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Eshaq AM, Flanagan TW, Hassan SY, Al Asheikh SA, Al-Amoudi WA, Santourlidis S, Hassan SL, Alamodi MO, Bendhack ML, Alamodi MO, Haikel Y, Megahed M, Hassan M. Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Their Structure and Mechanistic Role in Tumor Progression and Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2754. [PMID: 39123481 PMCID: PMC11311543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) function as key molecules in the signaling pathways in addition to their impact as a therapeutic target for the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer. PTKs are characterized by their ability to phosphorylate serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues and can thereby rapidly and reversibly alter the function of their protein substrates in the form of significant changes in protein confirmation and affinity for their interaction with protein partners to drive cellular functions under normal and pathological conditions. PTKs are classified into two groups: one of which represents tyrosine kinases, while the other one includes the members of the serine/threonine kinases. The group of tyrosine kinases is subdivided into subgroups: one of them includes the member of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), while the other subgroup includes the member of non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs). Both these kinase groups function as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions. NRTKs are enzymes which are overexpressed and activated in many cancer types and regulate variable cellular functions in response to extracellular signaling-dependent mechanisms. NRTK-mediated different cellular functions are regulated by kinase-dependent and kinase-independent mechanisms either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. Thus, targeting NRTKs is of great interest to improve the treatment strategy of different tumor types. This review deals with the structure and mechanistic role of NRTKs in tumor progression and resistance and their importance as therapeutic targets in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz M. Eshaq
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.A.); (W.A.A.-A.); (M.O.A.); (M.O.A.)
| | - Thomas W. Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Sofie-Yasmin Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Sara A. Al Asheikh
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.A.); (W.A.A.-A.); (M.O.A.); (M.O.A.)
| | - Waleed A. Al-Amoudi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.A.); (W.A.A.-A.); (M.O.A.); (M.O.A.)
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Institute of Cell Therapeutics and Diagnostics, University Medical Center of Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Sarah-Lilly Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Maryam O. Alamodi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.A.); (W.A.A.-A.); (M.O.A.); (M.O.A.)
| | - Marcelo L. Bendhack
- Department of Urology, Red Cross University Hospital, Positivo University, Rua Mauá 1111, Curitiba 80030-200, Brazil;
| | - Mohammed O. Alamodi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.A.); (W.A.A.-A.); (M.O.A.); (M.O.A.)
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mossad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Research Laboratory of Surgery-Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Wang A, Shuai W, Wu C, Pei J, Yang P, Wang X, Li S, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang G, Ouyang L. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Dual Inhibitors of EGFR L858R/T790M/ACK1 to Overcome Osimertinib Resistance in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancers. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2777-2801. [PMID: 38323982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Activation of the alternative pathways and abnormal signaling transduction are frequently observed in third-generation EGFR-TKIs (epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors)-resistant patients. Wherein, hyperphosphorylation of ACK1 contributes to EGFR-TKIs acquired resistance. Dual inhibition of EGFRL858R/T790M and ACK1 might improve therapeutic efficacy and overcome resistance in lung cancers treatment. Here, we identified a EGFRL858R/T790M/ACK1 dual-targeting compound 21a with aminoquinazoline scaffold, which showed excellent inhibitory activities against EGFRL858R/T790M (IC50 = 23 nM) and ACK1 (IC50 = 263 nM). The cocrystal and docking analysis showed that 21a occupied the ATP binding pockets of EGFRL858R/T790M and ACK1. Moreover, 21a showed potent antiproliferative activities against the H1975 cells, MCF-7 cells and osimertinib-resistant cells AZDR. Further, 21a showed significant antitumor effects and good safety in ADZR xenograft-bearing mice. Taken together, 21a was a potent dual inhibitor of EGFRL858R/T790M/ACK1, which is deserved as a potential lead for overcoming acquired resistance to osimertinib during the EGFR-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoxue Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen Shuai
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengyong Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junping Pei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shutong Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Hayashi SY, Craddock BP, Miller WT. Phosphorylation of Ack1 by the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Mer. KINASES AND PHOSPHATASES 2023; 1:167-180. [PMID: 37662484 PMCID: PMC10473914 DOI: 10.3390/kinasesphosphatases1030011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Ack1 is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is associated with cellular proliferation and survival. The receptor tyrosine kinase Mer, a member of the TAM family of receptors, has previously been reported to be an upstream activator of Ack1 kinase. The mechanism linking the two kinases, however, has not been investigated. We confirmed that Ack1 and Mer interact by co-immunoprecipitation experiments and found that Mer expression led to increased Ack1 activity. The effect on Ack1 was dependent on the kinase activity of Mer, whereas mutation of the Mer C-terminal tyrosines Y867 and Y924 did not significantly decrease the ability of Mer to activate Ack1. Ack1 possesses a Mig6 Homology Region (MHR) that contains adjacent regulatory tyrosines (Y859 and Y860). Using synthetic peptides, we showed that Mer preferentially binds and phosphorylates the MHR sequence containing phosphorylated pY860, as compared to the pY859 sequence. This suggested the possibility of sequential phosphorylation within the MHR of Ack1, as has been observed previously for other kinases. In cells co-expressing Mer and Ack1 MHR mutants, the Y859F mutant had higher activity than the Y860F mutant, consistent with this model. The interaction between Mer and Ack1 could play a role in immune cell signaling in normal physiology and could also contribute to the hyperactivation of Ack1 in prostate cancer and other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Y. Hayashi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Barbara P. Craddock
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - W. Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
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Kan Y, Paung Y, Seeliger MA, Miller WT. Domain Architecture of the Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Ack1. Cells 2023; 12:900. [PMID: 36980241 PMCID: PMC10047419 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) Ack1 comprises a distinct arrangement of non-catalytic modules. Its SH3 domain has a C-terminal to the kinase domain (SH1), in contrast to the typical SH3-SH2-SH1 layout in NRTKs. The Ack1 is the only protein that shares a region of high homology to the tumor suppressor protein Mig6, a modulator of EGFR. The vertebrate Acks make up the only tyrosine kinase (TK) family known to carry a UBA domain. The GTPase binding and SAM domains are also uncommon in the NRTKs. In addition to being a downstream effector of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins, Ack1 can act as an epigenetic regulator, modulate the degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), confer drug resistance, and mediate the progression of hormone-sensitive tumors. In this review, we discuss the domain architecture of Ack1 in relation to other protein kinases that possess such defined regulatory domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Kan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - YiTing Paung
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - Markus A. Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - W. Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768-2200, USA
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5
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Can EGFR be a therapeutic target in breast cancer? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188789. [PMID: 36064121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in certain cancer types and is involved in regulating the biological characteristics of cancer progression, including proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Various medicines targeting EGFR have been developed and approved for several cancer types, such as lung and colon cancer. To date, however, EGFR inhibitors have not achieved satisfactory clinical results in breast cancer, which continues to be the most serious malignant tumor type in females. Therefore, clarifying the underlying mechanisms related to the ineffectiveness of EGFR inhibitors in breast cancer and developing new EGFR-targeted strategies (e.g., combination therapy) remain critical challenges. Various studies have demonstrated aberrant expression and maintenance of EGFR levels in breast cancer. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms underlying EGFR protein expression in breast cancer cells, including EGFR mutations, amplification, endocytic dysfunction, recycling acceleration, and degradation disorders. We also discuss potential therapeutic strategies that act directly or indirectly on EGFR, including reducing EGFR protein expression, treating the target protein to mediate precise clearance, and inhibiting non-EGFR signaling pathways. This review should provide new therapeutic perspectives for breast cancer patients with high EGFR expression.
