- C.N. Maternity & Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongfang Wang
- Shanghai R&D Center, DiaSys Diagnostic Systems (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
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21
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Dev S, Singh A. Study of role of serum amyloid A (SAA) as a marker of disease activity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:2129-2133. [PMID: 31334192 PMCID: PMC6618225 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_339_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Role of serum amyloid A (SAA) protein as a biomarker for the disease activity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has not been explored. This study was done to find its role as marker of disease activity in JIA. Methods: A case–control study with 50 newly diagnosed cases of JIA of all subtypes and 40 healthy controls was done. Serum amyloid A (SAA), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in both patients and healthy controls. Quantitative measurement of SAA level was measured by using standard human SAA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Disease activity was assessed clinically and by ultrasonography (USG) score determined by examining eight large joints (bilateral elbow, wrist, knee, ankle). Serum SAA levels were found significantly higher in JIA patients as compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001). Significant positive correlations were found between SAA with presence of active joints (r = 0.64, P < 0.001), ESR (r = 0.39, P < 0.05), and CRP (r = 0.36, P < 0.05). However, significant correlations was not found between ESR and the presence of active joints (r = 0.21, P = 0.225) and between CRP and the presence of active joints (r = 0.034, P = 0.855). The mean USG score of patients with increased SAA level was significantly higher than that of patients with normal SAA level (P < 0.05). Conclusion: A significant increase in SAA levels was found in JIA patients with strong positive correlation between SAA level and JIA disease activity. The study discerned SAA to be a more sensitive laboratory marker than ESR and CRP for evaluating the presence of active joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Dev
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anup Singh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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22
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Hirai K, Furusho H, Kawashima N, Xu S, de Beer M, Battaglino R, Van Dyke T, Stashenko P, Sasaki H. Serum Amyloid A Contributes to Chronic Apical Periodontitis via TLR2 and TLR4. J Dent Res 2019; 98:117-125. [PMID: 30189157 PMCID: PMC6304714 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518796456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current concept of bacterial infections, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from pathogens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from damaged/necrotic host cells are crucial factors in induction of innate immune responses. However, the implication of DAMPs in apical and marginal periodontitis is unknown. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a DAMP that is involved in the development of various chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, we tested whether SAA is involved in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions, using human periapical surgical specimens and mice deficient in SAA and Toll-like receptors (TLR). SAA1/2 was locally expressed in human periapical lesions at the mRNA and protein levels. The level of SAA protein appeared to be positively associated with the inflammatory status of the lesions. In the development of mouse periapical inflammation, SAA1.1/2.1 was elevated locally and systemically in wild-type (WT) mice. Although SAA1.1/2.1 double-knockout and SAA3 knockout mice had redundant attenuation of the extent of periapical lesions, these animals showed strikingly improved inflammatory cell infiltration versus WT. Recombinant human SAA1 (rhSAA1) directly induced chemotaxis of WT neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. In addition, rhSAA1 stimulation significantly prolonged the survival of WT neutrophils as compared with nonstimulated neutrophils. Furthermore, rhSAA1 activated the NF-κB pathway and subsequent IL-1α production in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. However, TLR2/TLR4 double deficiency substantially diminished these SAA-mediated proinflammatory responses. Taken together, the SAA-TLR axis plays an important role in the chronicity of periapical inflammation via induction of inflammatory cell infiltration and prolonged cell survival. The interactions of PAMPs and DAMPs require further investigation in dental/oral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Hirai
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences
and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious
Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - H. Furusho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Pathobiology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - N. Kawashima
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics,
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Xu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious
Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M.C. de Beer
- Department of Physiology, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R. Battaglino
- Department of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T. Van Dyke
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA,
USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and
Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P. Stashenko
- Department of Immunology and Infectious
Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and
Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Endodontics, Goldman School of
Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H. Sasaki
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences
and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious
Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and
Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Insights into Stabilizing Forces in Amyloid Fibrils of Differing Sizes from Polarizable Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3819-3834. [PMID: 29782833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathological aggregation of amyloid-forming proteins is a hallmark of a number of human diseases, including Alzheimer's, type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's, and more. Despite having very different primary amino acid sequences, these amyloid proteins form similar supramolecular, fibril structures that are highly resilient to physical and chemical denaturation. To better understand the structural stability of disease-related amyloids and to gain a greater understanding of factors that stabilize functional amyloid assemblies, insights into tertiary and quaternary interactions are needed. We performed molecular dynamics simulations on human tau, amyloid-β, and islet amyloid polypeptide fibrils to determine key physicochemical properties that give rise to their unique characteristics and fibril structures. These simulations are the first of their kind in employing a polarizable force field to explore properties of local electric fields on dipole properties and other electrostatic forces that contribute to amyloid stability. Across these different amyloid fibrils, we focused on how the underlying forces stabilize fibrils to elucidate the driving forces behind the protein aggregation. The polarizable model allows for an investigation of how side-chain dipole moments, properties of structured water molecules in the fibril core, and the local environment around salt bridges contribute to the formation of interfaces essential for fibril stability. By systematically studying three amyloidogenic proteins of various fibril sizes for key structural properties and stabilizing forces, we shed light on properties of amyloid structures related to both diseased and functional states at the atomistic level.
