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Knight R, Kilpatrick LE, Hill SJ, Stocks MJ. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a New Chemotype Fluorescent Ligand for the P2Y 2 Receptor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:1127-1135. [PMID: 39015271 PMCID: PMC11247638 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) is a target for diseases including cancer, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and atherosclerosis. However, there are insufficient P2Y2R antagonists available for validating P2Y2R function and future drug development. Evaluation of how (R)-5-(7-chloro-2-((2-ethoxyethyl)amino)-4H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-d]thiazol-4-yl)-1-methyl-4-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one, a previously published thiazole-based analogue of AR-C118925, binds in a P2Y2R homology model was used to design new P2Y2R antagonist scaffolds. One P2Y2R antagonist scaffold retained millimolar affinity for the P2Y2R and upon further functionalization with terminal carboxylic acid groups affinity was improved over 100-fold. This functionalized P2Y2R antagonist scaffold was employed to develop new chemotype P2Y2R fluorescent ligands, that were attainable in a convergent five-step synthesis. One of these fluorescent ligands demonstrated micromolar affinity (pK d = 6.02 ± 0.12, n = 5) for the P2Y2R in isolated cell membranes and distinct pharmacology from an existing P2Y2R fluorescent antagonist, suggesting it may occupy a different binding site on the P2Y2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Knight
- Division
of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
- Centre
of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K.
| | - Laura E. Kilpatrick
- Division
of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
- Centre
of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Centre
of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K.
- Division
of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.
| | - Michael J. Stocks
- Division
of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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Mull ML, Pratt SJP, Thompson KN, Annis DA, Gad AA, Lee RM, Chang KT, Stemberger MB, Ju JA, Gilchrist DE, Boyman L, Vitolo MI, Lederer WJ, Martin SS. Disruption of P2Y2 signaling promotes breast tumor cell dissemination by reducing ATP-dependent calcium elevation and actin localization to cell junctions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.31.533191. [PMID: 37034765 PMCID: PMC10081304 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.533191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment and wound healing after injury both contain extremely high concentrations of the extracellular signaling molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) compared to normal tissue. P2Y2 receptor, an ATP-activated purinergic receptor, is typically associated with pulmonary, endothelial, and neurological cell signaling. Here we report its role and importance in breast epithelial cell signaling and how it is altered in metastatic breast cancer. In response to ATP activation, P2Y2 receptor signaling causes an increase of intracellular Ca 2+ in non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells, while their tumorigenic and metastatic counterparts have significantly reduced Ca 2+ responses. The non-tumorigenic cells respond to increased Ca 2+ with actin polymerization and localization to cell edges, while the metastatic cells remained unaffected. The increase in intracellular Ca 2+ after ATP stimulation was blunted using a P2Y2 antagonist, which also prevented actin mobilization and caused cell dissemination from spheroids in non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells. Furthermore, the lack of Ca 2+ concentration changes and actin mobilization in the metastatic breast cancer cells could be due to reduced P2Y2 expression, which correlates with poorer overall survival in breast cancer patients. This study elucidates rapid changes that occur after elevated intracellular Ca 2+ in breast epithelial cells and how metastatic cancer cells have adapted to evade this cellular response.
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Pawlowska R, Radzikowska-Cieciura E, Jafari S, Fastyn J, Korkus E, Gendaszewska-Darmach E, Zhao G, Snaar-Jagalska E, Chworos A. Double-modified, thio and methylene ATP analogue facilitates wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13148. [PMID: 38849425 PMCID: PMC11161507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent data indicate that extracellular ATP affects wound healing efficacy via P2Y2-dependent signaling pathway. In the current work, we propose double-modified ATP analogue-alpha-thio-beta,gamma-methylene-ATP as a potential therapeutic agent for a skin regeneration. For the better understanding of structure-activity relationship, beside tested ATP analogues, the appropriate single-modified derivatives of target compound, such as alpha-thio-ATP and beta,gamma-methylene-ATP, were also tested in the context of their involvement in the activation of ATP-dependent purinergic signaling pathway via the P2Y2 receptor. The diastereomerically pure alpha-thio-modified-ATP derivatives were obtained using the oxathiaphospholane method as separate SP and RP diastereomers. Both the single- and double- modified ATP analogues were then tested for their impact on the viability and migration of human keratinocytes. The involvement of P2Y2-dependent purinergic signaling was analyzed in silico by molecular docking of the tested compounds to the P2Y2 receptor and experimentally by studying intracellular calcium mobilization in the human keratinocytes HaCaT. The effects obtained for ATP analogues were compared with the results for ATP as a natural P2Y2 agonist. To confirm the contribution of the P2Y2 receptor to the observed effects, the tests were also performed in the presence of the selective P2Y2 antagonist-AR-C118925XX. The ability of the alpha-thio-beta,gamma-methylene-ATP to influence cell migration was analyzed in vitro on the model HaCaT and MDA-MB-231 cells by wound healing assay and transwell migration test as well as in vivo using zebrafish system. The impact on tissue regeneration was estimated based on the regrowth rate of cut zebrafish tails. The in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the SP-alpha-thio-beta,gamma-methylene-ATP analogue promotes regeneration-related processes, making it a suitable agent for enhance wound healing. Performed studies indicated its impact on the cell migration, induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and intracellular calcium mobilization. The enhanced regeneration of cut zebrafish tails confirmed the pro-regenerative activity of this ATP analogue. Based on the performed studies, the SP-alpha-thio-beta,gamma-methylene-ATP is proposed as a potential therapeutic agent for wound healing and skin regeneration treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Pawlowska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ewa Radzikowska-Cieciura
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sepideh Jafari
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
- BioMedChem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and the Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Fastyn
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537, Lodz, Poland
| | - Eliza Korkus
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537, Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537, Lodz, Poland
| | - Gangyin Zhao
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ewa Snaar-Jagalska
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arkadiusz Chworos
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
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Hotani A, Kitabatake K, Tsukimoto M. Extracellular Guanosine and Guanine Nucleotides Decrease Viability of Human Breast Cancer SKBR-3 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:14-22. [PMID: 37880111 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Though the physiological effects of adenosine and adenine nucleotides on purinergic receptors in cancer cells have been well studied, the influence of extracellular guanosine and guanine nucleotides on breast cancer cells remains unclear. Here, we show that extracellular guanosine and guanine nucleotides decrease the viability and proliferation of human breast cancer SKBR-3 cells. Treatment with guanosine or guanine nucleotides increased mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and modified the cell cycle. Guanosine-induced cell death was suppressed by treatment with adenosine or the equilibrium nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1/2 inhibitor dipyridamole, but was not affected by adenosine receptor agonists or antagonists. These results suggest that guanosine inhibits adenosine uptake through ENT1/2, but does not antagonize adenosine receptors. In contrast, guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-induced cell death was suppressed not only by adenosine and dipyridamole, but also by the A1 receptor agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), suggesting that GTP-induced cell death is mediated in part by an antagonistic effect on adenosine A1 receptor. Thus, both guanosine and GTP induce apoptosis of breast cancer cells, but via at least partially different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Hotani
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kazuki Kitabatake
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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Huo A, Xiong X. PAICS as a potential target for cancer therapy linking purine biosynthesis to cancer progression. Life Sci 2023; 331:122070. [PMID: 37673296 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells are required to undergo metabolic reprogramming for rapid development and progression, and one of the metabolic characteristics of cancer cells is the excessive synthesis and utilization of nucleotides. Abnormally increased nucleotides and their metabolites not only directly accelerate tumor cell progression but also indirectly act on stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) via a paracrine manner to regulate tumor progression. Purine nucleotides are mainly produced via de novo nucleotide synthesis in tumor cells; therefore, intervening in their synthesis has emerged as a promising strategy in anti-tumor therapy. De novo purine synthesis is a 10-step reaction catalyzed by six enzymes to synthesize inosine 5-monophosphate (IMP) and subsequently synthesize AMP and GMP. Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase/phosphori-bosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase (PAICS) is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes de novo purine synthesis. Aberrantly elevated PAICS expression in various tumors is associated with poor prognosis. Evidence suggests that PAICS and its catalytic product, N-succinylcarboxamide-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (SAICAR), could inhibit tumor cell apoptosis and promote the growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis by regulating signaling pathways such as pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and so on. This review summarizes the structure, biological functions and the molecular mechanisms of PAICS in cancer development and discusses its potential to be a target for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Huo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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6
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Cui Y, Li C, Zeng X, Wei X, Li P, Cheng J, Xu Q, Yang Y. ATP purinergic receptor signalling promotes Sca-1 + cell proliferation and migration for vascular remodelling. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:173. [PMID: 37430253 PMCID: PMC10332060 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular resident stem cells expressing stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1+ cells) promote vascular regeneration and remodelling following injury through migration, proliferation and differentiation. The aim of this study was to examine the contributions of ATP signalling through purinergic receptor type 2 (P2R) isoforms in promoting Sca-1+ cell migration and proliferation after vascular injury and to elucidate the main downstream signalling pathways. METHODS AND RESULTS ATP-evoked changes in isolated Sca-1+ cell migration were examined by transwell assays, proliferation by viable cell counting assays and intracellular Ca2+ signalling by fluorometry, while receptor subtype contributions and downstream signals were examined by pharmacological or genetic inhibition, immunofluorescence, Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR. These mechanisms were further examined in mice harbouring TdTomato-labelled Sca-1+ cells with and without Sca-1+-targeted P2R knockout following femoral artery guidewire injury. Stimulation with ATP promoted cultured Sca-1+ cell migration, induced intracellular free calcium elevations primarily via P2Y2R stimulation and accelerated proliferation mainly via P2Y6R stimulation. Enhanced migration was inhibited by the ERK blocker PD98059 or P2Y2R-shRNA, while enhanced proliferation was inhibited by the P38 inhibitor SB203580. Femoral artery guidewire injury of the neointima increased the number of TdTomato-labelled Sca-1+ cells, neointimal area and the ratio of neointimal area to media area at 3 weeks post-injury, and all of these responses were reduced by P2Y2R knockdown. CONCLUSIONS ATP induces Sca-1+ cell migration through the P2Y2R-Ca2+-ERK signalling pathway, and enhances proliferation through the P2Y6R-P38-MAPK signalling pathway. Both pathways are essential for vascular remodelling following injury. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Cui
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Chunshu Li
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xinyi Zeng