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Wang A, Pei J, Shuai W, Lin C, Feng L, Wang Y, Lin F, Ouyang L, Wang G. Small Molecules Targeting Activated Cdc42-Associated Kinase 1 (ACK1/TNK2) for the Treatment of Cancers. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16328-16348. [PMID: 34735773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1/TNK2) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase with a unique structure. It not only can act as an activated transmembrane effector of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to transmit various RTK signals but also can play a corresponding role in epigenetic regulation. A number of studies have shown that ACK1 is a carcinogenic factor. Blockage of ACK1 has been proven to be able to inhibit cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and radiation resistance. Thus, ACK1 is a promising potential antitumor target. To date, despite many efforts to develop ACK1 inhibitors, no specific small molecule inhibitors have entered clinical trials. This Perspective provides an overview of the structural features, biological functions, and association with diseases of ACK1 and in vitro and in vivo activities, selectivity, and therapeutic potential of small molecule ACK1 inhibitors with different chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junping Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Luna-Velez MV, Dijkstra JJ, Heuschkel MA, Smit FP, van de Zande G, Smeets D, Sedelaar JPM, Vermeulen M, Verhaegh GW, Schalken JA. Androgen receptor signalling confers clonogenic and migratory advantages in urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1882-1900. [PMID: 33797847 PMCID: PMC8253097 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) incidence is about three times higher in men compared with women. There are several indications for the involvement of hormonal factors in the aetiology of UCC. Here, we provide evidence of androgen signalling in UCC progression. Microarray and qPCR analysis revealed that the androgen receptor (AR) mRNA level is upregulated in a subset of UCC cases. In an AR‐positive UCC‐derived cell line model, UM‐UC‐3‐AR, androgen treatment increased clonogenic capacity inducing the formation of big stem cell‐like holoclones, while AR knockdown or treatment with the AR antagonist enzalutamide abrogated this clonogenic advantage. Additionally, blockage of AR signalling reduced the cell migration potential of androgen‐stimulated UM‐UC‐3‐AR cells. These phenotypic changes were accompanied by a rewiring of the transcriptome with almost 300 genes being differentially regulated by androgens, some of which correlated with AR expression in UCC patients in two independent data sets. Our results demonstrate that AR signals in UCC favouring the development of an aggressive phenotype and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Luna-Velez
- Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Oncode Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelmer J Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Oncode Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marina A Heuschkel
- Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Guillaume van de Zande
- Department of Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Smeets
- Department of Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J P Michiel Sedelaar
- Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Oncode Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerald W Verhaegh
- Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jack A Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Li X, Wang H, Yang X, Wang X, Zhao L, Zou L, Yang Q, Hou Z, Tan J, Zhang H, Nie J, Jiao B. GABRP sustains the stemness of triple-negative breast cancer cells through EGFR signaling. Cancer Lett 2021; 514:90-102. [PMID: 34023418 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment regimens for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are relatively scarce due to a lack of specific therapeutic targets. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is highly active in TNBC and is associated with poor prognosis. Most EGFR antagonists, which significantly improve outcome in lung and colon cancer, have shown limited clinical effects in breast cancer. However, limiting EGFR expression in TNBC is a potential strategy for improving the clinical efficacy of EGFR antagonists. Here, we found that the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor π subunit (GABRP), as a membrane protein enriched in TNBC stem cells, interacted with EGFR and significantly sustained its expression, resulting in stemness maintenance and chemotherapy resistance. Silencing GABRP induced down-regulation of EGFR signaling, which hindered cell stemness and enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapies, including paclitaxel, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. We also identified that retigabine, an FDA-approved drug for adjunctive treatment of seizures, increased the sensitivity of EGFR to gefitinib in gefitinib-resistant cells. Our findings show that GABRP can sustain the stemness of TNBC via modulating EGFR expression, suggesting that GABRP may be a potential therapeutic target that can address EGFR inhibitor resistance in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyin Li
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China; Department of Breast Cancer, Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China
| | - Hairui Wang
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China; Department of Breast Cancer, Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China; Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China
| | - Li Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China
| | - Zongliu Hou
- Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China; Center for scientific research, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
| | - Jianyun Nie
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China; Department of Breast Cancer, Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China.
| | - Baowei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China; KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China.
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9
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Zhang A, Zhang R, Yang Z, Tian R. TNK2 promoted esophageal cancer progression via activating egfr-akt signaling. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23700. [PMID: 33484472 PMCID: PMC7958005 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the clinical implication of TNK2 expression in esophageal cancer patients’ cancer tissue samples. Methods The expression of TNK2 in esophageal cancer tissues and para‐carcinoma tissue was assessed with immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis; besides, the proteins of CDC42, EGFR, and Akt were also analyzed. Then, Kaplan‐Meier survival curves of TNK2 protein expression level were assayed with 184 esophageal cancer patients from TCGA database. Moreover, with multiple linear regression analysis, we detected the correlations of TNK2 expression associated with tumor differentiation degree and metastasis status. Results It revealed that TNK2 was highly expressed in the cytoplasm of esophageal cancer tissues compared with para‐carcinoma tissue; besides, the proteins of CDC42, EGFR, and Akt were also up‐regulated in different levels of esophageal cancer tissues. However, there was no significant difference of the overall survival time of TNK2 protein expression in 184 esophageal cancer patients from TCGA database (p = 0.37). But, in the included study samples of our study, there was positive coefficience between TNK2 protein expression and differentiation degree in esophageal cancer with multiple linear regression analysis [R = 0.928, 95% confidence interval (0.085‐0.12)]. Conclusion Our results indicated that TNK2 was a potential diagnostic marker and promoted esophageal cancer progression through activating EGFR‐AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqing Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
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Creeden JF, Alganem K, Imami AS, Brunicardi FC, Liu SH, Shukla R, Tomar T, Naji F, McCullumsmith RE. Kinome Array Profiling of Patient-Derived Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Identifies Differentially Active Protein Tyrosine Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228679. [PMID: 33213062 PMCID: PMC7698519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most difficult malignancies to treat. Minimal improvements in patient outcomes and persistently abysmal patient survival rates underscore the great need for new treatment strategies. Currently, there is intense interest in therapeutic strategies that target tyrosine protein kinases. Here, we employed kinome arrays and bioinformatic pipelines capable of identifying differentially active protein tyrosine kinases in different patient-derived pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines and wild-type pancreatic tissue to investigate the unique kinomic networks of PDAC samples and posit novel target kinases for pancreatic cancer therapy. Consistent with previously described reports, the resultant peptide-based kinome array profiles identified increased protein tyrosine kinase activity in pancreatic cancer for the following kinases: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), fms related receptor tyrosine kinase 4/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (FLT4/VEGFR-3), insulin receptor (INSR), ephrin receptor A2 (EPHA2), platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), SRC proto-oncogene kinase (SRC), and tyrosine kinase non receptor 2 (TNK2). Furthermore, this study identified increased activity for protein tyrosine kinases with limited prior evidence of differential activity in pancreatic cancer. These protein tyrosine kinases include B lymphoid kinase (BLK), Fyn-related kinase (FRK), Lck/Yes-related novel kinase (LYN), FYN proto-oncogene kinase (FYN), lymphocyte cell-specific kinase (LCK), tec protein kinase (TEC), hemopoietic cell kinase (HCK), ABL proto-oncogene 2 kinase (ABL2), discoidin domain receptor 1 kinase (DDR1), and ephrin receptor A8 kinase (EPHA8). Together, these results support the utility of peptide array kinomic analyses in the generation of potential candidate kinases for future pancreatic cancer therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F. Creeden
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (F.C.B.); (S.-H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-419-383-6474
| | - Khaled Alganem
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Ali S. Imami
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - F. Charles Brunicardi
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (F.C.B.); (S.-H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shi-He Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (F.C.B.); (S.-H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Rammohan Shukla
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Tushar Tomar
- PamGene International BV, 5200 BJ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Faris Naji
- PamGene International BV, 5200 BJ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
- Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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11
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Jiang H, Leung C, Tahan S, Wang D. Entry by multiple picornaviruses is dependent on a pathway that includes TNK2, WASL, and NCK1. eLife 2019; 8:50276. [PMID: 31769754 PMCID: PMC6904212 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive knowledge of the host factors required for picornavirus infection would facilitate antiviral development. Here we demonstrate roles for three human genes, TNK2, WASL, and NCK1, in infection by multiple picornaviruses. CRISPR deletion of TNK2, WASL, or NCK1 reduced encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), poliovirus and enterovirus D68 infection, and chemical inhibitors of TNK2 and WASL decreased EMCV infection. Reduced EMCV lethality was observed in mice lacking TNK2. TNK2, WASL, and NCK1 were important in early stages of the viral lifecycle, and genetic epistasis analysis demonstrated that the three genes function in a common pathway. Mechanistically, reduced internalization of EMCV was observed in TNK2 deficient cells demonstrating that TNK2 functions in EMCV entry. Domain analysis of WASL demonstrated that its actin nucleation activity was necessary to facilitate viral infection. Together, these data support a model wherein TNK2, WASL, and NCK1 comprise a pathway important for multiple picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Jiang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
| | - Christian Leung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
| | - Stephen Tahan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
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12
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Research Progress of the Functional Role of ACK1 in Breast Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1018034. [PMID: 31772931 PMCID: PMC6854235 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1018034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
ACK1 is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase with a unique structure, which is tightly related to the biological behavior of tumors. Previous studies have demonstrated that ACK1 was involved with multiple signaling pathways of tumor progression. Its crucial role in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis was tightly related to the prognosis and clinicopathology of cancer. ACK1 has a unique way of regulating cellular pathways, different from other nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. As an oncogenic kinase, recent studies have shown that ACK1 plays a critical regulatory role in the initiation and progression of tumors. In this review, we will be summarizing the structural characteristics, activation, and regulation of ACK1 in breast cancer, aiming to deeply understand the functional and mechanistic role of ACK1 and provide novel therapeutic strategies for breast cancer treatment.
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13
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Elliyanti A, Putra AE, Sribudiani Y, Noormartany N, Masjhur JS, Achmad TH, Dachriyanus D. Epidermal Growth Factor and Adenosine Triphosphate Induce Natrium Iodide Symporter Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:2088-2092. [PMID: 31456831 PMCID: PMC6698106 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aims to investigate the effect of ATP, EGF and combination of those two to the Natrium Iodide Symporter (NIS) expression in MCF7, SKBR3 and HaCaT cell lines. METHODS MCF7, SKBR3 and HaCaT cell lines were treated with ATP, EGF and combination of those two for 6, 12 and 24 hours. The expression of NIS mRNA was measured through quantitative-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The NIS protein expression was confirmed by immunocytofluorescence. RESULTS NIS mRNA was expressed in SKBR3 and HaCaT cell lines but not in MCF7. The levels of NIS mRNA expression, after treatment by epidermal growth factor (EGF), adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) or the combination of both for 6 and 12 hours were not significantly different from those of untreated cells. However, the treatment by a combination of ATP and EGF for 24 hours increases the level of NIS mRNA expression by 1.6 fold higher than that of the untreated cells (1.6241 ± 0.3, p < 0.05) and protein NIS expression increase significantly by the treatment than untreated cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The level of NIS expression varies among the different subtypes of breast cancer cell lines. MCF7 cell line is representing the luminal A subtype of breast cancer does not express NIS. Only SKBR3 cell line express NIS and this subtype might be suitable to receive radioiodine therapy as those cells expressing NIS. A combination treatment of EGF and ATP increases the expression of NIS mRNA and protein at the membrane in SKBR3 cells.