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24
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Morizane S, Kajita A, Mizuno K, Takiguchi T, Iwatsuki K. Toll-like receptor signalling induces the expression of serum amyloid A in epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 44:40-46. [PMID: 29770468 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in innate immune response by sensing pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns. Epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts also produce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines under stimulation with TLR ligands. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of secondary amyloidosis, and also has immunomodulatory functions. SAA are produced mainly by hepatocytes but also by a variety of cells, including immune cells, endothelial cells, synoviocytes, and epidermal keratinocytes. However, SAA expression in human dermal fibroblasts has not been shown to date. AIM To investigate the effect of TLR ligands on SAA expression in epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. METHODS We investigated whether TLR ligands induce the expression of SAA in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) by real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA. The effect of SAA on its own expression in NHDFs was also studied. RESULTS SAA expression was induced via nuclear factor-κB by TLR1/2, 3, 5 and 2/6 ligands in NHEKs. In NHDFs, TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 ligands increased SAA expression. SAA further induced its own expression via TLR1/2 and NF-κB in NHDFs, as previously reported for NHEKs. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new evidence that the skin's innate immune response contributes to the production of SAA, which might lead to an increased risk of systemic complications such as secondary amyloidosis of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morizane
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - A Kajita
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - K Mizuno
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - T Takiguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - K Iwatsuki
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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25
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Ghasemi S, Sardari K, Mirshokraei P, Hassanpour H. In vitro study of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 9, 13 and serum amyloid A mRNAs expression in equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes treated with doxycycline. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2018; 82:82-88. [PMID: 29755186 PMCID: PMC5914083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of synthetic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitors, such as doxycycline is one of the possible therapeutic options for osteoarthritis. However, little is known about the protective mechanism of doxycycline in equine models on MMPs inhibitors as well as on serum amyloid A (SAA) gene expression. This study investigated the effects of doxycycline on mRNA expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13, and SAA of equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). The FLSs were established from synovial fluids of clinically normal metacarpophalangeal joints of 6 skeletally mature horses. The cells were treated with either 10 or 100 μg/mL of doxycycline for 48 h. The mRNA expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13, and SAA were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Treatment with doxycycline resulted in significantly decreased mRNA expression of MMP-1 in FLSs at both concentrations (P = 0.001). No significant differences were detected among groups for MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13 (P > 0.05). Only a tendency towards a decrease in mRNA expression level of SAA in the presence of doxycycline could be detected. Doxycycline inhibits MMP-1 gene expression at the transcript level. These findings indicate that doxycycline can protect the articular environment through inhibition of MMP-1 at transcript level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Ghasemi
- Section of Surgery and Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences (Ghasemi, Sardari); Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran (Mirshokraei); Department of Basic Sciences, Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran (Hassanpour)
| | - Kamran Sardari
- Section of Surgery and Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences (Ghasemi, Sardari); Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran (Mirshokraei); Department of Basic Sciences, Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran (Hassanpour)
| | - Pezhman Mirshokraei
- Section of Surgery and Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences (Ghasemi, Sardari); Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran (Mirshokraei); Department of Basic Sciences, Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran (Hassanpour)
| | - Hossein Hassanpour
- Section of Surgery and Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences (Ghasemi, Sardari); Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran (Mirshokraei); Department of Basic Sciences, Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran (Hassanpour)
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26
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Serum Amyloid A1 Is an Epithelial Prorestitutive Factor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:937-949. [PMID: 29366677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several proteins endogenously produced during the process of intestinal wound healing have demonstrated prorestitutive properties. The presence of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), an acute-phase reactant, within inflamed tissues, where it exerts chemotaxis of phagocytes, is well recognized; however, a putative role in intestinal wound repair has not been described. Herein, we show that SAA1 induces intestinal epithelial cell migration, spreading, and attachment through a formyl peptide receptor 2-dependent mechanism. Induction of the prorestitutive phenotype is concentration and time dependent and is associated with epithelial reactive oxygen species production and alterations in p130 Crk-associated substrate staining. In addition, using a murine model of wound recovery, we provide evidence that SAA1 is dynamically and temporally regulated, and that the elaboration of SAA1 within the wound microenvironment correlates with the influx of SAA1/CD11b coexpressing immune cells and increases in cytokines known to induce SAA expression. Overall, the present work demonstrates an important role for SAA in epithelial wound recovery and provides evidence for a physiological role in the wound environment.
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27
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Zhou H, Chen M, Zhang G, Ye RD. Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response by Fragments from Serum Amyloid A. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1105-1112. [PMID: 28674180 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is known as an acute-phase protein and a biomarker for inflammatory diseases. Published studies have shown that SAA possesses proinflammatory cytokine-like activity and is chemotactic for phagocytes, but the structural basis for these activities remains unidentified. In this article, we report that truncated SAA1 proteins lacking N- and C-terminal sequences exhibit reduced proinflammatory activity and strongly suppress LPS-induced expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in macrophages. A truncated SAA1 containing aa 11-58 was examined further and found to facilitate p38 MAPK phosphorylation while reducing LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK and JNK. In LPS-challenged mice, aa 11-58 reduced the severity of acute lung injury, with significantly less neutrophil infiltration in the lungs and attenuated pulmonary expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Coadministration of aa 11-58 markedly improved mouse survival in response to a lethal dose of LPS. A potent induction of IL-10 was observed in a TLR2-dependent, but TLR4-independent, manner in macrophages stimulated with aa 11-58. However, the aa 11-58 fragment of SAA1 was unable to induce chemotaxis or calcium flux through formyl peptide receptor 2. These results indicate that the N- and C-terminal sequences contain structural determinants for the proinflammatory and chemotactic activities of SAA1, and their removal switches SAA1 to an anti-inflammatory role. Given that proteolytic processing of SAA is associated with the pathological changes in several diseases, including secondary amyloidosis, our findings may shed light on the structure-function relationship of SAA1 with respect to its role in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; and