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Pengyun Li
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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7
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Mata-Martínez E, Gonzalez-Gallardo A, Díaz-Muñoz M, Vázquez-Cuevas FG. Purinergic Activation of Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) Regulates Cell Migration in Metastatic Ovarian Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:944. [PMID: 37513856 PMCID: PMC10384695 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is an important process in calcium signaling. Its role in physiological and pathological events is well recognized. However, in cancerous systems, the importance of SOCE in relation to the degree of cancer aggressiveness, as well as its regulation by ligands such as purinergic molecules, are not well documented. This study aimed to characterize a differential effect of the P2Y2 receptor (promoted by UTP of 10 µM and inhibited by ARC118925XX of 1 µM) on intracellular calcium response between metastatic (SKOV-3) and non-metastatic (CAOV-3) ovarian cell lines in conditions of normal (1.5 mM) and zero extracellular calcium concentration. The sustained calcium influx observed exclusively in SKOV-3 cells was associated with the presence of SOCE (promoted by thapsigargin (74.81 ± 0.94 ΔF) and sensitive to 2-APB (20.60 ± 0.85 ΔF)), whereas its absence in CAOV-3 cells (26.2 ± 6.1 ΔF) was correlated with a low expression of ORAI1. The relevance of SOCE in metastatic SKOV-3 cells was further corroborated when 2-APB significantly inhibited (40.4 ± 2.8% of covered area) UTP-induced cell migration (54.6 ± 3.7% of covered area). In conclusion, our data suggest that SOCE activation elicited by the P2Y2 receptor is involved in the aggressiveness of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Mata-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla#3001, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Adriana Gonzalez-Gallardo
- Unidad de Proteogenómica, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla#3001, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla#3001, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Francisco G Vázquez-Cuevas
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla#3001, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
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8
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Tomas Bort E, Joseph MD, Wang Q, Carter EP, Roth NJ, Gibson J, Samadi A, Kocher HM, Simoncelli S, McCormick PJ, Grose RP. Purinergic GPCR-integrin interactions drive pancreatic cancer cell invasion. eLife 2023; 12:e86971. [PMID: 36942939 PMCID: PMC10069867 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to show no improvement in survival rates. One aspect of PDAC is elevated ATP levels, pointing to the purinergic axis as a potential attractive therapeutic target. Mediated in part by highly druggable extracellular proteins, this axis plays essential roles in fibrosis, inflammation response, and immune function. Analyzing the main members of the PDAC extracellular purinome using publicly available databases discerned which members may impact patient survival. P2RY2 presents as the purinergic gene with the strongest association with hypoxia, the highest cancer cell-specific expression, and the strongest impact on overall survival. Invasion assays using a 3D spheroid model revealed P2Y2 to be critical in facilitating invasion driven by extracellular ATP. Using genetic modification and pharmacological strategies, we demonstrate mechanistically that this ATP-driven invasion requires direct protein-protein interactions between P2Y2 and αV integrins. DNA-PAINT super-resolution fluorescence microscopy reveals that P2Y2 regulates the amount and distribution of integrin αV in the plasma membrane. Moreover, receptor-integrin interactions were required for effective downstream signaling, leading to cancer cell invasion. This work elucidates a novel GPCR-integrin interaction in cancer invasion, highlighting its potential for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tomas Bort
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Megan D Joseph
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Qiaoying Wang
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward P Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicolas J Roth
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jessica Gibson
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ariana Samadi
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Simoncelli
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J McCormick
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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9
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Wang Z, Zhu S, Tan S, Zeng Y, Zeng H. The P2 purinoceptors in prostate cancer. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:255-263. [PMID: 35771310 PMCID: PMC9984634 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
P2 purinoceptors are composed of ligand-gated ion channel type (P2X receptor) and G protein-coupled metabolite type (P2Y receptor). Both these receptors have played important roles in the prostate cancer microenvironment in recent years. P2X and P2Y receptors can contribute to prostate cancer's growth and invasiveness. However, the comprehensive mechanisms have yet to be identified. By summarizing the relevant studies, we believe that P2X and P2Y receptors play a dual role in cancer cell growth depending on the prostate cancer microenvironment and different downstream signalling pathways. We also summarized how different signalling pathways contribute to tumor invasiveness and metastasis through P2X and P2Y receptors, focusing on understanding the specific mechanisms led by P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y2. Statins may reduce and prevent tumor progression through P2X7 so that P2X purinergic receptors may have clinical implications in the management of prostate cancer. Furthermore, P2X7 receptors can aid in the early detection of prostate cancer. We hope that this review will provide new insights for future mechanistic and clinical investigations into the role of P2 purinergic receptors in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Wang
- The Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sha Zhu
- The Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sirui Tan
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Cancer Center, Chengdu, West China, China
| | - Yuhao Zeng
- The Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- The Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Suwara J, Radzikowska-Cieciura E, Chworos A, Pawlowska R. The ATP-dependent Pathways and Human Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1232-1255. [PMID: 35319356 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220322104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the most important molecules of life, present both inside the cells and extracellularly. It is an essential building block for nucleic acids biosynthesis and crucial intracellular energy storage. However, one of the most interesting functions of ATP is the role of a signaling molecule. Numerous studies indicate the involvement of ATP-dependent pathways in maintaining the proper functioning of individual tissues and organs. Herein, the latest data indicating the ATP function in the network of intra- and extracellular signaling pathways including purinergic signaling, MAP kinase pathway, mTOR and calcium signaling are collected. The main ATP-dependent processes maintaining the proper functioning of the nervous, cardiovascular and immune systems, as well as skin and bones, are summarized. The disturbances in the ATP amount, its cellular localization, or interaction with target elements may induce pathological changes in signaling pathways leading to the development of serious diseases. The impact of an ATP imbalance on the development of dangerous health dysfunctions such as neurodegeneration diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancers and immune pathogenesis are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Suwara
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Radzikowska-Cieciura
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Chworos
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Roza Pawlowska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
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11
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Jasmer KJ, Muñoz Forti K, Woods LT, Cha S, Weisman GA. Therapeutic potential for P2Y 2 receptor antagonism. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09900-3. [PMID: 36219327 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are the target of more than 30% of all FDA-approved drug therapies. Though the purinergic P2 receptors have been an attractive target for therapeutic intervention with successes such as the P2Y12 receptor antagonist, clopidogrel, P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) antagonism remains relatively unexplored as a therapeutic strategy. Due to a lack of selective antagonists to modify P2Y2R activity, studies using primarily genetic manipulation have revealed roles for P2Y2R in a multitude of diseases. These include inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, fibrotic diseases, renal diseases, cancer, and pathogenic infections. With the advent of AR-C118925, a selective and potent P2Y2R antagonist that became commercially available only a few years ago, new opportunities exist to gain a more robust understanding of P2Y2R function and assess therapeutic effects of P2Y2R antagonism. This review discusses the characteristics of P2Y2R that make it unique among P2 receptors, namely its involvement in five distinct signaling pathways including canonical Gαq protein signaling. We also discuss the effects of other P2Y2R antagonists and the pivotal development of AR-C118925. The remainder of this review concerns the mounting evidence implicating P2Y2Rs in disease pathogenesis, focusing on those studies that have evaluated AR-C118925 in pre-clinical disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Jasmer
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lucas T Woods
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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12
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Aria H, Rezaei M, Nazem S, Daraei A, Nikfar G, Mansoori B, Bahmanyar M, Tavassoli A, Vakil MK, Mansoori Y. Purinergic receptors are a key bottleneck in tumor metabolic reprogramming: The prime suspect in cancer therapeutic resistance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947885. [PMID: 36072596 PMCID: PMC9444135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP and other nucleoside phosphates have specific receptors named purinergic receptors. Purinergic receptors and ectonucleotidases regulate various signaling pathways that play a role in physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular ATP in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has a higher level than in normal tissues and plays a role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. In this review, we investigated the role of purinergic receptors in the development of resistance to therapy through changes in tumor cell metabolism. When a cell transforms to neoplasia, its metabolic processes change. The metabolic reprogramming modified metabolic feature of the TME, that can cause impeding immune surveillance and promote cancer growth. The purinergic receptors contribute to therapy resistance by modifying cancer cells' glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Limiting the energy supply of cancer cells is one approach to overcoming resistance. Glycolysis inhibitors which reduce intracellular ATP levels may make cancer cells more susceptible to anti-cancer therapies. The loss of the P2X7R through glucose intolerance and decreased fatty acid metabolism reduces therapeutic resistance. Potential metabolic blockers that can be employed in combination with other therapies will aid in the discovery of new anti-cancer immunotherapy to overcome therapy resistance. Therefore, therapeutic interventions that are considered to inhibit cancer cell metabolism and purinergic receptors simultaneously can potentially reduce resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Aria
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shima Nazem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ghasem Nikfar
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Behnam Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahmanyar
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Alireza Tavassoli
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazem Vakil
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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13
