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Bae Y, Baek W, Lim CW, Lee SC. A pepper RING-finger E3 ligase, CaFIRF1, negatively regulates the high-salt stress response by modulating the stability of CaFAF1. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1319-1333. [PMID: 38221841 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Controlling protein stability or degradation via the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system is a crucial mechanism in plant cellular responses to stress conditions. Previous studies have revealed that the pepper FANTASTIC FOUR-like gene, CaFAF1, plays a positive role in salt tolerance and that, in this process, CaFAF1 protein degradation is delayed. Here, we sought to isolate the E3 ligases potentially responsible for modulating CaFAF1 protein stability in response to salt stress. The pepper RING-type E3 ligase CaFIRF1 (Capsicum annuum FAF1 Interacting RING Finger protein 1) was found to interact with and ubiquitinate CaFAF1, leading to the degradation of CaFAF1 proteins. In response to high-salt treatments, CaFIRF1-silenced pepper plants exhibited tolerant phenotypes. In contrast, co-silencing of CaFAF1 and CaFIRF1 led to increased sensitivity to high-salt treatments, revealing that CaFIRF1 functions upstream of CaFAF1. A cell-free degradation analysis showed that high-salt treatment suppressed CaFAF1 protein degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway, in which CaFIRF1 is functionally involved. In addition, an in vivo ubiquitination assay revealed that CaFIRF1-mediated ubiquitination of CaFAF1 proteins was reduced by high-salt treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest that the degradation of CaFAF1 mediated by CaFIRF1 has a critical role in pepper plant responses to high salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongil Bae
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woonhee Baek
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Paul A, Mondal S, Chakraborty K, Biswas AK. Moving forward to understand the alteration of physiological mechanism by seed priming with different halo-agents under salt stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:24. [PMID: 38457044 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinity hampers the survival and productivity of crops. To minimize salt-associated damages in plant, better salt management practices in agriculture have become a prerequisite. Seed priming with different halo-agents is a technique, which improves the primed plant's endurance to tackle sodium. Salt tolerance is achieved in tolerant plants through fundamental physiological mechanisms- ion-exclusion and tissue tolerance, and salt-tolerant plants may (Na+ accumulators) or may not (Na+ excluders) allow sodium movement to leaves. While Na+ excluders depend on ion exclusion in roots, Na+ accumulators are proficient Na+ managers that can compartmentalize Na+ in leaves and use them beneficially as inexpensive osmoticum. Salt-sensitive plants are Na+ accumulators, but their inherent tissue tolerance ability and ion-exclusion process are insufficient for tolerance. Seed priming with different halo-agents aids in 'rewiring' of the salt tolerance mechanisms of plants. The resetting of the salt tolerance mechanism is not universal for every halo-agent and might vary with halo-agents. Here, we review the physiological mechanisms that different halo-agents target to confer enhanced salt tolerance in primed plants. Calcium and potassium-specific halo-agents trigger Na+ exclusion in roots, thus ensuring a low amount of Na+ in leaves. In contrast, Na+-specific priming agents favour processes for Na+ inclusion in leaves, improve plant tissue tolerance or vacuolar sequestration, and provide the greatest benefit to salt-sensitive and sodium accumulating plants. Overall, this review will help to understand the underlying mechanism behind plant's inherent nature towards salt management and its amelioration with different halo-agents, which helps to optimize crop stress performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alivia Paul
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, CAS, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, CAS, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Subhankar Mondal
- Crop Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
- Department of Botany, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India
| | - Koushik Chakraborty
- Crop Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Asok K Biswas
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, CAS, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
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3
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Raspor M, Mrvaljević M, Savić J, Ćosić T, Kaleri AR, Pokimica N, Cingel A, Ghalawnji N, Motyka V, Ninković S. Cytokinin deficiency confers enhanced tolerance to mild, but decreased tolerance to severe salinity stress in in vitro grown potato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1296520. [PMID: 38362121 PMCID: PMC10867153 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1296520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinin (CK) is a plant hormone that plays crucial roles in regulating plant growth and development. CK-deficient plants are widely used as model systems for investigating the numerous physiological roles of CK. Since it was previously shown that transgenic or mutant CK-deficient Arabidopsis and Centaurium plants show superior tolerance to salinity, we examined the tolerance of three CK-deficient potato lines overexpressing the Arabidopsis thaliana CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE2 (AtCKX2) gene to 50 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM, and 200 mM NaCl applied in vitro. Quantification of visible salinity injury, rooting and acclimatization efficiency, shoot growth, water saturation deficit, and chlorophyll content confirmed that the CK-deficient potato plants were more tolerant to low (50 mM) and moderate (100 mM) NaCl concentrations, but exhibited increased sensitivity to severe salinity stress (150 and 200 mM NaCl) compared to non-transformed control plants. These findings were corroborated by the data distribution patterns according to principal component analysis. Quantification of the activity of superoxide dismutases, peroxidases, and catalases revealed an impaired ability of AtCKX2-transgenic lines to upregulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes in response to salinity, which might contribute to the enhanced sensitivity of these potato lines to severe salt stress. Our results add complexity to the existing knowledge on the regulation of salinity tolerance by CK, as we show for the first time that CK-deficient plants can exhibit reduced rather than increased tolerance to severe salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Raspor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Mrvaljević
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Savić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Ćosić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Abdul Rasheed Kaleri
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Nina Pokimica
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Cingel
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nabil Ghalawnji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Václav Motyka
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Slavica Ninković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Bandarra BS, Passos H, Vidal T, Martins RC, Quina MJ, Pereira JL, Römbke J. Evaluation of a battery of biotests to improve waste ecotoxicity assessment (HP 14), using incineration bottom ash as a case study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118513. [PMID: 37418917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of waste ecotoxicity (hazardous property HP14 in the European Union) is fundamental for proper waste classification and safe application/disposal. Biotests are relevant for evaluating waste complex matrices, but their efficiency is crucial to encourage their adoption at the industrial level. This work aims at evaluating possibilities of improving the efficiency of a biotest battery previously suggested in the literature, regarding test selection, duration, and/or laboratory resources optimization. Fresh incineration bottom ash (IBA) was the case study. The test battery analysed included standard aquatic (bacteria, microalgae, macrophytes, daphnids, rotifers, fairy shrimp) and terrestrial (bacteria, plants, earthworms, collembolans) organisms. The assessment followed an Extended Limit Test design (three dilutions of eluate or solid IBA) and the Lowest Ineffective Dilution (LID-approach) for ecotoxicity classification. The results emphasize the importance of testing different species. It was also evidenced that tests with daphnids and earthworms may be shortened to 24 h; the miniaturization of tests is suitable as e.g. differential sensitivity of microalgae and macrophytes was captured with low variability; alternative testing kits can be used when methodological difficulties are found. Microalgae were more sensitive than macrophytes. Similar results were found for the Thamnotoxkit and daphnids test for eluates with natural pH, so the former may be used as an alternative. B. rapa was the most sensitive organism, suggesting that it may be tested as the only terrestrial plant species and that minimum test duration is appropriate. F. candida does not appear to add information to the battery. The differences in sensitivity of A. fischeri and E. fetida compared to the remaining species were not significant enough to exclude them from the battery. Thus, this work suggests a biotest battery to test IBA comprising aquatic tests - Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata (miniaturised test), and Daphnia magna (24 h when clear deleterious effects are observed) or Thamnocephalus platyurus (toxkit) - and terrestrial tests - Arthrobacter globiformis, Brassica rapa (14 d), and Eisenia fetida (24 h). Testing waste with natural pH is also recommended. The Extended Limit Test design considering the LID-approach seems useful in waste testing, particularly for the industry, involving low effort, test material requirements, and few laboratory resources. The LID-approach allowed for differentiating ecotoxic from non-ecotoxic effects and captured different sensitivities between species. Ecotoxicological assessment of other waste may benefit from these recommendations, but caution should be taken given the properties of each waste type.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Bandarra
- CIEPQPF, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - H Passos
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - T Vidal
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R C Martins
- CIEPQPF, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M J Quina
- CIEPQPF, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J L Pereira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J Römbke
- RPR BgR, Platanenallee 25, 64546, Mörfelden-Walldorf, Germany
