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He A, He L, Chen T, Li X, Cao C. Biomechanical Properties and Cellular Responses in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:747. [PMID: 39199705 PMCID: PMC11351367 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal lung disease affecting approximately 5 million people worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 50%. Currently, the only available treatments are palliative care and lung transplantation, as there is no curative drug for this condition. The disease involves the excessive synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) due to alveolar epithelial cell damage, leading to scarring and stiffening of the lung tissue and ultimately causing respiratory failure. Although multiple factors contribute to the disease, the exact causes remain unclear. The mechanical properties of lung tissue, including elasticity, viscoelasticity, and surface tension, are not only affected by fibrosis but also contribute to its progression. This paper reviews the alteration in these mechanical properties as pulmonary fibrosis progresses and how cells in the lung, including alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages, respond to these changes, contributing to disease exacerbation. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of developing advanced in vitro models, based on hydrogels and 3D bioprinting, which can accurately replicate the mechanical and structural properties of fibrotic lungs and are conducive to studying the effects of mechanical stimuli on cellular responses. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the interaction between the progression of pulmonary fibrosis and the alterations in mechanical properties, which could aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong He
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, 59 Liuting Road, Ningbo 315010, China
- Center for Medical and Engineering Innovation, Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Lizhe He
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Tianwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xuejin Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Chao Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, 59 Liuting Road, Ningbo 315010, China
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2
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Tang X, Xu XL, Wan N, Zhao Y, Wang R, Li XY, Li Y, Wang L, Li HC, Gu Y, Zhang CY, Yang Q, Tong ZH, Sun B. Long-term outcomes of survivors with influenza A H1N1 virus-induced severe pneumonia and ARDS: a single-center prospective cohort study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1378379. [PMID: 38606295 PMCID: PMC11007161 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1378379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systematic evaluation of long-term outcomes in survivors of H1N1 is still lacking. This study aimed to characterize long-term outcomes of severe H1N1-induced pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Method This was a single-center, prospective, cohort study. Survivors were followed up for four times after discharge from intensive care unit (ICU) by lung high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), pulmonary function assessment, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and SF-36 instrument. Result A total of 60 survivors of H1N1-induced pneumonia and ARDS were followed up for four times. The carbon monoxide at single breath (DLCO) of predicted values and the 6MWT results didn't continue improving after 3 months. Health-related quality of life didn't change during the 12 months after ICU discharge. Reticulation or interlobular septal thickening on HRCT did not begin to improve significantly until the 12-month follow-up. The DLCO of predicted values showed negative correlation with the severity degree of primary disease and reticulation or interlobular septal thickening, and a positive correlation with physical functioning. The DLCO of predicted values and reticulation or interlobular septal thickening both correlated with the highest tidal volume during mechanical ventilation. Levels of fibrogenic cytokines had a positive correlation with reticulation or interlobular septal thickening. Conclusion The improvements in pulmonary function and exercise capacity, imaging, and health-related quality of life had different time phase and impact on each other during 12 months of follow-up. Long-term outcomes of pulmonary fibrosis might be related to the lung injury and excessive lung fibroproliferation at the early stage during ICU admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Yan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Chao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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de Lima FO, Lauria PSS, do Espírito-Santo RF, Evangelista AF, Nogueira TMO, Araldi D, Soares MBP, Villarreal CF. Unveiling Targets for Treating Postoperative Pain: The Role of the TNF-α/p38 MAPK/NF-κB/Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 Pathways in the Mouse Model of Incisional Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11630. [PMID: 36232927 PMCID: PMC9570460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mouse model of incisional pain is broadly used, the mechanisms underlying plantar incision-induced nociception are not fully understood. This work investigates the role of Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 sodium channels in nociceptive sensitization following plantar incision in mice and the signaling pathway modulating these channels. A surgical incision was made in the plantar hind paw of male Swiss mice. Nociceptive thresholds were assessed by von Frey filaments. Gene expression of Nav1.8, Nav1.9, TNF-α, and COX-2 was evaluated by Real-Time PCR in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Knockdown mice for Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 were produced by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides intrathecal treatments. Local levels of TNF-α and PGE2 were immunoenzymatically determined. Incised mice exhibited hypernociception and upregulated expression of Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 in DRG. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides reduced hypernociception and downregulated Nav1.8 and Nav1.9. TNF-α and COX-2/PGE2 were upregulated in DRG and plantar skin. Inhibition of TNF-α and COX-2 reduced hypernociception, but only TNF-α inhibition downregulated Nav1.8 and Nav1.9. Antagonizing NF-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not ERK or JNK, reduced both hypernociception and hyperexpression of Nav1.8 and Nav1.9. This study proposes the contribution of the TNF-α/p38/NF-κB/Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 pathways to the pathophysiology of the mouse model of incisional pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Oliveira de Lima
- Health Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036900, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Afrânio Ferreira Evangelista
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Advanced Health Systems, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650010, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Dionéia Araldi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador 40296710, BA, Brazil
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Advanced Health Systems, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650010, BA, Brazil
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Domingo-Relloso A, Riffo-Campos AL, Powers M, Tellez-Plaza M, Haack K, Brown RH, Umans JG, Fallin MD, Cole SA, Navas-Acien A, Sanchez TR. An epigenome-wide study of DNA methylation profiles and lung function among American Indians in the Strong Heart Study. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:75. [PMID: 35681244 PMCID: PMC9185990 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation (DNAm), are often related to environmental exposures, and are increasingly recognized as key processes in the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease. American Indian communities have a high burden of lung disease compared to the national average. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of DNAm and lung function in the Strong Heart Study (SHS). We conducted a cross-sectional study of American Indian adults, 45-74 years of age who participated in the SHS. DNAm was measured using the Illumina Infinium Human MethylationEPIC platform at baseline (1989-1991). Lung function was measured via spirometry, including forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), at visit 2 (1993-1995). Airflow limitation was defined as FEV1 < 70% predicted and FEV1/FVC < 0.7, restriction was defined as FEV1/FVC > 0.7 and FVC < 80% predicted, and normal spirometry was defined as FEV1/FVC > 0.7, FEV1 > 70% predicted, FVC > 80% predicted. We used elastic-net models to select relevant CpGs for lung function and spirometry-defined lung disease. We also conducted bioinformatic analyses to evaluate the biological plausibility of the findings. RESULTS Among 1677 participants, 21.2% had spirometry-defined airflow limitation and 13.6% had spirometry-defined restrictive pattern lung function. Elastic-net models selected 1118 Differentially Methylated Positions (DMPs) as predictors of airflow limitation and 1385 for restrictive pattern lung function. A total of 12 DMPs overlapped between airflow limitation and restrictive pattern. EGFR, MAPK1 and PRPF8 genes were the most connected nodes in the protein-protein interaction network. Many of the DMPs targeted genes with biological roles related to lung function such as protein kinases. CONCLUSION We found multiple differentially methylated CpG sites associated with chronic lung disease. These signals could contribute to better understand molecular mechanisms involved in lung disease, as assessed systemically, as well as to identify patterns that could be useful for diagnostic purposes. Further experimental and longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether DNA methylation has a causal role in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arce Domingo-Relloso
- Integrative Epidemiology Group, Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA. .,Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Angela L Riffo-Campos
- Millennium Nucleus on Sociomedicine (SocioMed) and Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Department of Computer Science, ETSE, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Martha Powers
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maria Tellez-Plaza
- Integrative Epidemiology Group, Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karin Haack
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jason G Umans
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA.,Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M Daniele Fallin
- Departments of Mental Health and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Shelley A Cole
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany R Sanchez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
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ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway Activated by EGF Promotes Proliferation, Transdifferentiation, and Migration of Cultured Primary Newborn Rat Lung Fibroblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7176169. [PMID: 33083482 PMCID: PMC7559493 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7176169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common and serious complication in premature infants. Lung fibroblasts (LFs) are present in the extracellular matrix and participate in pulmonary development in response to BPD. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) on LFs cultured from newborn rats. Material and Methods. Primary LFs were isolated and treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF, 20 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of an ERK inhibitor, PD98059 (10 μmol/L). Phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) protein levels were determined using immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and real-time reverse transcription quantitative (RT–q)PCR. LF proliferation was examined by flow cytometry and a cell counting kit-8 assay. LF transdifferentiation was examined by protein and mRNA expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) by immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and RT–qPCR. LF migration was examined by the transwell method. Results Phosphorylated ERK1/2, which was activated by EGF, promoted LF proliferation by accelerating cell-cycle progression from the G1 to S phase. After treatment with PD98059, the expression of p-ERK1/2 in LFs, cellular proliferation, and the percentage of cells in S phase were significantly decreased. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 also promoted the differentiation of LFs into myofibroblasts through increased α-SMA synthesis and migration. Conclusion The activation of ERK promotes proliferation, transdifferentiation, and migration of lung fibroblasts from newborn rats.