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14
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Qi L, Ding Y. TNK2 as a key drug target for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:48-52. [PMID: 30036625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, few small molecular compounds are being used as therapeutic targets in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC); therefore, there is an urgent need to identify novel drug targets, which could be used in the treatment of CRC. The Connectivity Map (cmap) web server was used to correlate the differentially expressed genes of CRC with the small molecular compounds related to the disease. Thus, we identified six small molecular compounds to be potentially relevant to the development of CRC. Target protein analysis revealed that TNK2 is a common target of the three small molecular compounds, which were included in the set of six small molecular compounds mentioned earlier. In addition, the continuous activation of TNK2 was observed in the development of CRC. This indicates that TNK2 may have the potential of being a key drug target in the treatment of metastatic CRC. The Molinspiration tool was used to analyze small molecular compounds, which are bound to TNK2 in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). We found that a small molecular compound in protein with the PDB identification code 4EWH had higher scores in terms of kinase inhibition but lower scores in terms of other biological activity indices. This indicates that the compound had good kinase specificity, which is a key characteristic of other existing clinically approved anti-tumor small molecular compounds. By performing target protein prediction analysis, we identified 122 target proteins of the small molecular compound in 4EWH. Out of the 122 target proteins, 21 proteins showed kinase activity, including TNK2. Enrichment analysis was performed on the diseases in which these 122 target proteins were involved, and the results revealed that CRC had the highest correlation. Moreover, 47 target proteins were individually correlated with the progression of CRC. This further suggests that the small molecular compound can inhibit CRC. Thus, TNK2 was considered as a potential drug target in the treatment of metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanqing Ding
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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15
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Regulating Cdc42 and Its Signaling Pathways in Cancer: Small Molecules and MicroRNA as New Treatment Candidates. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040787. [PMID: 29596304 PMCID: PMC6017947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of neoplasms, metastatic disease is still the leading cause of death in cancer patients, with mortality rates still rising. Given this background, new ways to treat cancer will be important for development of improved cancer control strategies. Cdc42 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and plays an important role in cell-to-cell adhesion, formation of cytoskeletal structures, and cell cycle regulation. It thus influences cellular proliferation, transformation, and homeostasis, as well as the cellular migration and invasion processes underlying tumor formation. Cdc42 acts as a collection point for signal transduction and regulates multiple signaling pathways. Moreover, recent studies show that in most human cancers Cdc42 is abnormally expressed and promoting neoplastic growth and metastasis. Regarding possible new treatments for cancer, miRNA and small molecules targeting Cdc42 and related pathways have been recently found to be effective on cancer. In this review, we analyze the newly recognized regulation mechanisms for Cdc42 and Cdc42-related signal pathways, and particularly new treatments using small molecules and miRNAs to inhibit the abnormal overexpression of Cdc42 that may slow down the metastasis process, improve cancer therapy and lead to novel strategies for development of antineoplastic drugs.
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16
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Tyagi A, Semwal M, Sharma A. A database of breast oncogenic specific siRNAs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8706. [PMID: 28821760 PMCID: PMC5562753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a serious problem causing the death of women across the world. At present, one of the major challenges is to design drugs to target breast cancer specific gene(s). RNA interference (RNAi) is an important technique for targeted gene silencing that may lead to promising novel therapeutic strategies for breast cancer. Therefore, identification of such molecules having high oncogene specificity is the need of the hour. Here, we have developed a database named as Breast Oncogenic Specific siRNAs (BOSS, http://bioinformatics.cimap.res.in/sharma/boss/) on the basis of the current research status on siRNA-mediated repression of oncogenes in different breast cancer cell lines. BOSS is a resource of experimentally validated breast oncogenic siRNAs, collected from research articles and patents published yet. The present database contains information on 865 breast oncogenic siRNA entries. Each entry provides comprehensive information of an siRNA that includes its name, sequence, target gene, type of cells, and inhibition value, etc. Additionally, some useful tools like siRNAMAP and BOSS BLAST were also developed and linked with the database. siRNAMAP can be used for the selection of best siRNA against a target gene while BOSS BLAST tool helps to locate the siRNA sequences in deferent oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Tyagi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O.-CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226 015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Manoj Semwal
- ICT Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O.-CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226 015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O.-CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226 015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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17
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Song MA, Brasky TM, Marian C, Weng DY, Taslim C, Dumitrescu RG, Llanos AA, Freudenheim JL, Shields PG. Racial differences in genome-wide methylation profiling and gene expression in breast tissues from healthy women. Epigenetics 2016; 10:1177-87. [PMID: 26680018 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1121362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is more common in European Americans (EAs) than in African Americans (AAs) but mortality from breast cancer is higher among AAs. While there are racial differences in DNA methylation and gene expression in breast tumors, little is known whether such racial differences exist in breast tissues of healthy women. Genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression profiling was performed in histologically normal breast tissues of healthy women. Linear regression models were used to identify differentially-methylated CpG sites (CpGs) between EAs (n = 61) and AAs (n = 22). Correlations for methylation and expression were assessed. Biological functions of the differentially-methylated genes were assigned using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Among 485 differentially-methylated CpGs by race, 203 were hypermethylated in EAs, and 282 were hypermethylated in AAs. Promoter-related differentially-methylated CpGs were more frequently hypermethylated in EAs (52%) than AAs (27%) while gene body and intergenic CpGs were more frequently hypermethylated in AAs. The differentially-methylated CpGs were enriched for cancer-associated genes with roles in cell death and survival, cellular development, and cell-to-cell signaling. In a separate analysis for correlation in EAs and AAs, different patterns of correlation were found between EAs and AAs. The correlated genes showed different biological networks between EAs and AAs; networks were connected by Ubiquitin C. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive genome-wide study to identify differences in methylation and gene expression between EAs and AAs in breast tissues from healthy women. These findings may provide further insights regarding the contribution of epigenetic differences to racial disparities in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ae Song
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital ; Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital ; Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Catalin Marian
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital ; Columbus , Ohio , USA.,b Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department ; Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy ; 300041 Timisoara , Romania
| | - Daniel Y Weng
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital ; Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Cenny Taslim
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital ; Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | | | - Adana A Llanos
- d Department of Epidemiology ; Rutgers School of Public Health and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey ; New Brunswick , NJ 08903 , USA
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- e Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health; School of Public Health and Health Professions ; University at Buffalo ; Buffalo , NY 14214 , USA
| | - Peter G Shields
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital ; Columbus , Ohio , USA
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18
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Farlow JL, Robak LA, Hetrick K, Bowling K, Boerwinkle E, Coban-Akdemir ZH, Gambin T, Gibbs RA, Gu S, Jain P, Jankovic J, Jhangiani S, Kaw K, Lai D, Lin H, Ling H, Liu Y, Lupski JR, Muzny D, Porter P, Pugh E, White J, Doheny K, Myers RM, Shulman JM, Foroud T. Whole-Exome Sequencing in Familial Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol 2016; 73:68-75. [PMID: 26595808 PMCID: PMC4946647 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease for which susceptibility is linked to genetic and environmental risk factors. OBJECTIVE To identify genetic variants contributing to disease risk in familial PD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A 2-stage study design that included a discovery cohort of families with PD and a replication cohort of familial probands was used. In the discovery cohort, rare exonic variants that segregated in multiple affected individuals in a family and were predicted to be conserved or damaging were retained. Genes with retained variants were prioritized if expressed in the brain and located within PD-relevant pathways. Genes in which prioritized variants were observed in at least 4 families were selected as candidate genes for replication in the replication cohort. The setting was among individuals with familial PD enrolled from academic movement disorder specialty clinics across the United States. All participants had a family history of PD. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Identification of genes containing rare, likely deleterious, genetic variants in individuals with familial PD using a 2-stage exome sequencing study design. RESULTS The 93 individuals from 32 families in the discovery cohort (49.5% [46 of 93] female) had a mean (SD) age at onset of 61.8 (10.0) years. The 49 individuals with familial PD in the replication cohort (32.6% [16 of 49] female) had a mean (SD) age at onset of 50.1 (15.7) years. Discovery cohort recruitment dates were 1999 to 2009, and replication cohort recruitment dates were 2003 to 2014. Data analysis dates were 2011 to 2015. Three genes containing a total of 13 rare and potentially damaging variants were prioritized in the discovery cohort. Two of these genes (TNK2 and TNR) also had rare variants that were predicted to be damaging in the replication cohort. All 9 variants identified in the 2 replicated genes in 12 families across the discovery and replication cohorts were confirmed via Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE TNK2 and TNR harbored rare, likely deleterious, variants in individuals having familial PD, with similar findings in an independent cohort. To our knowledge, these genes have not been previously associated with PD, although they have been linked to critical neuronal functions. Further studies are required to confirm a potential role for these genes in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L Farlow
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Laurie A Robak
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas3Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas4Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston5Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Resear
| | - Kurt Hetrick
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kevin Bowling
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas9Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | | | - Tomasz Gambin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shen Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Preti Jain
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama10Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shalini Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kaveeta Kaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas5Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Indianapolis