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Cardoso TC, Rocha MA, Monteiro MMLV, Alves VS, Savio LEB, Silva CLM. The blockage of downstream P2Y 2 receptor signaling inhibits the prostate cancer cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Life Sci 2022; 306:120793. [PMID: 35850244 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prostate cancer is the second most frequently malignancy in men worldwide. Most deaths are caused by metastasis, and tumor cell dissemination involves the interaction with endothelial cells. However, the endothelial cell signaling involved in such interaction is not entirely understood. The tumor microenvironment contains extracellular ATP, an endogenous agonist of the purinergic P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R). P2Y2R signaling changes endothelial cell phenotype, which may be relevant to cancer pathophysiology. Therefore, we hypothesized that P2Y2R activation could favor the metastatic prostate cancer cells adhesion to endothelial cells. MAIN METHODS For adhesion assays, confluent endothelial cells EA.hy926 were treated with P2Y2R agonists before adding and imaging stained DU-145 cells. Alternatively, fluorescent probes and antibodies were used to determine intracellular endothelial Ca2+, nitric oxide (NO), and flow cytometry assays. KEY FINDINGS Endothelial P2Y2R activation with ATP, UTP, or the selective agonist 2-thio-UTP increased DU-145 cell adhesion to EA.hy926 cells. This effect required endothelial cell Ca2+ mobilization and relied on the endothelial expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Conversely, inhibiting this proadhesive endothelial phenotype could impair DU-145 cell adhesion. To evaluate this, we chose atorvastatin based on its notable improvement of endothelial cell dysfunction. Atorvastatin blocked UTP-induced DU-145 cell adhesion to endothelial cell monolayer in a NO-dependent manner, unveiling a P2Y2R and NO signaling crosstalk. SIGNIFICANCE Endothelial P2Y2R signaling contributes to the adhesion of metastatic prostate cancer cells suggesting that the downstream signaling blockade by statins could be a putative mechanism to reduce prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassya Cataldi Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marianna Araujo Rocha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus M L V Monteiro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Santos Alves
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Lucia Martins Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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14
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Henningsen MB, McWhan K, Dam VS, Mele M, Hauerslev KR, Voss NCS, Dabir PD, Balling E, Pedersen HL, Vahl P, Johansen T, Tramm T, Christiansen PM, Boedtkjer E. Amplified Ca 2+ dynamics and accelerated cell proliferation in breast cancer tissue during purinergic stimulation. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1150-1165. [PMID: 35657342 PMCID: PMC9544627 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ dynamics shape malignant behaviors of cancer cells. Whereas previous studies focused on cultured cancer cells, we here used breast organoids and colonic crypts freshly isolated from human and murine surgical biopsies. We performed fluorescence microscopy to evaluate intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in breast and colon cancer tissue with preferential focus on intracellular Ca2+ release in response to purinergic and cholinergic stimuli. Inhibition of the sarco‐/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase with cyclopiazonic acid elicited larger Ca2+ responses in breast cancer tissue, but not in colon cancer tissue, relative to respective normal tissue. The resting intracellular Ca2+ concentration was elevated, and ATP, UTP and acetylcholine induced strongly augmented intracellular Ca2+ responses in breast cancer tissue compared with normal breast tissue. In contrast, resting intracellular Ca2+ levels and acetylcholine‐induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were unaffected and ATP‐ and UTP‐induced Ca2+ responses were smaller in colon cancer tissue compared with normal colon tissue. In accordance with the amplified Ca2+ responses, ATP and UTP substantially increased proliferative activity—evaluated by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation—in breast cancer tissue, whereas the effect was minimal in normal breast tissue. ATP caused cell death—identified with ethidium homodimer‐1 staining—in breast cancer tissue only at concentrations above the expected pathophysiological range. We conclude that intracellular Ca2+ responses are amplified in breast cancer tissue, but not in colon cancer tissue, and that nucleotide signaling stimulates breast cancer cell proliferation within the extracellular concentration range typical for solid cancer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kezia McWhan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vibeke S Dam
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marco Mele
- Department of Surgery, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Katrine R Hauerslev
- Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ninna C S Voss
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Surgery, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Parag D Dabir
- Department on Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Eva Balling
- Department of Surgery, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Helene L Pedersen
- Department on Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Pernille Vahl
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tonje Johansen
- Department on Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Trine Tramm
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peer M Christiansen
- Department of Surgery, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark.,Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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15
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So CL, Meinert C, Xia Q, Robitaille M, Roberts-Thomson SJ, Monteith GR. Increased matrix stiffness suppresses ATP-induced sustained Ca2+ influx in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cell Calcium 2022; 104:102569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Mahmoudi A, Moadab F, Safdarian E, Navashenaq JG, Rezaee M, Gheibihayat SM. MicroRNAs and Efferocytosis: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2641-2660. [PMID: 35362375 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220330150937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
About 10-100 billion cells are generated in the human body in a day, and accordingly, 10-100 billion cells predominantly die for maintaining homeostasis. Dead cells generated by apoptosis are also rapidly engulfed by macrophages (Mθs) to be degraded. In case of the inefficient engulfment of apoptotic cells (ACs) via Mθs, they experience secondary necrosis and thus release intracellular materials, which display damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and result in diseases. Over the last decades, researchers have also reflected on the significant contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) to autoimmune diseases through the regulation of Mθs functions. Moreover, miRNAs have shown intricate involvement with completely adjusting basic Mθs functions, such as phagocytosis, inflammation, efferocytosis, tumor promotion, and tissue repair. In this review, the mechanism of efferocytosis containing "Find-Me", "Eat-Me", and "Digest-Me" signals is summarized and the biogenesis of miRNAs is briefly described. Finally, the role of miRNAs in efferocytosis is discussed. It is concluded that miRNAs represent promising treatments and diagnostic targets in impaired phagocytic clearance, which leads to different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of medical biotechnology and nanotechnology, faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical science, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moadab
- Medical student, Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Esmat Safdarian
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran;
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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17
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Lau CC, Aminuddin A, Chan KM, Paterson IC, Law LM, Ng PY. Extracellular ATP Induced S-Phase Cell Cycle Arrest via P2Y Receptor-Activated ERK Signaling in Poorly Differentiated Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma SAS Cells. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1170. [PMID: 34833046 PMCID: PMC8624497 DOI: 10.3390/life11111170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP in the tumor microenvironment exhibits either pro- or antitumor effect via interaction with P2Y receptors, but the intracellular signaling and functional roles of P2Y receptors in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are unclear. We aimed to study the effect of ATP on OSCC cell lines and the potential mechanisms involved. Through GEPIA dataset analysis, high expression levels of mRNA encoding P2Y receptors, the ATP-induced G protein-coupled receptors, were associated with better overall patient survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. qPCR analysis showed that the poorly differentiated OSCC SAS cell line, had higher P2RY1 expression level compared to the well-differentiated H103 and H376 cell lines. Western blotting and flow cytometry analyses revealed that ATP phosphorylated ERK and elevated intracellular calcium signaling in all tested cell lines. A significant S-phase cell cycle arrest was observed in SAS, and preincubation with the MEK inhibitor PD0325901 reversed the ATP-induced S-phase arrest. We further demonstrated that ATP induced a slight reduction in cell count and colony formation yet significant apoptosis in SAS. Overall, we postulate that the ATP-induced S-phase arrest effect in SAS cells may be regulated through P2Y receptor-mediated ERK signaling, thus suggesting a potential antitumor effect of ATP via interaction with its distinct profile of P2Y receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Chih Lau
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (C.C.L.); (A.A.); (L.M.L.)
| | - Amnani Aminuddin
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (C.C.L.); (A.A.); (L.M.L.)
| | - Kok Meng Chan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Ian C. Paterson
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Lok Mun Law
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (C.C.L.); (A.A.); (L.M.L.)
| | - Pei Yuen Ng
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (C.C.L.); (A.A.); (L.M.L.)
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18
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Jin H, Kim HJ. NK Cells Lose Their Cytotoxicity Function against Cancer Stem Cell-Rich Radiotherapy-Resistant Breast Cancer Cell Populations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9639. [PMID: 34502547 PMCID: PMC8431804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be induced from differentiated cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment or in response to treatments and exhibit chemo- and radioresistance, leading to tumor recurrence and metastasis. We previously reported that triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells with acquired radioresistance exhibited more aggressive features due to an increased CSC population. Therefore, here, we isolated CSCs from radiotherapy-resistant (RT-R)-TNBC cells and investigated the effects of these CSCs on tumor progression and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Compared to MDA-MB-231 and RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells, CD24-/low/CD44+ cells isolated from RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells showed increased proliferation, migration and invasion abilities, and induced expression of tumor progression-related molecules. Moreover, similar to MDA-MB-231 cells, CD24-/low/CD44+ cells recruited NK cells but suppressed NK cell cytotoxicity by regulating ligands for NK cell activation. In an in vivo model, CD24-/low/CD44+ cell-injected mice showed enhanced tumor progression and lung metastasis via upregulation of tumor progression-related molecules and altered host immune responses. Specifically, NK cells were recruited into the peritumoral area tumor but lost their cytotoxicity due to the altered expression of activating and inhibitory ligands on tumors. These results suggest that CSCs may cause tumor evasion of immune cells, resulting in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 816 Beongil 15 Jinjudaero, Jinju 52727, Korea;
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19
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Reyna-Jeldes M, Díaz-Muñoz M, Madariaga JA, Coddou C, Vázquez-Cuevas FG. Autocrine and paracrine purinergic signaling in the most lethal types of cancer. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:345-370. [PMID: 33982134 PMCID: PMC8410929 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer comprises a collection of diseases that occur in almost any tissue and it is characterized by an abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that results in tumor formation and propagation to other tissues, causing tissue and organ malfunction and death. Despite the undeniable improvement in cancer diagnostics and therapy, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic and preventive strategies with improved efficacy and fewer side effects. In this context, purinergic signaling emerges as an interesting candidate as a cancer biomarker or therapeutic target. There is abundant evidence that tumor cells have significant changes in the expression of purinergic receptors, which comprise the G-protein coupled P2Y and AdoR families of receptors and the ligand-gated ion channel P2X receptors. Tumor cells also exhibit changes in the expression of nucleotidases and other enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism, and the concentrations of extracellular nucleotides are significantly higher than those observed in normal cells. In this review, we will focus on the potential role of purinergic signaling in the ten most lethal cancers (lung, breast, colorectal, liver, stomach, prostate, cervical, esophagus, pancreas, and ovary), which together are responsible for more than 5 million annual deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reyna-Jeldes
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- Núcleo para el Estudio del Cáncer a nivel Básico, Aplicado y Clínico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - M Díaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - J A Madariaga
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Núcleo para el Estudio del Cáncer a nivel Básico, Aplicado y Clínico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - C Coddou
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile.