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Park BH, Shin MH, Douglas IS, Chung KS, Song JH, Kim SY, Kim EY, Jung JY, Kang YA, Chang J, Kim YS, Park MS. Erythropoietin-Producing Hepatoma Receptor Tyrosine Kinase A2 Modulation Associates with Protective Effect of Prone Position in Ventilator-induced Lung Injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 58:519-529. [PMID: 29216437 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0143oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing hepatoma (Eph) receptor tyrosine kinase A2 (EphA2) and its ligand, ephrinA1, play a pivotal role in inflammation and tissue injury by modulating the epithelial and endothelial barrier integrity. Therefore, EphA2 receptor may be a potential therapeutic target for modulating ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). To support this hypothesis, here, we analyzed EphA2/ephrinA1 signaling in the process of VILI and determined the role of EphA2/ephrinA1 signaling in the protective mechanism of prone positioning in a VILI model. Wild-type mice were ventilated with high (24 ml/kg; positive end-expiratory pressure, 0 cm; 5 h) tidal volume in a supine or prone position. Anti-EphA2 receptor antibody or IgG was administered to the supine position group. Injury was assessed by analyzing the BAL fluid, lung injury scoring, and transmission electron microscopy. Lung lysates were evaluated using cytokine/chemokine ELISA and Western blotting of EphA2, ephrinA1, PI3Kγ, Akt, NF-κB, and P70S6 kinase. EphA2/ephrinA1 expression was higher in the supine high tidal volume group than in the control group, but it did not increase upon prone positioning or anti-EphA2 receptor antibody treatment. EphA2 antagonism reduced the extent of VILI and downregulated the expression of PI3Kγ, Akt, NF-κB, and P70S6 kinase. These findings demonstrate that EphA2/ephrinA1 signaling is involved in the molecular mechanism of VILI and that modulation of EphA2/ehprinA1 signaling by prone position or EphA2 antagonism may be associated with the lung-protective effect. Our data provide evidence for EphA2/ehprinA1 as a promising therapeutic target for modulating VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hoon Park
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center Paju Hospital, Paju City, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hwa Shin
- 2 Division of Pulmonology, The Institute of Chest Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Ivor S Douglas
- 3 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Kyung Soo Chung
- 2 Division of Pulmonology, The Institute of Chest Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Joo Han Song
- 2 Division of Pulmonology, The Institute of Chest Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Song Yee Kim
- 2 Division of Pulmonology, The Institute of Chest Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Eun Young Kim
- 2 Division of Pulmonology, The Institute of Chest Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Ji Ye Jung
- 2 Division of Pulmonology, The Institute of Chest Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Young Ae Kang
- 2 Division of Pulmonology, The Institute of Chest Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Joon Chang
- 2 Division of Pulmonology, The Institute of Chest Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Young Sam Kim
- 2 Division of Pulmonology, The Institute of Chest Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Moo Suk Park
- 2 Division of Pulmonology, The Institute of Chest Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
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Hu Y, Fu J, Xue X. Association of the proliferation of lung fibroblasts with the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced lung fibrosis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:701-708. [PMID: 30651853 PMCID: PMC6307421 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common, serious complication occurring in premature infants. Although clinical characteristics and pathologic changes are well described, the pathogenesis of alveolar dysplasia and interstitial fibrosis is less clear. Lung fibroblasts (LFs) are present in the extracellular matrix and serve essential roles during pulmonary epithelial injury and in response to fibrosis development in BPD. The current study investigated hyperoxia-induced proliferation of primary LFs in vitro and mechanisms that may be involved. Newborn rats were exposed to 90% oxygen, while control rats were kept in normal atmosphere. Primary LFs were isolated on postnatal day 3, 7 and 14. Hyperoxia-induced proliferation of LFs isolated on day 7 and 14 by accelerating the cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Collagen type I protein secretion and mRNA expression on day 7 and 14 were increased by hyperoxia compared with the controls. Hyperoxia significantly increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and significantly increased collagen type I expression compared with the room air control group. The findings indicated that an increase in LF proliferation in response to hyperoxia was associated with ERK1/2 phosphorylation. This mechanism may contribute to over-proliferation of LFs leading to disturbed formation of normal alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xindong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Effects of Fine Particulate Matter on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Adhesion and Biofilm Formation In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6287932. [PMID: 30069474 PMCID: PMC6057421 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6287932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a major cause of mortality and morbidity for hospitalized patients. Fine particulate matter (FPM) is known to have interactions with some bacterial infection in the respiratory system. In this report, we investigate the effect of different concentration of FPM on P. aeruginosa attachment and biofilm formation using in vitro cell culture systems. P. aeruginosa were cultured to form mature biofilms on hydroxyapatite-coated peg and the number of bacteria in the biofilms was enumerated. Morphology of biofilm was imaged with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bacterial affinity change to the cell membrane was evaluated with attached colony counting and fluorescence microscopy images. Alteration of bacterial surface hydrophobicity and S100A4 protein concentration were explored as mechanisms of P. aeruginosa adhesion to human cells. There were a concentration-dependent increase of thickness and surface roughness of biofilm mass. P. aeruginosa adherence to respiratory epithelial cells was increased after FPM treatment. Bacterial surface hydrophobicity and S1000A4 protein concentration were increased with proportionally the dose of FPM in media. FPM in the airway could enhance both the adhesion of P. aeruginosa to epithelial cells and biofilm formation. Bacterial surface hydrophobicity and human cell plasma membrane injury are associated with binding of P. aeruginosa on airway epithelial cells and biofilm formation.