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Santiago‐Rosario LY, Harms KE, Craven D. Contrasts among cationic phytochemical landscapes in the southern United States. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:226-241. [PMID: 37283990 PMCID: PMC10168053 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the phytochemical landscapes of essential and nonessential chemical elements to plants provides an opportunity to better link biogeochemical cycles to trophic ecology. We investigated the formation and regulation of the cationic phytochemical landscapes of four key elements for biota: Ca, Mg, K, and Na. We collected aboveground tissues of plants in Atriplex, Helianthus, and Opuntia and adjacent soils from 51, 131, and 83 sites, respectively, across the southern United States. We determined the spatial variability of these cations in plants and soils. Also, we quantified the homeostasis coefficient for each cation and genus combination, by using mixed-effect models, with spatially correlated random effects. Additionally, using random forest models, we modeled the influence of bioclimatic, soil, and spatial variables on plant cationic concentrations. Sodium variability and spatial autocorrelation were considerably greater than for Ca, Mg, or K. Calcium, Mg, and K exhibited strongly homeostatic patterns, in striking contrast to non-homeostatic Na. Even so, climatic and soil variables explained a large proportion of plants' cationic concentrations. Essential elements (Ca, Mg, and K) appeared to be homeostatically regulated, which contrasted sharply with Na, a nonessential element for most plants. In addition, we provide evidence for the No-Escape-from-Sodium hypothesis in real-world ecosystems, indicating that plant Na concentrations tend to increase as substrate Na levels increase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle E. Harms
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Dylan Craven
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de EcosistemasFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad MayorSantiago de ChileChile
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Li C, Jia Y, Zhou R, Liu L, Cao M, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Di H. GWAS and RNA-seq analysis uncover candidate genes associated with alkaline stress tolerance in maize ( Zea mays L.) seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:963874. [PMID: 35923879 PMCID: PMC9340071 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.963874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil salt-alkalization is a common yet critical environmental stress factor for plant growth and development. Discovering and exploiting genes associated with alkaline tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) is helpful for improving alkaline resistance. Here, an association panel consisting of 200 maize lines was used to identify the genetic loci responsible for alkaline tolerance-related traits in maize seedlings. A total of nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their associated candidate genes were found to be significantly associated with alkaline tolerance using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). An additional 200 genes were identified when the screen was extended to include a linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay distance of r2 ≥ 0.2 from the SNPs. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was then conducted to confirm the linkage between the candidate genes and alkali tolerance. From these data, a total of five differentially expressed genes (DEGs; |log2FC| ≥ 0.585, p < 0.05) were verified as the hub genes involved in alkaline tolerance. Subsequently, two candidate genes, Zm00001d038250 and Zm00001d001960, were verified to affect the alkaline tolerance of maize seedlings by qRT-PCR analysis. These genes were putatively involved protein binding and "flavonoid biosynthesis process," respectively, based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses. Gene promoter region contains elements related to stress and metabolism. The results of this study will help further elucidate the mechanisms of alkaline tolerance in maize, which will provide the groundwork for future breeding projects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhenhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Di
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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7
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Landscape Function Analysis: Responses to Bush Encroachment in a Semi-Arid Savanna in the Molopo Region, South Africa. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Various factors lead to increased woody species density, biomass and cover (so-called ‘bush encroachment’) that influence ecosystem functioning and services in semi-arid rangelands. Ultimately, bush encroachment has adverse effects on human livelihoods. An increased understanding of ecosystem functioning in bush-encroached rangelands could contribute to improved management, conservation and restoration. This study, therefore, aimed to determine landscape functioning of bush-encroached and controlled savanna rangelands in the Molopo region, South Africa, by using the landscape function analysis (LFA) monitoring procedure. Mixed models revealed no significant differences based on LFA indices between bush-thickened and bush-controlled sites due to drought conditions that prevailed while the survey was carried out. Stability, which revealed the largest LFA contributing factors, always had the highest numerical value for sites that were still bush-encroached. Soil analyses revealed that grass litter patches from aeroplane-controlled sites had the highest average nutrient levels. As expected, high percentages of carbon and calcium levels were found in bush-encroached shrub litter patches. Bush-encroached landscapes are fully functional areas, especially under drought conditions. Long-term research is required to determine the effects successful management has on ecosystem functioning, especially during periods of higher rainfall.
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Faqir Napar WP, Kaleri AR, Ahmed A, Nabi F, Sajid S, Ćosić T, Yao Y, Liu J, Raspor M, Gao Y. The anthocyanin-rich tomato genotype LA-1996 displays superior efficiency of mechanisms of tolerance to salinity and drought. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 271:153662. [PMID: 35259587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tomato cultivation is affected by high soil salinity and drought stress, which cause major yield losses worldwide. In this work, we compare the efficiency of mechanisms of tolerance to salinity, and osmotic stress applied as mannitol or drought, in three tomato genotypes: LA-2838 (Ailsa Craig), LA-2662 (Saladette), and LA-1996 (Anthocyanin fruit - Aft), a genotype known for high anthocyanin content. Exposure to salinity or drought induced stress in all three genotypes, but the LA-1996 plants displayed superior tolerance to stress compared with the other two genotypes. They were more efficient in anthocyanin and proline accumulation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activity, and leaf Na+, K+, and Ca2+ homeostasis. In addition, they suffered lesser oxidative damage as measured by chlorophyll (Chl) loss and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and bioassays showed that they were less affected in terms of seed germination and root elongation. Exposure to stress induced the upregulation of stress-related genes SlNCED1, SlAREB1, SlABF4, SlWRKY8, and SlDREB2A more efficiently in LA-1996 than in the two susceptible genotypes. Conversely, the upregulation of the NADPH oxidase gene SlRBOH1 was more pronounced in LA-2838 and LA-2662. Principal component analysis showed obvious distinction between the tolerant genotype LA-1996 and the susceptible LA-2838 and LA-2662 in response to stress, and association of leaf and stem anthocyanin content with major stress tolerance traits. We suggest that anthocyanin accumulation can be considered as a marker of stress tolerance in tomato, and that LA-1996 can be considered for cultivation in salinity- or drought-affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wado Photo Faqir Napar
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Abdul Rasheed Kaleri
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Awais Ahmed
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Farhan Nabi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Sumbal Sajid
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Tatjana Ćosić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Yinan Yao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Jikai Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China.
| | - Martin Raspor
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Yongfeng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China.
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Ishikawa T, Shabala L, Zhou M, Venkataraman G, Yu M, Sellamuthu G, Chen ZH, Shabala S. Comparative Analysis of Root Na+ Relation under Salinity between Oryza sativa and Oryza coarctata. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050656. [PMID: 35270125 PMCID: PMC8912616 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Na+ toxicity is one of the major physiological constraints imposed by salinity on plant performance. At the same time, Na+ uptake may be beneficial under some circumstances as an easily accessible inorganic ion that can be used for increasing solute concentrations and maintaining cell turgor. Two rice species, Oryza sativa (cultivated rice, salt-sensitive) and Oryza coarctata (wild rice, salt-tolerant), demonstrated different strategies in controlling Na+ uptake. Glasshouse experiments and gene expression analysis suggested that salt-treated wild rice quickly increased xylem Na+ loading for osmotic adjustment but maintained a non-toxic level of stable shoot Na+ concentration by increased activity of a high affinity K+ transporter HKT1;5 (essential for xylem Na+ unloading) and a Na+/H+ exchanger NHX (for sequestering Na+ and K+ into root vacuoles). Cultivated rice prevented Na+ uptake and transport to the shoot at the beginning of salt treatment but failed to maintain it in the long term. While electrophysiological assays revealed greater net Na+ uptake upon salt application in cultivated rice, O. sativa plants showed much stronger activation of the root plasma membrane Na+/H+ Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) exchanger. Thus, it appears that wild rice limits passive Na+ entry into root cells while cultivated rice relies heavily on SOS1-mediating Na+ exclusion, with major penalties imposed by the existence of the "futile cycle" at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia; (T.I.); (L.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Lana Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia; (T.I.); (L.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia; (T.I.); (L.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Gayatri Venkataraman
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600113, India; (G.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China;
| | - Gothandapani Sellamuthu
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600113, India; (G.V.); (G.S.)
- Forest Molecular Entomology Lab, Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia; (T.I.); (L.S.); (M.Z.)