- Núcleo para el Estudio del Cáncer a nivel Básico, Aplicado y Clínico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - F G Vázquez-Cuevas
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, México.
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20
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Gong Y, Zhang P, Liu Z, Li J, Lu H, Wang Y, Qiu B, Wang M, Fei Y, Chen H, Peng L, Li J, Zhou J, Shi Q, Zhang X, Shen M, Zeng X, Zhang F, Zhang W. UPLC-MS based plasma metabolomics and lipidomics reveal alterations associated with IgG4-related disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:3252-3261. [PMID: 33341881 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) remains unclear. Metabolomic profiling of IgG4-RD patients offers an opportunity to identify novel pathophysiological targets and biomarkers. This study aims to identify potential plasma biomarkers associated with IgG4-RD. METHODS Thirty newly diagnosed IgG4-RD patients, age-matched healthy controls and post-treated IgG4-RD patients were enrolled. Patients' clinical data, laboratory parameters and plasma were collected. Plasma was measured for ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based metabolomics and lipidomics profiling. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were conducted to identify potential biomarkers. The receiver operating characteristic and the correlations between biomarkers and clinical parameters were investigated. RESULTS The plasma metabolites are altered among healthy controls, newly diagnosed IgG4-RD and post-treated IgG4-RD groups. Of the identified features, eight metabolites were significantly perturbed in the IgG4-RD group, including glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate (1,3-BPG), uridine triphosphate (UTP), uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc) or uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal), lysophospholipids, linoleic acid derivatives and ceramides. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that UTP, UDP-Glc/UDP-Gal and LysoPC (18:1) had high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of IgG4-RD. A Pearson correlation analysis showed that 1,3-BPG and UTP were strongly correlated with clinical parameters. CONCLUSION IgG4-RD patients have a unique plasma metabolomic profile compared with healthy controls. Our study suggested that metabolomic profiling may provide important insights into pathophysiology and testable biomarkers for diagnosis of IgG4-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Gong
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Jieqiong Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Yujie Wang
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Bintao Qiu
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Mu Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Fei
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Linyi Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Qun Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education & National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID)
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21
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Increased Extracellular Adenosine in Radiotherapy-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells Enhances Tumor Progression through A2AR-Akt-β-Catenin Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092105. [PMID: 33925516 PMCID: PMC8123845 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In our previous study, purinergic P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) activation by ATP was found to play an important role in tumor progression and metastasis by regulating various responses in cancer cells and modulating crosstalk between cancer cells and endothelial cells (ECs). Therefore, we expected that P2Y2R would play a critical role in radioresistance and enhanced tumor progression in radioresistant triple-negative breast cancer (RT-R-TNBC). However, interestingly, P2Y2R expression was slightly decreased in RT-R-TNBC cells, while the expression of A2AR was significantly increased both in RT-R-TNBC cells and in tumor tissues, especially triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) tissues of breast cancer (BC) patients. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and its signaling pathway in the progression of RT-R-TNBC. The results reveal for the first time the role of A2AR in the progression and metastasis of RT-R-BC cells and suggest that the adenosine (ADO)-activated intracellular A2AR signaling pathway is linked to the AKT-β-catenin pathway to regulate RT-R-BC cell invasiveness and metastasis. Abstract Recently, we found that the expressions of adenosine (ADO) receptors A2AR and A2BR and the ectonucleotidase CD73 which is needed for the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and the extracellular ADO level are increased in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells and RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells compared to normal cells or non-TNBC cells. The expression of A2AR, but not A2BR, is significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues, especially TNBC tissues, compared to normal epithelial tissues. Therefore, we further investigated the role of ADO-activated A2AR and its signaling pathway in the progression of RT-R-TNBC. ADO treatment induced MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion, which were enhanced in RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells in an A2AR-dependent manner. A2AR activation by ADO induced AKT phosphorylation and then β-catenin, Snail, and vimentin expression, and these effects were abolished by A2AR-siRNA transfection. In an in vivo animal study, compared to 4T1-injected mice, RT-R-4T1-injected mice exhibited significantly increased tumor growth and lung metastasis, which were decreased by A2AR-knockdown. The upregulation of phospho-AKT, β-catenin, Snail, and vimentin expression in mice injected with RT-R-4T1 cells was also attenuated in mice injected with RT-R-4T1-A2AR-shRNA cells. These results suggest that A2AR is significantly upregulated in BC tissues, especially TNBC tissues, and ADO-mediated A2AR activation is involved in RT-R-TNBC invasion and metastasis through the AKT-β-catenin pathway.
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Lee D, Hong JH. Ca 2+ Signaling as the Untact Mode during Signaling in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1473. [PMID: 33806911 PMCID: PMC8004807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic features of breast cancer in the brain are considered a common pathology in female patients with late-stage breast cancer. Ca2+ signaling and the overexpression pattern of Ca2+ channels have been regarded as oncogenic markers of breast cancer. In other words, breast tumor development can be mediated by inhibiting Ca2+ channels. Although the therapeutic potential of inhibiting Ca2+ channels against breast cancer has been demonstrated, the relationship between breast cancer metastasis and Ca2+ channels is not yet understood. Thus, we focused on the metastatic features of breast cancer and summarized the basic mechanisms of Ca2+-related proteins and channels during the stages of metastatic breast cancer by evaluating Ca2+ signaling. In particular, we highlighted the metastasis of breast tumors to the brain. Thus, modulating Ca2+ channels with Ca2+ channel inhibitors and combined applications will advance treatment strategies for breast cancer metastasis to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea;
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Zefferino R, Piccoli C, Di Gioia S, Capitanio N, Conese M. How Cells Communicate with Each Other in the Tumor Microenvironment: Suggestions to Design Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052550. [PMID: 33806300 PMCID: PMC7961918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexin- and pannexin (Panx)-formed hemichannels (HCs) and gap junctions (GJs) operate an interaction with the extracellular matrix and GJ intercellular communication (GJIC), and on account of this they are involved in cancer onset and progression towards invasiveness and metastatization. When we deal with cancer, it is not correct to omit the immune system, as well as neglecting its role in resisting or succumbing to formation and progression of incipient neoplasia until the formation of micrometastasis, nevertheless what really occurs in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which are the main players and which are the tumor or body allies, is still unclear. The goal of this article is to discuss how the pivotal players act, which can enhance or contrast cancer progression during two important process: "Activating Invasion and Metastasis" and the "Avoiding Immune Destruction", with a particular emphasis on the interplay among GJIC, Panx-HCs, and the purinergic system in the TME without disregarding the inflammasome and cytokines thereof derived. In particular, the complex and contrasting roles of Panx1/P2X7R signalosome in tumor facilitation and/or inhibition is discussed in regard to the early/late phases of the carcinogenesis. Finally, considering this complex interplay in the TME between cancer cells, stromal cells, immune cells, and focusing on their means of communication, we should be capable of revealing harmful messages that help the cancer growth and transform them in body allies, thus designing novel therapeutic strategies to fight cancer in a personalized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Zefferino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0881-884673
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
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Targeting the purinergic pathway in breast cancer and its therapeutic applications. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:179-200. [PMID: 33576905 PMCID: PMC7879595 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cause of death among women, representing a global public health problem. Here, we aimed to discuss the correlation between the purinergic system and BC, recognizing therapeutic targets. For this, we analyzed the interaction of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides with the purinergic receptors P1 and P2, as well as the influence of ectonucleotidase enzymes (CD39 and CD73) on tumor progression. A comprehensive bibliographic search was carried out. The relevant articles for this review were found in the PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, and ScienceDirect databases. It was observed that among the P1 receptors, the A1, A2A, and A2B receptors are involved in the proliferation and invasion of BC, while the A3 receptor is related to the inhibition of tumor growth. Among the P2 receptors, the P2X7 has a dual function. When activated for a short time, it promotes metastasis, but when activated for long periods, it is related to BC cell death. P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptors are related to BC proliferation and invasiveness. Also, the high expression of CD39 and CD73 in BC is strongly related to a worse prognosis. The receptors and ectonucleotidases involved with BC become possible therapeutic targets. Several purinergic pathways have been found to be involved in BC cell survival and progression. In this review, in addition to analyzing the pathways involved, we reviewed the therapeutic interventions already studied for BC related to the purinergic system, as well as to other possible therapeutic targets.