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Lai JM, Zhang X, Liu FF, Yang R, Li SY, Zhu LB, Zou M, Cheng WH, Zhu JH. Redox-sensitive MAPK and Notch3 regulate fibroblast differentiation and activation: a dual role of ERK1/2. Oncotarget 2018; 7:43731-43745. [PMID: 27248323 PMCID: PMC5190056 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblastic transformation, characterized by upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin in response to proï¬brotic agents such as TGF-β1, is considered as a major event leading to ï¬brosis. The mechanistic basis linking myoï¬broblast differentiation to idiopathic pulmonary ï¬brosis and the disease treatment remain elusive. In this study, we studied roles of MAPK, Notch, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the differentiation of IMR-90 lung fibroblasts at basal level and induced by TGF-β1. Our results demonstrated that ROS-dependent activation of p38, JNK1/2 and Notch3 promoted basal and TGF-β1-induced differentiation and expression of extracellular matrix proteins. In stark contrast, ERK1/2 was suppressed by ROS and exhibited an inhibitory effect on the differentiation but showed a weak promotion on the expression of extracellular matrix proteins. TGF-β1-induced Notch3 expression depended on p38 and JNK1/2. Interestingly, Notch3 was also downstream of ERK1/2, suggesting a complex role of ERK1/2 in lung function. Our results suggest a novel ROS-mediated shift of dominance from the inhibitory ERK1/2 to the stimulatory p38, JNK1/2 and Notch3 during the pathological progression of IPF. Thus, targeting ERK1/2 signaling for activation and p38, JNK1/2 and Notch3 for inhibition may be of clinical potential against lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Mei Lai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Fang-Fang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shen-Yu Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lan-Bing Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ming Zou
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wen-Hsing Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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10
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Mammoto T, Jiang A, Jiang E, Mammoto A. Role of Twist1 Phosphorylation in Angiogenesis and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:633-644. [PMID: 27281171 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0012oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressive lung disease in which microvessel remodeling is deregulated. However, the mechanism by which deregulated angiogenesis contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. Here we show that a transcription factor, Twist1, controls angiogenesis through the angiopoietin-Tie2 pathway, and that deregulation of this mechanism mediates pathological angiogenesis and collagen deposition in a bleomycin-induced mouse pulmonary fibrosis model. Twist1 knockdown decreases Tie2 expression and attenuates endothelial cell sprouting in vitro. Angiogenesis is also inhibited in fibrin gel implanted on Tie2-specific Twist1 conditional knockout (Twist1fl/fl/Tie2-cre) mouse lung in vivo. Inhibition of Twist1 phosphorylation at the serine 42 (Ser42) residue by treating endothelial cells with a mutant construct (Twist1S42A) decreases Tie2 expression and attenuates angiogenesis compared with full-length Twist1 in vitro and in vivo. Bleomycin challenge up-regulates Twist1 Ser42 phosphorylation and Tie2 expression, increases blood vessel density, and induces collagen deposition in the mouse lung, whereas these effects are attenuated in Twist1fl/fl/Tie2-cre mice or in mice treated with Twist1S42A mutant construct. These results indicate that Twist1 Ser42 phosphorylation contributes to the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis through angiopoietin-Tie2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda Jiang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisabeth Jiang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Li LF, Lee CS, Lin CW, Chen NH, Chuang LP, Hung CY, Liu YY. Trichostatin A attenuates ventilation-augmented epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mice with bleomycin-induced acute lung injury by suppressing the Akt pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172571. [PMID: 28234968 PMCID: PMC5325309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanical ventilation (MV) used in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can cause diffuse lung inflammation, an effect termed ventilator-induced lung injury, which may produce profound pulmonary fibrogenesis. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and serine/threonine kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) are crucial in modulating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) during the reparative phase of ARDS; however, the mechanisms regulating the interactions among MV, EMT, HDACs, and Akt remain unclear. We hypothesized that trichostatin A (TSA), a HDAC inhibitor, can reduce MV-augmented bleomycin-induced EMT by inhibiting the HDAC4 and Akt pathways. Methods Five days after bleomycin treatment to mimic acute lung injury (ALI), wild-type or Akt-deficient C57BL/6 mice were exposed to low-tidal-volume (low-VT, 6 mL/kg) or high-VT (30 mL/kg) MV with room air for 5 h after receiving 2 mg/kg TSA. Nonventilated mice were examined as controls. Results Following bleomycin exposure in wild-type mice, high-VT MV induced substantial increases in microvascular leaks; matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 proteins; free radical production; Masson’s trichrome staining; fibronectin, MMP-9, and collagen 1a1 gene expression; EMT (identified by increased localized staining of α-smooth muscle actin and decreased staining of E-cadherin); total HDAC activity; and HDAC4 and Akt activation (P < 0.05). In Akt-deficient mice, the MV-augmented lung inflammation, profibrotic mediators, EMT profiles, Akt activation, and pathological fibrotic scores were reduced and pharmacologic inhibition of HDAC4 expression was triggered by TSA (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our data indicate that TSA treatment attenuates high-VT MV-augmented EMT after bleomycin-induced ALI, in part by inhibiting the HDAC4 and Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Hung Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Pang Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yiu Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yang Liu
- Chest Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institutes of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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12
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Kannan Y, Perez-Lloret J, Li Y, Entwistle LJ, Khoury H, Papoutsopoulou S, Mahmood R, Mansour NR, Ching-Cheng Huang S, Pearce EJ, Pedro S. de Carvalho L, Ley SC, Wilson MS. TPL-2 Regulates Macrophage Lipid Metabolism and M2 Differentiation to Control TH2-Mediated Immunopathology. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005783. [PMID: 27487182 PMCID: PMC4972396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent TH2 cytokine responses following chronic helminth infections can often lead to the development of tissue pathology and fibrotic scarring. Despite a good understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in fibrogenesis, there are very few therapeutic options available, highlighting a significant medical need and gap in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TH2-mediated immunopathology. In this study, we found that the Map3 kinase, TPL-2 (Map3k8; Cot) regulated TH2-mediated intestinal, hepatic and pulmonary immunopathology following Schistosoma mansoni infection or S. mansoni egg injection. Elevated inflammation, TH2 cell responses and exacerbated fibrosis in Map3k8–/–mice was observed in mice with myeloid cell-specific (LysM) deletion of Map3k8, but not CD4 cell-specific deletion of Map3k8, indicating that TPL-2 regulated myeloid cell function to limit TH2-mediated immunopathology. Transcriptional and metabolic assays of Map3k8–/–M2 macrophages identified that TPL-2 was required for lipolysis, M2 macrophage activation and the expression of a variety of genes involved in immuno-regulatory and pro-fibrotic pathways. Taken together this study identified that TPL-2 regulated TH2-mediated inflammation by supporting lipolysis and M2 macrophage activation, preventing TH2 cell expansion and downstream immunopathology and fibrosis. Chronic helminth infections can cause significant morbidity and organ damage in their definitive mammalian hosts. Managing this collateral damage can reduce morbidity and preserve vital tissues for normal organ function. One particular consequence of some chronic helminth infections is the deposition of fibrotic scar tissue, following immune responses directed towards helminth material. In this study we tested the role of a particular signalling kinase, TPL-2, and identified that it critically regulated the magnitude of fibrotic scarring following infection. Using several murine models with genetic deletions of TPL-2 in either all cells or specific deletion in subsets of immune cells (Map3k8–/–Map3k8fl/fl) we identified that expression of TPL-2 in myeloid cells was essential to prevent severe immune-mediated pathology. Using genome-wide analyses and metabolic assays, we discovered that TPL-2 was required for normal lipid metabolism and appropriate activation of myeloid cells / macrophages to limit fibrosis. These results revealed a previously unappreciated role for TPL-2 in preventing severe pathology following infection. Thus, activating this pathway may limit immune mediated pathology following chronic helminth infection. More broadly, this pathway is being targeted to treat inflammatory diseases and cancer [1, 2]. This study would suggest that caution should be taken to prevent untoward co-morbidities and fibrosis-related pathologies in patients when targeting TPL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswini Kannan
- Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimena Perez-Lloret
- Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanda Li
- Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J. Entwistle
- Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hania Khoury
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Radma Mahmood
- Experimental Histopathology, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuha R. Mansour
- Department of Infection and Immunity, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Luiz Pedro S. de Carvalho
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven C. Ley
- Immune Cell Signaling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Wilson
- Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Dynamic Imaging Reveals Coordinate Effects of Cyclic Stretch and Substrate Stiffness on Endothelial Integrity. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:3655-3667. [PMID: 27317301 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe an equibiaxial cell stretcher and hybrid, elastic membrane platform designed for dynamic imaging of cells on substrates with physiological stiffness undergoing cyclic stretch. Studies enabled by this device revealed that both substrate stiffness and cyclic stretch coordinately protect pulmonary endothelial monolayers against thrombin-induced disruption. The fluorescence imaging possible with the designed hybrid membranes further revealed similarities and differences in actin and cell dynamics during monolayer recovery. The improved live-cell imaging capabilities of this platform, when used in conjunction with fluorescent probes, will have broad applications for investigations of the impact of biochemical stimuli and mechanotransduction mechanisms on mechanically perturbed tissues.