| | - Mingjie Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; and
| | - Gufang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; and
| | - Richard D Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; and .,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau Special Administrative Region 999078, China
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28
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Andreassen SM, Vinther AML, Nielsen SS, Andersen PH, Tnibar A, Kristensen AT, Jacobsen S. Changes in concentrations of haemostatic and inflammatory biomarkers in synovial fluid after intra-articular injection of lipopolysaccharide in horses. BMC Vet Res 2017. [PMID: 28629364 PMCID: PMC5477303 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Septic arthritis is a common and potentially devastating disease characterized by severe intra-articular (IA) inflammation and fibrin deposition. Research into equine joint pathologies has focused on inflammation, but recent research in humans suggests that both haemostatic and inflammatory pathways are activated in the joint compartment in arthritic conditions. The aim of this study was to characterize the IA haemostatic and inflammatory responses in horses with experimental lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced joint inflammation. Inflammation was induced by IA injection of LPS into one antebrachiocarpal joint of six horses. Horses were evaluated clinically with subjective grading of lameness, and blood and synovial fluid (SF) samples were collected at post injection hours (PIH) -120, −96, −24, 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 144. Total protein (TP), white blood cell counts (WBC), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, iron, fibrinogen, thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) and d-dimer concentrations were assessed in blood and SF. Results Intra-articular injection of LPS caused local and systemic signs of inflammation including increased rectal temperature, lameness and increased joint circumference and skin temperature. Most of the biomarkers (TP, WBC, haptoglobin, fibrinogen and TAT) measured in SF increased quickly after LPS injection (at PIH 2–4), whereas SAA and d-dimer levels increased more slowly (at PIH 16 and 144, respectively). SF iron concentrations did not change statistically significantly. Blood WBC, SAA, haptoglobin and fibrinogen increased and iron decreased significantly in response to the IA LPS injection, while TAT and d-dimer concentrations did not change. Repeated pre-injection arthrocenteses caused significant changes in SF concentrations of TP, WBC and haptoglobin. Conclusion Similar to inflammatory joint disease in humans, joint inflammation in horses was accompanied by an IA haemostatic response with changes in fibrinogen, TAT and d-dimer concentrations. Inflammatory and haemostatic responses were induced simultaneously and may likely interact. Further studies of interactions between the two responses are needed for a better understanding of pathogenesis of joint disease in horses. Knowledge of effects of repeated arthrocenteses on levels of SF biomarkers may be of value when markers are used for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Mandrup Andreassen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 5, DK-2630, Tåstrup, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Lindberg Vinther
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 5, DK-2630, Tåstrup, Denmark
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pia Haubro Andersen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 5, DK-2630, Tåstrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish Agricultural University, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aziz Tnibar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 5, DK-2630, Tåstrup, Denmark
| | - Annemarie T Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 5, DK-2630, Tåstrup, Denmark.
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29
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Yoo J, Lee SK, Lim M, Sheen D, Choi EH, Kim SA. Exosomal amyloid A and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor-1 proteins are associated with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:119. [PMID: 28569211 PMCID: PMC5452405 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are thought to play an important role in exchanging information between cells. The proteins and lipids in exosomes play roles in mediating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to identify exosomal candidate proteins that are related to other inflammatory parameters in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods The study population consisted of 60 patients with RA: 30 in the clinical remission (CR) group with a Disease Activity Score in 28 joints based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) ≤2.6 and 30 in the non-clinical remission (non-CR) group with a DAS28-ESR >2.6. Preparation of exosomes from patient serum samples was performed with the ExoQuick kit, and protein identification/quantification was performed using tandem mass tag labeling/mass spectrometry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Comparisons between groups were made using Student’s t test or the Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. Spearman’s correlation coefficients (ρ) were calculated. Results We identified six candidate proteins. Exosomal levels of amyloid A (AA) and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor-1 (LYVE-1) differed between the CR and non-CR groups. Both serum and exosomal AA levels were higher in the non-CR group than in the CR group (p = 0.001). Significant positive correlations were found between exosomal AA and C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as between serum AA and CRP (ρ = 0.614, p = 0.001, and ρ = 0.624, p = 0.001, respectively). Although serum levels of LYVE-1 did not differ between the non-CR and CR groups, exosomal levels of LYVE-1 were lower in the non-CR group than in the CR group (p = 0.01). We identified positive correlations between serum/exosomal LYVE-1 and CRP only in the non-CR group (serum ρ = 0.376, p = 0.04; exosome ρ = 0.545, p = 0.002). Conclusions Exosomal LYVE-1 shows potential for use as an additional marker of disease activity in patients with RA, and exosomes may carry other useful markers for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyung Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang Kwang Lee
- Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mikyung Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Donghyuk Sheen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Choi
- Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soon Ae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea.
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30
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Baranova IN, Souza ACP, Bocharov AV, Vishnyakova TG, Hu X, Vaisman BL, Amar MJ, Chen Z, Remaley AT, Patterson AP, Yuen PST, Star RA, Eggerman TL. Human SR-BII mediates SAA uptake and contributes to SAA pro-inflammatory signaling in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175824. [PMID: 28423002 PMCID: PMC5396919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein with cytokine-like and chemotactic properties, that is markedly up-regulated during various inflammatory conditions. Several receptors, including FPRL-1, TLR2, TLR4, RAGE, class B scavenger receptors, SR-BI and CD36, have been identified as SAA receptors. This study provides new evidence that SR-BII, splice variant of SR-BI, could function as an SAA receptor mediating its uptake and pro-inflammatory signaling. The uptake of Alexa Fluor488 SAA was markedly (~3 fold) increased in hSR-BII-expressing HeLa cells when compared with mock-transfected cells. The levels of SAA-induced interleukin-8 secretion by hSR-BII-expressing HEK293 cells were also significantly (~3-3.5 fold) higher than those detected in control cells. Moderately enhanced levels of phosphorylation of all three mitogen-activated protein kinases, ERK1/2, and p38 and JNK, were observed in hSR-BII-expressing cells following SAA stimulation when compared with control wild type cells. Transgenic mice with pLiv-11-directed liver/kidney overexpression of hSR-BI or hSR-BII were used to assess the in vivo role of each receptor in SAA-induced pro-inflammatory response in these organs. Six hours after intraperitoneal SAA injection both groups of transgenic mice demonstrated markedly higher (~2-5-fold) expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the liver and kidney compared to wild type mice. Histological examinations of hepatic and renal tissue from SAA-treated mice revealed moderate level of damage in the liver of both transgenic but not in the wild type mice. Activities of plasma transaminases, biomarkers of liver injury, were also moderately higher in hSR-B transgenic mice when compared to wild type mice. Our findings identify hSR-BII as a functional SAA receptor that mediates SAA uptake and contributes to its pro-inflammatory signaling via the MAPKs-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N. Baranova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ana C. P. Souza