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Sharma S, Kalra H, Akundi RS. Extracellular ATP Mediates Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion Through Increased Expression of Cyclooxygenase 2. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:617211. [PMID: 33584298 PMCID: PMC7873692 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.617211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a major role in the ability of the tumor cells to undergo metastasis. A major player of tumors gaining metastatic property is the inflammatory protein, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Several tumors show upregulation of this protein, which has been implicated in mediating metastasis in various cancer types such as of colon, breast and lung. In this report, we show that the concentration of extracellular ATP (eATP) is increased in response to cell death mediated by chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin. By using three different cell-lines-HeLa (cervical), IMR-32 (neuronal) and MCF-7 (breast)-we show that this eATP goes on to act on purinergic (P2) receptors. Among the various P2 receptors expressed in these cells we identified P2X7, in IMR-32 and MCF-7 cells, and P2Y12, in HeLa cells, as important in modulating cell migration and invasion. Downstream of the P2 receptor activation, both p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the p38 MAPK are activated in these cells. These result in an increase in the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein. We also observe an increase in the activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) enzyme in these cells. Blocking the P2 receptors not only blocks migration and invasion, but also COX-2 synthesis and MMP-2 activity. Our results show the link between purinergic receptors and COX-2 expression. Increased levels of ATP in the tumor microenvironment, therefore, leads to increased COX-2 expression, which, in turn, affords migratory and invasive properties to the tumor. This provides P2 receptor-based anti-inflammatory drugs (PBAIDs) a potential opportunity to be explored as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sharma
- Neuroinflammation Research Lab, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Harshit Kalra
- Neuroinflammation Research Lab, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Akundi
- Neuroinflammation Research Lab, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
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Duan S, Nordmeier S, Byrnes AE, Buxton ILO. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Purinergic Signaling Contributes to Host Microenvironment Plasticity and Metastasis in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E597. [PMID: 33435297 PMCID: PMC7827112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for over 90% of cancer-related deaths, yet the mechanisms guiding this process remain unclear. Secreted nucleoside diphosphate kinase A and B (NDPK) support breast cancer metastasis. Proteomic evidence confirms their presence in breast cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). We investigated the role of EV-associated NDPK in modulating the host microenvironment in favor of pre-metastatic niche formation. We measured NDPK expression and activity in EVs isolated from triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial (HME1) cells using flow cytometry, western blot, and ATP assay. We evaluated the effects of EV-associated NDPK on endothelial cell migration, vascular remodeling, and metastasis. We further assessed MDA-MB-231 EV-induced proteomic changes in support of pre-metastatic lung niche formation. NDPK-B expression and phosphotransferase activity were enriched in MDA-MB-231 EVs that promote vascular endothelial cell migration and disrupt monolayer integrity. MDA-MB-231 EV-treated mice demonstrate pulmonary vascular leakage and enhanced experimental lung metastasis, whereas treatment with an NDPK inhibitor or a P2Y1 purinoreceptor antagonist blunts these effects. We identified perturbations to the purinergic signaling pathway in experimental lungs, lending evidence to support a role for EV-associated NDPK-B in lung pre-metastatic niche formation and metastatic outgrowth. These studies prompt further evaluation of NDPK-mediated EV signaling using targeted genetic silencing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzann Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Senny Nordmeier
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Aidan E Byrnes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Iain L O Buxton
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Woods LT, Forti KM, Shanbhag VC, Camden JM, Weisman GA. P2Y receptors for extracellular nucleotides: Contributions to cancer progression and therapeutic implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114406. [PMID: 33412103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic receptors for extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides contribute to a vast array of cellular and tissue functions, including cell proliferation, intracellular and transmembrane ion flux, immunomodulation and thrombosis. In mammals, the purinergic receptor system is composed of G protein-coupled P1 receptors A1, A2A, A2B and A3 for extracellular adenosine, P2X1-7 receptors that are ATP-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled P2Y1,2,4,6,11,12,13 and 14 receptors for extracellular ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP and/or UDP-glucose. Recent studies have implicated specific P2Y receptor subtypes in numerous oncogenic processes, including cancer tumorigenesis, metastasis and chemotherapeutic drug resistance, where G protein-mediated signaling cascades modulate intracellular ion concentrations and activate downstream protein kinases, Src family kinases as well as numerous mitogen-activated protein kinases. We are honored to contribute to this special issue dedicated to the founder of the field of purinergic signaling, Dr. Geoffrey Burnstock, by reviewing the diverse roles of P2Y receptors in the initiation, progression and metastasis of specific cancers with an emphasis on pharmacological and genetic strategies employed to delineate cell-specific and P2Y receptor subtype-specific responses that have been investigated using in vitro and in vivo cancer models. We further highlight bioinformatic and empirical evidence on P2Y receptor expression in human clinical specimens and cover clinical perspectives where P2Y receptor-targeting interventions may have therapeutic relevance to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vinit C Shanbhag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jean M Camden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Pratt SJP, Hernández-Ochoa E, Martin SS. Calcium signaling: breast cancer's approach to manipulation of cellular circuitry. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:1343-1359. [PMID: 33569087 PMCID: PMC7755621 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a versatile element that participates in cell signaling for a wide range of cell processes such as death, cell cycle, division, migration, invasion, metabolism, differentiation, autophagy, transcription, and others. Specificity of calcium in each of these processes is achieved through modulation of intracellular calcium concentrations by changing the characteristics (amplitude/frequency modulation) or location (spatial modulation) of the signal. Breast cancer utilizes calcium signaling as an advantage for survival and progression. This review integrates evidence showing that increases in expression of calcium channels, GPCRs, pumps, effectors, and enzymes, as well as resulting intracellular calcium signals, lead to high calcium and/or an elevated calcium- mobilizing capacity necessary for malignant functions such as migratory, invasive, proliferative, tumorigenic, or metastatic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J P Pratt
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Bressler Research Building, Rm 10-020 D, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Erick Hernández-Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Stuart S Martin
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Bressler Research Building, Rm 10-020 D, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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Yang Y, Zhai X, El Hiani Y. TRPML1-Emerging Roles in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2682. [PMID: 33322223 PMCID: PMC7763474 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucolipin-1 (TRPML1) channel maintains lysosomal ionic homeostasis and regulates autophagic flux. Defects of TRPML1 lead to lysosomal storage diseases and neurodegeneration. In this report, we discuss emerging evidence pertaining to differential regulation of TRPML1 signaling pathways in cancer progression with the goal of leveraging the oncogenic potential of TRPML1 to inspire therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yassine El Hiani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
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Mulkearns-Hubert EE, Reizes O, Lathia JD. Connexins in Cancer: Jekyll or Hyde? Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1654. [PMID: 33321749 PMCID: PMC7764653 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression, localization, and function of connexins, the protein subunits that comprise gap junctions, are often altered in cancer. In addition to cell-cell coupling through gap junction channels, connexins also form hemichannels that allow communication between the cell and the extracellular space and perform non-junctional intracellular activities. Historically, connexins have been considered tumor suppressors; however, they can also serve tumor-promoting functions in some contexts. Here, we review the literature surrounding connexins in cancer cells in terms of specific connexin functions and propose that connexins function upstream of most, if not all, of the hallmarks of cancer. The development of advanced connexin targeting approaches remains an opportunity for the field to further interrogate the role of connexins in cancer phenotypes, particularly through the use of in vivo models. More specific modulators of connexin function will both help elucidate the functions of connexins in cancer and advance connexin-specific therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Mulkearns-Hubert
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (O.R.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Ofer Reizes
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (O.R.); (J.D.L.)
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College, Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (O.R.); (J.D.L.)
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College, Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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VSNL1 Promotes Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration by Regulating P2X3/P2Y2 Receptors and Is a Clinical Indicator of Poor Prognosis in Gastric Cancer Patients. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:7241942. [PMID: 33376484 PMCID: PMC7744243 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7241942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Visinin Like 1 (VSNL1) in the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer (GC) cells as well as its clinical prognostic significance. Methods To this end, we evaluated VSNL1 expression in GC tissues and cell lines by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. To further explore the effects of VSNL1, a lentiviral vector expressing a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against VSNL1 was constructed and transduced into the GC cell lines BGC-823 and SGC-7901. The interference efficiency of VSNL1-shRNA was determined by western blot. The effects of VSNL1 on the migration and invasion of GC cells as well as the expression of P2X3/P2Y2 were explored using MTS, colony formation, migration, and western blot assays. Results VSNL1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in GC tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, VSNL1 expression was positively correlated with Lauren's classification, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, TNM stage, and prognosis. VSNL1 expression was inversely correlated with the 5-year survival rate of GC patients. VSNL1 expression was markedly reduced in cells transduced with lentivirus expressing shRNA against VSNL1, and inhibiting VSNL1 expression significantly suppressed cell growth, migration, and colony formation and reduced the expression of P2X3/P2Y2. Conclusion VSNL1 may promote the proliferation and migration of GC cells by regulating P2X3 and P2Y2 expression. VSNL1 plays important roles in GC development and metastasis and may be correlated with patient prognosis.