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14
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Ju YN, Yu KJ, Wang GN. Budesonide ameliorates lung injury induced by large volume ventilation. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16:90. [PMID: 27260506 PMCID: PMC4893281 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) is a health problem for patients with acute respiratory dysfunction syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of budesonide in treating VILI. Methods Twenty-four rats were randomized to three groups: a ventilation group, ventilation/budesonide group, and sham group were ventilated with 30 ml/kg tidal volume or only anesthesia for 4 hor saline or budesonide airway instillation immediately after ventilation. The PaO2/FiO2and wet-to-dry weight ratios, protein concentration, neutrophil count, and neutrophil elastase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and the levels of inflammation-related factors were examined. Histological evaluation of and apoptosis measurement inthe lung were conducted. Results Compared with that in the ventilation group, the PaO2/FiO2 ratio was significantly increased by treatment with budesonide. The lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, total protein, neutrophil elastase level, and neutrophilcount in BALF were decreased in the budesonide group. The BALF and plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 levels were decreased, whereas the IL-10 level was increased in the budesonide group. The phosphorylated nuclear factor (NF)-kBlevels in lung tissue were inhibited by budesonide. The histological changes in the lung and apoptosis were reduced by budesonide treatment. Bax, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3 were down-regulated, and Bcl-2 was up-regulated by budesonide. Conclusions Budesonide ameliorated lung injury induced by large volume ventilation, likely by improving epithelial permeability, decreasing edema, inhibiting local and systemic inflammation, and reducing apoptosis in VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Nan Ju
- Department of ICU, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Kai-Jiang Yu
- Department of ICU, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Guo-Nian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Pain Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 150 Haping Rd., Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China.
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15
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Li XW, Li XH, Du J, Li D, Li YJ, Hu CP. Calcitonin gene-related peptide down-regulates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:1315-1324. [PMID: 27556497 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have found that eIF3a plays an important role in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and up-regulation of eIF3a induced by TGF-β1 is mediated via the ERK1/2 pathway. Whether ERK1/2 - eIF3a signal pathway is involved in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-mediated pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis remains unknown. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (5 mg/kg) in rats. Primary pulmonary fibroblasts were cultured to investigate the proliferation by BrdU incorporation method and flow cytometry. Sensory CGRP depletion by capsaicin exacerbated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats, as shown by a significant disturbed alveolar structure, marked thickening of the interalveolar septa and dense interstitial infiltration by inflammatory cells and fibroblasts, accompanied with increased expression of TGF-β1, eIF3a, phosphorylated ERK1/2, α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III. Exogenous application of CGRP significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced proliferation and differentiation of pulmonary fibroblasts concomitantly with decreased expression of eIF3a, phosphorylated ERK1/2, α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III. These effects of CGRP were abolished in the presence of CGRP8-37. These results suggest that endogenous CGRP is related to the development of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin, and the inhibitory effect of CGRP on proliferation of lung fibroblasts involves the ERK1/2 - eIF3a signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wei Li
- a Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wen-Chang West Road #22, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Li
- b Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Xiang-Ya Road #110, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jie Du
- b Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Xiang-Ya Road #110, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Dai Li
- b Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Xiang-Ya Road #110, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yuan-Jian Li
- b Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Xiang-Ya Road #110, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Chang-Ping Hu
- b Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Xiang-Ya Road #110, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
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16
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Osborn-Heaford HL, Murthy S, Gu L, Larson-Casey JL, Ryan AJ, Shi L, Glogauer M, Neighbors JD, Hohl R, Carter AB. Targeting the isoprenoid pathway to abrogate progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:47-56. [PMID: 25958207 PMCID: PMC4554879 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic remodeling in lung injury is a major cause of morbidity. The mechanism that mediates the ongoing fibrosis is unclear, and there is no available treatment to abate the aberrant repair. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a critical role in inducing fibrosis by modulating extracellular matrix deposition. Specifically, mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by alveolar macrophages is directly linked to pulmonary fibrosis as inhibition of mitochondrial H2O2 attenuates the fibrotic response in mice. Prior studies indicate that the small GTP-binding protein, Rac1, directly mediates H2O2 generation in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Geranylgeranylation of the C-terminal cysteine residue (Cys(189)) is required for Rac1 activation and mitochondrial import. We hypothesized that impairment of geranylgeranylation would limit mitochondrial oxidative stress and, thus, abrogate progression of pulmonary fibrosis. By targeting the isoprenoid pathway with a novel agent, digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP), which impairs geranylgeranylation, we demonstrate that Rac1 mitochondrial import, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and progression of the fibrotic response to lung injury are significantly attenuated. These observations reveal that targeting the isoprenoid pathway to alter Rac1 geranylgeranylation halts the progression of pulmonary fibrosis after lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linlin Gu
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Jennifer L Larson-Casey
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Alan J Ryan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa
| | - Lei Shi
- Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Matrix Dynamics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Raymond Hohl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa
| | - A Brent Carter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa
- Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
- Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA
- Birmingham VAMC, Birmingham, AL
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17
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Li XW, Wu YH, Li XH, Li D, Du J, Hu CP, Li YJ. Role of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3a in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 749:89-97. [PMID: 25592322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3a (eIF3a) is a multifunctional protein and plays an important role in regulation of cellular function including proliferation and differentiation. In the present study, we tested the function of eIF3a in pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (5mg/kg) in rats. Primary pulmonary fibroblasts were cultured for proliferation investigation by BrdU incorporation method and flow cytometry. The expression/level of eIF3a, TGF-β1, ERK1/2 and α-SMA were analyzed by ELISA, real-time PCR or western blot. Results showed that the expression of eIF3a was obviously increased in lungs of pulmonary fibrosis rats accompanied by up-regulation of α-SMA and collagens. In cultured pulmonary fibroblasts, application of exogenous TGF-β1 induced cell proliferation and differentiation concomitantly with up-regulation of eIF3a expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The effects of TGF-β1-induced proliferation of fibroblasts and up-regulation of α-SMA were abolished by eIF3a siRNA. TGF-β1-induced eIF3a expression was reversed in the presence of PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2. These findings suggest that eIF3a plays an important role in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by regulating pulmonary fibroblasts׳ function, and up-regulation of eIF3a induced by TGF-β1 is mediated via the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yue-Han Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Dai Li
- National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jie Du
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Chang-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yuan-Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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18