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander V. Bocharov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tatyana G. Vishnyakova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xuzhen Hu
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Boris L. Vaisman
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcelo J. Amar
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy P. Patterson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter S. T. Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Star
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Eggerman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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31
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De Buck M, Gouwy M, Wang JM, Van Snick J, Opdenakker G, Struyf S, Van Damme J. Structure and Expression of Different Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Variants and their Concentration-Dependent Functions During Host Insults. Curr Med Chem 2017; 23:1725-55. [PMID: 27087246 PMCID: PMC5405626 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160418114600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is, like C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase protein and can be used as a diagnostic, prognostic or therapy follow-up marker for many diseases. Increases in serum levels of SAA are triggered by physical insults to the host, including infection, trauma, inflammatory reactions and cancer. The order of magnitude of increase in SAA levels varies considerably, from a 10- to 100-fold during limited inflammatory events to a 1000-fold increase during severe bacterial infections and acute exacerbations of chronic inflammatory diseases. This broad response range is reflected by SAA gene duplications resulting in a cluster encoding several SAA variants and by multiple biological functions of SAA. SAA variants are single-domain proteins with simple structures and few post-translational modifications. SAA1 and SAA2 are inducible by inflammatory cytokines, whereas SAA4 is constitutively produced. We review here the regulated expression of SAA in normal and transformed cells and compare its serum levels in various disease states. At low concentrations (10-100 ng/ml), early in an inflammatory response, SAA induces chemokines or matrix degrading enzymes via Toll-like receptors and functions as an activator and chemoattractant through a G protein-coupled receptor. When an infectious or inflammatory stimulus persists, the liver continues to produce more SAA (> 1000 ng/ml) to become an antimicrobial agent by functioning as a direct opsonin of bacteria or by interference with virus infection of host cells. Thus, SAA regulates innate and adaptive immunity and this information may help to design better drugs to treat specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jo Van Damme
- University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Geminiani M, Gambassi S, Millucci L, Lupetti P, Collodel G, Mazzi L, Frediani B, Braconi D, Marzocchi B, Laschi M, Bernardini G, Santucci A. Cytoskeleton Aberrations in Alkaptonuric Chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1728-1738. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Geminiani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Silvia Gambassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Lia Millucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Pietro Lupetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Giulia Collodel
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Lucia Mazzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Bruno Frediani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche; Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Barbara Marzocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Marcella Laschi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Siena Italy
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33
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Yu N, Zhang S, Lu J, Li Y, Yi X, Tang L, Su L, Ding Y. Serum amyloid A, an acute phase protein, stimulates proliferative and proinflammatory responses of keratinocytes. Cell Prolif 2016; 50. [PMID: 27910163 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Serum amyloid A (SAA), an acute phase protein, is highly expressed in psoriatic lesions but its function is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore its role in activation of keratinocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Real-time PCR and immunofluorescence were performed to examine SAA expression in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mice. In vivo function of SAA was examined by treating psoriasis-like mice with SAA neutralising antibody. Cell viability was monitored using the CCK-8 assay. Real-time PCR was performed to determine expression of genes associated with differentiation and inflammation. Ki67+ percentage and immunological markers were analysed by flow cytometry. Involvement of formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) in SAA signal transduction was determined by RNA interference. Binding of SAA and FPRL1 was examined by co-immunoprecipitaion. Western blotting was conducted to assess phosphorylation of downstream signalling molecules. RESULTS SAA was highly expressed in skin lesions of IMQ-treated psoriasis-like mice and neutralising SAA attenuated epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation. SAA in vitro promoted keratinocyte proliferation and expression of immunological mediators, while inhibiting differentiation. Effects of SAA on keratinocyte proliferation and inflammation were mediated by FPRL1, as well as activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that SAA/FPRL1 contributed to pathogenesis of psoriasis by promoting keratinocyte proliferation and inflammation, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- Experimental Research Center, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajing Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Su
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfeng Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Pretorius E, Akeredolu OO, Soma P, Kell DB. Major involvement of bacterial components in rheumatoid arthritis and its accompanying oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:355-373. [PMID: 27889698 PMCID: PMC5298544 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216681549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the evidence that infectious agents, including those that become dormant within the host, have a major role to play in much of the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis and the inflammation that is its hallmark. This occurs in particular because they can produce cross-reactive (auto-)antigens, as well as potent inflammagens such as lipopolysaccharide that can themselves catalyze further inflammagenesis, including via β-amyloid formation. A series of observables coexist in many chronic, inflammatory diseases as well as rheumatoid arthritis. They include iron dysregulation, hypercoagulability, anomalous morphologies of host erythrocytes, and microparticle formation. Iron dysregulation may be responsible for the periodic regrowth and resuscitation of the dormant bacteria, with concomitant inflammagen production. The present systems biology analysis benefits from the philosophical idea of "coherence," that reflects the principle that if a series of ostensibly unrelated findings are brought together into a self-consistent narrative, that narrative is thereby strengthened. As such, we provide a coherent and testable narrative for the major involvement of (often dormant) bacteria in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, Pretoria 0007, South Africa
| | - Oore-Ofe Akeredolu
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, Pretoria 0007, South Africa
| | - Prashilla Soma
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, Pretoria 0007, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- 2 School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,3 The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,4 Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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35