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Zaparte A, Cappellari AR, Brandão CA, de Souza JB, Borges TJ, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Zerbini LF, Ribeiro Pinto LF, Glaser T, Gonçalves MCB, Naaldijk Y, Ulrich H, Morrone FB. P2Y 2 receptor activation promotes esophageal cancer cells proliferation via ERK1/2 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 891:173687. [PMID: 33130276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a prominent worldwide illness that is divided into two main subtypes: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Mortality rates are alarming, and the understanding of the mechanisms involved in esophageal cancer development, becomes essential. Purinergic signaling is related to many diseases and among these various types of tumors. Here we studied the effects of the P2Y2 receptor activation in different types of esophageal cancer. Esophageal tissue samples of healthy controls were used for P2Y2R expression quantification. Two human esophageal cancer cell lines Kyse-450 (squamous cell carcinoma) and OE-33 (adenocarcinoma) were used to perform in vitro analysis of cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and the signaling pathways involved in P2Y2R activation. Data showed that P2Y2R was expressed in biopsies of patients with ESCC and adenocarcinoma, as well as in the two human esophageal cancer cell lines studied. The RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that OE-33 cells have higher P2RY2 expression than Kyse-450 squamous cell line. Results showed that P2Y2R activation, induced by ATP or UTP, promoted esophageal cancer cells proliferation and colony formation. P2Y2R blockage with the selective antagonist, AR-C 118925XX, led to decreased proliferation, colony formation and adhesion. Treatments with ATP or UTP activated ERK 1/2 pathway in ESCC and ECA cells. The P2Y2R antagonism did not alter the migration of esophageal cancer cells. Interestingly, the esophageal cancer cell lines presented a distinct profile of nucleotide hydrolysis activity. The modulation of P2Y2 receptors may be a promising target for esophageal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Zaparte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6690. Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angélica R Cappellari
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Brandão
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlia B de Souza
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago J Borges
- Transplant Research Center, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luíza W Kist
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício R Bogo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6690. Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Zerbini
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cancer Genomics Group, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cancer, Rua Andre Cavalcante, 37, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748. Butantã, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina B Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748. Butantã, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748. Butantã, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748. Butantã, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda B Morrone
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6690. Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Radiotherapy-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells Enhance Tumor Progression by Enhancing Premetastatic Niche Formation through the HIF-1α-LOX Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218027. [PMID: 33126606 PMCID: PMC7663097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exist in solid tumors and contribute to therapeutic resistance and disease recurrence. Previously, we reported that radiotherapy-resistant (RT-R)-MDA-MB-231 cells from highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells produced more CSCs than any other RT-R-breast cancer cells and showed therapeutic resistance and enhanced invasiveness. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) induced in the tumor microenvironment leads to the release of lysyl oxidase (LOX), which mediates collagen crosslinking at distant sites to facilitate environmental changes that allow cancer cells to easily metastasize. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells induce greater HIF-1α expression, LOX secretion, and premetastatic niche formation than MDA-MB-231 cells do. RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells increased HIF-1α expression and LOX secretion compared with MDA-MB-231 cells. Mice harboring RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts showed enhanced tumor growth and higher expression of the CSC markers, CD44, Notch-4, and Oct3/4. In addition, mice injected with RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited a higher level of HIF-1α in tumor tissue, increased secretion of LOX in plasma, higher induced levels of crosslinked collagen, and a higher population of CD11b+ BMDC recruitment around lung tissue, compared with those injected with MDA-MB-231 cells. These results suggest that RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells contribute to tumor progression by enhancing premetastatic niche formation through the HIF-1α-LOX axis.
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da Silva Ferreira NC, Alves LA, Soares-Bezerra RJ. Potential Therapeutic Applications of P2 Receptor Antagonists: From Bench to Clinical Trials. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:919-937. [PMID: 30760187 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190213095923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular purines and pyrimidines have important physiological functions in mammals. Purines and pyrimidines act on P1 and P2 purinergic receptors, which are widely expressed in the plasma membrane in various cell types. P2 receptors act as important therapeutic targets and are associated with several disorders, such as pain, neurodegeneration, cancer, inflammation, and thrombosis. However, the use of antagonists for P2 receptors in clinical therapy, with the exception of P2Y12, is a great challenge. Currently, many research groups and pharmaceutical companies are working on the development of specific antagonist molecules for each receptor subtype that could be used as new medicines to treat their respective disorders. OBJECTIVE The present review compiles some interesting findings on the application of P2 receptor antagonists in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models as well as the progress of advanced clinical trials with these compounds. CONCLUSION Despite all of the exciting results obtained on the bench, few antagonists of P2 receptors advanced to the clinical trials, and once they reach this stage, the effectiveness of the therapy is not guaranteed, as in the example of P2X7 antagonists. Despite this, P2Y12 receptor antagonists have a history of success and have been used in therapy for at least two decades to prevent thrombosis in patients at risk for myocardial infarctions. This breakthrough is the motivation for scientists to develop new drugs with antagonistic activity for the other P2 receptors; thus, in a matter of years, we will have an evolution in the field of purinergic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natiele C da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040- 360, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040- 360, Brazil
| | - Rômulo J Soares-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
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Arnaud-Sampaio VF, Rabelo ILA, Bento CA, Glaser T, Bezerra J, Coutinho-Silva R, Ulrich H, Lameu C. Using Cytometry for Investigation of Purinergic Signaling in Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Cytometry A 2020; 97:1109-1126. [PMID: 32633884 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are widely recognized for their importance in guiding pro-tumoral or antitumoral responses. Mediating inflammation or immunosuppression, these cells support many key events in cancer progression: cell growth, chemotaxis, invasiveness, angiogenesis and cell death. The communication between cells in the tumor microenvironment strongly relies on the secretion and recognition of several molecules, including damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Extracellular ATP (eATP) and its degradation products act as signaling molecules and have extensively described roles in immune response and inflammation, as well as in cancer biology. These multiple functions highlight the purinergic system as a promising target to investigate the interplay between macrophages and cancer cells. Here, we reviewed purinergic signaling pathways connecting cancer cells and macrophages, a yet poorly investigated field. Finally, we present a new tool for the characterization of macrophage phenotype within the tumor. Image cytometry emerges as a cutting-edge tool, capable of providing a broad set of information on cell morphology, expression of specific markers, and its cellular or subcellular localization, preserving cell-cell interactions within the tumor section and providing high statistical strength in small-sized experiments. Thus, image cytometry allows deeper investigation of tumor heterogeneity and interactions between these cells. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izadora L A Rabelo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina A Bento
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Bezerra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudiana Lameu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Purinergic Signaling in the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071612. [PMID: 32635260 PMCID: PMC7407645 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex expression of an altered state of cellular differentiation associated with severe clinical repercussions. The effort to characterize this pathological entity to understand its underlying mechanisms and visualize potential therapeutic strategies has been constant. In this context, some cellular (enhanced duplication, immunological evasion), metabolic (aerobic glycolysis, failure in DNA repair mechanisms) and physiological (circadian disruption) parameters have been considered as cancer hallmarks. The list of these hallmarks has been growing in recent years, since it has been demonstrated that various physiological systems misfunction in well-characterized ways upon the onset and establishment of the carcinogenic process. This is the case with the purinergic system, a signaling pathway formed by nucleotides/nucleosides (mainly adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine (ADO) and uridine triphosphate (UTP)) with their corresponding membrane receptors and defined transduction mechanisms. The dynamic equilibrium between ATP and ADO, which is accomplished by the presence and regulation of a set of ectonucleotidases, defines the pro-carcinogenic or anti-cancerous final outline in tumors and cancer cell lines. So far, the purinergic system has been recognized as a potential therapeutic target in cancerous and tumoral ailments.
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Woods LT, Jasmer KJ, Muñoz Forti K, Shanbhag VC, Camden JM, Erb L, Petris MJ, Weisman GA. P2Y 2 receptors mediate nucleotide-induced EGFR phosphorylation and stimulate proliferation and tumorigenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Oral Oncol 2020; 109:104808. [PMID: 32540611 PMCID: PMC7736485 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess functional expression of the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines and define its role in nucleotide-induced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation. The use of anti-EGFR therapeutics to treat HNSCC is hindered by intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Defining novel pathways that modulate EGFR signaling could identify additional targets to treat HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS In human HNSCC cell lines CAL27 and FaDu and the mouse oral cancer cell line MOC2, P2Y2R contributions to extracellular nucleotide-induced changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and EGFR and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation were determined using the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator fura-2 and immunoblot analysis, respectively. Genetic knockout of P2Y2Rs using CRISPR technology or pharmacological inhibition with P2Y2R-selective antagonist AR-C118925 defined P2Y2R contributions to in vivo tumor growth. RESULTS P2Y2R agonists UTP and ATP increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and ERK1/2 and EGFR phosphorylation in CAL27 and FaDu cells, responses that were inhibited by AR-C118925 or P2Y2R knockout. P2Y2R-mediated EGFR phosphorylation was also attenuated by inhibition of the adamalysin family of metalloproteases or Src family kinases. P2Y2R knockout reduced UTP-induced CAL27 cell proliferation in vitro and significantly reduced CAL27 and FaDu tumor xenograft volume in vivo. In a syngeneic mouse model of oral cancer, AR-C118925 administration reduced MOC2 tumor volume. CONCLUSION P2Y2Rs mediate HNSCC cell responses to extracellular nucleotides and genetic or pharmacological blockade of P2Y2R signaling attenuates tumor cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, suggesting that the P2Y2R represents a novel therapeutic target in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Woods
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Kimberly J Jasmer
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Vinit C Shanbhag
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Jean M Camden
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Laurie Erb
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Michael J Petris
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA.