| | - Hua Ling
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas3Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas4Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston8Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor
| | - Donna Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Paula Porter
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas5Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Elizabeth Pugh
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janson White
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kimberly Doheny
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas5Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston11Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas13Department
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
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Knauer SK, Mahendrarajah N, Roos WP, Krämer OH. The inducible E3 ubiquitin ligases SIAH1 and SIAH2 perform critical roles in breast and prostate cancers. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:405-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Sano K, Ohashi M, Kanazaki K, Ding N, Deguchi J, Kanada Y, Ono M, Saji H. In vivo photoacoustic imaging of cancer using indocyanine green-labeled monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:820-5. [PMID: 26168727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an attractive imaging modality for sensitive and depth imaging of biomolecules with high resolution in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody (panitumumab; Pan) labeled with indocyanine green derivative (ICG-EG4-Sulfo-OSu), Pan-EG4-ICG, as a PA imaging probe to target cancer-associated EGFR. In vitro PA imaging studies demonstrated that Pan-EG4-ICG yielded high EGFR-specific PA signals in EGFR-positive cells. To determine the optimal injection dose and scan timing, we investigated the biodistribution of radiolabeled Pan-EG4-ICG (200-400 μg) in A431 tumor (EGFR++)-bearing mice. The highest tumor accumulation (29.4% injected dose/g) and high tumor-to-blood ratio (2.1) was observed 7 days after injection of Pan-EG4-ICG (400 μg). In in vivo PA imaging studies using Pan-EG4-ICG (400 μg), the increase in PA signal (114%) was observed in A431 tumors inoculated in the mammary glands 7 days post-injection. Co-injection of excess Pan resulted in a 35% inhibition of this PA signal, indicating the EGFR-specific accumulation. In conclusion, the ICG-labeled monoclonal antibody (i.e., panitumumab) has the potential to enhance target-specific PA signal, leading to the discrimination of aggressiveness and metastatic potential of tumors and the selection of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sano
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Manami Ohashi
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanazaki
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Medical Imaging Project, Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., 3-30-2 Shimomaruko, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Deguchi
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Kanada
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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21
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Longo A, Librizzi M, Chuckowree IS, Baltus CB, Spencer J, Luparello C. Cytotoxicity of the Urokinase-Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Carbamimidothioic Acid (4-Boronophenyl) Methyl Ester Hydrobromide (BC-11) on Triple-Negative MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2015; 20:9879-89. [PMID: 26029857 PMCID: PMC6272237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BC-11 is an easily synthesized simple thiouronium-substituted phenylboronic acid, which has been shown to be cytotoxic on triple negative MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells by inducing a perturbation of cell cycle when administered at a concentration equal to its ED50 at 72 h (117 μM). Exposure of cells to BC-11, either pre-absorbed with a soluble preparation of the N-terminal fragment of urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPa), or in co-treatment with two different EGFR inhibitors, indicated that: (i) BC-11 acts via binding to the N-terminus of the enzyme where uPa- and EGF receptor-recognizing sites are present, thereby abrogating the growth-sustaining effect resulting from receptor binding; and (ii) the co-presence of the EGFR inhibitor PD153035 potentiates BC-11’s cytotoxicity. Exposure of cells to a higher concentration of BC-11 corresponding to its ED75 at 72 h (250 μM) caused additional impairment of mitochondrial activity, the production of reactive oxygen species and promotion of apoptosis. Therefore, BC-11 treatment appears to show potential for the development of this class of compounds in the prevention and/or therapy of “aggressive” breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Longo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Edificio 16, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Librizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Edificio 16, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Irina S Chuckowree
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
- School of Science at Medway, University of Greenwich, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Christine B Baltus
- School of Science at Medway, University of Greenwich, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
- School of Science at Medway, University of Greenwich, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Edificio 16, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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22
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Xie B, Zen Q, Wang X, He X, Xie Y, Zhang Z, Li H. ACK1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via downregulating WWOX and activating AKT signaling. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2057-66. [PMID: 25738261 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that ACK1 is upregulated in various cancers and promotes tumor progression. However, the role and mechanism of ACK1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. In this study, the expression of ACK1 was assessed in several cell lines and 150 pairs of HCC and adjacent noncancerous liver tissues. The protein expression of p-ACK1 and WWOX were detected by immunohistochemistry to evaluate their correlation with ACK1. Flow cytometry, caspase 3/7 activity assay, BrdU cell proliferation assay, MTT assay and Transwell assay were used to detect apoptosis, proliferation, invasion and migration of HCC cells. The regulatory effect of ACK1 on WWOX, AKT, p-AKT, MMP2 and MMP9 in HCC cells was confirmed by immuno-blotting. We found that ACK1 was more highly expressed in HCC tissues than in non-HCC tissues, and over-expression of ACK1 was correlated with clinicopathological features of poor prognosis. Clinical analysis demonstrated that ACK1 is an independent prognostic marker for predicting overall survival and disease-free survival of HCC patients. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis indicated that ACK1 was positively associated with p-ACK1 and was negatively associated with WWOX expression. In vitro studies showed that knockdown of ACK1 promoted HCC cell apoptosis and repressed HCC cells invasion, migration and proliferation. Furthermore, knockdown of ACK1 resulted in upregulation of WWOX and inactivation of AKT signaling. In this study, we also found that knockdown of ACK1 resulted in the downregulation of MMP2 and MMP9 in HCC. Our results indicate that ACK1 is an independent prognostic marker and promotes HCC progression via downregulating WWOX and activating AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhui Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P.R. China
| | - Qinshan Zen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P.R. China
| | - Yuankang Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P.R. China
| | - Zixiang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P.R. China
| | - Heping Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
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Caballero IS, Yen JY, Hensley LE, Honko AN, Goff AJ, Connor JH. Lassa and Marburg viruses elicit distinct host transcriptional responses early after infection. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:960. [PMID: 25377889 PMCID: PMC4232721 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lassa virus and Marburg virus are two causative agents of viral hemorrhagic fever. Their diagnosis is difficult because patients infected with either pathogen present similar nonspecific symptoms early after infection. Current diagnostic tests are based on detecting viral proteins or nucleic acids in the blood, but these cannot be found during the early stages of disease, before the virus starts replicating in the blood. Using the transcriptional response of the host during infection can lead to earlier diagnoses compared to those of traditional methods. RESULTS In this study, we use RNA sequencing to obtain a high-resolution view of the in vivo transcriptional dynamics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) throughout both types of infection. We report a subset of host mRNAs, including heat-shock proteins like HSPA1B, immunoglobulins like IGJ, and cell adhesion molecules like SIGLEC1, whose differences in expression are strong enough to distinguish Lassa infection from Marburg infection in non-human primates. We have validated these infection-specific expression differences by using microarrays on a larger set of samples, and by quantifying the expression of individual genes using RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that host transcriptional signatures are correlated with specific viral infections, and that they can be used to identify highly pathogenic viruses during the early stages of disease, before standard detection methods become effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio S Caballero
- />Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, 24 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Judy Y Yen
- />Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- />Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 USA
- />Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Anna N Honko
- />Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 USA
- />Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Arthur J Goff
- />Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 USA
| | - John H Connor
- />Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
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Wang B, Xu T, Liu J, Zang S, Gao L, Huang A. Overexpression of activated Cdc42-associated kinase1 (Ack1) predicts tumor recurrence and poor survival in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:787-92. [PMID: 25445114 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in China. Recent research suggested that activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (Ack1) played an important role in facilitating tumorigenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the role of Ack1 in HCC is not clear. Herein, the expression level of Ack1 mRNA in 30 fresh HCC specimens (carcinoma, peri-carcinoma and distal-carcinoma tissues) was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), while the expression of Ack1 protein in 18 fresh HCC specimens (carcinoma, peri-carcinoma and distal-carcinoma tissues) was analyzed by Western blotting. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was also employed to assess both the expression level and distribution of Ack1 protein in HCC tissues collected from 173 lesions, so as to study the correlations between Ack1 protein expression and other HCC-related clinicopathologic parameters. The results showed that both Ack1 mRNA and protein were significantly over-expressed in HCC tissues than that of either peri-carcinoma or distal-carcinoma tissues (P < 0.001, P = 0.012, respectively), while there was no significant difference between peri-carcinoma and distal-carcinoma tissues. Furthermore, the results of IHC indicated that the rates of Ack1 expressions in the patients with capsular invasion, hepatic vessel involvement and recurrence were higher than without above three conditions (P = 0.037, P = 0.036, P = 0.019, respectively), whereas the patients with overexpression of Ack1 protein had low survival rate (P = 0.007). Ack1 expression, tumor size and recurrence were independently related to survival (P = 0.014, P = 0.018, P < 0.001, respectively). Thus, the level of Ack1 is associated with tumor invasion potential, and the expression of Ack1 plays an important role as predictor of recurrence and poor outcome in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Institution of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Pathology, Yuncheng Central Hospital of Shanxi Province, Yuncheng 044000, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Shengbing Zang
- Department of Pathology and Institution of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Lingyun Gao
- Department of Pathology and Institution of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Aimin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Institution of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China.