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China;
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Malakar P, Chattopadhyay D. Adaptation of plants to salt stress: the role of the ion transporters. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 30:668-683. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s13562-021-00741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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11
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Roy S, Chakraborty AP, Chakraborty R. Understanding the potential of root microbiome influencing salt-tolerance in plants and mechanisms involved at the transcriptional and translational level. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1657-1681. [PMID: 34549441 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity severely affects plant growth and development and imparts inevitable losses to crop productivity. Increasing the concentration of salts in the vicinity of plant roots has severe consequences at the morphological, biochemical, and molecular levels. These include loss of chlorophyll, decrease in photosynthetic rate, reduction in cell division, ROS generation, inactivation of antioxidative enzymes, alterations in phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling, and so forth. The association of microorganisms, viz. plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, endophytes, and mycorrhiza, with plant roots constituting the root microbiome can confer a greater degree of salinity tolerance in addition to their inherent ability to promote growth and induce defense mechanisms. The mechanisms involved in induced stress tolerance bestowed by these microorganisms involve the modulation of phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways (including indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid), accumulation of osmoprotectants (proline, glycine betaine, and sugar alcohols), and regulation of ion transporters (SOS1, NHX, HKT1). Apart from this, salt-tolerant microorganisms are known to induce the expression of salt-responsive genes via the action of several transcription factors, as well as by posttranscriptional and posttranslational modifications. Moreover, the potential of these salt-tolerant microflora can be employed for sustainably improving crop performance in saline environments. Therefore, this review will briefly focus on the key responses of plants under salinity stress and elucidate the mechanisms employed by the salt-tolerant microorganisms in improving plant tolerance under saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendu Roy
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Rakhi Chakraborty
- Department of Botany, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
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12
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Huqe MAS, Haque MS, Sagar A, Uddin MN, Hossain MA, Hossain AKMZ, Rahman MM, Wang X, Al-Ashkar I, Ueda A, EL Sabagh A. Characterization of Maize Hybrids ( Zea mays L.) for Detecting Salt Tolerance Based on Morpho-Physiological Characteristics, Ion Accumulation and Genetic Variability at Early Vegetative Stage. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112549. [PMID: 34834912 PMCID: PMC8623748 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Increasing soil salinity due to global warming severely restricts crop growth and yield. To select and recommend salt-tolerant cultivars, extensive genotypic screening and examination of plants' morpho-physiological responses to salt stress are required. In this study, 18 prescreened maize hybrid cultivars were examined at the early growth stage under a hydroponic system using multivariate analysis to demonstrate the genotypic and phenotypic variations of the selected cultivars under salt stress. The seedlings of all maize cultivars were evaluated with two salt levels: control (without NaCl) and salt stress (12 dS m-1 simulated with NaCl) for 28 d. A total of 18 morpho-physiological and ion accumulation traits were dissected using multivariate analysis, and salt tolerance index (STI) values of the examined traits were evaluated for grouping of cultivars into salt-tolerant and -sensitive groups. Salt stress significantly declined all measured traits except root-shoot ratio (RSR), while the cultivars responded differently. The cultivars were grouped into three clusters and the cultivars in Cluster-1 such as Prabhat, UniGreen NK41, Bisco 51, UniGreen UB100, Bharati 981 and Star Beej 7Star exhibited salt tolerance to a greater extent, accounting for higher STI in comparison to other cultivars grouped in Cluster-2 and Cluster-3. The high heritability (h2bs, >60%) and genetic advance (GAM, >20%) were recorded in 13 measured traits, indicating considerable genetic variations present in these traits. Therefore, using multivariate analysis based on the measured traits, six hybrid maize cultivars were selected as salt-tolerant and some traits such as Total Fresh Weight (TFW), Total Dry Weight (TDW), Total Na+, Total K+ contents and K+-Na+ Ratio could be effectively used for the selection criteria evaluating salt-tolerant maize genotypes at the early seedling stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Samsul Huqe
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.H.); (A.S.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.H.); (A.Z.H.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Md Sabibul Haque
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.H.); (A.S.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.H.); (A.Z.H.); (M.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.H.); (X.W.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Ashaduzzaman Sagar
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.H.); (A.S.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.H.); (A.Z.H.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Md Nesar Uddin
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.H.); (A.S.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.H.); (A.Z.H.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Md Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.H.); (A.S.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.H.); (A.Z.H.); (M.M.R.)
| | - AKM Zakir Hossain
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.H.); (A.S.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.H.); (A.Z.H.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Md Mustafizur Rahman
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.H.); (A.S.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.H.); (A.Z.H.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Xiukang Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
- Correspondence: (M.S.H.); (X.W.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Ibrahim Al-Ashkar
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Akihiro Ueda
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan;
| | - Ayman EL Sabagh
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.S.H.); (X.W.); (A.E.S.)
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13
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Sun C, Cui L, Zhou B, Wang X, Guo L, Liu W. Visualizing the spatial distribution and alteration of metabolites in continuously cropped Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge using MALDI-MSI. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:719-724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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14
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Transcriptome skimming of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) cultivars with contrast reaction to salt stress. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:139-156. [PMID: 33389259 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-020-00766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive transcriptomic skimming was conducted to decipher molecular, morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses in salt-tolerant (PDL-1) and salt-sensitive (L-4076) cultivars under control (0 mM NaCl) and salinity stress (120 mM NaCl) conditions at seedling stage. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical studies revealed that PDL-1 exhibited no salt injury and had higher K+/Na+ ratio, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll, glycine betaine, and soluble sugars in leaves while lower H2O2 induced fluorescence signals in roots as compared to L-4076. Transcriptomic profile revealed a total of 17,433 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under different treatments and cultivar combinations that include 2557 upregulated and 1533 downregulated transcripts between contrasting cultivars under salt stress. Accuracy of transcriptomic analysis was validated through quantification of 10 DEGs via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). DEGs were functionally characterized by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and assigned to various metabolic pathways using MapMan. DEGs were found to be significantly associated with phytohormone-mediated signal transduction, cellular redox homoeostasis, secondary metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and cellular stress signaling. The present study revealed putative molecular mechanism of salinity tolerance in lentil together with identification of 5643 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 176,433 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which can be utilized to enhance linkage maps density along with detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with traits of interests. Stress-related pathways identified in this study divulged plant functioning that can be targeted to improve salinity stress tolerance in crop species.
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15
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Mateus NDS, Florentino AL, Santos EF, Ferraz ADV, Goncalves JLDM, Lavres J. Partial Substitution of K by Na Alleviates Drought Stress and Increases Water Use Efficiency in Eucalyptus Species Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:632342. [PMID: 33790923 PMCID: PMC8005639 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.632342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus, the most widely planted tree genus worldwide, is frequently cultivated in soils with low water and nutrient availability. Sodium (Na) can substitute some physiological functions of potassium (K), directly influencing plants' water status. However, the extent to which K can be replaced by Na in drought conditions remains poorly understood. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with three Eucalyptus genotypes under two water conditions (well-watered and water-stressed) and five combination rates of K and Na, representing substitutions of 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100/0 (percentage of Na/percentage of K), to investigate growth and photosynthesis-related parameters. This study focused on the positive effects of Na supply since, depending on the levels applied, the Na supply may induce plants to salinity stress (>100 mM of NaCl). Plants supplied with low to intermediate K replacement by Na reduced the critical level of K without showing symptoms of K deficiency and provided higher total dry matter (TDM) than those Eucalyptus seedlings supplied only with K in both water conditions. Those plants supplied with low to intermediate K replacement by Na had improved CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal density (Std), K use efficiency (UE K ), and water use efficiency (WUE), in addition to reduced leaf water potential (Ψw) and maintenance of leaf turgidity, with the stomata partially closed, indicated by the higher values of leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C‰). Meanwhile, combination rates higher than 50% of K replacement by Na led to K-deficient plants, characterized by the lower values of TDM, δ13C‰, WUE, and leaf K concentration and higher leaf Na concentration. There was positive evidence of partial replacement of K by Na in Eucalyptus seedlings; meanwhile, the ideal percentage of substitution increased according to the drought tolerance of the species (Eucalyptus saligna < Eucalyptus urophylla < Eucalyptus camaldulensis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas de Souza Mateus
- Stable Isotope Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Nikolas de Souza Mateus,
| | - Antônio Leite Florentino
- Applied Ecology Laboratory, Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Leonardo de Moraes Goncalves
- Applied Ecology Laboratory, Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - José Lavres
- Stable Isotope Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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16
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Marchand LJ, Tarayre M, Dorey T, Rantier Y, Hennion F. Morphological variability of cushion plant Lyallia kerguelensis (Caryophyllales) in relation to environmental conditions and geography in the Kerguelen Islands: implications for cushion necrosis and climate change. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Romele P, Gkoupidenis P, Koutsouras DA, Lieberth K, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Blom PWM, Torricelli F. Multiscale real time and high sensitivity ion detection with complementary organic electrochemical transistors amplifier. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3743. [PMID: 32719350 PMCID: PMC7385487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ions are ubiquitous biological regulators playing a key role for vital processes in animals and plants. The combined detection of ion concentration and real-time monitoring of small variations with respect to the resting conditions is a multiscale functionality providing important information on health states. This multiscale functionality is still an open challenge for current ion sensing approaches. Here we show multiscale real-time and high-sensitivity ion detection with complementary organic electrochemical transistors amplifiers. The ion-sensing amplifier integrates in the same device both selective ion-to-electron transduction and local signal amplification demonstrating a sensitivity larger than 2300 mV V-1 dec-1, which overcomes the fundamental limit. It provides both ion detection over a range of five orders of magnitude and real-time monitoring of variations two orders of magnitude lower than the detected concentration, viz. multiscale ion detection. The approach is generally applicable to several transistor technologies and opens opportunities for multifunctional enhanced bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Romele
- University of Brescia, Department of Information Engineering, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Katharina Lieberth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- University of Brescia, Department of Information Engineering, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- University of Brescia, Department of Information Engineering, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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18
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Mitchell TS, Agnew L, Meyer R, Sikkink KL, Oberhauser KS, Borer ET, Snell-Rood EC. Traffic influences nutritional quality of roadside plants for monarch caterpillars. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138045. [PMID: 32408428 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Roadside habitats are increasingly being targeted for restoration and conservation. Roadside habitats often exhibit altered soil and plant chemistry due to pollution from maintenance (e.g. de-icing salt), car deterioration, and exhaust. Roadside plants may attract animals due to elevated levels of sodium or nitrogen, but high concentrations of heavy metals and sodium can be toxic, potentially setting an ecological trap. In this study, we determine how roads influence the chemistry of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) as it is the primary roadside host plant for the declining monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) in the eastern United States. Even though road salt is applied during the winter, we detect enhanced sodium along roads the following growing season. Road salts increase soil sodium, which in turn elevates host-plant foliar sodium (occasionally to toxic levels in <10% of plants) and sodium content in monarch caterpillars feeding on these plants. Sodium levels of milkweed leaves are highest close to the edge of busy roads. Some heavy metals (lead, zinc) are also elevated in roadside soils or plants. Nitrogen content was affected by adjacent agricultural use, but not traffic volume or proximity to a road. Other potential road pollutants (e.g. nickel) were not elevated in soil or plants. Despite a clear signature of road pollution in the chemistry of milkweed, most plants are likely still suitable for developing monarchs. Nonetheless, restoration investments in snowy regions should prioritize sites with lower-traffic density that are further from the road edge to minimize toxic impacts of high sodium. To extend this research to other insects of conservation concern, future work should characterize the nutritional quality of nectar, pollen, and other species of host-plants in roadside habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Mitchell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America.