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ESM-1 Overexpression is Involved in Increased Tumorigenesis of Radiotherapy-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061363. [PMID: 32466580 PMCID: PMC7352712 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The key barrier to the effectiveness of radiotherapy remains the radioresistance of breast cancer cells, resulting in increased tumor recurrence and metastasis. Thus, in this study, we aimed to clarify the difference between radiotherapy-resistant (RT-R) breast cancer (BC) and BC, and accordingly, analyzed gene expression levels between radiotherapy-resistant (RT-R) MDA-MB-231 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells. Gene expression array showed that ESM-1 was the most upregulated in RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells compared to MDA-MB-231 cells. Then, we aimed to investigate the role of ESM-1 in the increased tumorigenesis of RT-R-BC cells. RT-R-MDA-MB-231, which showed an increased expression level of ESM1, exhibited significantly enhanced proliferation, colony forming ability, migration, and invasion compared to MDA-MB-231 cells, and ESM-1 knockdown effectively reversed these effects. In addition, compared to MDA-MB-231 cells, RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells displayed improved adhesion to endothelial cells (ECs) due to the induction of adhesion molecules and increased MMP-9 activity and VEGF-A production, which were decreased by ESM-1 knockdown. Moreover, the expression of HIF-1α and activation of NF-κB and STAT-3 were increased in RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells compared to MDA-MB-231 cells, and these effects were abolished by the knockdown of ESM-1. Finally, we confirmed the role of ESM-1 in tumorigenesis in an in vivo mouse model. Tumor volume, lung metastasis, and tumorigenic molecules (VEGF-A, HIF-1α, MMP-9, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and phospho-NF-κB and phospho-STAT-3) were significantly induced in mice injected with ESM-1-overexpressing 4T1 cells and greatly enhanced in those injected with ESM-1-overexpressing RT-R-4T1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest for the first time that ESM-1 plays a critical role in tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells, especially RT-R-breast cancer cells, through the induction of cell proliferation and invasion.
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Kim DC, Jin H, Lee JS, Son E, Lee GW, Kim HJ. P2Y 2R has a significant correlation with Notch-4 in patients with breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:647-654. [PMID: 32565989 PMCID: PMC7286009 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study found that highly metastatic breast cancer cells, such as MDA-MB-231 cells, release higher levels of ATP and exhibit greater P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) activity than lowly metastatic breast cancer cells, and that P2Y2R activation mediated by ATP plays a significant role in tumor progression and metastasis. In addition, we reported that radiotherapy-resistant (RT-R) breast cancer cells promote invasion and tumor growth through the activation of P2Y2R by ATP released from RT-R-breast cancer cells than breast cancer cells. Moreover, increased numbers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) were observed among the RT-R-breast cancer cell population. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the expression level of five CSC markers (CD24, CD44, Oct3/4, Notch-4 and ALDH1A1) as well as P2Y2R in the tumor tissues of patients with breast cancer and determined which CSC marker correlates with P2Y2R in breast cancer. According to the immunohistochemical analysis, CD44, Oct3/4 and Notch-4 but not ALDH1A1 were significantly expressed in the tumor tissues (n=180) compared with the normal epithelial tissues (n=20) of patients with breast cancer. It was demonstrated that P2Y2R expression was increased in tumor tissues of patients with breast cancer compared with normal epithelial tissue. Notably, it was identified that P2Y2R expression has a significant correlation with only the CSC marker Notch-4 in patients with breast cancer. The results of this study suggested for the first time to the best of our knowledge that Notch-4 has a notable correlation with P2Y2R, which has important roles in tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chul Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sil Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna Son
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Won Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
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Hinderer EW, Flight RM, Dubey R, MacLeod JN, Moseley HNB. Advances in gene ontology utilization improve statistical power of annotation enrichment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220728. [PMID: 31415589 PMCID: PMC6695228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-annotation enrichment is a common method for utilizing ontology-based annotations in gene and gene-product centric knowledgebases. Effective utilization of these annotations requires inferring semantic linkages by tracing paths through edges in the ontological graph, referred to as relations. However, some relations are semantically problematic with respect to scope, necessitating their omission or modification lest erroneous term mappings occur. To address these issues, we created the Gene Ontology Categorization Suite, or GOcats-a novel tool that organizes the Gene Ontology into subgraphs representing user-defined concepts, while ensuring that all appropriate relations are congruent with respect to scoping semantics. Here, we demonstrate the improvements in annotation enrichment by re-interpreting edges that would otherwise be omitted by traditional ancestor path-tracing methods. Specifically, we show that GOcats' unique handling of relations improves enrichment over conventional methods in the analysis of two different gene-expression datasets: a breast cancer microarray dataset and several horse cartilage development RNAseq datasets. With the breast cancer microarray dataset, we observed significant improvement (one-sided binomial test p-value = 1.86E-25) in 182 of 217 significantly enriched GO terms identified from the conventional path traversal method when GOcats' path traversal was used. We also found new significantly enriched terms using GOcats, whose biological relevancy has been experimentally demonstrated elsewhere. Likewise, on the horse RNAseq datasets, we observed a significant improvement in GO term enrichment when using GOcat's path traversal: one-sided binomial test p-values range from 1.32E-03 to 2.58E-44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene W. Hinderer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Flight
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Rashmi Dubey
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - James N. MacLeod
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Hunter N. B. Moseley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
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Brockmann N, Sureechatchaiyan P, Müller D, Hennicke T, Hausmann R, Fritz G, Hamacher A, Kassack MU. Profiling of a suramin-derived compound library at recombinant human P2Y receptors identifies NF272 as a competitive but non-selective P2Y 2 receptor antagonist. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:287-298. [PMID: 31270713 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides mediate multiple physiological effects such as proliferation, differentiation, or induction of apoptosis through G protein-coupled P2Y receptors or P2X ion channels. Evaluation of the complete physiological role of nucleotides has long been hampered by a lack of potent and selective ligands for all P2 subtypes. Meanwhile, for most of the P2 receptors, selective ligands are available, but only a few potent and selective P2Y2 receptor antagonists are described. This limits the understanding of the role of P2Y2 receptors. The purpose of this study was to search for P2Y2 receptor antagonists by a combinatorial screening of a library of around 415 suramin-derived compounds. Calcium fluorescence measurements at P2Y2 receptors recombinantly expressed in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells identified NF272 [8-(4-methyl-3-(3-phenoxycarbonylimino-benzamido)benzamido)-naphthalene-1,3,5-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt] as a competitive P2Y2 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 19 μM which is 14-fold more potent than suramin at this receptor subtype. The SCHILD analysis of competitive inhibition resulted in a pA2 value of 5.03 ± 0.22 (mean ± SEM) with a slope not significantly different from unity. Among uracil-nucleotide-preferring P2Y receptors, NF272 shows a moderate selectivity over P2Y4 (3.6-fold) and P2Y6 (5.7-fold). However, NF272 is equipotent at P2Y1, and even more potent at P2Y11 and P2Y12 receptors. Up to 250 μM, NF272 showed no cytotoxicity in MTT cell viability assays in 1321N1, HEK293, and OVCAR-3 cells. Further, NF272 was able to inhibit the ATP-induced calcium signal in OVCAR-3 cells demonstrated to express P2Y2 receptors. In conclusion, NF272 is a competitive but non-selective P2Y2 receptor antagonist with 14-fold higher potency than suramin lacking cytotoxic effects. Therefore, NF272 may serve as a lead structure for further development of P2Y2 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brockmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Parichat Sureechatchaiyan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - David Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatiana Hennicke
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Hausmann
- Molecular Pharmacology, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hamacher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias U Kassack
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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He P, Zhou W, Liu M, Chen Y. Recent Advances of Small Molecular Regulators Targeting G Protein- Coupled Receptors Family for Oncology Immunotherapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1464-1483. [PMID: 31264549 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190628115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The great clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) and PD-1/PDL-1 inhibitor therapies suggests the drawing of a cancer immunotherapy age. However, a considerable proportion of cancer patients currently receive little benefit from these treatment modalities, indicating that multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms exist in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we mainly discuss recent advances in small molecular regulators targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) that are associated with oncology immunomodulation, including chemokine receptors, purinergic receptors, prostaglandin E receptor EP4 and opioid receptors. Moreover, we outline how they affect tumor immunity and neoplasia by regulating immune cell recruitment and modulating tumor stromal cell biology. We also summarize the data from recent clinical advances in small molecular regulators targeting these GPCRs, in combination with immune checkpoints blockers, such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA4 inhibitors, for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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Gong D, Zhang J, Chen Y, Xu Y, Ma J, Hu G, Huang Y, Zheng J, Zhai W, Xue W. The m 6A-suppressed P2RX6 activation promotes renal cancer cells migration and invasion through ATP-induced Ca 2+ influx modulating ERK1/2 phosphorylation and MMP9 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:233. [PMID: 31159832 PMCID: PMC6547495 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous study demonstrated that extracellular ATP could promote cell migration and invasion in multiple human cancers. Till now, the pro-invasive mechanisms of ATP and P2RX6, a preferred receptor for ATP, are still poorly studied in RCC. Methods Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes during RCC different stages. Tissue microarray, IHC staining and survival analysis was respectively used to evaluate potential clinical function. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to explore the P2RX6 biological effects in RCC progression. Results We found that ATP might increase RCC cells migration and invasion through P2RX6. Mechanism dissection revealed that ATP-P2RX6 might modulate the Ca2+-mediated p-ERK1/2/MMP9 signaling to increase the RCC cells migration and invasion. Furthermore, METTL14 implicated m6A modification in RCC and down-regulated P2RX6 protein translation. In addition, human clinical survey also indicated the positive correlation of this newly identified signaling in RCC progression and prognosis. Conclusions Our findings revealed that the newly identified ATP-P2RX6-Ca2+-p-ERK1/2-MMP9 signaling facilitates RCC cell invasion and metastasis. Targeting this novel signaling pathway with small molecules might help us to develop a new approach to better suppress RCC progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1223-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkui Gong
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine in Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine in Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yonghui Chen
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine in Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine in Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Junjie Ma