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Larson-Casey JL, Murthy S, Ryan AJ, Carter AB. Modulation of the mevalonate pathway by akt regulates macrophage survival and development of pulmonary fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:36204-19. [PMID: 25378391 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase B (Akt) is a key effector of multiple cellular processes, including cell survival. Akt, a serine/threonine kinase, is known to increase cell survival by regulation of the intrinsic pathway for apoptosis. In this study, we found that Akt modulated the mevalonate pathway, which is also linked to cell survival, by increasing Rho GTPase activation. Akt modulated the pathway by phosphorylating mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MDD) at Ser(96). This phosphorylation in macrophages increased activation of Rac1, which enhanced macrophage survival because mutation of MDD (MDDS96A) induced apoptosis. Akt-mediated activation in macrophages was specific for Rac1 because Akt did not increase activity of other Rho GTP-binding proteins. The relationship between Akt and Rac1 was biologically relevant because Akt(+/-) mice had significantly less active Rac1 in alveolar macrophages, and macrophages from Akt(+/-) mice had an increase in active caspase-9 and -3. More importantly, Akt(+/-) mice were significantly protected from the development of pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that macrophage survival is associated with the fibrotic phenotype. These observations for the first time suggest that Akt plays a critical role in the development and progression of pulmonary fibrosis by enhancing macrophage survival via modulation of the mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shubha Murthy
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and
| | - Alan J Ryan
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and
| | - A Brent Carter
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology and Program in Free Radical and Radiation Biology, the Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and the Department of Human Toxicology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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19
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Li LF, Liu YY, Kao KC, Wu CT, Chang CH, Hung CY, Yang CT. Mechanical ventilation augments bleomycin-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the Src pathway. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1017-29. [PMID: 24955896 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation used in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can damage pulmonary epithelial cells by producing inflammatory cytokines and depositing excess collagen. Src participates in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) production during the fibroproliferative phase of ARDS, which involves a process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The mechanisms regulating interactions between mechanical ventilation and EMT are unclear. We hypothesized that EMT induced by high-tidal volume (VT) mechanical stretch-augmented lung inflammation occurs through upregulation of the Src pathway. Five days after administering bleomycin to simulate acute lung injury (ALI), male C57BL/6 mice, either wild-type or Src-deficient, aged 3 months, weighing between 25 and 30 g, were exposed to low-VT (6 ml/kg) or high-VT (30 ml/kg) mechanical ventilation with room air for 1-5 h. Nonventilated mice were used as control subjects. We observed that high-VT mechanical ventilation increased microvascular permeability, PAI-1 and TGF-β1 protein levels, Masson's trichrome staining, extracellular collagen levels, collagen gene expression, fibroblast accumulation, positive staining of α-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen, activation of Src signaling and epithelial apoptotic cell death in wild-type mice (P<0.05). Decreased staining of the epithelial marker, Zonula occludents-1, was also observed. Mechanical stretch-augmented EMT and epithelial apoptosis were attenuated in Src-deficient mice and pharmacological inhibition of Src activity by PP2 (P<0.05). Our data suggest that high-VT mechanical ventilation-augmented EMT after bleomycin-induced ALI partially depends on the Src pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Li
- 1] Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yang Liu
- 1] Chest Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Kao
- 1] Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Te Wu
- 1] Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yiu Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- 1] Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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20
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Mechanical ventilation-associated lung fibrosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a significant contributor to poor outcome. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:189-98. [PMID: 24732023 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most challenging problems in critical care medicine is the management of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Increasing evidence from experimental and clinical studies suggests that mechanical ventilation, which is necessary for life support in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, can cause lung fibrosis, which may significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality. The role of mechanical stress as an inciting factor for lung fibrosis versus its role in lung homeostasis and the restoration of normal pulmonary parenchymal architecture is poorly understood. In this review, the authors explore recent advances in the field of pulmonary fibrosis in the context of acute respiratory distress syndrome, concentrating on its relevance to the practice of mechanical ventilation, as commonly applied by anesthetists and intensivists. The authors focus the discussion on the thesis that mechanical ventilation-or more specifically, that ventilator-induced lung injury-may be a major contributor to lung fibrosis. The authors critically appraise possible mechanisms underlying the mechanical stress-induced lung fibrosis and highlight potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate this fibrosis.
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21
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Zhong B, Yang X, Sun Q, Liu L, Lan X, Tian J, He Q, Hou W, Liu H, Jiang C, Gao N, Lu S. Pdcd4 modulates markers of macrophage alternative activation and airway remodeling in antigen-induced pulmonary inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:1065-75. [PMID: 25097194 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0313-136rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pdcd4 has been known as a tumor-suppressor gene initially and is up-regulated during apoptosis. Surprisingly, we found that Pdcd4 was differentially expressed in the lung from E3 rats with AIPI, an animal model for asthma, but the precise role of Pdcd4 in AIPI still remained to be defined. In the present study, we first evaluated the expression of Pdcd4 in lung from control and AIPI rats with RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Then, we investigated the effects of intervention of Pdcd4 on markers of macrophage alternative activation and airway remodeling. Upon challenging E3 rats with OVA, Pdcd4 was up-regulated in lung tissue with AIPI. Immunohistochemistry results showed that alveolar macrophages and airway epithelia expressed Pdcd4 protein. Overexpression of Pdcd4 in the rat alveolar macrophage cell line, NR8383 cells, increased the mRNA expression of arginase-1 and TGF-β1, which are markers of macrophage alternative activation. In response to Pdcd4 RNAi in NR8383 cells, the mRNA expression of markers Fizz1, Ym1/2, arginase-1, and TGF-β1 was decreased significantly. In addition, Pdcd4 RNAi in AIPI rats led to a decrease of the mRNA expression of Fizz1, Ym1/2, arginase-1, and TGF-β1 in BALF cells. Finally, knockdown of Pdcd4 suppressed airway eosinophil infiltration, bronchus collagen deposition, and mucus production. Overall, these results suggest that Pdcd4 may be worthy of further investigation as a target for macrophage alternative activation and airway remodeling in allergic pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhong
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Departments of Pediatrics and
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingzhu Sun
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Tian
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qirui He
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Departments of Pediatrics and
| | | | - Congshan Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital, and
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, and
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Kaniaris E, Vaporidi K, Vergadi E, Theodorakis EE, Kondili E, Lagoudaki E, Tsatsanis C, Georgopoulos D. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of Tpl2 kinase is protective in a mouse model of ventilator-induced lung injury. Intensive Care Med Exp 2014; 2:15. [PMID: 26266915 PMCID: PMC4513004 DOI: 10.1186/2197-425x-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanical stress induced by injurious ventilation leads to pro-inflammatory cytokine production and lung injury. The extracellular-signal-regulated-kinase, ERK1/2, participates in the signaling pathways activated upon mechanical stress in the lungs to promote the inflammatory response. Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is a MAP3kinase that activates ERK1/2 upon cytokine or TLR signaling, to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The role of Tpl2 in lung inflammation, and specifically in the one caused by mechanical stress has not been investigated. The aim of the study was to examine if genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of Tpl2 could ameliorate ventilator-induced lung injury. Methods Adult male wild-type and Tpl2-deficient mice were ventilated with normal or high tidal volume for 4 h. Additional wild-type mice were treated with a Tpl2 inhibitor either before or 30 min after initiation of high tidal ventilation. Non-ventilated mice of both genotypes served as controls. The development of lung injury was evaluated by measuring lung mechanics, arterial blood gases, concentrations of proteins, IL-6, and MIP-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and by lung histology. Data were compared by Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results Mechanical ventilation with normal tidal volume induced a mild increase of IL-6 in BALF in both strains. High tidal volume ventilation induced lung injury in wild-type mice, characterized by decreased lung compliance, increased concentrations of proteins, IL-6 and MIP-2 in BALF, and inflammatory cell infiltration on histology. All indices of lung injury were ameliorated in Tpl2-deficient mice. Wild-type mice treated with the Tpl2 inhibitor, either prior of after the initiation of high tidal volume ventilation were protected from the development of lung injury, as indicated by preserved lung compliance and lower BALF concentrations of proteins and IL-6, than similarly ventilated, untreated wild-type mice. Conclusions Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of Tpl2 is protective in a mouse model of ventilator-induced lung injury, ameliorating both high-permeability pulmonary edema and lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Kaniaris