| | - Lauren Agnew
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Meyer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Kristin L Sikkink
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Karen S Oberhauser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
| | - Emilie C Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States of America
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19
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Kwok ACM, Zhang F, Ma Z, Chan WS, Yu VC, Tsang JSH, Wong JTY. Functional responses between PMP3 small membrane proteins and membrane potential. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3066-3080. [PMID: 32307863 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Plasma Membrane Proteolipid 3 (PMP3, UPF0057 family in Uniprot) family consists of abundant small hydrophobic polypeptides with two predicted transmembrane helices. Plant homologues were upregulated in response to drought/salt-stresses and yeast deletion mutants exhibited conditional growth defects. We report here abundant expression of Group I PMP3 homologues (PMP3(i)hs) during normal vegetative growth in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, at a level comparable to housekeeping genes, implicating the regular cellular functions. Expression of eukaryotic PMP3(i)hs was dramatically upregulated in response to membrane potential (Vm) variability (Vmvar ), whereas PMP3(i)hs deletion-knockdown led to Vm changes with conditional growth defects. Bacterial PMP3(i)h yqaE deletion led to a shift of salt sensitivity; Vmvar alternations with exogenous K+ addition downregulated prokaryotic PMP3(i)hs, suggesting [K+ ]-Vmvar axis being a significant feedback element in prokaryotic ionic homeostasis. Remarkably, the eukaryotic homologues functionally suppressed the conditional growth defects in bacterial deletion mutant, demonstrating the conserved cross-kingdom membrane functions by PMP3(i)hs. These data demonstrated a direct reciprocal relationship between PMP3(i)hs expression and Vm differentials in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Cumulative with PMP3(i)hs ubiquitous abundance, their lipid-binding selectivity and membrane protein colocalization, we propose [PMP3(i)hs]-Vmvar axis as a key element in membrane homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin C M Kwok
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyi Ma
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Sun Chan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivian C Yu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jimmy S H Tsang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph T Y Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Prodanovic V, Hatt B, McCarthy D, Deletic A. Green wall height and design optimisation for effective greywater pollution treatment and reuse. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 261:110173. [PMID: 32148263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Green walls that effectively treat greywater have the potential to become a part of the solution for the issues of water scarcity and pollution control in our cities. To develop reliable and efficient designs of such systems, the following two research questions were addressed: what would be the optimal design of a green wall for greywater treatment, and how tall should the system be to assure adequate treatment. This paper reports on (i) a long-term pollutant removal comparison study of two typical green wall configurations: pot and block designs, and (ii) a short-term profile study exploring pollutant retention at different heights of a three-level green wall, across different plant species. Removal of suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Escherichia coli was tested, as well as various physical parameters. Pot and block designs were found to exhibit similar pollutant removal performance for standard and high inflow concentrations, while the block design was more resistant to drying. However, due to its multiple practical advantages, pot designs are favoured. The greatest removal was achieved within the top green wall level for all studied pollutants, while subsequent levels facilitated further removal of TSS, COD, and TN. Interestingly, colour, pH, and EC increased after each green wall level, which must be taken into account to determine the maximum height of these systems. The optimal size of the system was found to be dependent on plant species choice. The results were used to create practical recommendations for the effective design of greywater treatment green walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veljko Prodanovic
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Belinda Hatt
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Lab (EPHM LAB), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia; School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - David McCarthy
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Lab (EPHM LAB), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ana Deletic
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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21
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Molina-Montenegro MA, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Torres-Díaz C, Gundel PE, Dreyer I. Antarctic root endophytes improve physiological performance and yield in crops under salt stress by enhanced energy production and Na + sequestration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5819. [PMID: 32242034 PMCID: PMC7118072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic change is pointed as one of the major challenges for global food security. Based on current models of climate change, reduction in precipitations and in turn, increase in the soil salinity will be a sharp constraint for crops productivity worldwide. In this context, root fungi appear as a new strategy to improve plant ecophysiological performance and crop yield under abiotic stress. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the two fungal endophytes Penicillium brevicompactum and P. chrysogenum isolated from Antarctic plants on nutrients and Na+ contents, net photosynthesis, water use efficiency, yield and survival in tomato and lettuce, facing salinity stress conditions. Inoculation of plant roots with fungal endophytes resulted in greater fresh and dry biomass production, and an enhanced survival rate under salt conditions. Inoculation of plants with the fungal endophytes was related with a higher up/down-regulation of ion homeostasis by enhanced expression of the NHX1 gene. The two endophytes diminished the effects of salt stress in tomato and lettuce, provoked a higher efficiency in photosynthetic energy production and an improved sequestration of Na+ in vacuoles is suggested by the upregulating of the expression of vacuolar NHX1 Na+/H+ antiporters. Promoting plant-beneficial interactions with root symbionts appears to be an environmentally friendly strategy to mitigate the impact of climate change variables on crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Molina-Montenegro
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Chile.
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
- Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | | | - Cristian Torres-Díaz
- Grupo de Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (BCG), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Pedro E Gundel
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Chile
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22
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Litalien A, Zeeb B. Curing the earth: A review of anthropogenic soil salinization and plant-based strategies for sustainable mitigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134235. [PMID: 31783465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
At low concentrations salts are relatively benign, but anthropogenic activities can drive concentrations to levels that impact soil quality, microbial, plant, and animal life. Soil and freshwater salinization are growing issues worldwide that are difficult to manage with conventional treatments. In this review, salt tolerant plants known as halophytes are evaluated for their potential to phytoremediate salinized soils and prevent leaching of salts into surface and ground water. While most plants are sensitive to high concentrations of salt in their growth media, halophytic plants have developed mechanisms to tolerate and thrive in these environments. Some plants exclude salts at the roots, others sequester salts in their central vacuole, while others secrete salts through specialized salt glands on their leaf surfaces. The extraction of salts from soil by both plants that sequester or secrete salts are reviewed as well as implementation strategies that could drive economic feasibility. Further, phytoremediation of salinized soils is considered in the context of a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Litalien
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Canada.