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Tuominen R, Jönsson G, Enerbäck C, Appelqvist F, Olsson H, Ingvar C, Hansson J, Höiom V. Investigation of a putative melanoma susceptibility locus at chromosome 3q29. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:70-4. [PMID: 24721441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma, the most fatal form of skin cancer, is currently increasing in incidence in many populations. Approximately 10% of all cases occur in families with an inherited predisposition for melanoma. In Sweden, only a minor portion of such melanoma families carry a mutation in the known melanoma gene CDKN2A, and there is a need to identify additional melanoma susceptibility genes. In a recently performed genome-wide linkage screen, novel loci with suggestive evidence of linkage to melanoma were detected. In this study, we have further analyzed one region on chromosome 3q29. In all, 89 affected and 15 nonaffected family members from 42 melanoma-prone families were genotyped for 34 genetic markers. In a pooled linkage analysis of all 42 families, we detected significant evidence of linkage, with a maximum heterogeneity logarithm of odds (HLOD) score of 3.1 with 83% of the families contributing to the linkage score. The minimum critical region of linkage (defined by a 1LOD score support interval) maps to chromosome 3q29, spans 3.5 Mb of genomic sequence, and harbors 44 identified genes. Sequence variants within this region have previously been associated with cancer susceptibility. This study reports the presence of a putative novel melanoma susceptibility locus in the Swedish population, a finding that needs to be replicated in an independent study on other individuals with familial melanoma. Sequencing of genes in the region may identify novel melanoma-associated mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Tuominen
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Enerbäck
- Division of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Frida Appelqvist
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Gocek E, Moulas AN, Studzinski GP. Non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases signaling pathways in normal and cancer cells. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:125-37. [PMID: 24446827 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2013.874403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are enzymes that transfer phosphate groups to tyrosine residues on protein substrates. Phosphorylation of proteins causes changes in their function and/or enzymatic activity resulting in specific biological responses. There are two classes of PTKs: the transmembrane receptor PTKs and the cytoplasmic non-receptor PTKs (NRTKs). NRTKs are involved in transduction of signals originating from extracellular clues, which often interact with transmembrane receptors. Thus, they are important components of signaling pathways which regulate fundamental cellular functions such as cell differentiation, apoptosis, survival, and proliferation. The activity of NRTKs is tightly regulated, and de-regulation and/or overexpression of NRTKs has been implicated in malignant transformation and carcinogenesis. Research on NRTKs has shed light on the mechanisms of a number of cellular processes including those involved in carcinogenesis. Not surprisingly, several tyrosine kinase inhibitors are in use as treatment for a number of malignancies, and more are under investigation. This review deals with the structure, function, and signaling pathways of nine main families of NRTKs in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Gocek
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
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Shinmura K, Kiyose S, Nagura K, Igarashi H, Inoue Y, Nakamura S, Maeda M, Baba M, Konno H, Sugimura H. TNK2 gene amplification is a novel predictor of a poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2013; 109:189-97. [PMID: 24178904 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND OBJECTIVES We previously examined the amplification status of 10 kinase genes (PIK3CA, EPHB3, TNK2, PTK7, EGFR, MET, ERBB2, HCK, SRC, and AURKA) in gastric cancer (GC). This study aimed to determine the prognostic significance of these gene amplifications in GC. METHODS A survival analysis was performed for GC patients. Since TNK2 amplification was identified as a prognostic marker in the analysis, we also examined the functional effect of TNK2 overexpression on gastric cells. RESULTS A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the prognosis of patients with GC exhibiting TNK2 or AURKA amplification was significantly poorer than the prognosis of patients with GC without TNK2 or AURKA amplification. A further multivariate analysis revealed that TNK2 amplification was an independent predictor of a poor survival outcome among patients with GC (hazard ratio, 3.668; 95% confidence interval, 1.513-7.968; P = 0.0056). TNK2-overexpressing GC cells showed an increase in cell migration and non-anchored cell growth. Finally, microarray and pathway analyses revealed the aberrant regulation of some cancer-related pathways in TNK2-overexpressing GC cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that TNK2 amplification is an independent predictor of a poor prognosis in patients with GC and leads to an increase in the malignant potential of GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shinmura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Linderoth E, Pilia G, Mahajan NP, Ferby I. Activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (Ack1) is required for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor recruitment to lipid rafts and induction of cell death. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32922-31. [PMID: 24085293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.481507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) holds promise for treatment of cancer due to its ability to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Ligand-induced translocation of TRAIL receptors (TRAIL-R) 1 and 2 (also called DR4 and DR5, respectively) into lipid raft membrane microdomains is required for TRAIL-induced cell death by facilitating receptor clustering and formation of the death-inducing signaling complex, yet the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. We show here that the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Ack1, previously implicated in the spatiotemporal regulation of the EGF receptor, is required for TRAIL-induced cell death in multiple epithelial cell lines. TRAIL triggered a transient up-regulation of Ack1 and its recruitment to lipid rafts along with TRAIL-R1/2. siRNA-mediated depletion of Ack1 disrupted TRAIL-induced accumulation of TRAIL-R1/2 in lipid rafts and efficient recruitment of caspase-8 to the death-inducing signaling complex. Pharmacological inhibition of Ack1 did not affect TRAIL-induced cell death, indicating that Ack1 acts in a kinase-independent manner to promote TRAIL-R1/2 accumulation in lipid rafts. These findings identify Ack1 as an essential player in the spatial regulation of TRAIL-R1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Linderoth
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
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29
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Hitomi Y, Heinzen EL, Donatello S, Dahl HH, Damiano JA, McMahon JM, Berkovic SF, Scheffer IE, Legros B, Rai M, Weckhuysen S, Suls A, De Jonghe P, Pandolfo M, Goldstein DB, Van Bogaert P, Depondt C. Mutations in TNK2 in severe autosomal recessive infantile onset epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:496-501. [PMID: 23686771 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We identified a small family with autosomal recessive, infantile onset epilepsy and intellectual disability. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous missense variant in the gene TNK2, encoding a brain-expressed tyrosine kinase. Sequencing of the coding region of TNK2 in 110 patients with a similar phenotype failed to detect further homozygote or compound heterozygote mutations. Pathogenicity of the variant is supported by the results of our functional studies, which demonstrated that the variant abolishes NEDD4 binding to TNK2, preventing its degradation after epidermal growth factor stimulation. Definitive proof of pathogenicity will require confirmation in unrelated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hitomi
- Duke Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Rho GTPases are a family of proteins that control fundamental cellular processes in response to extracellular stimuli and internal programs. Rho GTPases function as molecular switches in which the GTP-bound proteins are active and GDP-bound proteins are inactive. This article will focus on one Rho family member, Cdc42, which is overexpressed in a number of human cancers, and which might provide new therapeutic targets in malignancies. AREAS COVERED In this article, the key regulators and effectors of Cdc42 and their molecular alterations are described. The complex interactions between the signaling cascades regulated by Cdc42 are also analyzed. EXPERT OPINION While mutations in Cdc42 have not been reported in human cancer, aberrant expression of Cdc42 has been reported in a variety of tumor types and in some instances has been correlated with poor prognosis. Recently, it has been shown that Cdc42 activation by oncogenic Ras is crucial for Ras-mediated tumorigenesis, suggesting that targeting Cdc42 or its effectors might be useful in tumors harboring activating Ras mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Arias-Romero
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia, PA , USA +1 215 728 5319 ; +1 215 728 3616 ;
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Buchwald M, Pietschmann K, Brand P, Günther A, Mahajan NP, Heinzel T, Krämer OH. SIAH ubiquitin ligases target the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase ACK1 for ubiquitinylation and proteasomal degradation. Oncogene 2012. [PMID: 23208506 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase linked to cellular transformation. The aberrant regulation of ACK1 promotes tumor progression and metastasis. Therefore, ACK1 is regarded as a valid target in cancer therapy. Seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) ubiquitin ligases facilitate substrate ubiquitinylation that targets proteins to the proteasomal degradation pathway. Here we report that ACK1 and SIAH1 from Homo sapiens interact in a yeast two-hybrid screen. Protein-protein interaction studies and protein degradation analyses using deletion and point mutants of ACK1 verify that SIAH1 and the related SIAH2 interact with ACK1. The association between SIAHs and ACK1 depends on the integrity of a highly conserved SIAH-binding motif located in the far C-terminus of ACK1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the interaction of ACK1 with SIAH1 and the induction of proteasomal degradation of ACK1 by SIAH1 are independent of ACK1's kinase activity. Chemical inhibitors blocking proteasomal activity corroborate that SIAH1 and SIAH2 destabilize the ACK1 protein by inducing its proteasomal turnover. This mechanism apparently differs from the lysosomal pathway targeting ACK1 after stimulation with the epidermal growth factor. Our data also show that ACK1, but not ACK1 mutants lacking the SIAH binding motif, has a discernable negative effect on SIAH levels. Additionally, knockdown approaches targeting the SIAH2 mRNA uncover specifically that the induction of SIAH2 expression, by hormonally-induced estrogen receptor (ER) activation, decreases the levels of ACK1 in luminal human breast cancer cells. Collectively, our data provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms modulating ACK1 and they position SIAH ubiquitin ligases as negative regulators of ACK1 in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buchwald