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Intensive Care Medicine Laboratory, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklio, Crete, 71003, Greece,
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He Z, Deng Y, Li W, Chen Y, Xing S, Zhao X, Ding J, Gao Y, Wang X. Overexpression of PTEN suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced lung fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and collagen secretion through inhibition of the PI3-K-Akt-GSK3beta pathway. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:2. [PMID: 24387036 PMCID: PMC3892003 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal and uncontrolled proliferation of lung fibroblasts may contribute to pulmonary fibrosis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can induce fibroblast proliferation and differentiation through activation of phosphoinositide3-Kinase (PI3-K) pathway. However, the detail mechanism by which LPS contributes to the development of lung fibrosis is not clearly understood. To investigate the role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a PI3-K pathway suppressor, on LPS-induced lung fibroblast proliferation, differentiation, collagen secretion and activation of PI3-K, we transfected PTEN overexpression lentivirus into cultured mouse lung fibroblasts with or without LPS treatment to evaluate proliferation by MTT and Flow cytometry assays. Expression of PTEN, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta) and phosphorylation of Akt were determined by Western-blot or real-time RT-PCR assays. The PTEN phosphorylation activity was measured by a malachite green-based assay. The content of C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP) in cell culture supernatants was examined by ELISA. Results We found that overexpression of PTEN effectively increased expression and phosphatase activity of PTEN, and concomitantly inhibited LPS-induced fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and collagen secretion. Phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3beta protein expression levels in the LPS-induced PTEN overexpression transfected cells were significantly lower than those in the LPS-induced non-transfected cells, which can be reversed by the PTEN inhibitor, bpV(phen). Conclusions Collectively, our results show that overexpression and induced phosphatase activity of PTEN inhibits LPS-induced lung fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and collagen secretion through inactivation of PI3-K-Akt-GSK3beta signaling pathways, which can be abrogated by a selective PTEN inhibitor. Thus, expression and phosphatase activity of PTEN could be a potential therapeutic target for LPS-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Compared with PTEN expression level, phosphatase activity of PTEN is more crucial in affecting lung fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and collagen secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Mammoto T, Jiang E, Jiang A, Lu Y, Juan AM, Chen J, Mammoto A. Twist1 controls lung vascular permeability and endotoxin-induced pulmonary edema by altering Tie2 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73407. [PMID: 24023872 PMCID: PMC3759405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of vascular permeability is necessary for normal development and deregulated vascular barrier function contributes to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, cancer and inflammation. The angiopoietin (Ang)-Tie2 pathway is known to control vascular permeability. However, the mechanism by which the expression of Tie2 is regulated to control vascular permeability has not been fully elucidated. Here we show that transcription factor Twist1 modulates pulmonary vascular leakage by altering the expression of Tie2 in a context-dependent way. Twist1 knockdown in cultured human lung microvascular endothelial cells decreases Tie2 expression and phosphorylation and increases RhoA activity, which disrupts cell-cell junctional integrity and increases vascular permeability in vitro. In physiological conditions, where Ang1 is dominant, pulmonary vascular permeability is elevated in the Tie2-specific Twist1 knockout mice. However, depletion of Twist1 and resultant suppression of Tie2 expression prevent increase in vascular permeability in an endotoxin-induced lung injury model, where the balance of Angs shifts toward Ang2. These results suggest that Twist1-Tie2-Angs signaling is important for controlling vascular permeability and modulation of this mechanism may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches for pulmonary edema and other diseases caused by abnormal vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- 1 Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Jiang
- 1 Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda Jiang
- 1 Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yongbo Lu
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aimee M. Juan
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jing Chen
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- 1 Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li LF, Chu PH, Hung CY, Kao WWY, Lin MC, Liu YY, Yang CT. Lumican regulates ventilation-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through extracelluar signal-regulated kinase pathway. Chest 2013; 143:1252-1260. [PMID: 23154825 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation used in patients with acute lung injury can damage pulmonary epithelial cells through production of inflammatory cytokines and excess deposition of the extracellular matrix protein lumican. Lumican participates in macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and transforming growth factor-β₁ (TGF-β₁) signaling during the fibroproliferative phase of acute lung injury, which involves a process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The mechanisms regulating interactions between mechanical ventilation and lung injury are unclear. We hypothesized that lung damage and EMT by high tidal volume (Vt) mechanical stretch causes upregulation of lumican that modulates MIP-2 and TGF-β₁ through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice (either wild type or lumican null) aged 3 months and weighing between 25 and 30 g were exposed to low Vt (6 mL/kg) or high Vt (30 mL/kg) mechanical ventilation with room air for 2 to 8 h. Nonventilated mice were used as control subjects. RESULTS We found that high Vt mechanical ventilation increased microvascular permeability, neutrophil influx, production of free radicals, MIP-2 and TGF-β₁ proteins, positive staining of α-smooth muscle actin and S100A4/fibroblast-specific protein-1, Masson trichrome staining and extracellular collagen, and activation of lumican and ERK1/2 in wild-type mice. Decreased staining of the epithelial marker E-cadherin was also observed. Mechanical stretch-augmented EMT was attenuated with lumican-deficient mice and pharmacologic inhibition of ERK1/2 activity by PD98059. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that lumican promotes high Vt mechanical ventilation-induced lung injury and EMT through the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; First Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yiu Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Winston W-Y Kao
- Edith J. Crawley Vision Science Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Meng-Chih Lin