| | - Barbara Zeeb
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Canada
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23
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Locascio A, Marqués MC, García-Martínez G, Corratgé-Faillie C, Andrés-Colás N, Rubio L, Fernández JA, Véry AA, Mulet JM, Yenush L. BCL2-ASSOCIATED ATHANOGENE4 Regulates the KAT1 Potassium Channel and Controls Stomatal Movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1277-1294. [PMID: 31451552 PMCID: PMC6836829 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) is a key monovalent cation necessary for multiple aspects of cell growth and survival. In plants, this cation also plays a key role in the control of stomatal movement. KAT1 and its homolog KAT2 are the main inward rectifying channels present in guard cells, mediating K+ influx into these cells, resulting in stomatal opening. To gain further insight into the regulation of these channels, we performed a split-ubiquitin protein-protein interaction screen searching for KAT1 interactors in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We characterized one of these candidates, BCL2-ASSOCIATED ATHANOGENE4 (BAG4), in detail using biochemical and genetic approaches to confirm this interaction and its effect on KAT1 activity. We show that BAG4 improves KAT1-mediated K+ transport in two heterologous systems and provide evidence that in plants, BAG4 interacts with KAT1 and favors the arrival of KAT1 at the plasma membrane. Importantly, lines lacking or overexpressing the BAG4 gene show altered KAT1 plasma membrane accumulation and alterations in stomatal movement. Our data allowed us to identify a KAT1 regulator and define a potential target for the plant BAG family. The identification of physiologically relevant regulators of K+ channels will aid in the design of approaches that may impact drought tolerance and pathogen susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Locascio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Marqués
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillermo García-Martínez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Claire Corratgé-Faillie
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), SupAgro Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-INRA, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Nuria Andrés-Colás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rubio
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos S/N, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - José Antonio Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos S/N, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Anne-Aliénor Véry
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), SupAgro Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-INRA, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - José Miguel Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Tan X, Long W, Zeng L, Ding X, Cheng Y, Zhang X, Zou X. Melatonin-Induced Transcriptome Variation of Rapeseed Seedlings under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215355. [PMID: 31661818 PMCID: PMC6862158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress inhibits the production of all crop species, including rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), the second most widely planted oil crop species. Although melatonin was confirmed to alleviate salt stress in rapeseed seedlings recently, the mechanism governing the expression levels remains unknown. Therefore, the melatonin-induced transcriptome variation of salt-stressed seedlings was explored. In this study, the transcriptomes of leaves and roots under control (CK), salt (125 mM NaCl, ST) and melatonin (125 mM NaCl plus 50 µM melatonin, MS) treatments were evaluated by using next-generation sequencing techniques. After conducting comparisons of gene expression in the roots and leaves between MS and ST, the differentially expressed gene (DEG) pools were screened. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses highlighted the significant pathways, which were mainly related to plant hormone synthesis and signal transduction, lignin and fatty acid metabolism. The functional genes in the objective KEGG pathways were identified. Furthermore, members of several transcription factor (TF) families participated in the response process. Combined with the hormone (campesterol (CS), jasmonic acid (JA), and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3)) contents measured in the seedlings, it could be concluded that melatonin induced changes in the intrinsic hormone metabolic network, which promoted seedling growth. Thus, this study identified new candidate genes and pathways active during the interactions between melatonin and salt stress, which provide clues for disclosing melatonin’s function in resistance to salt injury. Our results contribute to developing a practical method for sustainable agriculture on saline lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tan
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- College of Plant Science and Technology of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Weihua Long
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Key Lab of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of the Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Liu Zeng
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Xuekun Zhang
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Xiling Zou
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Riedelsberger J, Vergara-Jaque A, Piñeros M, Dreyer I, González W. An extracellular cation coordination site influences ion conduction of OsHKT2;2. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:316. [PMID: 31307394 PMCID: PMC6632200 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HKT channels mediate sodium uniport or sodium and potassium symport in plants. Monocotyledons express a higher number of HKT proteins than dicotyledons, and it is only within this clade of HKT channels that cation symport mechanisms are found. The prevailing ion composition in the extracellular medium affects the transport abilities of various HKT channels by changing their selectivity or ion transport rates. How this mutual effect is achieved at the molecular level is still unknown. Here, we built a homology model of the monocotyledonous OsHKT2;2, which shows sodium and potassium symport activity. We performed molecular dynamics simulations in the presence of sodium and potassium ions to investigate the mutual effect of cation species. RESULTS By analyzing ion-protein interactions, we identified a cation coordination site on the extracellular protein surface, which is formed by residues P71, D75, D501 and K504. Proline and the two aspartate residues coordinate cations, while K504 forms salt bridges with D75 and D501 and may be involved in the forwarding of cations towards the pore entrance. Functional validation via electrophysiological experiments confirmed the biological relevance of the predicted ion coordination site and identified K504 as a central key residue. Mutation of the cation coordinating residues affected the functionality of HKT only slightly. Additional in silico mutants and simulations of K504 supported experimental results. CONCLUSION We identified an extracellular cation coordination site, which is involved in ion coordination and influences the conduction of OsHKT2;2. This finding proposes a new viewpoint in the discussion of how the mutual effect of variable ion species may be achieved in HKT channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Riedelsberger
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ariela Vergara-Jaque
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Piñeros
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Wendy González
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
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Omeprazole Promotes Chloride Exclusion and Induces Salt Tolerance in Greenhouse Basil. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9070355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of small bioactive molecules (<500 Da) in mechanisms improving resource use efficiency in plants under stress conditions draws increasing interest. One such molecule is omeprazole (OMP), a benzimidazole derivative and inhibitor of animal proton pumps shown to improve nitrate uptake and exclusion of toxic ions, especially of chloride from the cytosol of salt-stressed leaves. Currently, OMP was applied as substrate drench at two rates (0 or 10 μM) on hydroponic basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Genovese) grown under decreasing NO3−:Cl− ratio (80:20, 60:40, 40:60, or 20:80). Chloride concentration and stomatal resistance increased while transpiration, net CO2 assimilation rate and beneficial ions (NO3−, PO43−, and SO42−) decreased with reduced NO3−:Cl− ratio under the 0 μM OMP treatment. The negative effects of chloride were not only mitigated by the 10 μM OMP application in all treatments, with the exception of 20:80 NO3−:Cl−, but plant growth at 80:20, 60:40, and 40:60 NO3−:Cl− ratios receiving OMP application showed maximum fresh yield (+13%, 24%, and 22%, respectively), shoot (+10%, 25%, and 21%, respectively) and root (+32%, 76%, and 75%, respectively) biomass compared to the corresponding untreated treatments. OMP was not directly involved in ion homeostasis and compartmentalization of vacuolar or apoplastic chloride. However, it was active in limiting chloride loading into the shoot, as manifested by the lower chloride concentration in the 80:20, 60:40, and 40:60 NO3−:Cl− treatments compared to the respective controls (−41%, −37%, and −24%), favoring instead that of nitrate and potassium while also boosting photosynthetic activity. Despite its unequivocally beneficial effect on plants, the large-scale application of OMP is currently limited by the molecule’s high cost. However, further studies are warranted to unravel the molecular mechanisms of OMP-induced reduction of chloride loading to shoot and improved salt tolerance.
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Borer ET, Lind EM, Firn J, Seabloom EW, Anderson TM, Bakker ES, Biederman L, La Pierre KJ, MacDougall AS, Moore JL, Risch AC, Schutz M, Stevens CJ. More salt, please: global patterns, responses and impacts of foliar sodium in grasslands. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1136-1144. [PMID: 31074933 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sodium is unique among abundant elemental nutrients, because most plant species do not require it for growth or development, whereas animals physiologically require sodium. Foliar sodium influences consumption rates by animals and can structure herbivores across landscapes. We quantified foliar sodium in 201 locally abundant, herbaceous species representing 32 families and, at 26 sites on four continents, experimentally manipulated vertebrate herbivores and elemental nutrients to determine their effect on foliar sodium. Foliar sodium varied taxonomically and geographically, spanning five orders of magnitude. Site-level foliar sodium increased most strongly with site aridity and soil sodium; nutrient addition weakened the relationship between aridity and mean foliar sodium. Within sites, high sodium plants declined in abundance with fertilisation, whereas low sodium plants increased. Herbivory provided an explanation: herbivores selectively reduced high nutrient, high sodium plants. Thus, interactions among climate, nutrients and the resulting nutritional value for herbivores determine foliar sodium biogeography in herbaceous-dominated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - E M Lind
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - J Firn
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, Qld., 4001, Australia
| | - E W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - T M Anderson
- Wake Forest University, Department of Biology, 049 Winston Hall, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - E S Bakker
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Biederman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - K J La Pierre
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - A S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G2W1
| | - J L Moore
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Vic, 3800, Australia