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Barrachina L, Remacha AR, Soler L, García N, Romero A, Vázquez FJ, Vitoria A, Álava MÁ, Lamprave F, Rodellar C. Acute phase protein haptoglobin as inflammatory marker in serum and synovial fluid in an equine model of arthritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 182:74-78. [PMID: 27863554 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute phase proteins are useful inflammatory markers in horses. Haptoglobin (Hp) serum level is increased in horses undergoing different inflammatory processes, including arthritis. However, Hp concentration has not been assessed in inflammatory synovial fluid (SF). The aim of the present study was to investigate the Hp response in serum and SF in horses undergoing experimentally induced arthritis. For this purpose, serum and SF samples were collected from 12 animals before amphotericin B-induced arthritis was created (T0, healthy) and 15days after the lesion induction (T1, joint inflammation) and Hp was determined by single radial immunodiffusion. The Hp increase between T0 and T1 was significant in both serum and SF, and serum Hp concentration at T0 was significantly higher than in SF, but significant differences were not found at T1, indicating a higher Hp increase in SF. A significant positive correlation for Hp concentration between serum and SF samples was found. These results highlight the potential usefulness of Hp as inflammatory marker in horses, showing for the first time the increase of Hp in SF from joint inflammation in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barrachina
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO (Universidad de Zaragoza), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Rosa Remacha
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO (Universidad de Zaragoza), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lourdes Soler
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Natalia García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO (Universidad de Zaragoza), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco José Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO (Universidad de Zaragoza), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Arantza Vitoria
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO (Universidad de Zaragoza), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Álava
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fermín Lamprave
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clementina Rodellar
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO (Universidad de Zaragoza), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
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36
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Jacobsen S, Ladefoged S, Berg LC. Production of serum amyloid A in equine articular chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes treated with proinflammatory cytokines and its effects on the two cell types in culture. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:50-8. [PMID: 26709936 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of the major equine acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) in inflammation of equine intraarticular tissues. SAMPLE Articular chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from 8 horses (4 horses/cell type). PROCEDURES Chondrocytes and FLSs were stimulated in vitro for various periods up to 48 hours with cytokines (recombinant interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, or a combination of all 3 [IIT]) or with recombinant SAA. Gene expression of SAA, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1 and -3, and cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR assay; SAA protein was evaluated by immunoturbidimetry and denaturing isoelectric focusing and western blotting. RESULTS All cytokine stimulation protocols increased expression of SAA mRNA and resulted in detectable SAA protein production in chondrocytes and FLSs. Isoforms of SAA in lysed chondrocytes and their culture medium corresponded to those previously detected in synovial fluid from horses with joint disease. When exposed to SAA, chondrocytes and FLSs had increased expression of IL-6, SAA, and MMP3, and chondrocytes had increased expression of MMP-1. Chondrocytes had decreased expression of cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Upregulation of SAA in chondrocytes and FLSs stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines and the proinflammatory effects of SAA suggested that SAA may be involved in key aspects of pathogenesis of the joint inflammation in horses.
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Serum Amyloid A Activation of Inflammatory and Adhesion Molecules in Human Coronary Artery and Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0700500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is considered to be the driving force leading to atherogenic and atherosclerotic mechanisms. Increased levels of SAA predict the risk of coronary artery disease and even mortality from cardiovascular disease in humans. Recent animal and human studies have indicated that SAA plays a causal role in atherogenesis, although it is largely unclear how this occurs. The objectives of this study are to understand the role of SAA in activating possible atherogenic inflammatory responses in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and to compare them with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Our hypothesis is that vein and artery endothelial cells have different expression patterns and levels, leading to differential inflammatory responses. HUVEC and HCAEC were grown in order to analyze the effects of SAA on endothelial expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, chemokines, such as IL-8, and adhesion molecules (s-ICAM, s-VCAM, E-selectin) by reverse transcription-PCR and ELISAs. We compared the dose responses of SAA between HUVEC and HCAEC. SAA activated both HUVEC and HCAEC pro-inflammatory factors in a dose-dependent manner. In comparison however, HCAEC showed a strikingly greater sensitivity to SAA, with a higher level of expression of all pro-inflammatory markers at much lower concentrations of SAA, and their much greater stimulation at higher SAA concentrations. SAA also generated a dose-dependent positive feedback response on its own mRNA expression in HCAEC as compared to HUVEC. In summary, there are distinct significant differences in the levels of inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules between HUVEC and HCAEC SAA induced dose responses that could potentially account for HCAEC greater susceptibility to inflammation and atherogenesis.
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38
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Zhao KW, Murray EJB, Murray SS. Fibroblastic synoviocytes secrete plasma proteins via α2 -macroglobulins serving as intracellular and extracellular chaperones. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2563-76. [PMID: 25900303 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Changes in plasma protein levels in synovial fluid (SF) have been implicated in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It was previously thought that the presence of plasma proteins in SF reflected ultrafiltration or extravasation from the vasculature, possibly due to retraction of inflamed endothelial cells. Recent proteomic analyses have confirmed the abundant presence of plasma proteins in SF from control and arthritic patients. Systematic depletion of high-abundance plasma proteins from SF and conditioned media from synoviocytes cultured in serum, and protein analysis under denaturing/reducing conditions have limited our understanding of sources and the native structures of "plasma protein" complexes in SF. Using Western blotting, qPCR, and mass spectrometry, we found that Hig-82 lapine fibroblastic synovicytes cultured under serum-free conditions expressed and secreted plasma proteins, including the cytokine-binding protein secreted phosphoprotein 24 kDa (Spp24) and many of the proteases and protease inhibitors found in SF. Treating synoviocytes with TGF-β1 or BMP-2 for 24 h upregulated the expression of plasma proteins, including Spp24, α2 -HS-glycoprotein, α1 -antitrypsin, IGF-1, and C-reactive protein. Furthermore, many of the plasma proteins of mass <151 kDa were secreted as disulfide-bound complexes with members of the α2 -macroglobulin (A2M) family, which serve as intracellular and extracellular chaperones, not protease inhibitors. Using brefeldin A to block vesicular traffic and protease inhibitors to inhibit endogenous activation of naïve A2M, we demonstrated that the complexes were formed in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and that Ca(2+) cysteine protease-dependent processes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wei Zhao