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chest Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Chen Q, Yang Y, Huang Y, Pan C, Liu L, Qiu H. Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates lung fibrosis by way of Mas receptor in acute lung injury. J Surg Res 2013; 185:740-7. [PMID: 23890397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis occurs in approximately 60% of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and has been significantly correlated with a poor outcome. The overexpression of angiotensin (Ang) II can induce lung inflammation and fibrosis. This observation, coupled with the knowledge that Ang-(1-7) is considered to be an endogenous antagonist of Ang II, led us to hypothesize that Ang-(1-7) would prevent lung remodeling in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protocol involved five groups: (1) control, (2) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), (3) losartan as a positive control group, (4) Ang-(1-7), and (5) [D-Ala7]-Ang-(1-7) (A779), an antagonist of the Ang-(1-7) receptor. Acute lung injury was induced by an intratracheal injection of LPS 5 mg/kg in C57BL/6 mice. Losartan (10 mg/kg) was administered by gavage daily, starting from 1 d before LPS stimulation. Ang-(1-7) or A779 in saline (100 ng/kg/min) was infused subcutaneously 1 h before acute lung injury induction for 3 or 7 d. The lung tissues were harvested for analysis at day 3 or 7 after injection of LPS. RESULTS LPS stimulation resulted in significantly increased inflammation, edema, and lung collagen production. With Ang-(1-7) treatment, the lung fibrosis score and hydroxyproline level were significantly reduced, and the expression of transforming growth factor-β and Smad2/3 were decreased on days 3 and 7. Losartan attenuated lung fibrosis similarly to Ang-(1-7) after LPS exposure. In the A779 group, a tendency was seen to aggravate collagen deposition and lung remodeling. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate an antiremodeling role for Ang-(1-7) in acute lung injury, similar to the blocker of Ang II receptor, that might be at least partially mediated through an Ang-(1-7) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhong-Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Control of lung vascular permeability and endotoxin-induced pulmonary oedema by changes in extracellular matrix mechanics. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1759. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Villar J, Cabrera NE, Valladares F, Casula M, Flores C, Blanch L, Quilez ME, Santana-Rodríguez N, Kacmarek RM, Slutsky AS. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by mechanical ventilation is associated with ventilator-induced pulmonary fibrosis in healthy lungs. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23914. [PMID: 21935365 PMCID: PMC3174135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation (MV) with high tidal volumes (V(T)) can cause or aggravate lung damage, so-called ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). The relationship between specific mechanical events in the lung and the cellular responses that result in VILI remains incomplete. Since activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been suggested to be central to mechanisms of lung healing and fibrosis, we hypothesized that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a role during VILI. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study using adult, healthy, male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals (n = 6/group) were randomized to spontaneous breathing or two strategies of MV for 4 hours: low tidal volume (V(T)) (6 mL/kg) or high V(T) (20 mL/kg). Histological evaluation of lung tissue, measurements of WNT5A, total β-catenin, non-phospho (Ser33/37/Thr41) β-catenin, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), cyclin D1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2) protein levels by Western blot, and WNT5A, non-phospho (Ser33/37/Thr41) β-catenin, MMP-7, and AXIN2 immunohistochemical localization in the lungs were analyzed. High-V(T) MV caused lung inflammation and perivascular edema with cellular infiltrates and collagen deposition. Protein levels of WNT5A, non-phospho (Ser33/37/Thr41) β-catenin, MMP-7, cyclin D1, VEGF, and AXIN2 in the lungs were increased in all ventilated animals although high-V(T) MV was associated with significantly higher levels of WNT5A, non-phospho (Ser33/37/Thr41) β-catenin, MMP-7, cyclin D1, VEGF, and AXIN2 levels. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is modulated very early by MV in lungs without preexistent lung disease, suggesting that activation of this pathway could play an important role in both VILI and lung repair. Modulation of this pathway might represent a therapeutic option for prevention and/or management of VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Villar
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Li LF, Chen BX, Tsai YH, Kao WWY, Yang CT, Chu PH. Lumican expression in diaphragm induced by mechanical ventilation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24692. [PMID: 21931815 PMCID: PMC3170381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diaphragmatic dysfunction found in the patients with acute lung injury required prolonged mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation can induce production of inflammatory cytokines and excess deposition of extracellular matrix proteins via up-regulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Lumican is known to participate in TGF-β1 signaling during wound healing. The mechanisms regulating interactions between mechanical ventilation and diaphragmatic injury are unclear. We hypothesized that diaphragmatic damage by short duration of mechanical stretch caused up-regulation of lumican that modulated TGF-β1 signaling. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice, either wild-type or lumican-null, aged 3 months, weighing between 25 and 30 g, were exposed to normal tidal volume (10 ml/kg) or high tidal volume (30 ml/kg) mechanical ventilation with room air for 2 to 8 hours. Nonventilated mice served as control groups. Results High tidal volume mechanical ventilation induced interfibrillar disassembly of diaphragmatic collagen fiber, lumican activation, type I and III procollagen, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) mRNA, production of free radical and TGF-β1 protein, and positive staining of lumican in diaphragmatic fiber. Mechanical ventilation of lumican deficient mice attenuated diaphragmatic injury, type I and III procollagen, fibronectin, and α-SMA mRNA, and production of free radical and TGF-β1 protein. No significant diaphragmatic injury was found in mice subjected to normal tidal volume mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Our data showed that high tidal volume mechanical ventilation induced TGF-β1 production, TGF-β1-inducible genes, e.g., collagen, and diaphragmatic dysfunction through activation of the lumican.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Xiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Section of Respiratory Care, Department of Integrated Diagno-Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Huang Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Winston W.-Y. Kao
- Crawley Vision Research Center/Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-TY); (P-HC)
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- The First Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-TY); (P-HC)
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MEK inhibition suppresses the development of lung fibrosis in the bleomycin model. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 384:21-37. [PMID: 21533992 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade has long been known to be central to the activation of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and oncogenic transformation. The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) serine/threonine family of protein kinases, of which ERK is a member, is activated by a mechanism that includes protein kinase cascades. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are well-conserved enzymes connecting cell surface receptors to intracellular regulatory targets; they are activated in response to a wide variety of stimuli. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PD98059, a highly selective inhibitor of MAP/ERK kinase1 (MEK1) activation, on the development of lung inflammation and fibrosis. Lung injury was induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (1 mg/kg), and PD98059 (10 mg/kg, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, i.p.) was administrated 1 h after bleomycin instillation and daily for 7 days. PD98059 treatment shows therapeutic effects on pulmonary damage, decreasing many inflammatory and apoptotic parameters, such as (1) cytokine production; (2) IkBα degradation and NF-kB nuclear translocation; (3) iNOS expression; (4) nitrotyrosine and PAR localization; and (5) the degree of apoptosis, as evaluated by Bax and Bcl-2 balance, FAS ligand expression, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining. In particular, to assess whether PD98059 treatment influences MAPKs pathway, we have also investigated the expression of activated ERK and JNK after bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, showing that the inhibition of the cascade reduces the inflammatory processes that lead to the appearance of the fibrosis. Taken together, all our results clearly show that PD98059 reduces the lung injury and inflammation due to the intratracheal bleomycin administration in mice.
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Hydroxyethyl starch reduces high stretch ventilation-augmented lung injury via vascular endothelial growth factor. Transl Res 2011; 157:293-305. [PMID: 21497777 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of epithelial and endothelial barriers found in patients with acute lung injury often results in the need for the support of mechanical ventilation. High tidal volume (V(T)) mechanical ventilation can increase lung damage through lung inflammation, but the mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that a colloid supply with hydroxyethyl starch would decrease neutrophil infiltration, lung edema, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in mice exposed to high V(T) mechanical ventilation. Male C57BL/6 mice, weighing 20 g to 25 g, were exposed to high V(T) (30 mL/kg) mechanical ventilation with room air for 1 h to 5 h and infused with 15 mL/kg/h normal saline or hydroxyethyl starch intravenously at the beginning and every 30 min during ventilation. Evans blue dye, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, histopathologic grading of lung tissue, myeloperoxidase, and inflammatory cytokine were measured to establish the extent of lung injury. Knockdown of VEGF by short interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to explore the role of VEGF. High V(T) ventilation induced the increases of microvascular permeability, neutrophil influx, expressions of VEGF mRNA and VEGF, production of VEGF protein, positive staining of VEGF in epithelium, and apoptotic epithelial cell death. Lung injury induced by high V(T) ventilation was attenuated with the supply of hydroxyethyl starch and pharmacologic inhibition of VEGF expression by siRNA. We conclude that hydroxyethyl starch reduces high V(T) mechanical ventilation-induced lung injury and neutrophil infiltration through an inhibition of VEGF expression.