| | - A C Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - M Schutz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - C J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Tiwari V, Patel MK, Chaturvedi AK, Mishra A, Jha B. Cloning and functional characterization of the Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX1) gene promoter from an extreme halophyte Salicornia brachiata. Gene 2019; 683:233-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Qian Z, Miedema H, de Smet L, Sudhȍlter E. Modelling the selective removal of sodium ions from greenhouse irrigation water using membrane technology. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mondal S, Kumar M, Haque S, Kundu D. Phytotoxicity of glyphosate in the germination of Pisum sativum and its effect on germinated seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:e2017011. [PMID: 28728354 PMCID: PMC5704570 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2017011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of glyphosate on Pisum sativum germination as well as its effect on the physiology and biochemistry of germinated seedlings. Different physico-chemical biomarkers, viz., chlorophyll, root and shoot length, total protein and soluble sugar, along with sodium and potassium concentration, were investigated in germinated seedlings at different glyphosate concentrations. This study reports the influence of different concentrations of glyphosate on pea seeds and seedlings. Physicochemical biomarkers were significantly changed by glyphosate exposure after 15 days. The germination of seedlings under control conditions (0 mg/L) was 100% after 3 days of treatment but at 3 and 4 mg/L glyphosate, germination was reduced to 55 and 40%, respectively. Physiological parameters like root and shoot length decreased monotonically with increasing glyphosate concentration, at 14 days of observation. Average root and shoot length (n=30 in three replicates) were reduced to 14.7 and 17.6%, respectively, at 4 mg/L glyphosate. Leaf chlorophyll content also decreased, with a similar trend to root and shoot length, but the protein content initially decreased and then increased with an increase in glyphosate concentration to 3 mg/L. The study suggests that glyphosate reduces the soluble sugar content significantly, by 21.6% (v/v). But internal sodium and potassium tissue concentrations were significantly altered by glyphosate exposure with increasing concentrations of glyphosate. Biochemical and physiological analysis also supports the inhibitory effect of glyphosate on seed germination and biochemical effects on seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subinoy Mondal
- Department of Environmental Science, Shyamsundar College, Syamsundar, India
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Mousumi Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Shyamsundar College, Syamsundar, India
| | - Smaranya Haque
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Debajyoti Kundu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
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Ibort P, Molina S, Núñez R, Zamarreño ÁM, García-Mina JM, Ruiz-Lozano JM, Orozco-Mosqueda MDC, Glick BR, Aroca R. Tomato ethylene sensitivity determines interaction with plant growth-promoting bacteria. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:101-122. [PMID: 28586422 PMCID: PMC5737082 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are soil micro-organisms able to interact with plants and stimulate their growth, positively affecting plant physiology and development. Although ethylene plays a key role in plant growth, little is known about the involvement of ethylene sensitivity in bacterial inoculation effects on plant physiology. Thus, the present study was pursued to establish whether ethylene perception is critical for plant-bacteria interaction and growth induction by two different PGPB strains, and to assess the physiological effects of these strains in juvenile and mature tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) plants. METHODS An experiment was performed with the ethylene-insensitive tomato never ripe and its isogenic wild-type line in which these two strains were inoculated with either Bacillus megaterium or Enterobacter sp. C7. Plants were grown until juvenile and mature stages, when biomass, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis as well as nutritional, hormonal and metabolic statuses were analysed. KEY RESULTS Bacillus megaterium promoted growth only in mature wild type plants. However, Enterobacter C7 PGPB activity affected both wild-type and never ripe plants. Furthermore, PGPB inoculation affected physiological parameters and root metabolite levels in juvenile plants; meanwhile plant nutrition was highly dependent on ethylene sensitivity and was altered at the mature stage. Bacillus megaterium inoculation improved carbon assimilation in wild-type plants. However, insensitivity to ethylene compromised B. megaterium PGPB activity, affecting photosynthetic efficiency, plant nutrition and the root sugar content. Nevertheless, Enterobacter C7 inoculation modified the root amino acid content in addition to stomatal conductance and plant nutrition. CONCLUSIONS Insensitivity to ethylene severely impaired B. megaterium interaction with tomato plants, resulting in physiological modifications and loss of PGPB activity. In contrast, Enterobacter C7 inoculation stimulated growth independently of ethylene perception and improved nitrogen assimilation in ethylene-insensitive plants. Thus, ethylene sensitivity is a determinant for B. megaterium , but is not involved in Enterobacter C7 PGPB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ibort
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Núñez
- Scientific Instrumental Service, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel María Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group-CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José María García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group-CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Bernard R. Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Ricardo Aroca
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Kunz JN, Voronine DV, Lee HWH, Sokolov AV, Scully MO. Rapid detection of drought stress in plants using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:7251-7262. [PMID: 28380850 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress disrupts the balance of macro- and micronutrients and affects the yield of agriculturally and economically significant plants. Rapid detection of stress-induced changes of relative content of elements such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) in the field may allow farmers and crop growers to counter the effects of plant stress and to increase their crop return. Unfortunately, the analytical methods currently available are time-consuming, expensive and involve elaborate sample preparation such as acid digestion which hinders routine daily monitoring of crop health on a field scale. We report application of an alternative method for rapid detection of drought stress in plants using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). We demonstrate daily monitoring of relative content of Na, K, Ca and Fe in decorative indoor (gardenia) and cultivated outdoor (wheat) plant species under various degrees of drought stress. The observed differences in spectral and temporal responses indicate different mechanisms of drought resistance. We identify spectroscopic markers of drought stress which allow for distinguishing mild environmental and severe drought stress in wheat and may be used for remote field-scale estimation of plant stress resistance and health.
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Almeida DM, Oliveira MM, Saibo NJM. Regulation of Na+ and K+ homeostasis in plants: towards improved salt stress tolerance in crop plants. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:326-345. [PMID: 28350038 PMCID: PMC5452131 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that results in considerable crop yield losses worldwide. However, some plant genotypes show a high tolerance to soil salinity, as they manage to maintain a high K+/Na+ ratio in the cytosol, in contrast to salt stress susceptible genotypes. Although, different plant genotypes show different salt tolerance mechanisms, they all rely on the regulation and function of K+ and Na+ transporters and H+ pumps, which generate the driving force for K+ and Na+ transport. In this review we will introduce salt stress responses in plants and summarize the current knowledge about the most important ion transporters that facilitate intra- and intercellular K+ and Na+ homeostasis in these organisms. We will describe and discuss the regulation and function of the H+-ATPases, H+-PPases, SOS1, HKTs, and NHXs, including the specific tissues where they work and their response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Almeida
- Genomics of Plant Stress Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M Margarida Oliveira
- Genomics of Plant Stress Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nelson J M Saibo
- Genomics of Plant Stress Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
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35
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Almeida DM, Oliveira MM, Saibo NJM. Regulation of Na+ and K+ homeostasis in plants: towards improved salt stress tolerance in crop plants. Genet Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28350038 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that results in considerable crop yield losses worldwide. However, some plant genotypes show a high tolerance to soil salinity, as they manage to maintain a high K+/Na+ ratio in the cytosol, in contrast to salt stress susceptible genotypes. Although, different plant genotypes show different salt tolerance mechanisms, they all rely on the regulation and function of K+ and Na+ transporters and H+ pumps, which generate the driving force for K+ and Na+ transport. In this review we will introduce salt stress responses in plants and summarize the current knowledge about the most important ion transporters that facilitate intra- and intercellular K+ and Na+ homeostasis in these organisms. We will describe and discuss the regulation and function of the H+-ATPases, H+-PPases, SOS1, HKTs, and NHXs, including the specific tissues where they work and their response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Almeida
- Genomics of Plant Stress Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M Margarida Oliveira
- Genomics of Plant Stress Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nelson J M Saibo
- Genomics of Plant Stress Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
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Kumari J, Udawat P, Dubey AK, Haque MI, Rathore MS, Jha B. Overexpression of SbSI-1, A Nuclear Protein from Salicornia brachiata Confers Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance and Maintains Photosynthetic Efficiency in Transgenic Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1215. [PMID: 28751902 PMCID: PMC5508026 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel Salicornia brachiata Salt Inducible (SbSI-1) gene was isolated and overexpressed in tobacco for in planta functional validation subjected to drought and salt stress. SbSI-1 is a nuclear protein. The transgenic tobacco overexpressing SbSI-1 gene exhibited better seed germination, growth performances, pigment contents, cell viability, starch accumulation, and tolerance index under drought and salt stress. Overexpression of SbSI-1 gene alleviated the build-up of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and curtailed the ROS-induced oxidative damages thus improved the physiological health of transgenic tobacco under stressed conditions. The higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, lower accumulation of ROS, higher membrane stability, relative water content, and polyphenol contents indicated the better survival of the transgenic tobacco than wild-type (WT) tobacco under stressed conditions. Transgenic tobacco had a higher net photosynthetic rate, PSII operating efficiency, and performance index under drought and salt stress. Higher accumulation of compatible solutes and K+/Na+ ratio in transgenic tobacco than WT showed the better osmotic and redox homeostasis under stressed conditions. The up-regulation of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (NtSOD, NtAPX, and NtCAT) and transcription factors (NtDREB2 and NtAP2) in transgenic tobacco under stressed conditions showed the role of SbSI-1 in ROS alleviation and involvement of this gene in abiotic stress tolerance. Multivariate data analysis exhibited statistical distinction among growth responses, physiological health, osmotic adjustment, and photosynthetic responses of WT and transgenic tobacco under stressed conditions. The overexpression of SbSI-1 gene curtailed the ROS-induced oxidative damages and maintained the osmotic homeostasis under stress conditions thus improved physiological health and photosynthetic efficiencies of the transgenic tobacco overexpressing SbSI-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kumari