- Research Service (151), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California, 91343
| | - Elsa J Brochmann Murray
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (11E), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California, 91343.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Samuel S Murray
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (11E), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California, 91343.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Interdepartmental Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
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Huang W, Littman DR. Regulation of RORγt in Inflammatory Lymphoid Cell Differentiation. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 80:257-63. [PMID: 26968628 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2015.80.027615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
T-helper 17 (Th17) cells differentiate from naïve CD4(+) T cells in response to signals from commensal microbiota and produce cytokines critical for the integrity of mucosal barriers. These cells also disseminate throughout the body, and are key participants in numerous inflammatory processes. A key challenge is to elucidate the mechanisms that govern Th17 cell beneficial versus pathogenic functions, characterized by different cytokine profiles. Mucosal Th17 cells require the nuclear hormone receptor RORγt for their differentiation in draining lymph nodes. Cytokine expression is enabled in select tissues, to which these cells migrate, by external cues, such as the serum amyloid A proteins produced in response to commensal bacteria by epithelial cells in the small intestine. Additional cell-intrinsic cues contributing to production of Th17 cytokines during both homeostasis and inflammation include the RORγt-associated DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX5 and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Rmrp. The helicase activity of DDX5 is required for Rmrp-mediated assembly of the complex and colocalization with RORγt throughout the genome to regulate key Th17 genes. How these are regulated in diverse microenvironments may provide insights for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Huang
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Dan R Littman
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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40
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Oh E, Lee HY, Kim HJ, Park YJ, Seo JK, Park JS, Bae YS. Serum amyloid A inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e194. [PMID: 26563612 PMCID: PMC4673470 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages were stimulated with serum amyloid A (SAA), which is a major acute-phase protein, there was strong inhibition of osteoclast formation induced by the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand. SAA not only markedly blocked the expression of several osteoclast-associated genes (TNF receptor-associated factor 6 and osteoclast-associated receptor) but also strongly induced the expression of negative regulators (MafB and interferon regulatory factor 8). Moreover, SAA decreased c-fms expression on the cell surface via shedding of the c-fms extracellular domain. SAA also restrained the fusion of osteoclast precursors by blocking intracellular ATP release. This inhibitory response of SAA is not mediated by the well-known SAA receptors (formyl peptide receptor 2, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4). These findings provide insight into a novel inhibitory role of SAA in osteoclastogenesis and suggest that SAA is an important endogenous modulator that regulates bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunseo Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kon Seo
- UNIST Central Research Facility, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seong Park
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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41
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Sano T, Huang W, Hall JA, Yang Y, Chen A, Gavzy SJ, Lee JY, Ziel JW, Miraldi ER, Domingos AI, Bonneau R, Littman DR. An IL-23R/IL-22 Circuit Regulates Epithelial Serum Amyloid A to Promote Local Effector Th17 Responses. Cell 2015; 163:381-93. [PMID: 26411290 PMCID: PMC4621768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RORγt(+) Th17 cells are important for mucosal defenses but also contribute to autoimmune disease. They accumulate in the intestine in response to microbiota and produce IL-17 cytokines. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are Th17-inducing commensals that potentiate autoimmunity in mice. RORγt(+) T cells were induced in mesenteric lymph nodes early after SFB colonization and distributed across different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. However, robust IL-17A production was restricted to the ileum, where SFB makes direct contact with the epithelium and induces serum amyloid A proteins 1 and 2 (SAA1/2), which promote local IL-17A expression in RORγt(+) T cells. We identified an SFB-dependent role of type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3), which secreted IL-22 that induced epithelial SAA production in a Stat3-dependent manner. This highlights the critical role of tissue microenvironment in activating effector functions of committed Th17 cells, which may have important implications for how these cells contribute to inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Sano
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wendy Huang
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jason A Hall
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alessandra Chen
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Samuel J Gavzy
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - June-Yong Lee
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joshua W Ziel
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Emily R Miraldi
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Computer Science Department, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Computer Science Department, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Dan R Littman
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Connolly M, Rooney PR, McGarry T, Maratha AX, McCormick J, Miggin SM, Veale DJ, Fearon U. Acute serum amyloid A is an endogenous TLR2 ligand that mediates inflammatory and angiogenic mechanisms. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:1392-8. [PMID: 26290589 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute-phase serum amyloid A (A-SAA) has cytokine-like properties and is expressed at sites of inflammation. We examined whether A-SAA-induced pro-inflammatory mechanisms are mediated through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The effect of A-SAA on human embryonic kidney (HEK), TLR2 or TLR4 cells was quantified by nuclear factor (NF)-κB luciferase reporter assays. A-SAA-induced RASFC and dHMVEC function were performed in the presence of a specific neutralising anti-TLR2 mAb (OPN301) (1 μg/mL) and matched IgG isotype control Ab (1 μg/mL). Cell surface expression of intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, chemokine expression, cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis were assessed by flow cytometry, ELISA, Matrigel invasion chambers and tube formation assays. MyD88 expression was assessed by real-time PCR and western blot. RESULTS A-SAA induced TLR2 activation through induction of NF-κB (p<0.05), but failed to induce NF-κB in HEK-TLR4 cells, confirming specificity for TLR2. A-SAA-induced proliferation, invasion and migration were significantly inhibited in the presence of anti-TLR2 (all p<0.05), with no significant effect observed for tumour necrosis factor-α-induced events. Additionally, A-SAA-induced ICAM-1, interleukin-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, RANTES and GRO-α expression were significantly reduced in the presence of anti-TLR2 (all p<0.05), as was A-SAA induced angiogenesis (p<0.05). Finally, A-SAA induced MyD88 signalling in RASFC and dHMVEC (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A-SAA is an endogenous ligand for TLR2, inducing pro-inflammatory effects in RA. Blocking the A-SAA/TLR2 interaction may be a potential therapeutic intervention in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Connolly
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Peter R Rooney
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Trudy McGarry
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ashwini X Maratha
- Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Jennifer McCormick
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sinead M Miggin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Douglas J Veale
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ursula Fearon
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Dublin 4, Ireland
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43
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Ye RD, Sun L. Emerging functions of serum amyloid A in inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:923-9. [PMID: 26130702 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3vmr0315-080r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SAA is a major acute-phase protein produced in large quantity during APR. The rise of SAA concentration in blood circulation during APR has been a clinical marker for active inflammation. In the past decade, research has been conducted to determine whether SAA plays an active role during inflammation and if so, how it influences the course of inflammation. These efforts have led to the discovery of cytokine-like activities of rhSAA, which is commercially available and widely used in most of the published studies. SAA activates multiple receptors, including the FPR2, the TLRs TLR2 and TLR4, the scavenger receptor SR-BI, and the ATP receptor P2X7. More recent studies have shown that SAA not only activates transcription factors, such as NF-κB, but also plays a role in epigenetic regulation through a MyD88-IRF4-Jmjd3 pathway. It is postulated that the activation of these pathways leads to induced expression of proinflammatory factors and a subset of proteins expressed by the M2 macrophages. These functional properties set SAA apart from well-characterized inflammatory factors, such as LPS and TNF-α, suggesting that it may play a homeostatic role during the course of inflammation. Ongoing and future studies are directed to addressing unresolved issues, including the difference between rSAA and native SAA isoforms and the exact functions of SAA in physiologic and pathologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Ye
- *School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- *School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
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44
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Hong C, Shen C, Ding H, Huang S, Mu Y, Su H, Wei W, Ma J, Zheng F. An involvement of SR-B1 mediated p38 MAPK signaling pathway in serum amyloid A-induced angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:340-5. [PMID: 25932604 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.03.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) has been reported high expression in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, detailed molecular mechanisms induced by SAA in the pathogenesis of RA are still unclear. Herein, we focused on the role of SAA-SR-B1 mediated p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the process of RA angiogenesis. Our results showed that both SAA and SR-B1 predominantly localized to vascular endothelial cells, lining and sublining layers in RA synovium. In a series of in vitro experiments with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), SAA induced the endothelial cells (ECs) proliferation, migration and tube formation. However, blockage of SR-B1 and p38 MAPK inhibited SAA-induced cells proliferation, migration and tube formation. In conclusion, our data showed a possible molecular mechanism for SAA-SR-B1 induced angiogenesis events via p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Hong
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, 300203 Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Departmemt of Medical Laboratory, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, 272011 Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Ding
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, 300203 Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, 300203 Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Mu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Children's Hospital, 300074 Tianjin, China
| | - Huihui Su
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, 300203 Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, 300052 Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 300203, Tianjin, China.
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, 300203 Tianjin, China.
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45
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Sun L, Zhou H, Zhu Z, Yan Q, Wang L, Liang Q, Ye RD. Ex vivo and in vitro effect of serum amyloid a in the induction of macrophage M2 markers and efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4891-900. [PMID: 25870242 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages affect the magnitude and duration of inflammatory response in a functionally heterogeneous manner. The phenotype of macrophages is maintained through a reversible homeostatic mechanism. A number of determinants that modulate macrophage plasticity have been identified, although the precise mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we report that stimulation of isolated human blood monocytes and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages with human serum amyloid A (SAA), a major acute-phase protein, leads to induced expression of macrophage M2 markers, including IL-10, Ym1, Fizz-1, MRC1, IL-1Rn, and CCL17. The same effect was observed with macrophages exposed to SAA in peritoneal cavity. SAA also increases arginase 1 activity and enhances macrophage efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils in mouse macrophages. The induction of M2 markers requires MyD88 and the activation of multiple signaling pathways, but it is independent of Stat6. SAA induces IFN regulatory factor (IRF)4 expression and increases its DNA-binding activity. Silencing IRF4 by small interfering RNA abrogates SAA-induced expression of the M2 markers. These results suggest a potential role for SAA to alter macrophage phenotype and modulate macrophage functions through an MyD88-dependent mechanism that involves IRF4-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Huibin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Ziyan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Qian Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Qing Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Richard D Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
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Yu N, Liu S, Yi X, Zhang S, Ding Y. Serum amyloid A induces interleukin-1β secretion from keratinocytes via the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 inflammasome. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:344-53. [PMID: 25231464 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1β is now emerging as a critical cytokine in the pathogenesis of T helper type 17 (Th17)-mediated skin diseases, including psoriasis. Psoriatic keratinocytes are a major source of IL-1β; however, the mechanisms triggering IL-1β processing remain unknown. Recently, an acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) has been identified as a danger signal that triggers inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion. In this study, we detected increased SAA mRNA and protein expression in psoriatic epidermis. In cultured keratinocytes, SAA up-regulated the expression of pro-IL-1β and secretion of mature IL-1β. On the transcriptional level, blocking Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), TLR-4 or nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) attenuated SAA-induced expression of IL-1β mRNA. SAA up-regulated caspase-1 and NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) expression in keratinocytes. Inhibiting caspase-1 activity and silencing NLRP3 decreased IL-1β secretion, confirming NLRP3 as the SAA-responsive inflammasome on the post-transcriptional level. The mechanism of SAA-triggered NLRP3 activation and subsequent IL-1β secretion was found to involve the generation of reactive oxygen species. Finally, the expression of SAA by keratinocytes was up-regulated by IL-17A. Taken together, our results indicate that keratinocyte-derived SAA triggers a key inflammatory mediator, IL-1β, via NLRP3 inflammasome activation, providing new potential targets for the treatment of this chronic skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
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47