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Polo ML, Arnoni MV, Riggio M, Wargon V, Lanari C, Novaro V. Responsiveness to PI3K and MEK inhibitors in breast cancer. Use of a 3D culture system to study pathways related to hormone independence in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10786. [PMID: 20520761 PMCID: PMC2877092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant proportion of breast cancer patients face failure of endocrine therapy due to the acquisition of endocrine resistance. We have explored mechanisms involved in such disease progression by using a mouse breast cancer model that is induced by medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). These tumors transit through different stages of hormone sensitivity. However, when cells from tumor variants were seeded on plastic, all were stimulated by progestins and inhibited by antiprogestins such as RU486. Furthermore, cells from a RU486-resistant tumor variant recovered antiprogestin sensitivity. HYPOTHESIS A three-dimensional (3D) culture system, by maintaining differential cellular organization that is typical of each tumor variant, may allow for the maintenance of particular hormone responses and thus be appropriate for the study of the effects of specific inhibitors of signaling pathways associated with disease progression. METHOD We compared the behavior of tumors growing in vivo and cancer cells ex vivo (in 3D Matrigel). In this system, we evaluated the effects of kinase inhibitors and hormone antagonists on tumor growth. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS LY294002, a PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor, decreased both tumor growth in vivo and cell survival in Matrigel in MPA-independent tumors with higher AKT activity. Induction of cell death by anti-hormones such as ICI182780 and ZK230211 was more effective in MPA-dependent tumors with lower AKT activity. Inhibition of MEK with PD98059 did not affect tumor growth in any tested variant. Finally, while Matrigel reproduced differential responsiveness of MPA-dependent and -independent breast cancer cells, it was not sufficient to preserve antiprogestin resistance of RU486-resistant tumors. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT pathway is relevant for MPA-independent tumor growth. Three-dimensional cultures were useful to test the effects of kinase inhibitors on breast cancer growth and highlight the need for in vivo models to validate experimental tools used for selective therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Polo
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IBYME)-National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Victoria Arnoni
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IBYME)-National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Riggio
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IBYME)-National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Wargon
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IBYME)-National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IBYME)-National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia Novaro
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IBYME)-National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Maniatis NA, Letsiou E, Orfanos SE, Kardara M, Dimopoulou I, Nakos G, Lekka ME, Roussos C, Armaganidis A, Kotanidou A. Inhaled activated protein C protects mice from ventilator-induced lung injury. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2010; 14:R70. [PMID: 20403177 PMCID: PMC2887192 DOI: 10.1186/cc8976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activated Protein C (APC), an endogenous anticoagulant, improves tissue microperfusion and endothelial cell survival in systemic inflammatory states such as sepsis, but intravenous administration may cause severe bleeding. We have thus addressed the role of APC delivered locally by inhalation in preventing acute lung injury from alveolar overdistention and the subsequent ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). We also assessed the effects of APC on the activation status of Extracellular- Regulated Kinase 1/2 (ERK) pathway, which has been shown to be involved in regulating pulmonary responses to mechanical stretch. METHODS Inhaled APC (12.5 microg drotrecogin-alpha x 4 doses) or saline was given to tracheotomized C57/Bl6 mice starting 20 min prior to initiation of injurious mechanical ventilation with tidal volume 25 mL/Kg for 4 hours and then hourly thereafter; control groups receiving inhaled saline were ventilated with 8 mL/Kg for 30 min or 4 hr. We measured lung function (respiratory system elastance H), arterial blood gases, surrogates of vascular leak (broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) total protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-activity), and parameters of inflammation (BAL neutrophils and lung tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity). Morphological alterations induced by mechanical ventilation were examined in hematoxylin-eosin lung tissue sections. The activation status of ERK was probed in lung tissue homogenates by immunoblotting and in paraffin sections by immunohistochemistry. The effect of APC on ERK signaling downstream of the thrombin receptor was tested on A549 human lung epithelial cells by immunoblotting. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA with appropriate post-hoc testing. RESULTS In mice subjected to VILI without APC, we observed hypoxemia, increased respiratory system elastance and inflammation, assessed by BAL neutrophil counts and tissue MPO activity. BAL total protein levels and ACE activity were also elevated by VILI, indicating compromise of the alveolo-capillary barrier. In addition to preserving lung function, inhaled APC prevented endothelial barrier disruption and attenuated hypoxemia and the inflammatory response. Mechanistically, we found a strong activation of ERK in lung tissues by VILI, which was prevented by APC, suggestive of pathogenetic involvement of the Mitogen-Activated Kinase pathway. In cultured human lung epithelial cells challenged by thrombin, APC abrogated the activation of ERK and its downstream effector, cytosolic Phospholipase A2. CONCLUSIONS Topical application of APC by inhalation may effectively reduce lung injury induced by mechanical ventilation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos A Maniatis
- 2nd Dept, of Critical Care, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Rimini 1, Haidari, Greece.
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Opal SM, LaRosa SP. Year in review 2008: Critical Care--sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:224. [PMID: 19886974 PMCID: PMC2784335 DOI: 10.1186/cc7945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present report highlights the most important papers appearing in Critical Care and other major journals about severe sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response and multiorgan dysfunction over the past year. A number of these clinical and laboratory studies will have a considerable impact on the sepsis research agenda for years to come. The steroid controversy, the debate over tight glycemic control, the colloid versus crystalloid issue, the value of selective decontamination of the digestive tract, the enlarging role of biomarkers, the value of genomics and rapid diagnostic techniques have all been prominently featured in recent publications. Basic research into novel predictive assays, genetic polymorphisms, and new molecular methods to risk-stratify and to determine treatment options for sepsis have occupied much of the Critical Care publications relating to sepsis pathophysiology in 2008. We will attempt to briefly summarize what we consider to be the most significant contributions to the sepsis literature over the last year, and their likely ramifications in the future, for critical care clinicians, clinical investigators and basic researchers alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Opal
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Memorial Hospital of RI, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 111 Brewster Street, Pawtucket, RI 02860, USA.
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Li LF, Huang CC, Lin HC, Tsai YH, Quinn DA, Liao SK. Unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin reduce high-stretch ventilation augmented lung injury: a prospective, controlled animal experiment. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:R108. [PMID: 19580651 PMCID: PMC2750150 DOI: 10.1186/cc7949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Dysregulation of coagulation and local fibrinolysis found in patients with acute lung injury often results in the need for the support of mechanical ventilation. High-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation can increase lung damage and suppression of fibrinolytic activity, but the mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that subcutaneous injections of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin would decrease neutrophil infiltration, lung edema, and plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) production in mice exposed to high-tidal-volume ventilation. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice, weighing 20 to 25 g, were exposed to either high-tidal-volume (30 ml/kg) or low-tidal-volume (6 ml/kg) mechanical ventilation with room air for 1 to 5 hours after 200 IU/kg or 400 IU/kg unfractionated heparin and 4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg enoxaparin administration. Nonventilated mice served as a control group. Evan blue dye, lung wet- to dry-weight ratio, histopathologic grading of epithelium, myeloperoxidase, and gene expression of PAI-1 were measured. The expression of PAI-1 was studied by immunohistochemistry. Results High-tidal-volume ventilation induced increased microvascular permeability, neutrophil influx, PAI-1 mRNA expression, production of PAI-1 protein, and positive staining of PAI-1 in epithelium in a dose-dependent manner. Lung injury induced by high-tidal-volume ventilation was attenuated with PAI-1-deficient mice and pharmacologic inhibition of PAI-1 activity by low-dose unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin. Conclusions We conclude that high-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation increased microvascular permeability, neutrophil influx, lung PAI-1 mRNA expression, production of active PAI-1. The deleterious effects were attenuated by low-dose unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin treatment. Understanding the protective mechanism of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin related to the reduction of PAI-1 may afford further knowledge of the effects of mechanical forces in the lung and development of possible therapeutic strategies involved in acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Ma Y, Wang M, Li N, Wu R, Wang X. Bleomycin-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human bronchial epithelial cells involves the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta. Toxicol Lett 2009; 187:194-200. [PMID: 19429264 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a central role in the development of bleomycin (BLM) lung toxicity, but the regulatory mechanisms are still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of BLM on cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) and first confirmed that BLM induced the transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB signaling in BECs. We also found that BLM activated Akt (protein kinase B, PKB) and increased the phosphorylation level of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). GSK3beta is known to be a key downstream target of Akt, and LY294002, the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt inhibitor, which promoted the dephosphorylation of GSK3beta, significantly attenuated BLM-induced NF-kappaB activation. Next, we further observed that constitutively active GSK3beta stabilized the inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaBalpha), inhibited p65 nuclear translocation and partially blocked BLM-induced NF-kappaB activation. Importantly, a co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that GSK3beta formed a complex with IkappaBalpha, while GSK3beta phosphorylation caused by BLM led to their dissociation. These results suggest that BLM can induce the activation of NF-kappaB signaling in BECs and this process is tightly associated with the phosphorylation status of GSK3beta, implying a possible regulatory mechanism of NF-kappaB signaling in BECs during the toxic lung injury induced by BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Disease of Ministry of Health of China, Wuhan 430030, PR China
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