- Department of Urology, Pudong Hospital, School of Medicine in Fudan University, Shanghai, 201300, China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine in Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine in Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Junhua Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine in Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine in Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine in Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Xu M, Almasi S, Yang Y, Yan C, Sterea AM, Rizvi Syeda AK, Shen B, Richard Derek C, Huang P, Gujar S, Wang J, Zong WX, Trebak M, El Hiani Y, Dong XP. The lysosomal TRPML1 channel regulates triple negative breast cancer development by promoting mTORC1 and purinergic signaling pathways. Cell Calcium 2019; 79:80-88. [PMID: 30889511 PMCID: PMC6698368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) that comprises approximately 10%-20% of breast cancers is an aggressive subtype lacking effective therapeutics. Among various signaling pathways, mTORC1 and purinergic signals have emerged as potentially fruitful targets for clinical therapy of TNBC. Unfortunately, drugs targeting these signaling pathways do not successfully inhibit the progression of TNBC, partially due to the fact that these signaling pathways are essential for the function of all types of cells. In this study, we report that TRPML1 is specifically upregulated in TNBCs and that its genetic downregulation and pharmacological inhibition suppress the growth of TNBC. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that TRPML1 regulates TNBC development, at least partially, through controlling mTORC1 activity and the release of lysosomal ATP. Because TRPML1 is specifically activated by cellular stresses found in tumor microenvironments, antagonists of TRPML1 could represent anticancer drugs with enhanced specificity and potency. Our findings are expected to have a major impact on drug targeting of TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Shekoufeh Almasi
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yiming Yang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chi Yan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andra Mihaela Sterea
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Alia Kazim Rizvi Syeda
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Clements Richard Derek
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway NJ08854, USA
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Yassine El Hiani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Xian-Ping Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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Jin H, Ko YS, Kim HJ. P2Y2R-mediated inflammasome activation is involved in tumor progression in breast cancer cells and in radiotherapy-resistant breast cancer. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1953-1966. [PMID: 30226596 PMCID: PMC6192788 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, extracellular nucleotides are released and accumulate, and can activate the P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R), which regulates various responses in tumor cells, resulting in tumor progression and metastasis. Moreover, the inflammasome has recently been reported to be associated with tumor progression. However, the role of P2Y2R in inflammasome activation in breast cancer cells is not yet well defined. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of P2Y2R in inflammasome-mediated tumor progression in breast cancer using breast cancer cells and radiotherapy-resistant (RT‑R) breast cancer cells. We established RT‑R-breast cancer cells (RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231, RT‑R‑MCF‑7, and RT‑R-T47D cells) by repeated irradiation (2 Gy each, 25 times) in a previous study. In this study, we found that the RT‑R breast cancer cells exhibited an increased release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and P2Y2R activity. In particular, the RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231 cells derived from highly metastatic MDA‑MB‑231 cells, exhibited a markedly increased ATP release, which was potentiated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The MDA‑MB‑231 cells exhibited inflammasome activation, as measured by caspase‑1 activity and interleukin (IL)-1β secretion following treatment with TNF‑α and ATP; these effects were enhanced in the RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231 cells. However, the increased caspase‑1 activities and IL‑1β secretion levels induced in response to treatment with TNF‑α or ATP were significantly reduced by P2Y2R knockdown or the presence of apyrase in both the MDA‑MB‑231 and RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231 cells, suggesting the involvement of ATP-activated P2Y2R in inflammasome activation. In addition, TNF‑α and ATP increased the invasive and colony-forming ability of the MDA‑MB‑231 and RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231 cells, and these effects were caspase‑1-dependent. Moreover, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity was modulated by caspase-1, in a P2Y2R-dependent manner in the MDA‑MB‑231 and RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231 cells. Finally, nude mice injected with the RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231-EV cells (transfected with the empty vector) exhibited increased tumor growth, and higher levels of MMP-9 in their tumors and IL‑1β levels in their serum compared with the mice injected with the RT‑R‑MDA‑MB‑231-P2Y2R shRNA cells (transfected with P2Y2R shRNA). On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that extracellular ATP promotes tumor progression in RT‑R-breast cancer cells and breast cancer cells by modulating invasion and associated molecules through the P2Y2R-inflammasome activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Shin Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52727, Republic of Korea
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Gendron FP, Placet M, Arguin G. P2Y 2 Receptor Functions in Cancer: A Perspective in the Context of Colorectal Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:91-106. [PMID: 28815512 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling has recently emerged as a network of signaling molecules, enzymes and receptors that coordinates the action and behavior of cancerous cells. Extracellular adenosine 5' triphosphate activates a plethora of P2 nucleotide receptors that can putatively modulate cancer cell proliferation, survival and dissemination. In this context, the G protein-coupled P2Y2 receptor was identified as one of the entities coordinating the cellular and molecular events that characterize cancerous cells. In this chapter, we will look at the contribution of the P2Y2 receptor in cancer outcomes and use this information to demonstrate that the P2Y2 receptor represents a drug target of interest in the setting of colorectal cancer, for which the role and function of this receptor is poorly defined. More particularly, we will review how the P2Y2 receptor modulates cancer cell proliferation and survival, while promoting cell dissemination and formation of metastases. Finally, we will investigate how the P2Y2 receptor can contribute to the detrimental development of drug resistance that is often observed in cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand-Pierre Gendron
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Morgane Placet
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Arguin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Liu Y, Geng YH, Yang H, Yang H, Zhou YT, Zhang HQ, Tian XX, Fang WG. Extracellular ATP drives breast cancer cell migration and metastasis via S100A4 production by cancer cells and fibroblasts. Cancer Lett 2018; 430:1-10. [PMID: 29733962 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work has demonstrated that extracellular ATP is an important pro-invasive factor, and in this study, we tapped into a possible mechanism involved. We discovered that ATP could upregulate both the intracellular expression and secretion of S100A4 in breast cancer cells and fibroblasts. Apart from stimulating breast cancer cell motility via intracellular S100A4, ATP enhanced the ability of breast cancer cells to transform fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like cells, which in turn secreted S100A4 to further promote cancer cell motility. Both apyrase and niclosamide treatments could inhibit metastasis of inoculated tumors to lung, liver and kidney in mice model, and CAFs from these treated tumors exhibited weakened migration-stimulating capacity for breast cancer cells. Collectively, our data indicate that extracellular ATP promotes the interactions between breast cancer cells and fibroblasts, which work collaboratively via production of S100A4 to exacerbate breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yue-Hang Geng
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan-Ting Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hong-Quan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Xia Tian
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Wei-Gang Fang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Khalid M, Brisson L, Tariq M, Hao Y, Guibon R, Fromont G, Mortadza SAS, Mousawi F, Manzoor S, Roger S, Jiang LH. Carcinoma-specific expression of P2Y11 receptor and its contribution in ATP-induced purinergic signalling and cell migration in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37278-37290. [PMID: 28418839 PMCID: PMC5514908 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP-induced Ca2+ signalling is critical in regulating diverse physiological and disease processes. Emerging evidence suggests high concentrations of extracellular ATP in tumour tissues. In this study, we examined the P2 receptor for ATP-induced Ca2+ signalling in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Fura-2-based measurements of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) showed that extracellular ATP induced an increase in the [Ca2+]i in human HCC Huh-7 and HepG2 cells. NF546, a P2Y11 receptor agonist was equally effective in inducing an increase in the [Ca2+]i. In contrast, agonists for the P2X receptors (αβmeATP and BzATP), P2Y1 receptor (MRS2365) or P2Y2 receptor (MRS2768) were ineffective. In addition, ATP/NF546-induced increases in the [Ca2+]i were strongly inhibited by treatment with NF340, a P2Y11 receptor antagonist. Immunofluorescent confocal imaging and western blotting analysis consistently demonstrated the P2Y11 receptor expression in Huh-7 and HepG2 cells. Transfection with P2Y11-specific siRNA attenuated the P2Y11 receptor protein expression level and also reduced NF546-induced increase in the [Ca2+]i. Importantly, immunohistochemistry revealed that the P2Y11 receptor was expressed at very high level in human HCC tissues and, by contrast, it was barely detected in normal liver tissues. Trans-well cell migration assay demonstrated that ATP and NF546 induced concentration-dependent stimulation of Huh-7 cell migration. Treatment with NF340 prevented ATP-induced stimulation of cell migration. Taken together, our results show carcinoma-specific expression of the P2Y11 receptor and its critical role in mediating ATP-inducing Ca2+ signalling and regulating cell migration in human HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Khalid
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lucie Brisson
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Menahil Tariq
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yunjie Hao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | - Fatema Mousawi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sébastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France.,Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P. R. China.,Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P. R. China
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Khan NA, Garg AD, Agostinis P, Swinnen JV. Drug-induced ciliogenesis in pancreatic cancer cells is facilitated by the secreted ATP-purinergic receptor signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 9:3507-3518. [PMID: 29423062 PMCID: PMC5790479 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation of cells is often accompanied by the loss of the primary cilium, a protruding microtubule-based sensory organelle, suggesting that it plays an “onco-suppressive” role. Therefore, restoration of the primary cilium is being explored as a new therapeutic approach to attenuate tumor growth. Recently, several commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs have been identified to induce the primary cilium in pancreatic cancer cells. The mechanisms by which these drugs re-express the cilium remain, however, enigmatic. Here, evaluation of a panel of diverse ciliogenic drugs on pancreatic cancer cell models revealed a significant positive relationship between drug-induced extracellular ATP, released through pannexin channels, and the extent of primary cilium induction. Moreover, cilium induction by these drugs was hampered in the presence of the ATP degrading enzyme, apyrase, and in the presence of the pan-purinergic receptor inhibitor, suramin. Our findings reveal that ciliogenic drug-induced re-expression of the primary cilium in pancreatic cancer cells is, at least in certain contexts, dependent on a hitherto unrecognized autocrine/paracrine loop involving the extracellular ATP-purinergic receptor signaling pathway that can be exploited in a therapeutic approach targeting at restoring the primary cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamat Ali Khan
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, LKI-Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, LKI-Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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