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Pushpika Udawat
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Ashish K. Dubey
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Md Intesaful Haque
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Mangal S. Rathore
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Mangal S. Rathore ;
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
- Bhavanath Jha
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Reich M, Aghajanzadeh T, Helm J, Parmar S, Hawkesford MJ, De Kok LJ. Chloride and sulfate salinity differently affect biomass, mineral nutrient composition and expression of sulfate transport and assimilation genes in Brassica rapa. PLANT AND SOIL 2016; 411:319-332. [PMID: 32269390 PMCID: PMC7115016 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-016-3026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It remains uncertain whether a higher toxicity of either NaCl or Na2SO4 in plants is due to an altered toxicity of sodium or a different toxicity of the anions. The aim of this study was to determine the contributions of sodium and the two anions to the different toxicities of chloride and sulfate salinity. The effects of the different salts on physiological parameters, mineral nutrient composition and expression of genes of sulfate transport and assimilation were studied. METHODS Seedlings of Brassica rapa L. have been exposed to NaCl, Na2SO4, KCl and K2SO4 to assess the potential synergistic effect of the anions with the toxic cation sodium, as well as their separate toxicities if accompanied by the non-toxic cation potassium. Biomass production, stomatal resistance and Fv/fm were measured to determine differences in ionic and osmotic stress caused by the salts. Anion content (HPLC), mineral nutrient composition (ICP-AES) and gene expression of sulfate transporters and sulfur assimilatory enzymes (real-time qPCR) were analyzed. RESULTS Na2SO4 impeded growth to a higher extent than NaCl and was the only salt to decrease Fv/fm. K2SO4 reduced plant growth more than NaCl. Analysis of mineral nutrient contents of plant tissue revealed that differences in sodium accumulation could not explain the increased toxicity of sulfate over chloride salts. Shoot contents of calcium, manganese and phosphorus were decreased more strongly by exposure to Na2SO4 than by NaCl. The expression levels of genes encoding proteins for sulfate transport and assimilation were differently affected by the different salts. While gene expression of primary sulfate uptake at roots was down-regulated upon exposure to sulfate salts, presumably to prevent an excessive uptake, genes encoding for the vacuolar sulfate transporter Sultr4;1 were upregulated. Gene expression of ATP sulfurylase was hardly affected by salinity in shoot and roots, the transcript level of 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase (APR) was decreased upon exposure to sulfate salts in roots. Sulfite reductase was decreased in the shoot by all salts similarly and remained unaffected in roots. CONCLUSIONS The higher toxicity of Na2SO4 over NaCl in B. rapa seemed to be due to an increased toxicity of sulfate over chloride, as indicated by the higher toxicity of K2SO4 over KCl. Thus, toxicity of sodium was not promoted by sulfate. The observed stronger negative effect on the tissue contents of calcium, manganese and phosphorus could contribute to the increased toxicity of sulfate over chloride. The upregulation of Sultr4;1 and 4;2 under sulfate salinity might lead to a detrimental efflux of stored sulfate from the vacuole into the cytosol and the chloroplasts. It remains unclear why expression of Sultr4;1 and 4;2 was upregulated. A possible explanation is a control of the gene expression of these transporters by the sulfate gradient across the tonoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reich
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tahereh Aghajanzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Juliane Helm
- Plant Biodiversity Group, Institute of Systematic Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 16, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Saroj Parmar
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Malcolm J. Hawkesford
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Luit J. De Kok
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
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SOUZA MANUELAODE, PELACANI CLAUDINÉIAR, WILLEMS LEOA, CASTRO RENATODDE, HILHORST HENKW, LIGTERINK WILCO. Effect of osmopriming on germination and initial growth of Physalis angulata L. under salt stress and on expression of associated genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88 Suppl 1:503-16. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of priming on seed germination under salt stress and gene expression in seeds and seedlings of P. angulata L. After priming for 10 days, seed germination was tested in plastic trays containing 15 ml of water (0 dS m-1 - control) or 15 ml of NaCl solution (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 dS m-1). Fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots of seedlings were evaluated at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 dS m-1. Total RNA was extracted from whole seeds and seedlings followed by RT-qPCR. The target genes selected for this study were: ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), thioredoxin (TXN), high affinity potassium transporter protein 1 (HAK1) and salt overly sensitive 1 (SOS1). At an electroconductivity of 14 dS m-1 the primed seeds still germinated to 72%, in contrast with the non-primed seeds which did not germinate. The relative expression of APX was higher in primed seeds and this may have contributed to the maintenance of high germination in primed seeds at high salt concentrations. GST and TXN displayed increased transcript levels in shoots and roots of seedlings from primed seeds. Priming improved seed germination as well as salt tolerance and this is correlated with increased expression of APX in seeds and SOS1, GST and TXN in seedlings.
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Udawat P, Jha RK, Sinha D, Mishra A, Jha B. Overexpression of a Cytosolic Abiotic Stress Responsive Universal Stress Protein (SbUSP) Mitigates Salt and Osmotic Stress in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:518. [PMID: 27148338 PMCID: PMC4838607 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The universal stress protein (USP) is a ubiquitous protein and plays an indispensable role in plant abiotic stress tolerance. The genome of Salicornia brachiata contains two homologs of intron less SbUSP gene which encodes for salt and osmotic responsive USP. In vivo localization reveals that SbUSP is a membrane bound cytosolic protein. The role of the gene was functionally validated by developing transgenic tobacco and compared with control [wild-type (WT) and vector control (VC)] plants under different abiotic stress condition. Transgenic lines (T1) exhibited higher chlorophyll, relative water, proline, total sugar, reducing sugar, free amino acids, polyphenol contents, osmotic potential, membrane stability, and lower electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) under stress treatments than control (WT and VC) plants. Lower accumulation of H2O2 and [Formula: see text] radicals was also detected in transgenic lines compared to control plants under stress conditions. Present study confers that overexpression of the SbUSP gene enhances plant growth, alleviates ROS buildup, maintains ion homeostasis and improves the physiological status of the plant under salt and osmotic stresses. Principal component analysis exhibited a statistical distinction of plant response to salinity stress, and a significant response was observed for transgenic lines under stress, which provides stress endurance to the plant. A possible signaling role is proposed that some downstream genes may get activated by abiotic stress responsive cytosolic SbUSP, which leads to the protection of cell from oxidative damages. The study unveils that ectopic expression of the gene mitigates salt or osmotic stress by scavenging ROS and modulating the physiological process of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpika Udawat
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh K. Jha
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Dinkar Sinha
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
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AbdElgawad H, Zinta G, Hegab MM, Pandey R, Asard H, Abuelsoud W. High Salinity Induces Different Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Responses in Maize Seedlings Organs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:276. [PMID: 27014300 PMCID: PMC4781871 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salinity negatively affects plant growth and causes significant crop yield losses world-wide. Maize is an economically important cereal crop affected by high salinity. In this study, maize seedlings were subjected to 75 mM and 150 mM NaCl, to emulate high soil salinity. Roots, mature leaves (basal leaf-pair 1,2) and young leaves (distal leaf-pair 3,4) were harvested after 3 weeks of sowing. Roots showed the highest reduction in biomass, followed by mature and young leaves in the salt-stressed plants. Concomitant with the pattern of growth reduction, roots accumulated the highest levels of Na(+) followed by mature and young leaves. High salinity induced oxidative stress in the roots and mature leaves, but to a lesser extent in younger leaves. The younger leaves showed increased electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations only at 150 mM NaCl. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and polyphenol content increased with the increase in salinity levels in roots and mature leaves, but showed no changes in the young leaves. Under salinity stress, reduced ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) content increased in roots, while total tocopherol levels increased specifically in the shoot tissues. Similarly, redox changes estimated by the ratio of redox couples (ASC/total ascorbate and GSH/total glutathione) showed significant decreases in the roots. Activities of enzymatic antioxidants, catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), increased in all organs of salt-treated plants, while superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione-s-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) increased specifically in the roots. Overall, these results suggest that Na(+) is retained and detoxified mainly in roots, and less stress impact is observed in mature and younger leaves. This study also indicates a possible role of ROS in the systemic signaling from roots to leaves, allowing leaves to activate their defense mechanisms for better protection against salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-SuefBeni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Centre of Excellence Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Momtaz M. Hegab
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-SuefBeni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Renu Pandey
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Han Asard
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Walid Abuelsoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo UniversityGiza, Egypt
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Skorupa M, Gołębiewski M, Domagalski K, Kurnik K, Abu Nahia K, Złoch M, Tretyn A, Tyburski J. Transcriptomic profiling of the salt stress response in excised leaves of the halophyte Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 243:56-70. [PMID: 26795151 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima is a halophytic relative of cultivated beets. In the present work a transcriptome response to acute salt stress imposed to excised leaves of sea beet was investigated. Salt treatments consisted of adding NaCl directly to the transpiration stream by immersing the petioles of excised leaves into the salt solutions. Sequencing libraries were generated from leaves subjected to either moderate or strong salt stress. Control libraries were constructed from untreated leaves. Sequencing was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. We obtained 32970 unigenes by assembling the pooled reads from all the libraries with Trinity software. Screening the nr database returned 18,362 sequences with functional annotation. Using the reference transcriptome we identified 1,246 genes that were differentially expressed after 48 h of NaCl stress. Genes related to several cellular functions such as membrane transport, osmoprotection, molecular chaperoning, redox metabolism or protein synthesis were differentially expressed in response to salt stress. The response of sea beet leaves to salt treatments was marked out by transcriptomic up-regulation of genes related to photosynthetic carbon fixation, ribosome biogenesis, cell wall-building and cell wall expansion. Furthermore, several novel and undescribed transcripts were responsive to salinity in leaves of sea beet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Skorupa