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Mukhin NA, Kozlovskaya LV, Bogdanova MV, Rameev VV, Moiseev SV, Simonyan AK. Predictors of AA amyloidosis in familial Mediterranean fever. Rheumatol Int 2015; 35:1257-61. [PMID: 25586652 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-014-3205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and genetic predictors of AA amyloidosis in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). We retrospectively studied 170 Armenian patients who were admitted to the two tertiary centers in 2003-2014. The diagnosis of amyloidosis that was suspected clinically (new proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome) was confirmed histologically. Screening for MEFV gene mutations was performed in 70 patients. The most common genotype was M694V/M694V (in 36 % of patients). Biopsy-proven AA amyloidosis was found in 102 (60 %) of 170 patients. AA amyloidosis was diagnosed in 17 (68 %) of 25 patients with homozygous M694V mutation, 17 (53 %) of 32 patients with heterozygous M694V allele and 4 (31 %) of 13 patients with other MEFV gene mutations. The M694V homozygosity and heterozygosity were associated with increased risk of AA amyloidosis, but this association did not reach statistical significance (odds ratio 2.43; 95 % CI 0.87-6.76, and 3.33; 0.91-12.1, respectively). Male gender, early onset of disease, severity of FMF, frequent attacks, peritonitis, pleuritis and erysipelas-like erythema also did not predict AA amyloidosis development. Recurrent arthritis was the only clinical finding that was significantly associated with AA amyloidosis (odds ratio 2.28; 95 % CI 1.17-4.42). Involvement of the joint synovial membrane, that is capable of active serum amyloid A production, is the main predictor of renal amyloidosis in FMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay A Mukhin
- The Clinic of Nephrology, Internal and Occupational Diseases, The Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Rossolimo Str., 11/5, Moscow, 119435, Russia
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Chen M, Zhou H, Cheng N, Qian F, Ye RD. Serum amyloid A1 isoforms display different efficacy at Toll-like receptor 2 and formyl peptide receptor 2. Immunobiology 2014; 219:916-23. [PMID: 25154907 PMCID: PMC4252704 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute-phase protein and a precursor of amyloid A, the deposit of which leads to amyloidosis. Different alleles exist in SAA1, a predominant form of the human SAA gene family. Emerging evidence has shown correlations between these alleles and diseases including familiar Mediterranean fever and amyloidosis. However, it remains unclear how the proteins encoded by these SAA1 alleles act differently. Here we report the characterization of proteins encoded by SAA1.1, SAA1.3, and SAA1.5, in comparison to that encoded by SAA2.2, for their preference of the SAA receptors including formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). SAA1.1 was more efficacious than SAA1.3 and SAA1.5 but equally efficacious to SAA2.2 in calcium mobilization and chemotaxis assays, which measure the activation of the G protein-coupled FPR2. In agreement with this, SAA1.1 and SAA2.2 induced more robust phosphorylation of ERK than SAA1.3 and SAA1.5. Only small differences were observed between the SAA1 proteins tested and SAA2.2 in TLR2-dependent NF-κB luciferase reporter assay. In comparison, SAA1.3 was most effective in stimulating ERK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Using bone marrow-derived macrophages from C57BL/10ScN (Tlr4lps-del) mice, we examined the SAA isoforms for their induction of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. SAA1.3 was most potent in the induction of TNFα and IL-1rn, whereas SAA1.5 induced robust IL-10 expression. These results show differences of the SAA1 isoforms in their selectivity for the SAA receptors, which may affect their roles in modulating inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huibing Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ni Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Richard D Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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49
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Shen C, Sun XG, Liu N, Mu Y, Hong CC, Wei W, Zheng F. Increased serum amyloid A and its association with autoantibodies, acute phase reactants and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1528-34. [PMID: 25352049 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has become an important component for RA management. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between circulating levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) and disease activity in RA patients. The types of disease and the respective number of patients enrolled in the present study were as follows: RA, 88; osteoarthritis (OA), 54; systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 43; and other autoimmune diseases, 30, as well as 50 healthy controls (HC). SAA levels were measured using an ELISA assay and western blot analysis was used to detect serum SAA levels. The correlations between SAA levels and disease activity score for 28 joints (DAS28), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C‑reactive protein (CRP), respectively, were evaluated; in addition, the presence and absence of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti‑cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti‑CCP) were detected in respect to SAA levels. The results of the present study demonstrated that serum levels of SAA in RA patients were significantly increased compared to those of the OA, SLE, others and HC patients (P<0.05). SAA levels were found to be positively correlated with DAS28, ESR and CRP levels (R2=0.6174, 0.4422 and 0.3919, respectively). In addition, anti‑CCP was not correlated with DAS28 (R2=0.0154). Furthermore, increased SAA levels were detected in patients with positive anti‑CCP compared with those in anti‑CCP negative subjects (P<0.01). In conclusion, the results of the present study provided further evidence for possible roles of SAA in RA, which indicated that it may be a useful biomarker for assessing disease severity and may provide additional information about disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Guo Sun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
| | - Yun Mu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Hospital of Children, Tianjin 300074, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Hong
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, P.R. China
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50
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Deletion of serum amyloid A3 improves high fat high sucrose diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation and hyperlipidemia in female mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108564. [PMID: 25251243 PMCID: PMC4177399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) increases in response to acute inflammatory stimuli and is modestly and chronically elevated in obesity. SAA3, an inducible form of SAA, is highly expressed in adipose tissue in obese mice where it promotes monocyte chemotaxis, providing a mechanism for the macrophage accumulation that occurs with adipose tissue expansion in obesity. Humans do not express functional SAA3 protein, but instead express SAA1 and SAA2 in hepatic as well as extrahepatic tissues, making it difficult to distinguish between liver and adipose tissue-specific SAA effects. SAA3 does not circulate in plasma, but may exert local effects that impact systemic inflammation. We tested the hypothesis that SAA3 contributes to chronic systemic inflammation and adipose tissue macrophage accumulation in obesity using mice deficient for Saa3 (Saa3(-/-)). Mice were rendered obese by feeding a pro-inflammatory high fat, high sucrose diet with added cholesterol (HFHSC). Both male and female Saa3(-/-) mice gained less weight on the HFHSC diet compared to Saa3(+/+) littermate controls, with no differences in body composition or resting metabolism. Female Saa3(-/-) mice, but not males, had reduced HFHSC diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage content. Both male and female Saa3(-/-) mice had reduced liver Saa1 and Saa2 expression in association with reduced plasma SAA. Additionally, female Saa3(-/-) mice, but not males, showed improved plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein profiles, with no changes in glucose metabolism. Taken together, these results suggest that the absence of Saa3 attenuates liver-specific SAA (i.e., SAA1/2) secretion into plasma and blunts weight gain induced by an obesogenic diet. Furthermore, adipose tissue-specific inflammation and macrophage accumulation are attenuated in female Saa3(-/-) mice, suggesting a novel sexually dimorphic role for this protein. These results also suggest that Saa3 influences liver-specific SAA1/2 expression, and that SAA3 could play a larger role in the acute phase response than previously thought.
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