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Kelley LC, Weed SA. Cortactin is a substrate of activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1) during ligand-induced epidermal growth factor receptor downregulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44363. [PMID: 22952966 PMCID: PMC3431376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) internalization following ligand binding controls EGFR downstream pathway signaling activity. Internalized EGFR is poly-ubiquitinated by Cbl to promote lysosome-mediated degradation and signal downregulation. ACK1 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that interacts with ubiquitinated EGFR to facilitate EGFR degradation. Dynamic reorganization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton controlled by the actin related protein (Arp)2/3 complex is important in regulating EGFR endocytosis and vesicle trafficking. How ACK1-mediated EGFR internalization cooperates with Arp2/3-based actin dynamics during EGFR downregulation is unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that ACK1 directly binds and phosphorylates the Arp2/3 regulatory protein cortactin, potentially providing a direct link to Arp2/3-based actin dynamics during EGFR degradation. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis indicates that the cortactin SH3 domain is responsible for binding to ACK1. In vitro kinase assays demonstrate that ACK1 phosphorylates cortactin on key tyrosine residues that create docking sites for adaptor proteins responsible for enhancing Arp2/3 nucleation. Analysis with phosphorylation-specific antibodies determined that EGFR-induced cortactin tyrosine phosphorylation is diminished coincident with EGFR degradation, whereas ERK1/2 cortactin phosphorylation utilized in promoting activation of the Arp2/3 regulator N-WASp is sustained during EGFR downregulation. Cortactin and ACK1 localize to internalized vesicles containing EGF bound to EGFR visualized by confocal microscopy. RNA interference and rescue studies indicate that ACK1 and the cortactin SH3 domain are essential for ligand-mediated EGFR internalization. Conclusions/Significance Cortactin is a direct binding partner and novel substrate of ACK1. Tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin by ACK1 creates an additional means to amplify Arp2/3 dynamics through N-WASp activation, potentially contributing to the overall necessary tensile and/or propulsive forces utilized during EGFR endocytic internalization and trafficking involved in receptor degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Kelley
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Weed
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schoenherr JA, Drennan JM, Martinez JS, Chikka MR, Hall MC, Chang HC, Clemens JC. Drosophila activated Cdc42 kinase has an anti-apoptotic function. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002725. [PMID: 22615583 PMCID: PMC3355085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated Cdc42 kinases (Acks) are evolutionarily conserved non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Activating somatic mutations and increased ACK1 protein levels have been found in many types of human cancers and correlate with a poor prognosis. ACK1 is activated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling and functions to regulate EGF receptor turnover. ACK1 has additionally been found to propagate downstream signals through the phosphorylation of cancer relevant substrates. Using Drosophila as a model organism, we have determined that Drosophila Ack possesses potent anti-apoptotic activity that is dependent on Ack kinase activity and is further activated by EGF receptor/Ras signaling. Ack anti-apoptotic signaling does not function through enhancement of EGF stimulated MAP kinase signaling, suggesting that it must function through phosphorylation of some unknown effector. We isolated several putative Drosophila Ack interacting proteins, many being orthologs of previously identified human ACK1 interacting proteins. Two of these interacting proteins, Drk and yorkie, were found to influence Ack signaling. Drk is the Drosophila homolog of GRB2, which is required to couple ACK1 binding to receptor tyrosine kinases. Drk knockdown blocks Ack survival activity, suggesting that Ack localization is important for its pro-survival activity. Yorkie is a transcriptional co-activator that is downstream of the Salvador-Hippo-Warts pathway and promotes transcription of proliferative and anti-apoptotic genes. We find that yorkie and Ack synergistically interact to produce tissue overgrowth and that yorkie loss of function interferes with Ack anti-apoptotic signaling. Our results demonstrate how increased Ack signaling could contribute to cancer when coupled to proliferative signals. A number of recent studies have uncovered an involvement of Ack family members in human cancer. The majority of these studies focus on human ACK1 and suggest that ACK1 regulates diverse cancer-relevant biological functions, including stimulation of proliferation, blocking programmed cell death, and enhancing metastasis. It is unclear from these studies whether these biological outcomes are directly controlled by ACK1 activity or if they are indirect consequences of ACK1 signaling. Using Drosophila as a model organism, our study demonstrates that Ack serves to promote cell survival by blocking programmed cell death: a mechanism of eliminating excess, damaged, or cancerous cells. We further find that Ack activity functions synergistically with cell growth signals to produce massive cellular overgrowth. Our findings define the physiological role of Ack proteins and add further support to the value of Ack family members as therapeutic drug targets for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Schoenherr
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - J. Michelle Drennan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Juan S. Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Madhusudana Rao Chikka
- Department of Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Henry C. Chang
- Department of Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - James C. Clemens
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pericleous P, Gazouli M, Lyberopoulou A, Rizos S, Nikiteas N, Efstathopoulos EP. Quantum dots hold promise for early cancer imaging and detection. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:519-28. [PMID: 22411309 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite all major breakthroughs in recent years of research concerning the complex events that lead to cancer expression and metastasis, we are not yet able to effectively treat cancer that has spread to vital organs. The various clinical phases originating from cancer diagnosis through treatment and prognosis require a comprehensive understanding of these events, to utilise pre-symptomatic, minimally invasive and targeted cancer management techniques. Current imaging modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and gamma scintigraphy facilitate the pre-operative study of tumours, but they have been rendered unable to visualise cancer in early stages, due to their intrinsic limitations. The semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) have excellent photo-physical properties, and the QDs-based probes have achieved encouraging developments in cellular (in vitro) and in vivo molecular imaging. However, the same unique physical and chemical properties which renowned QDs attractive may be associated with their potentially catastrophic effects on living cells and tissues. There are critical issues that need to be further examined to properly assess the risks associated with the manufacturing and use of QDs in cancer management. In this review, we aim to describe the current utilisation of QDs as well as their future prospective to decipher and confront cancer.
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Abstract
miRNAs have been recently implicated as drivers in several carcinogenic processes, where they can act either as oncogenes or as tumor suppressors. Schwannomas arise from Schwann cells, the myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system. These benign tumors typically result from loss of the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor gene. We have recently carried out high-throughput miRNA expression profiling of human vestibular schwannomas using an array representing 407 known miRNAs in order to explore the role of miRNAs in the tumorigenesis of schwannomas. We found that miR-7 functions as a "tumor suppressor" by targeting proteins in three major oncogenic pathways - EGFR, Pak1, and Ack1. Interestingly, in this study, we also observed that several previously described potential tumor suppressor miRNAs that are down-regulated in malignant tumors were up-regulated in schwannomas. Here we discuss the possibility that "tumor suppressor" miRNAs may play a role in the transition stage(s) of cancer from benign to malignant forms.
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Targeted extracellular nanoparticles enable intracellular detection of activated epidermal growth factor receptor in living brain cancer cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 7:896-903. [PMID: 21683807 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mechanistic study of biological processes via Quantum Dots (QDs) remain constrained by inefficient QD delivery methods and consequent altered cell function. Here the authors present a rapid method to label activated receptor populations in live cancer cells derived from medulloblastoma and glioma tumors. The authors used QDs to bind the extracellular domain of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGF-R) proteins and then induced receptor activation to facilitate specific detection of intracellular, activated EGF-R subpopulations. Such labeling enables rapid identification of biological markers characteristic of tumor type, grade and chemotherapy resistance. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this paper, a rapid, quantum dot-based method is presented with the goal of labeling activated receptor populations in live cancer cells. More accurate characterization of medulloblastoma and glioma cancer cells using this biomarker detection technique may lead to a more specific targeted therapy.