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Gołębiewski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Domagalski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kurnik
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Karim Abu Nahia
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Michał Złoch
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tretyn
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Jarosław Tyburski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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Álvarez-Aragón R, Haro R, Benito B, Rodríguez-Navarro A. Salt intolerance in Arabidopsis: shoot and root sodium toxicity, and inhibition by sodium-plus-potassium overaccumulation. PLANTA 2016; 243:97-114. [PMID: 26345991 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis plants in NaCl suffering half growth inhibition do not suffer osmotic stress and seldom shoot Na (+) toxicity; overaccumulation of Na (+) plus K (+) might trigger the inhibition. It is widely assumed that salinity inhibits plant growth by osmotic stress and shoot Na(+) toxicity. This study aims to examine the growth inhibition of Arabidopsis thaliana by NaCl concentrations that allow the completion of the life cycle. Unaffected Col-0 wild-type plants were used to define nontoxic Na(+) contents; Na(+) toxicities in shoots and roots were analyzed in hkt1 and sos1 mutants, respectively. The growth inhibition of Col-0 plants at 40 mM Na(+) was mild and equivalent to that produced by 8 and 4 mM Na(+) in hkt1 and sos1 plants, respectively. Therefore, these mutants allowed to study the toxicity of Na(+) in the absence of an osmotic challenge. Col-0 and Ts-1 accessions showed very different Na(+) contents but similar growth inhibitions; Ts-1 plants showed very high leaf Na(+) contents but no symptoms of Na(+) toxicity. Ak-1, C24, and Fei-0 plants were highly affected by NaCl showing evident symptoms of shoot Na(+) toxicity. Increasing K(+) in isotonic NaCl/KCl combinations dramatically decreased the Na(+) content in all Arabidopsis accessions and eliminated the signs of Na(+) toxicity in most of them but did not relieve growth inhibition. This suggested that the dominant inhibition in these conditions was either osmotic or of an ionic nature unspecific for Na(+) or K(+). Col-0 and Ts-1 plants growing in sorbitol showed a clear osmotic stress characterized by a notable decrease of their water content, but this response did not occur in NaCl. Overaccumulation of Na(+) plus K(+) might trigger growth reduction in NaCl-treated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Álvarez-Aragón
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Haro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Benito
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alonso Rodríguez-Navarro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Udawat P, Jha RK, Sinha D, Mishra A, Jha B. Overexpression of a Cytosolic Abiotic Stress Responsive Universal Stress Protein (SbUSP) Mitigates Salt and Osmotic Stress in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27148338 DOI: 10.3389/flps.2016.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The universal stress protein (USP) is a ubiquitous protein and plays an indispensable role in plant abiotic stress tolerance. The genome of Salicornia brachiata contains two homologs of intron less SbUSP gene which encodes for salt and osmotic responsive USP. In vivo localization reveals that SbUSP is a membrane bound cytosolic protein. The role of the gene was functionally validated by developing transgenic tobacco and compared with control [wild-type (WT) and vector control (VC)] plants under different abiotic stress condition. Transgenic lines (T1) exhibited higher chlorophyll, relative water, proline, total sugar, reducing sugar, free amino acids, polyphenol contents, osmotic potential, membrane stability, and lower electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) under stress treatments than control (WT and VC) plants. Lower accumulation of H2O2 and [Formula: see text] radicals was also detected in transgenic lines compared to control plants under stress conditions. Present study confers that overexpression of the SbUSP gene enhances plant growth, alleviates ROS buildup, maintains ion homeostasis and improves the physiological status of the plant under salt and osmotic stresses. Principal component analysis exhibited a statistical distinction of plant response to salinity stress, and a significant response was observed for transgenic lines under stress, which provides stress endurance to the plant. A possible signaling role is proposed that some downstream genes may get activated by abiotic stress responsive cytosolic SbUSP, which leads to the protection of cell from oxidative damages. The study unveils that ectopic expression of the gene mitigates salt or osmotic stress by scavenging ROS and modulating the physiological process of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpika Udawat
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh K Jha
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Dinkar Sinha
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute Bhavnagar, India
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
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Kim DY, Hong MJ, Jang JH, Seo YW. cDNA-AFLP analysis reveals differential gene expression in response to salt stress in Brachypodium distachyon. Genes Genomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-012-0067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Srivastava A, Singh SS, Mishra AK. Sodium transport and mechanism(s) of sodium tolerance inFrankiastrains. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 53:163-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Srivastava
- Laboratory of Microbial genetics, Department of Botany; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi; India
| | - Satya Shila Singh
- Laboratory of Microbial genetics, Department of Botany; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi; India
| | - Arun Kumar Mishra
- Laboratory of Microbial genetics, Department of Botany; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi; India
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Brini F, Masmoudi K. Ion Transporters and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. ISRN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:927436. [PMID: 27398240 PMCID: PMC4907263 DOI: 10.5402/2012/927436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation of plants to salt stress requires cellular ion homeostasis involving net intracellular Na+ and Cl− uptake and subsequent vacuolar compartmentalization without toxic ion accumulation in the cytosol. Sodium ions can enter the cell through several low- and high-affinity K+ carriers. Some members of the HKT family function as sodium transporter and contribute to Na+ removal from the ascending xylem sap and recirculation from the leaves to the roots via the phloem vasculature. Na+ sequestration into the vacuole depends on expression and activity of Na+/H+ antiporter that is driven by electrochemical gradient of protons generated by the vacuolar H+-ATPase and the H+-pyrophosphatase. Sodium extrusion at the root-soil interface is presumed to be of critical importance for the salt tolerance. Thus, a very rapid efflux of Na+ from roots must occur to control net rates of influx. The Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1 localized to the plasma membrane is the only Na+ efflux protein from plants characterized so far. In this paper, we analyze available data related to ion transporters and plant abiotic stress responses in order to enhance our understanding about how salinity and other abiotic stresses affect the most fundamental processes of cellular function which have a substantial impact on plant growth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faïçal Brini
- Plant Protection and Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, P.O. Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Masmoudi
- Plant Protection and Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, P.O. Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
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48
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You MP, Colmer TD, Barbetti MJ. Salinity drives host reaction in Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) to Macrophomina phaseolina. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:984-992. [PMID: 32480956 DOI: 10.1071/fp11137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Productivity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) is often limited by diseases such as seedling blight and root and stem rot caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina and by abiotic stresses such as salinity. This paper reports controlled environment studies examining the interaction of biotic (M. phaseolina) and abiotic (NaCl) stresses. Studies were conducted at 32°C. On potato dextrose agar, the growth of two isolates of M. phaseolina (M1, M2) was differentially stimulated by 40mM NaCl with 1mM CaSO4. M. phaseolina was applied as either soil-borne inoculum or directly injected into P. vulgaris hypocotyls. For direct hypocotyl inoculation experiments, there was no difference in disease severity resulting from the two isolates. However, when soil inoculation was undertaken, isolate M2 caused more disease than M1. Addition of 40mM NaCl to the soil increased disease development and severity (evident 4 days after inoculation), particularly as demonstrated in the hypocotyl inoculation tests, suggesting that salinity stress predisposes plants to infection by this pathogen. Plants infested by M. phaseolina showed increased tissue concentrations of Na+ and Cl- but decreased K+ concentration. Hypocotyls generally contained higher Na+ concentrations than shoots. Inoculated plants had higher Na+ and lower K+ concentrations than uninoculated plants. Our studies indicate that M. phaseolina will be a more severe disease threat where P. vulgaris is cultivated in areas affected by soil salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Pei You
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Martin J Barbetti
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Choi W, Baek D, Oh DH, Park J, Hong H, Kim WY, Bohnert HJ, Bressan RA, Park HC, Yun DJ. NKS1, Na(+)- and K(+)-sensitive 1, regulates ion homeostasis in an SOS-independent pathway in Arabidopsis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:330-6. [PMID: 21227472 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, nks1-1, exhibiting enhanced sensitivity to NaCl was identified in a screen of a T-DNA insertion population in the genetic background of Col-0 gl1sos3-1. Analysis of the genome sequence in the region flanking the T-DNA left border indicated two closely linked mutations in the gene encoded at locus At4g30996. A second allele, nks1-2, was obtained from the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center. NKS1 mRNA was detected in all parts of wild-type plants but was not detected in plants of either mutant, indicating inactivation by the mutations. Both mutations in NKS1 were associated with increased sensitivity to NaCl and KCl, but not to LiCl or mannitol. NaCl sensitivity was associated with nks1 mutations in Arabidopsis lines expressing either wild type or null alleles of SOS1, SOS2 or SOS3. The NaCl-sensitive phenotype of the nks1-2 mutant was complemented by expression of a full-length NKS1 allele from the CaMV35S promoter. When grown in medium containing NaCl, nks1 mutants accumulated more Na(+) than wild type and K(+)/Na(+) homeostasis was perturbed. It is proposed NKS1, a plant-specific gene encoding a 19kDa endomembrane-localized protein of unknown function, is part of an ion homeostasis regulation pathway that is independent of the SOS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonkyun Choi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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