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Ghosh P, Garcia-Marcos M, Farquhar MG. GIV/Girdin is a rheostat that fine-tunes growth factor signals during tumor progression. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:237-48. [PMID: 21546796 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.3.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
GIV/Girdin is a multidomain signaling molecule that enhances PI3K-Akt signals downstream of both G protein-coupled and growth factor receptors. We previously reported that GIV triggers cell migration via its C-terminal guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) motif that activates Gαi. Recently we discovered that GIV's C-terminus directly interacts with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and when its GEF function is intact, a Gαi-GIV-EGFR signaling complex assembles. By coupling G proteins to growth factor receptors, GIV is uniquely poised to intercept the incoming receptor-initiated signals and modulate them via G protein intermediates. Subsequent work has revealed that expression of the highly specialized C-terminus of GIV undergoes a bipartite dysregulation during oncogenesis-full length GIV with an intact C-terminus is expressed at levels ~20-50-fold above normal in highly invasive cancer cells and metastatic tumors, but its C-terminus is truncated by alternative splicing in poorly invasive cancer cells and non-invasive tumors. The consequences of such dysregulation on graded signal transduction and cellular phenotypes in the normal epithelium and its implication during tumor progression are discussed herein. Based on the fact that GIV grades incoming signals initiated by ligand-activated receptors by linking them to cyclical activation of G proteins, we propose that GIV is a molecular rheostat for signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Regulation of ack-family nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:742372. [PMID: 21637378 PMCID: PMC3101793 DOI: 10.1155/2011/742372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ack family non-receptor tyrosine kinases are unique with regard to their domain composition and regulatory properties. Human Ack1 (activated Cdc42-associated kinase) is ubiquitously expressed and is activated by signals that include growth factors and integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Stimulation leads to Ack1 autophosphorylation and to phosphorylation of additional residues in the C-terminus. The N-terminal SAM domain is required for full activation. Ack1 exerts some of its effects via protein-protein interactions that are independent of its kinase activity. In the basal state, Ack1 activity is suppressed by an intramolecular interaction between the catalytic domain and the C-terminal region. Inappropriate Ack1 activation and signaling has been implicated in the development, progression, and metastasis of several forms of cancer. Thus, there is increasing interest in Ack1 as a drug target, and studies of the regulatory properties of the enzyme may reveal features that can be exploited in inhibitor design.
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Saydam O, Senol O, Würdinger T, Mizrak A, Ozdener GB, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Yi M, Stephens RM, Krichevsky AM, Saydam N, Brenner GJ, Breakefield XO. miRNA-7 attenuation in Schwannoma tumors stimulates growth by upregulating three oncogenic signaling pathways. Cancer Res 2011; 71:852-61. [PMID: 21156648 PMCID: PMC3072568 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Micro RNAs (miRNA) negatively regulate protein-coding genes at the posttranscriptional level and are critical in tumorigenesis. Schwannomas develop from proliferation of dedifferentiated Schwann cells, which normally wrap nerve fibers to help support and insulate nerves. In this study, we carried out high-throughput miRNA expression profiling of human vestibular schwannomas by using an array representing 407 known miRNAs to explore the role of miRNAs in tumor growth. Twelve miRNAs were found to be significantly deregulated in tumor samples as compared with control nerve tissue, defining a schwannoma-typical signature. Among these miRNAs, we focused on miR-7, which was one of the most downregulated in these tumors and has several known oncogene targets, including mRNAs for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1). We found that overexpression of miR-7 inhibited schwannoma cell growth both in culture and in xenograft tumor models in vivo, which correlated with downregulation of these signaling pathways. Furthermore, we identified a novel direct target of miR-7, the mRNA for associated cdc42 kinase 1 (Ack1), with the expression levels of miR-7 and Ack1 being inversely correlated in human schwannoma samples. These results represent the first miRNA profiling of schwannomas and the first report of a tumor suppressor function for miR-7 in these tumors that is mediated by targeting the EGFR, Pak1, and Ack1 oncogenes. Our findings suggest miR-7 as a potential therapeutic molecule for schwannoma treatment, and they prompt clinical evaluation of drugs that can inhibit the EGFR, Pak1, and Ack1 signaling pathways to treat this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okay Saydam
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Zang ZJ, Ong CK, Cutcutache I, Yu W, Zhang SL, Huang D, Ler LD, Dykema K, Gan A, Tao J, Lim S, Liu Y, Futreal PA, Grabsch H, Furge KA, Goh LK, Rozen S, Teh BT, Tan P. Genetic and structural variation in the gastric cancer kinome revealed through targeted deep sequencing. Cancer Res 2011; 71:29-39. [PMID: 21097718 PMCID: PMC3719377 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic alterations in kinases have been linked to multiple human pathologies. To explore the landscape of kinase genetic variation in gastric cancer (GC), we used targeted, paired-end deep sequencing to analyze 532 protein and phosphoinositide kinases in 14 GC cell lines. We identified 10,604 single-nucleotide variants (SNV) in kinase exons including greater than 300 novel nonsynonymous SNVs. Family-wise analysis of the nonsynonymous SNVs revealed a significant enrichment in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-related genes (P < 0.01), suggesting a preferential involvement of this kinase family in GC. A potential antioncogenic role for MAP2K4, a gene exhibiting recurrent alterations in 2 lines, was functionally supported by siRNA knockdown and overexpression studies in wild-type and MAP2K4 variant lines. The deep sequencing data also revealed novel, large-scale structural rearrangement events involving kinases including gene fusions involving CDK12 and the ERBB2 receptor tyrosine kinase in MKN7 cells. Integrating SNVs and copy number alterations, we identified Hs746T as a cell line exhibiting both splice-site mutations and genomic amplification of MET, resulting in MET protein overexpression. When applied to primary GCs, we identified somatic mutations in 8 kinases, 4 of which were recurrently altered in both primary tumors and cell lines (MAP3K6, STK31, FER, and CDKL5). These results demonstrate that how targeted deep sequencing approaches can deliver unprecedented multilevel characterization of a medically and pharmacologically relevant gene family. The catalog of kinome genetic variants assembled here may broaden our knowledge on kinases and provide useful information on genetic alterations in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jiang Zang
- Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Choon Kiat Ong
- NCCS-VARI Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Ioana Cutcutache
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Willie Yu
- NCCS-VARI Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Shen Li Zhang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Dachuan Huang
- NCCS-VARI Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Lian Dee Ler
- NCCS-VARI Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Karl Dykema
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Michigan, Singapore
| | - Anna Gan
- NCCS-VARI Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Jiong Tao
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siyu Lim
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yujing Liu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, Singapore
| | - P. Andrew Futreal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Heike Grabsch
- Section of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle A. Furge
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Michigan, Singapore
| | - Liang Kee Goh
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Steve Rozen
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- NCCS-VARI Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Patrick Tan
- Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
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Xu H, Lemischka IR, Ma'ayan A. SVM classifier to predict genes important for self-renewal and pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2010; 4:173. [PMID: 21176149 PMCID: PMC3019180 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of a developing blastocyst and can be cultured indefinitely in-vitro. Their distinct features are their ability to self-renew and to differentiate to all adult cell types. Genes that maintain mESCs self-renewal and pluripotency identity are of interest to stem cell biologists. Although significant steps have been made toward the identification and characterization of such genes, the list is still incomplete and controversial. For example, the overlap among candidate self-renewal and pluripotency genes across different RNAi screens is surprisingly small. Meanwhile, machine learning approaches have been used to analyze multi-dimensional experimental data and integrate results from many studies, yet they have not been applied to specifically tackle the task of predicting and classifying self-renewal and pluripotency gene membership. Results For this study we developed a classifier, a supervised machine learning framework for predicting self-renewal and pluripotency mESCs stemness membership genes (MSMG) using support vector machines (SVM). The data used to train the classifier was derived from mESCs-related studies using mRNA microarrays, measuring gene expression in various stages of early differentiation, as well as ChIP-seq studies applied to mESCs profiling genome-wide binding of key transcription factors, such as Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2, to the regulatory regions of other genes. Comparison to other classification methods using the leave-one-out cross-validation method was employed to evaluate the accuracy and generality of the classification. Finally, two sets of candidate genes from genome-wide RNA interference screens are used to test the generality and potential application of the classifier. Conclusions Our results reveal that an SVM approach can be useful for prioritizing genes for functional validation experiments and complement the analyses of high-throughput profiling experimental data in stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and System Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L, Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Arora S, Gonzales IM, Hagelstrom RT, Beaudry C, Choudhary A, Sima C, Tibes R, Mousses S, Azorsa DO. RNAi phenotype profiling of kinases identifies potential therapeutic targets in Ewing's sarcoma. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:218. [PMID: 20718987 PMCID: PMC2933621 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ewing's sarcomas are aggressive musculoskeletal tumors occurring most frequently in the long and flat bones as a solitary lesion mostly during the teen-age years of life. With current treatments, significant number of patients relapse and survival is poor for those with metastatic disease. As part of novel target discovery in Ewing's sarcoma, we applied RNAi mediated phenotypic profiling to identify kinase targets involved in growth and survival of Ewing's sarcoma cells. Results Four Ewing's sarcoma cell lines TC-32, TC-71, SK-ES-1 and RD-ES were tested in high throughput-RNAi screens using a siRNA library targeting 572 kinases. Knockdown of 25 siRNAs reduced the growth of all four Ewing's sarcoma cell lines in replicate screens. Of these, 16 siRNA were specific and reduced proliferation of Ewing's sarcoma cells as compared to normal fibroblasts. Secondary validation and preliminary mechanistic studies highlighted the kinases STK10 and TNK2 as having important roles in growth and survival of Ewing's sarcoma cells. Furthermore, knockdown of STK10 and TNK2 by siRNA showed increased apoptosis. Conclusion In summary, RNAi-based phenotypic profiling proved to be a powerful gene target discovery strategy, leading to successful identification and validation of STK10 and TNK2 as two novel potential therapeutic targets for Ewing's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Arora
- Pharmaceutical Genomic Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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Gene expression analysis reveals a different transcriptomic landscape in female and male breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 127:601-10. [PMID: 20625818 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a poorly characterized disease because of its rarity. Clinical management is based on results obtained from randomized trials conducted in women notwithstanding data in the literature suggesting relevant gender-associated differences in terms of biological and clinical behavior. However, a genome-wide characterization of MBC on a transcriptional level is lacking. In this study, gene expression profiles of 37 estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MBC specimens were compared to that of 53 ER+ Female Breast Cancer (FBC) samples similar for clinical and patho-biological features. Almost 1000 genes were found differentially expressed (FDR < 1%) between female and male patients and biological interpretation highlighted a gender-associated modulation of key biological processes ranging from energy metabolism to regulation of translation and matrix remodeling as well as immune system recruitment. Moreover, an analysis of genes correlated to steroid receptors and ERBB2 suggested a prominent role for the androgen receptor in MBC with a minor relevance for progesterone receptor and ERBB2, although, similarly to FBC, a genomic amplification could be observed. Our findings support the idea that breast cancer is a quite different disease in male and female patients and the underlying gender-related biological differences are likely to have clinical implications connected with different susceptibility to treatment.
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Mahajan K, Mahajan NP. Shepherding AKT and androgen receptor by Ack1 tyrosine kinase. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:327-33. [PMID: 20432460 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ack1 (also known as ACK, TNK2, or activated Cdc42 kinase) is a structurally unique non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed in diverse cell types. It integrates signals from plethora of ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), for example, MERTK, EGFR, HER2, PDGFR and insulin receptor to initiate intracellular signaling cascades. Ack1 transduces extracellular signals to cytosolic and nuclear effectors such as the protein kinase AKT/PKB and androgen receptor (AR), to promote cell survival and growth. While tyrosine phosphorylation of AR at Tyr267 regulates androgen-independent recruitment of AR to the androgen-responsive enhancers and transcription of AR target genes to drive prostate cancer progression, phosphorylation of an evolutionarily conserved Tyrosine 176 in the kinase domain of AKT is essential for mitotic progression and positively correlates with breast cancer progression. In contrast to AR and AKT, Ack1-mediated phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor Wwox at Tyr287 lead to rapid Wwox polyubiquitination followed by degradation. Thus, by its ability to promote tumor growth by negatively regulating tumor suppressor such as Wwox and positively regulating pro-survival factors such as AKT and AR, Ack1 is emerging as a critical player in cancer biology. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the physiological functions of Ack1 signaling in normal cells and the consequences of its hyperactivation in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Mahajan
- Drug Discovery Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Ghosh P, Beas AO, Bornheimer SJ, Garcia-Marcos M, Forry EP, Johannson C, Ear J, Jung BH, Cabrera B, Carethers JM, Farquhar MG. A G{alpha}i-GIV molecular complex binds epidermal growth factor receptor and determines whether cells migrate or proliferate. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2338-54. [PMID: 20462955 PMCID: PMC2893996 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-01-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells do not proliferate and vice versa, but the mechanism involved remains unknown. Ghosh et al. reveal how this cellular decision is made by showing that a Gαi–GIV molecular complex interacts with EGF receptor and programs growth factor signaling, triggering migration when assembled and favoring mitosis when assembly is prevented. Cells respond to growth factors by either migrating or proliferating, but not both at the same time, a phenomenon termed migration-proliferation dichotomy. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon has remained unknown. We demonstrate here that Gαi protein and GIV, its nonreceptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), program EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling and orchestrate this dichotomy. GIV directly interacts with EGFR, and when its GEF function is intact, a Gαi–GIV–EGFR signaling complex assembles, EGFR autophosphorylation is enhanced, and the receptor's association with the plasma membrane (PM) is prolonged. Accordingly, PM-based motogenic signals (PI3-kinase-Akt and PLCγ1) are amplified, and cell migration is triggered. In cells expressing a GEF-deficient mutant, the Gαi–GIV-EGFR signaling complex is not assembled, EGFR autophosphorylation is reduced, the receptor's association with endosomes is prolonged, mitogenic signals (ERK 1/2, Src, and STAT5) are amplified, and cell proliferation is triggered. In rapidly growing, poorly motile breast and colon cancer cells and in noninvasive colorectal carcinomas in situ in which EGFR signaling favors mitosis over motility, a GEF-deficient splice variant of GIV was identified. In slow growing, highly motile cancer cells and late invasive carcinomas, GIV is highly expressed and has an intact GEF motif. Thus, inclusion or exclusion of GIV's GEF motif, which activates Gαi, modulates EGFR signaling, generates migration-proliferation dichotomy, and most likely influences cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Freier K, Hofele C, Knoepfle K, Gross M, Devens F, Dyckhoff G, Plinkert P, Lichter P, Herold-Mende C. Cytogenetic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines as model systems for the functional analyses of tumor-associated genes. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 39:382-9. [PMID: 20149059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a solid malignant neoplasm exhibiting aggressive phenotypes and high recurrence rates. To improve its clinical management, understanding the molecular basis of HNSCC development is of critical importance. For the investigation of tumor-associated genes, functional analyses in well-characterized tumor cell systems are required. To establish an experimental platform, a set of 20 HNSCC cell lines was screened for genetic imbalances by chromosomal comparative genomic hybridization (cCGH). Frequent DNA copy number gains were detected on 3q26.3-qter, 5p, 7p11-p13, 8q23-qter, 9p11-p13, 9q31-qter, 11q13 and 20q13.1, whereas copy number losses were found on 3p, 4p, 4q32.1-qter, 8p11-p12 and 18q22 in agreement with previous observations on genetic aberrations detected in primary HNSCC specimens. Subsequent mRNA expression analysis of 11q13 candidate genes CCND1 and CTTN revealed that HNSCC cell lines exhibiting a DNA copy number gain on 11q13 had a higher transcript level of CCND1 and CTTN compared with HNSCC cell lines without 11q13 copy number gain (P = 0.014 and P = 0.009, respectively). Furthermore, CCND1 and CTTN amplification as detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization correlated with protein expression as assessed by immunocytochemistry. In summary, the cytogenetic characterization illustrates that this set of HNSCC cell lines is representative for the HNSCC genome and provides tumor model systems for detailed analysis of genes with a possible role in the pathomechanism of head and neck tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolja Freier
- Abteilung Molekulare Genetik (B060), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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Pao-Chun L, Chan PM, Chan W, Manser E. Cytoplasmic ACK1 interaction with multiple receptor tyrosine kinases is mediated by Grb2: an analysis of ACK1 effects on Axl signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34954-63. [PMID: 19815557 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.072660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ACK1 (activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1), a cytoplsmic tyrosine kinase, is implicated in metastatic behavior, cell spreading and migration, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. The function of ACK1 in the regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases requires a C-terminal region that demonstrates a significant homology to the EGFR binding domain of MIG6. In this study, we have identified additional receptor tyrosine kinases, including Axl, leukocyte tyrosine kinase, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase, that can bind to the ACK1/MIG6 homology region. Unlike the interaction between MIG6 and EGFR, our data suggest that these receptor tyrosine kinases require the adaptor protein Grb2 for efficient binding, which interacts with highly conserved proline-rich regions that are conserved between ACK1 and MIG6. We have focused on Axl and compared how ACK1/Axl differs from the ACK1/EGFR axis by investigating effects of knockdown of endogenous ACK1. Although EGFR activation promotes ACK1 turnover, Axl activation by GAS6 does not; interestingly, the reciprocal down-regulation of GAS6-stimulated Axl is blocked by removing ACK1. Thus, ACK1 functions in part to control Axl receptor levels. Silencing of ACK1 also leads to diminished ruffling and migration in DU145 and COS7 cells upon GAS6-Axl signaling. The ability of ACK1 to modulate Axl and perhaps anaplastic lymphoma kinase (altered in anaplastic large cell lymphomas) might explain why ACK1 can promote metastatic and transformed behavior in a number of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Pao-Chun
- sGSK Group, Astar-Neuroscience Research Partnership, and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
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Remsing Rix LL, Rix U, Colinge J, Hantschel O, Bennett KL, Stranzl T, Müller A, Baumgartner C, Valent P, Augustin M, Till JH, Superti-Furga G. Global target profile of the kinase inhibitor bosutinib in primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia 2008; 23:477-85. [PMID: 19039322 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The detailed molecular mechanism of action of second-generation BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including perturbed targets and pathways, should contribute to rationalized therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or in other affected diseases. Here, we characterized the target profile of the dual SRC/ABL inhibitor bosutinib employing a two-tiered approach using chemical proteomics to identify natural binders in whole cell lysates of primary CML and K562 cells in parallel to in vitro kinase assays against a large recombinant kinase panel. The combined strategy resulted in a global survey of bosutinib targets comprised of over 45 novel tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases. We have found clear differences in the target patterns of bosutinib in primary CML cells versus the K562 cell line. A comparison of bosutinib with dasatinib across the whole kinase panel revealed overlapping, but distinct, inhibition profiles. Common among those were the SRC, ABL and TEC family kinases. Bosutinib did not inhibit KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor, but prominently targeted the apoptosis-linked STE20 kinases. Although in vivo bosutinib is inactive against ABL T315I, we found this clinically important mutant to be enzymatically inhibited in the mid-nanomolar range. Finally, bosutinib is the first kinase inhibitor shown to target CAMK2G, recently implicated in myeloid leukemia cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Remsing Rix
- Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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